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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XJzTQXJmTbZ3yrXYkfMCwGy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220900</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aprimorando a Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8121-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Paolo Blanco Villela &#8226; Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / 8&#186; Andar. CEP 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil : <email>pbvillela@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220900</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Taxa de Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento com Simula&#231;&#227;o de Alta Fidelidade/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Escala de Borg</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa em Educa&#231;&#227;o de Enfermagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) &#233; o evento de maior gravidade na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e seu pronto reconhecimento com o consequente in&#237;cio das manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) s&#227;o fundamentais para o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (RCE). Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de dados epidemiol&#243;gicos robustos, uma metan&#225;lise com 141 estudos incluindo pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica do Norte, Europa, &#193;sia e Oceania, demonstrou taxa de RCE abaixo de 30% nos casos de PCR extra-hospitalar, e concluiu que as chances de sucesso estavam ligadas ao fato da PCR ter sido testemunhada e em casos cuja RCP havia sido iniciada por um espectador da mesma.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No Brasil, de acordo com a diretriz sobre Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares de Emerg&#234;ncia da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, as taxas de sobrevida de PCR extra-hospitalar, quando abordada dentro dos primeiros 5 minutos com desfibrila&#231;&#227;o precoce, variam entre 50% e 70%.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Por outro lado, no ambiente intra-hospitalar, paradoxalmente, as taxas de sobrevida s&#227;o inferiores a 20%, provavelmente devido &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas e &#224; maior gravidade dos pacientes, que fazem da assistolia e da atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso os ritmos mais prevalentes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Independentemente do ambiente, os protocolos nacionais<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e internacionais<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> para a abordagem da PCR ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da execu&#231;&#227;o da cadeia de sobreviv&#234;ncia, cuja sequ&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#245;es envolve a RCP de alta qualidade. Por sua vez, promover uma RCP de alta qualidade envolve minimizar interrup&#231;&#245;es nas compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, promover compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas com frequ&#234;ncia e profundidade adequadas, permitir retorno total do t&#243;rax entre as compress&#245;es e evitar a hiperventila&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desta forma, as taxas de sucesso da RCP est&#227;o ligadas diretamente &#224; correta execu&#231;&#227;o das manobras e ao cumprimento dos protocolos de atendimento &#224; PCR,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> o que requer treinamento e aprendizado constantes. Neste cen&#225;rio, os mecanismos de <italic>feedback</italic> s&#227;o cruciais para o aprimoramento das a&#231;&#245;es e devem fazer parte do conjunto de medidas que visam aumentar a sobrevida ap&#243;s uma PCR. Estes mecanismos s&#227;o compostos por a&#231;&#245;es ou dispositivos que avaliam a qualidade da RCP e podem ser aparelhos eletr&#244;nicos, question&#225;rios, monitoramento por v&#237;deo, supervis&#227;o humana ou qualquer outra estrat&#233;gia com o mesmo objetivo. Abella et al.,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>demostraram, por exemplo, em estudo observacional com 67 pacientes, que as manobras de RCP nos primeiros cinco minutos n&#227;o atingiram as metas das diretrizes internacionais, com compress&#245;es lentas (&lt;90bpm) e superficiais (&lt;38mm). Estes achados foram poss&#237;veis devido ao uso de um dispositivo de <italic>feedback</italic> durante o atendimento a uma v&#237;tima de PCR intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, Cheng et al.,<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> utilizaram monitoramento em tempo real das manobras de RCP intra-hospitalar e as a&#231;&#245;es eram revistas e apresentadas em <italic>feedback</italic> semanal aos membros dos times de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Zheng et al.,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> por meio de pesquisa com 1405 profissionais de 75 hospitais terci&#225;rios na China, observaram que 91% reconheciam a necessidade de monitoramento da RCP e 67,3% entendiam que o principal problema durante a RCP era a qualidade das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas, influenciada diretamente pela fadiga do operador.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Esta influ&#234;ncia da fadiga foi tamb&#233;m observada por Trowbridge et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> que demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da profundidade das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas dentro dos dois primeiros minutos do in&#237;cio das manobras de RCP, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia do revezamento de socorristas.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste contexto, o artigo publicado na revista Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, traz informa&#231;&#245;es importantes que podem contribuir para o aperfei&#231;oamento das equipes de atendimento &#224; PCR.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Nele, os autores combinaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo de <italic>feedback</italic> com a escala de Borg<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>para a percep&#231;&#227;o do cansa&#231;o durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de manobras de RCP, em hospital p&#250;blico de ensino da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo (SP &#8211; Brasil).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> O estudo foi realizado utilizando cen&#225;rio simulado com aux&#237;lio de manequins com dispositivo de <italic>feedback</italic>, incluiu 69 enfermeiros de &#225;reas cr&#237;ticas e n&#227;o cr&#237;ticas de atendimento &#224; adultos do hospital e todos os participantes utilizaram frequenc&#237;metro para registro da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a atividade.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores observaram que os enfermeiros que efetuaram a RCP com dispositivo de <italic>feedback</italic> apresentaram menores m&#233;dias na escala de Borg no primeiro e no segundo minutos quando comparados ao grupo controle (13,5 e 14,2 <italic>versus</italic> 14 e 14,9 respectivamente).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, observou-se comportamento semelhante, isto &#233;, aqueles que realizaram a RCP em manequins com dispositivo de <italic>feedback</italic> apresentaram menores m&#233;dias no primeiro e no segundo minutos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (119 bpm e 121 bpm <italic>versus</italic> 121 bpm e 123 bpm).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Apesar dos grupos apresentarem valores pr&#243;ximos, &#233; importante destacar a tend&#234;ncia de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, e quando combinados com a escala de Borg,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> permitem a mensura&#231;&#227;o de um dado objetivo, como a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em concomit&#226;ncia com um dado subjetivo, como a percep&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Apesar do n&#250;mero reduzido de participantes, do menor percentual de praticantes de atividade f&#237;sica no grupo controle (33,3% <italic>versus </italic>41,6%), e do fato da RCP ter sido realizada em manequim,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> os resultados do estudo demonstram com clareza a percep&#231;&#227;o de fadiga do operador, que &#233; provavelmente o principal determinante do sucesso durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da RCP. Al&#233;m deste fato, Gandolfi et al.,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> em estudo semelhante, tamb&#233;m em ambiente simulado e utilizando manequins com dispositivo de <italic>feedback</italic>, observaram melhora imediata da frequ&#234;ncia e da profundidade das compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas quando o dispositivo era utilizado,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> permitindo aprimoramento em tempo real das manobras de RCP. Portanto, pode-se observar que o reconhecimento das limita&#231;&#245;es na execu&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es &#233; fundamental para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das corre&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias, e assim, os dispositivos de <italic>feedback</italic> podem impactar positivamente na qualidade da RCP.</p>
    <p>Assim, torna-se cada vez mais relevante a discuss&#227;o sobre o uso de mecanismos de <italic>feedback</italic> durante a assist&#234;ncia a uma v&#237;tima de PCR, e o presente estudo<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> tem o m&#233;rito de centralizar a aten&#231;&#227;o no socorrista, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia do dispositivo na sua percep&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o combinada &#224; sua resposta ao exerc&#237;cio, ambas menores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Por fim, &#233; importante ressaltar a necessidade de divulga&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de estudos neste cen&#225;rio para que os dados sejam transformados em a&#231;&#245;es e a hist&#243;ria natural da PCR seja modificada de forma consistente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Uso da Escala de Borg na Percep&#231;&#227;o do Esfor&#231;o em Manobras de Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improving Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8121-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Paolo Blanco Villela &#8226; Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / 8&#186; Andar. Postal Code 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pbvillela@gmail.com </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Ressuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletric Countershock/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Borg Scale</kwd>
        <kwd>High Fidelity Simulation Training/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing Education Research</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary arrest (CRA) is the most serious event in the health area and its prompt recognition with the consequent initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) maneuvers are essential for the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Despite the absence of robust epidemiological data, a meta-analysis of 141 studies including countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Oceania, demonstrated a ROSC rate below 30% in cases of out-of-hospital CA, and concluded that the chances of success were linked to the fact that the CPR was witnessed and in cases where CPR had been initiated by a bystander.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, according to the guideline on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, the survival rates of out-of-hospital CPA, when addressed within the first 5 minutes with early defibrillation, vary between 50% and 70% two.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> On the other hand, in the in-hospital environment, paradoxically, survival rates are less than 20%, probably due to associated clinical conditions and the greater severity of patients, which make asystole and pulseless electrical activity the most prevalent rhythms.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regardless of the environment, national<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> and international<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> protocols for approaching CRA emphasize the importance of executing the chain of survival, whose sequence of actions involves high-quality CPR. In turn, promoting high-quality CPR involves minimizing interruptions in chest compressions, providing chest compressions with adequate frequency and depth, allowing full chest recoil between compressions, and avoiding hyperventilation.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this way, the success rates of CPR are directly linked to the correct execution of the maneuvers and compliance with the CRA care protocols,<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>-<xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> which requires constant training and learning. In this scenario, feedback mechanisms are crucial for improving actions and should be part of the set of measures aimed at increasing survival after cardiac arrest. These mechanisms are composed of actions or devices that assess the quality of CPR and can be electronic devices, questionnaires, video monitoring, human supervision or any other strategy with the same objective. Abella et al.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> demonstrated, for example, in an observational study with 67 patients, that CPR maneuvers in the first five minutes did not reach the goals of international guidelines, with slow compressions (&lt;90bpm) and superficial compressions (&lt;38mm).</p>
      <p>In another study, Cheng et al.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> used real-time monitoring of in-hospital CPR maneuvers and the actions were reviewed and presented in weekly feedback to members of the resuscitation teams.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Zheng et al.,<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> through a survey of 1405 professionals from 75 tertiary hospitals in China, observed that 91% recognized the need for CPR monitoring and 67.3% understood that the main problem during CPR was the quality of chest compressions, directly influenced by operator fatigue.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> This influence of fatigue was also observed by Trowbridge et al.,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> who demonstrated a significant reduction in the depth of chest compressions within the first two minutes of starting CPR maneuvers, highlighting the importance of alternating rescuers.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, the article published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> journal, brings important information that can contribute to the improvement of CRA care teams.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> In it, the authors combined the use of a feedback device with the Borg scale<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> for the perception of tiredness while performing CPR maneuvers in a public teaching hospital in the city of S&#227;o Paulo (SP &#8211; Brazil).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> The study was carried out using a simulated scenario with the aid of mannequins with a feedback device, including 69 nurses from critical and non-critical areas of adult care at the hospital and all participants used a frequency meter to record heart rate during the activity.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors observed that nurses who performed CPR with a feedback device had lower means on the Borg scale in the first and second minutes when compared to the control group (13.5 and 14.2 versus 14 and 14.9 respectively).9 Regarding heart rate, a similar behavior was observed, that is, those who performed CPR on mannequins with a feedback device had lower averages in the first and second minutes compared to the control group (119 bpm and 121 bpm versus 121 bpm and 123 bpm).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Although the groups present similar values, it is important to highlight the presentation tendency, and when combined with the Borg scale,<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> they allow the measurement of objective data, such as heart rate, concomitantly with subjective data, such as the perception of tiredness.</p>
      <p>Despite the reduced number of participants, the lower percentage of physical activity practitioners in the control group (33.3% versus 41.6%), and the fact that CPR was performed on a dummy,<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> the results of the study clearly demonstrate the perception operator fatigue, which is probably the main determinant of success when performing CPR. In addition to this fact, Gandolfi et al. in a similar study, also in a simulated environment and using mannequins with a feedback device, they observed an immediate improvement in the frequency and depth of chest compressions when the device was used,<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> allowing real-time improvement of CPR maneuvers. Therefore, it can be observed that the recognition of limitations in the execution of actions is fundamental for carrying out the necessary corrections, and thus, feedback devices can positively impact the quality of CPR.</p>
      <p>Thus, the discussion on the use of feedback mechanisms when assisting a CRA victim becomes increasingly relevant, and the present study<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> has the merit of focusing attention on the rescuer, demonstrating the importance of the device in their perception of fatigue combined with their response to exercise, both lower than the control group. Finally, it is important to emphasize the need to disseminate the results of studies in this scenario so that the data are transformed into actions and the natural history of CRP is consistently modified.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: The Use of the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
