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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LzMVSzcKDjw5Mk4xHVcyW3s</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220878</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revisitando o Intervalo QT: Um Antigo Marcador para uma Nova Doen&#231;a?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5333-7174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho &#8226; Rua Real Grandeza, 108 &#8211; 124. CEP 22281-034, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lecamanho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220878</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Intervalo QT</kwd>
        <kwd>QT Longo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome QT Longo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-Cov-2 (Covid-19) teve seus primeiros casos relatados em dezembro de 2019 na China e rapidamente se alastrou pelo mundo, sendo anunciada como pandemia em mar&#231;o de 2020 pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias s&#227;o as cl&#225;ssicas, por&#233;m, as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares podem ocorrer por um comprometimento card&#237;aco indireto ou por uma a&#231;&#227;o direta do v&#237;rus no tecido mioc&#225;rdico. Como consequ&#234;ncia podemos encontrar insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, miocardite, arritmias e choque cardiog&#234;nico.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O intervalo QT, medido do in&#237;cio do complexo QRS at&#233; o final da onda T, representa o processo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o e repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e varia com a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os valores normais do intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) seriam &#8805; 450 ms em homens e &#8805; 460 ms em mulheres. O prolongamento do intervalo QTc &#8805; 500 ms est&#225; fortemente associado a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias malignas e morte s&#250;bita. A cada 10 ms de incremento do intervalo QTc h&#225; um aumento de 5 a 7% do risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de torsade de Pointes(TdP) e a cada 20 ms h&#225; um risco iminente substancial.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome do QT longo adquirido est&#225; classicamente relacionada a prescri&#231;&#227;o de drogas e dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos associados,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> al&#233;m de diversos outros fatores cl&#237;nicos e comorbidades, tais como, idade, sexo, cardiomiopatias em geral, p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sangramento intracraniano, diabetes, hipogonadismo, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, entre outras.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, o prolongamento do intervalo QTc como fator de risco isolado e marcador de mortalidade a curto e longo prazo, j&#225; foi amplamente estudado e descrito em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>Ko et al. demonstraram uma s&#233;rie de 408 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a transplante hep&#225;ticoem que pode se observar um prolongamento do QTc em 70,9% dos pacientes no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-transplante, com aumento expressivo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato em 20% dos indiv&#237;duos. Entretanto, estes achados n&#227;o se correlacionaram com a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es ou mortalidade a longo prazo, com resolu&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica na grande maioria dos casos. Os autores sugerem que o prolongamento do intervalo QTc seja uma caracter&#237;stica eletrofisiol&#243;gica da cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica e, a sua normaliza&#231;&#227;o, um componente revers&#237;vel desta condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade nos indiv&#237;duos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, conforme uma recente revis&#227;o sobre o assunto. A despeito das diversas altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas no est&#225;gio final da doen&#231;a renal e que contribuem para o surgimento do QT longo e subsequente risco de TdP, os autores sugerem que o prolongamento do QTc, nesta condi&#231;&#227;o, &#233; um fator de risco independente para morte s&#250;bita e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Hohneck et al. analisaram 105 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo que foram divididos em dois grupos: QT longo (69,5%) e QT normal (30,5%), seguidos por um tempo m&#233;dio de 4,2 anos. A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias malignas durante os 30 dias iniciais foi similar em ambos os grupos (10,9% vs. 12,5%), mas a partir da an&#225;lise multivariada, os autores concluem que o prolongamento do intervalo QTc na admiss&#227;o hospitalar &#233; um preditor negativo independente para desfechos desfavor&#225;veis associados a esta condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em um elegante estudo, Gibbs et al. descreveram a mortalidade entre 30 dias e 3 anos de 980 pacientes internados em um hospital geral com QTc &#8805;500 ms comparado com 980 pacientes com intervalo QTc &lt; 500 ms, por causas cl&#237;nicas diversas e j&#225; ajustado para idade, sexo, index Charlson, admiss&#227;o pr&#233;via e diagn&#243;stico principal. Os autores concluem que o QTc &#8805; 500 ms &#233; um importante preditor de mortalidade a curto prazo e, que a longo prazo, as comorbidades encontradas sejam o fator principal relacionado a taxa de mortalidade geral.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No cen&#225;rio da infec&#231;&#227;o por Covid-19, o prolongamento do intervalo QTc j&#225; foi amplamente apresentado. Dentre os fatores cl&#237;nicos mais importantes e associados est&#227;o a idade mais avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos e intera&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas. Vale ressaltar que a polifarm&#225;cia &#233; um item importante neste cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico e deve ser sempre uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o pelos riscos iminentes de TdP e morte s&#250;bita associada.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup></p>
    <p>Nesta revista, Barbosa et al. apresentaram os resultados de um estudo observacional que envolveu uma expressiva coorte retrospectiva de 1.296 pacientes admitidos em hospital terci&#225;rio com o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-Cov-2 no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2020 a 31 de julho de 2021.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Destes, 127 (9,8%) apresentaram intervalo QTc prolongado. A mortalidade e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar forammaiores neste grupo quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos com QTc normal. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre mortalidade e prolongamento do intervalo QTc, ap&#243;s controle para idade, sexo masculino, doen&#231;a renal e &#237;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson &gt;3. As comorbidades associadas ao aumento da mortalidade foram: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, doen&#231;a renal, DPOC e Charlson &gt;3.</p>
    <p>Os autores conclu&#237;ram ent&#227;o que a mortalidade hospitalar por SARS-Cov-2 est&#225; associada ao prolongamento do intervalo QTC na admiss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O desenho da pesquisa e a proposta dos autores n&#227;o s&#227;o in&#233;ditos, muito pelo contr&#225;rio. J&#225; h&#225; muitos anos o prolongamento do intervalo QTc vem sendo estudado como um marcador de risco cardiovascular a curto e longo prazo. Entretanto, o presente estudo traz informa&#231;&#227;o relevante no cen&#225;rio de uma nova doen&#231;a que se apresenta com tantos desafios cl&#237;nicos. A despeito da t&#227;o esperada redu&#231;&#227;o nos casos graves de Covid-19 observada nos &#250;ltimos meses, os dados apresentados nos fazem refletir sobre a necessidade de revisitar um velho e simples marcador (intervalo QTc), que nos auxilie a identificar subgrupos de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o em uma doen&#231;a potencialmente grave. Marcadores de gravidade s&#227;o sempre bem-vindos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn1" fn-type="conflict">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Prolongamento do Intervalo QTc na Admiss&#227;o est&#225; Associado ao Aumento da Mortalidade em Pacientes com SARS-COV-2 durante a Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revisiting the QT Interval: An Old Marker for a New Disease?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5333-7174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camanho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Montenegro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Arritmias e Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luiz Eduardo Montenegro Camanho &#8226; Rua Real Grandeza, 108 &#8211; 124. Postal code 22281-034, Botafogo, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: lecamanho@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>QT interval</kwd>
        <kwd>Long QT</kwd>
        <kwd>Long QT Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The SARS-Cov-2 (Covid-19) infection had its first cases reported in December 2019 in China and quickly spread worldwide, being announced as a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. Respiratory manifestations are classic; however, cardiovascular complications can occur due to an indirect cardiac involvement or a direct action of the virus in the myocardial tissue. Consequently, we can find heart failure, myocarditis, arrhythmias, and cardiogenic shock.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The QT interval, measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave, represents the process of ventricular depolarization and repolarization and varies with heart rate. Normal values for the corrected QT interval (QTc) would be&#8805;450 ms in men and&#8805;460 ms in women. Prolongation of the QTc interval&#8805;500 ms is strongly associated with the occurrence of malignant arrhythmias and sudden death. Every 10 ms of QTc interval increment, there is a 5 to 7% increase in the risk of torsade de Pointes (TdP); every 20 ms, there is a substantial imminent risk.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acquired long QT syndrome is classically related to prescription drugs and electrolyte disturbances associated,<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>in addition to several other clinical factors and comorbidities, such as age, gender, cardiomyopathies in general, post-myocardial infarction, intracranial bleeding, diabetes, hypogonadism, chronic lung disease, among others.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>However, QTc interval prolongation as an isolated risk factor and marker of short- and long-term mortality has already been widely studied and described in several clinical situations.</p>
      <p>Ko et al. demonstrated a series of 408 consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation in which QTc prolongation was observed in 70.9% of patients in the pre-transplantation period, with a significant increase in the immediate postoperative period in 20% of individuals. However, these findings did not correlate with complications or long-term mortality rate, with electrocardiographic resolution in the vast majority of cases. The authors suggest that prolonging the QTc interval is an electrophysiological characteristic of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, and its normalization is a reversible component of this condition.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>According to a recent review, cardiovascular disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with chronic renal failure. Despite the various alterations found in end-stage renal disease that contribute to the onset of long QT and subsequent risk of TdP, the authors suggest that QTc prolongation, in this condition, is an independent risk factor for sudden death and mortality for all causes.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hohneck et al. analyzed 105 patients with Takotsubo syndrome divided into two groups: long QT (69.5%) and normal QT (30.5%), followed for a mean time of 4.2 years. The occurrence of malignant arrhythmias during the initial 30 days was similar in both groups (10.9% vs. 12.5%). However, from the multivariate analysis, the authors conclude that QTc interval prolongation on hospital admission is an independent negative predictor for unfavorable outcomes associated with this condition.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In an elegant study, Gibbs et al. described the 30-day to 3-year mortality of 980 patients admitted to a general hospital with QTc&#8805;500 ms compared to 980 patients with QTc interval&lt;500 ms, due to different clinical causes and already adjusted for age, sex, Charlson index, previous admission, and main diagnosis. The authors conclude that the QTc&#8805;500 ms is an important predictor of mortality in the short term and, in the long term, the comorbidities found are the main factor related to the overall mortality rate.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the scenario of Covid-19 infection, QTc interval prolongation has already been widely presented. Among the most important and associated clinical factors are older age, female gender, electrolyte disturbances, and pharmacological interactions. It is noteworthy that polypharmacy is an important item in this clinical scenario and should always be a concern due to the imminent risks of TdP and associated sudden death.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> , <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>In this journal, Barbosa et al. presented the results of an observational study that involved a significant retrospective cohort of 1,296 patients admitted to a tertiary hospital with a diagnosis of SARS-Cov-2 infection from March 2020 to July 31, 2021.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Of these, 127 (9, 8%) had a prolonged QTc interval. Mortality and length of hospital stay were higher in this group compared to individuals with normal QTc. In the multivariate analysis, there was a significant association between mortality and QTc interval prolongation after controlling for age, male gender, renal disease, and Charlson comorbidity index&gt;3. Comorbidities associated with increased mortality were: systemic arterial hypertension, kidney disease, COPD, and Charlson&gt;3.</p>
      <p>The authors then concluded that in-hospital mortality from SARS-Cov-2 is associated with prolongation of the QTC interval on admission.</p>
      <p>The research design and the authors&#8217; proposal are not unprecedented, quite the contrary. QTc interval prolongation has been studied for many years as a marker of cardiovascular risk in the short and long term. However, the present study brings relevant information in the context of a new disease that presents many clinical challenges. Despite the long-awaited reduction in severe cases of Covid-19 observed in recent months, the data presented make us reflect on the need to revisit an old and simple marker (QTc interval), which helps us to identify subgroups with worse evolution in a potentially serious illness. Gravity markers are always welcome in clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prolongation of the QTc Interval at Admission is Associated with Increased Mortality in Patients with SARS-COV-2 during Hospitalization</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
