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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dfFn4bZJN8xLk4xQbHVQrSF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220902</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diabetes Mellitus, Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanni</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Erico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavo.mota@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220902</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus (DM) tem crescido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Fatores de risco para desenvolver DM foram bem estabelecidos em estudos cl&#237;nicos. Entre esses, destacam-se o sedentarismo, envelhecimento e obesidade.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> O DM, definido pelo aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de glicose, &#233; comumente acompanhado por altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares como hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Como as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem as principais causas de &#243;bito e morbidade na atualidade, estudos que visem o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos inerentes ao DM t&#234;m grande import&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>A neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca &#233; caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es em fibras que inervam o cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> Nesta condi&#231;&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o nervosa levam a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e altera&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade barorreflexa.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; considerado uma terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica importante para auxiliar na preven&#231;&#227;o e controle do DM e de suas consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, pesquisadores v&#234;m observando que o exerc&#237;cio pode ser eficaz tamb&#233;m na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aumenta a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Estudos experimentais em DM mostraram que o exerc&#237;cio diminui a bradicardia e melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> No entanto, os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no DM n&#227;o foram completamente esclarecidos. Souza Neto et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> investigaram, em ratos diab&#233;ticos, os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, capacidade funcional, e vari&#225;veis funcionais card&#237;acas obtidas em prepara&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#227;o isolado. Os autores utilizaram o modelo experimental de DM tipo 1 induzido por estreptozotocina. Os animais foram submetidos a dois tipos de exerc&#237;cio, o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT), alternando ciclos de 1:1 min entre 50% e 90% da capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio, e o treinamento cont&#237;nuo, realizado a 70% da capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio. Ratos sem DM e com DM sem treinamento constitu&#237;ram os grupos controle. Eletrocardiogramas foram registrados por uma hora sem restri&#231;&#227;o dos animais. Ap&#243;s 4 semanas, o HIIT induziu maior melhora da capacidade funcional que o treinamento cont&#237;nuo, tanto nos ratos controle como naqueles diab&#233;ticos. A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi reduzida nos grupos com DM e n&#227;o foi influenciada pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Os grupos com DM tiveram menor frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca que os controles, independentemente da realiza&#231;&#227;o e do tipo de exerc&#237;cio. Apesar da menor frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos ratos diab&#233;ticos, a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos DM e controles.</p>
    <p>Como os autores enfatizaram, a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do estudo<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> pode ter sido uma limita&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que efeitos decorrentes do DM e do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico sobre a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca poderiam ter ocorrido se houvesse tempo maior de observa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os resultados controversos ao da literatura mostram a necessidade de estudos adicionais para esclarecer os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico de alta intensidade e do treinamento cont&#237;nuo na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o DM.</p>
  </body>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Souza Neto ED, Peixoto JVC, Rank Filho C, Petterle RR, Foga&#231;a RTH, Wolska BM, et al. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training on Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Variability and Isolated Hearts in Diabetic Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023; 120(1):e20220396.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peixoto</surname>
              <given-names>JVC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rank</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petterle</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>RTH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolska</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al.</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training on Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Variability and Isolated Hearts in Diabetic Rats</article-title>
          <source> Arq Bras Cardiol </source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220396</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos do Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade e do Treinamento Cont&#237;nuo na Capacidade de Exerc&#237;cio, Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e em Cora&#231;&#245;es Isolados em Ratos Diab&#233;ticos</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diabetes Mellitus, Physical Exercise and Heart Rate Variability</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanni</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Erico</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gustavo Augusto Ferreira Mota &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista &#8220;J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho&#8221;, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Rua Prof. Armando Alves, s/n. Postal Code 18618- 687, Rubi&#227;o Junior, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: gustavo.mota@unesp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/prevention and control</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Sedentary Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has grown in recent decades.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Risk factors for developing DM have been well established in clinical studies. Among these, sedentary lifestyles, aging and obesity stand out.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>DM, defined by increased plasma glucose concentration, is commonly accompanied by cardiovascular alterations such as hypertension, coronary disease, heart failure, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>As cardiovascular diseases are currently the main causes of death and morbidity, studies aimed at better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms inherent in DM are of great importance.</p>
      <p>Cardiac autonomic neuropathy is characterized by changes in fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>In this condition, changes in nerve function lead to reduced heart rate variability and altered baroreflex sensitivity.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Physical exercise is considered an important non-pharmacological therapy to help prevent and control DM and its clinical consequences.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Researchers have recently observed that exercise can also prevent and treat cardiac autonomic neuropathy.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Physical exercise increases heart rate variability and improves autonomic function under physiological and pathological conditions.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>Experimental studies in DM have shown that exercise decreases bradycardia and improves parasympathetic nervous system function.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>However, the effects of exercise on heart rate variability in DM have not been fully clarified. Souza Neto et al.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>investigated, in diabetic rats, the effects of physical exercise on heart rate variability, functional capacity, and cardiac functional variables obtained in preparations of isolated perfused hearts. The authors used the experimental model of type 1 DM induced by streptozotocin. The animals were subjected to two types of exercise: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), alternating cycles of 1:1 min between 50% and 90% of maximum exercise capacity, and continuous training at 70% of maximum exercise capacity. Rats without DM and rats with DM without training constituted the control groups. Electrocardiograms were recorded for one hour without the restriction of the animals. After 4 weeks, HIIT induced greater improvement in functional capacity than continuous training in control and diabetic rats. Cardiac function was reduced in DM groups and was not influenced by physical exercise. DM groups had lower heart rates than controls, regardless of performance and type of exercise. Despite the lower heart rate in diabetic rats, heart rate variability did not differ between DM and control groups.</p>
      <p>As the authors emphasized, the short duration of the study<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>may have been a limitation of the study since effects resulting from DM and physical exercise on heart rate variability could have occurred if there had been a longer observation time.</p>
      <p>Controversial results with respect to the literature show the need for additional studies to clarify the effects of high-intensity physical training and continuous training on heart rate variability during DM.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training on Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Variability and Isolated Hearts in Diabetic Rats</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
