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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6dX88Rcj5hQRz8pnhBpBzJw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220884</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduzindo as Disparidades Sexuais nos Cuidados e Resultados do IAMCST: Virando a Mar&#233; para as Mulheres</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9386-9706</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cader</surname>
            <given-names>F. Aaysha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2553-8264</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gavina</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital &amp; Research Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dhaka</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BD">Bangladesh</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Dhaka &#8211; Bangladesh</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia e Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pedro Hispano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Matosinhos</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia e Medicina - Hospital Pedro Hispano, ULS Matosinhos &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto, Porto - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: F. Aaysha Cader &#8226; Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Dhaka &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; 122, Kazi Nazrul islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka Please Select 1000 &#8211; Bangladesh E-mail: <email>aaysha.cader@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220884</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Disparidades Sexuais</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Apesar das melhorias no tratamento das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), globalmente, as disparidades entre os sexos permanecem.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> As mulheres com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST) apresentam-se mais tarde, recebem cuidados abaixo do ideal e t&#234;m resultados piores do que os homens.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>Em uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de centro &#250;nico de 809 pacientes com IAMCST submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria em Braga, Portugal, Oliveira et al. relataram disparidades sexuais na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e resultados.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Embora a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a isqu&#233;mica card&#237;aca e morte coron&#225;ria seja menor em Portugal do que em outros pa&#237;ses europeus,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> a morte cardiovascular continua a ser a principal causa de mortalidade.</p>
    <p>De modo semelhante &#224;s tend&#234;ncias globais, neste estudo, as mulheres eram mais velhas, com maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, incluindo diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico agudo, e um escore de risco GRACE mais alto.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> As mulheres apresentaram mais frequentemente &#8220;sintomas at&#237;picos&#8221;, pior classe de Killip, choque cardiog&#234;nico e necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico. Elas tamb&#233;m experimentaram maior atraso na reperfus&#227;o e eram menos propensas a receber terapia m&#233;dica recomendada pelas diretrizes internacionais.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> As mulheres tiveram maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar, de curto e longo prazo em 1 ano, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, embora o sexo feminino n&#227;o tenha sido um fator progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade. Os piores resultados foram observados com o aumento da idade, embora uma an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica estratificada por sexo e idade n&#227;o tenha sido apresentada.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estas disparidades de sexo refletem os registos globais e o grande Registo Portugu&#234;s de S&#237;ndromes Coron&#225;rias Agudas (ProACS), incluindo 49.113 doentes com SCA, 14.177 dos quais eram mulheres.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de confirmar as diferen&#231;as j&#225; descritas, este registro tamb&#233;m relatou uma alta incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o imediata &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para melhores resultados em IAMCST. Neste estudo, atrasos significativamente maiores foram observados em todos os par&#226;metros para as mulheres depois que elas se apresentaram para atendimento m&#233;dico, incluindo primeiro contato m&#233;dico (PMC) para eletrocardiograma, in&#237;cio dos sintomas para bal&#227;o e PMC para bal&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Notavelmente, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as no tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a PMC, apesar do relato de sintomas mais &#8220;at&#237;picos&#8221; pelas mulheres. Isso indica potencialmente vieses impl&#237;citos nos cuidados de sa&#250;de e um sub-reconhecimento dos sintomas, provavelmente resultando em tratamento menos agressivo das mulheres.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De fato, a literatura contempor&#226;nea demonstra que os sintomas nas mulheres s&#227;o frequentemente mais semelhantes aos dos homens,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> com aproximadamente 90% das mulheres e homens com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) relatando dor tor&#225;cica como sintoma inicial.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> No presente estudo, as mulheres relataram mais sintomas &#8220;at&#237;picos&#8221; de dor epig&#225;strica, n&#225;usea e dispneia.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> O reconhecimento das diferen&#231;as entre os sexos nos sintomas da SCA &#233; fundamental, pois as mulheres geralmente relatam tr&#234;s ou mais sintomas acompanhantes junto com desconforto tor&#225;cico.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Terminologia como &#8220;dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica&#8221; se presta a cuidados menos emergentes em mulheres e, portanto, n&#227;o &#233; mais recomendada como uma palavra para descrever a dor tor&#225;cica pelas Diretrizes de Dor Tor&#225;cica de 2021 da American Heart Association e do American College of Cardiology.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As mulheres submetidas &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria frequentemente apresentam sangramento maior, com estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o menos frequentes envolvendo tromboaspira&#231;&#227;o e acesso transradial,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> o que &#233; conhecido por reduzir o sangramento e melhorar a mortalidade na SCA. Este aspecto, bem como vari&#225;veis relacionadas com o procedimento, como a composi&#231;&#227;o da placa na imagem intravascular, ou a propor&#231;&#227;o de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (MINOCA) ou dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (SCAD),<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> ambas as mais prevalentes de IAMCST em mulheres, n&#227;o foram relatadas nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>O sucesso da ICP prim&#225;ria depende do grau de carga de trombo no vaso oclu&#237;do e sua emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal a jusante, levando a fluxo lento ou n&#227;o-refluxo.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise recente de tr&#234;s estudos randomizados descobriu que, entre os pacientes com IAMCST com alta carga de trombos (HTB), as mulheres tinham maior risco de trombose de stent e mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas do que os homens.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Embora o HTB n&#227;o tenha sido capturado neste estudo, as mulheres eram significativamente mais propensas a ter um grau de fluxo pr&#233;-PCI TIMI de 0 e aumento do fluxo lento/n&#227;o-refluxo.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> Apesar disso, o uso de heparina n&#227;o fracionada foi significativamente menor em mulheres do que em homens (85,4% vs. 90,0%).</p>
    <p>Embora o sexo n&#227;o tenha sido considerado um preditor independente de mortalidade ap&#243;s o ajuste para covari&#225;veis, as disparidades no atendimento em geral levam a um forte apelo &#224; a&#231;&#227;o no IAMCST e, de fato, no cuidado de mulheres com SCA.</p>
    <p>Como podemos virar a mar&#233;? Globalmente, existem vieses impl&#237;citos nos cuidados de sa&#250;de, resultando em subdiagn&#243;stico e atraso no tratamento de mulheres com IAMCST. Mensagens apropriadas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para garantir a apresenta&#231;&#227;o oportuna em hospitais<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e educa&#231;&#227;o e treinamento de mitiga&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s do pessoal de sa&#250;de s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia, assim como aten&#231;&#227;o apropriada para reconhecer sintomas acompanhantes de dor tor&#225;cica.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Abordagens baseadas em protocolo e baseadas em sistemas para tratamento de IAMCST demonstraram reduzir as disparidades entre sexos no tratamento de IAMCST e melhorar os resultados em mulheres<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e devem ser incorporadas &#224; pr&#225;tica. A representa&#231;&#227;o feminina em ensaios cl&#237;nicos deve ser refor&#231;ada. Existem disparidades regionais nas percep&#231;&#245;es e pr&#225;ticas; portanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma pesquisa espec&#237;fica da regi&#227;o e do pa&#237;s, alavancando registros em larga escala para identificar lacunas na gest&#227;o e preditores espec&#237;ficos do sexo dos resultados do IAMCST, para melhor definir abordagens direcionadas ao atendimento, que s&#227;o mais adequadas ao sistema de sa&#250;de de cada pa&#237;s.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Diferen&#231;as entre os Sexos no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST &#8211; An&#225;lise Retrospectiva de um &#218;nico Centro</italic>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reducing Sex Disparities in STEMI Care and Outcomes: Turning the Tide for Women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9386-9706</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cader</surname>
            <given-names>F. Aaysha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2553-8264</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gavina</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BD">Bangladesh</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia - Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Dhaka &#8211; Bangladesh</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia e Medicina - Hospital Pedro Hispano, ULS Matosinhos &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: F. Aaysha Cader &#8226; Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Dhaka &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; 122, Kazi Nazrul islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka Please Select 1000 &#8211; Bangladesh E-mail: aaysha.cader@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Sex Disparities</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndromes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Despite improvements in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) care, globally, sex disparities remain.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Women with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) present later, receive suboptimal care, and have worse outcomes than men.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>In a single-center retrospective analysis of 809 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI in Braga, Portugal, Oliveira et al. reported sex disparities in presentation, management, and outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Although ischemic heart disease and coronary death incidence are lower in Portugal than in other European countries,<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>cardiovascular death remains the main cause of mortality.</p>
      <p>Similar to global trends, in this study, women were older, with a greater prevalence of co-morbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and acute ischemic stroke, and a higher GRACE risk score.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Women presented more frequently with &#8220;atypical symptoms,&#8221; worse Killip class, cardiogenic shock, and required hemodynamic support. They also experienced delayed reperfusion and were less likely to receive guideline-directed medical therapy.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Women had greater in-hospital, short and long-term mortality at 1 year, compared to men, although the female sex was not an independent prognostic factor for mortality. Worse outcomes were seen with increasing age, although a sex-specific analysis of outcomes by age was not reported.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These sex disparities reflect global registries and the large Portuguese Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ProACS), including 49,113 ACS patients, 14,177 of whom were women.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>In addition to the outcomes above, this registry also reported a higher incidence of major bleeding and atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>Prompt revascularization is of paramount importance for improved outcomes in STEMI. In this study, significantly greater delays were seen in all parameters for women after they had presented for medical care, including first medical contact (FMC)-to-electrocardiogram, symptom onset-to-balloon, and FMC-to-balloon.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Notably, no differences were seen in time from symptom onset to FMC, despite women reporting more &#8220;atypical&#8221; symptoms. This potentially indicates implicit biases in healthcare, and an under-recognition of symptoms, likely resulting in less aggressive treatment of women.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Indeed, contemporary literature demonstrates that symptoms in women are often more similar to men,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>with approximately 90% of women and men with a myocardial infarction (MI) reporting chest pain as the presenting symptom.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>In the present study, women reported more &#8220;atypical&#8221; symptoms of epigastric pain, nausea, and dyspnea.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Recognition of sex differences in symptoms of ACS is paramount, as women often report three or more accompanying symptoms along with chest discomfort.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Terminology such as &#8220;atypical chest pain&#8221; lends itself to less emergent care in women and is thus no longer recommended as a word to describe chest pain by the 2021 Chest Pain Guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Women undergoing primary PCI frequently experience more major bleeding, with reperfusion strategies less frequently involving thrombo-aspiration and transradial access,<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>which is known to reduce bleeding and improve mortality in ACS. This aspect, as well as additional procedural variables such as plaque composition on intravascular imaging, proportions of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) or spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD),<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup>both of which are more prevalent STEMI presentations in women, were not reported in this analysis.</p>
      <p>The success of primary PCI hinges on the degree of thrombus burden in the occluded vessel and its downstream distal embolization, leading to slow flow or no-reflow.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>A recent meta-analysis of three randomized trials found that among STEMI patients with the high-thrombus burden (HTB), women had more risk for stent thrombosis and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality than men.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Although HTB was not captured in this study, women were significantly more likely to have a pre-PCI TIMI flow grade of 0 and increased slow flow/no-reflow.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>Despite this, unfractionated heparin use was significantly less prevalent in women than in men (85.4% vs. 90.0%).</p>
      <p>Although sex was not found to be an independent predictor of mortality after adjustment for covariates, the disparities in care across the board prompt a louder call for action in STEMI and, indeed, ACS care of women.</p>
      <p>How do we turn the tide? Globally, implicit biases in healthcare exist, resulting in underdiagnosis and delayed treatment of women with STEMI. Appropriate public health messaging to ensure timely presentation at hospitals<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>and education and bias mitigation training of healthcare personnel are of paramount importance, as is appropriate attention to recognizing accompanying symptoms of chest pain.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Protocol-driven, systems-based approaches to STEMI care have demonstrated reduced sex disparities in STEMI care and improved outcomes in women<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>and should be incorporated into practice. Female participant representation in clinical trials must be enhanced. Regional disparities in perceptions and practice exist; therefore, region and country-specific research is needed, leveraging large-scale registries to identify gaps in management and sex-specific predictors of STEMI outcomes to define better-targeted approaches to care best suited to each country&#8217;s healthcare system.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Differences between Genders &#8211; A Single Center Retrospective Analysis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
