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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3FCfrnLnYYbjsRqXt5LcVQG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220463</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Particularidades dos Pacientes com Arterite de Takayasu em Idade Mais Avan&#231;ada: Estudo Coorte, Retrospectivo e Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Calvino Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6998-6723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Moura dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8876-3226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Freitas de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5077-7959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Jucier</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7681-6215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Wagner Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3723-5028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>&#8224;</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3682-4517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>&#8224;</label>
        <institution content-type="original"> In memorium</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 &#8211; 3&#186; andar &#8211; sala 3184. CEP 01246-903, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>samuel.shinjo@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220463</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> Poucos estudos avaliaram pacientes idosos com Arterite de Takayasu (AT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o progresso de AT em diferentes grupos et&#225;rios em seus poss&#237;veis efeitos sobre o tratamento medicamentoso e atividade da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> este estudo transversal, retrospectivo, do tipo coorte incluiu 66 pacientes com AT. Os pacientes foram entrevistados, e dados dos 12 meses anteriores foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos. Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro quartis de acordo com idade atual, e comparados quanto aos dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, tratamento, comorbidades, status da doen&#231;a, e status funcional. Um p&lt;0,05 foi estabelecido como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os grupos foram definidos como Q1(22-36 anos, n=16), Q2(37-42 anos, n=18), Q3(43-49 anos, n=17), e Q4(51-66 anos, n=15). A frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com atividade da doen&#231;a, fadiga, comorbidades e comprometimentos vasculares, e o &#237;ndice de extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a (DEI. Tak) foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos. Pacientes com idade mais avan&#231;ada apresentaram maior dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (p=0,001) e maior comprometimento do status funcional (Q2 versus Q3, p=0,003); menos pacientes usaram prednisona (Q1:43,8%; Q2:33,3%; Q3:11,8%; e Q4:6,7%; p=0,049) e agentes imunossupressores [Q1:100,0%; Q2:66,7%; Q3:58,8% e Q4:46,7%; Q1 <italic>versus</italic> Q3 (p=0,043) e Q1 <italic>versus</italic> Q4 (p=0,005) nas an&#225;lises <italic>post-hoc</italic>]. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de danos da doen&#231;a, sintomas de uma nova ocorr&#234;ncia de AT, e complica&#231;&#245;es nos 12 meses precedentes n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Pacientes com AT e idade mais avan&#231;ada requerem m&#237;nima interven&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa e apresentam maior comprometimento no status funcional, o que pode ser atribu&#237;do a fatores relacionados ao envelhecimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasculite Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as da Aorta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2020/10691-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2019/11776-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>#303379/2018-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) (#2020/10691-4 to A.M.S.; #2019/11776-6 to S.K.S.); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq #303379/2018-9 to S.K.S.); Faculdade de Medicina da USP to S.K.S.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Arterite de Takayasu (AT) &#233; uma vasculite sist&#234;mica prim&#225;ria que afeta preferencialmente vasos de calibres maiores, tais como a art&#233;ria aorta e suas ramifica&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas. O in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a ocorre mais comumente em mulheres com idade inferior a 40 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A AT &#233; clinicamente caracterizada por per&#237;odos alternados de atividade e remiss&#227;o, refletindo diretamente os v&#225;rios estados inflamat&#243;rios dos vasos afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Cerca de 20% dos pacientes apresentam um curso monof&#225;sico, autolimitado, com sintomas constitucionais que podem n&#227;o ter repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. No entanto, os demais pacientes podem apresentar inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular progressiva ou um curso recorrente grave, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que variam de acordo com o territ&#243;rio vascular afetado, claudica&#231;&#227;o de membros, s&#237;ncope, dor tor&#225;cica, hipertens&#227;o renovascular, e pulsos reduzidos/ausentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, caracterizar a atividade da doen&#231;a &#233; muitas vezes dif&#237;cil, uma vez que a inflama&#231;&#227;o das paredes dos vasos nem sempre reflete ou segue outas manifesta&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas ou aumento de prote&#237;nas de fase aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, uma hist&#243;ria detalhada, avalia&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, e achados de imagens podem ajudar a definir o estado da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ainda, apesar de suas limita&#231;&#245;es, h&#225; crit&#233;rios para avaliar a atividade da doen&#231;a na AT, como o <italic>Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score</italic> (ITAS2010) e o <italic>escore</italic> do <italic>National Institute of Health</italic> (NIH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma vez que a AT &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara e t&#237;pica em adultos jovens, estudos descrevendo popula&#231;&#245;es fora dessa faixa et&#225;ria come&#231;aram a ser desenvolvidos s&#243; nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, com &#234;nfase na popula&#231;&#227;o jovem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos descrevendo caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com AT relataram uma alta preval&#234;ncia de cefaleia, febre, perda de peso, e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bem como elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o renovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em descri&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas, o achado mais prevalente &#233; o envolvimento de toda a aorta, al&#233;m de progress&#245;es cl&#237;nica e de imagem mesmo em pacientes com doen&#231;a bem controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora escassos, estudos t&#234;m sugerido que o curso da AT varia entre pacientes jovens e adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em um estudo comparando essas duas popula&#231;&#245;es, encontrou-se que o comprometimento renal, com evolu&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o renovascular, &#233; mais frequente em jovens, com estenose da art&#233;ria renal esquerda e, na AT adulta, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de envolvimento de les&#245;es nas art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Observou-se que a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes no grupo com AT adulta foi de 29 anos, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica cl&#225;ssica da doen&#231;a, sem descri&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos ou atividade da doen&#231;a em outros grupos et&#225;rios, principalmente em pacientes com idade avan&#231;ada.</p>
      <p>Neste contexto, at&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo avaliou comparativamente indiv&#237;duos adultos com AT em uma idade mais avan&#231;ada, levantando a quest&#227;o sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es e poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as na abordagem dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, especialmente se considerados poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico e atividade da AT. Al&#233;m disso, deve-se considerar que doen&#231;as como aterosclerose, osteoartrite, dor difusa, e fibromialgia s&#227;o altamente prevalentes em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, por grupo et&#225;rio, pacientes adultos com AT quanto &#224; atividade da doen&#231;a, tratamento farmacol&#243;gico (por exemplo, uso de glicocorticoides e agentes imunossupressores/ biol&#243;gicos) e poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo transversal, retrospectivo, do tipo coorte foi conduzido em dois centros entre 2019 e 2021. A amostra foi selecionada de maneira n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica (amostragem por conveni&#234;ncia) por recrutamento ativo. Os pacientes tinham idade superior a 18 anos e eram acompanhados em dois ambulat&#243;rios terci&#225;rios de reumatologia. Todos os pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o para AT do <italic>American College of Rheumatology</italic> de 1990:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> (i) idade no in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a &#8804; 40 anos, (ii) claudica&#231;&#227;o de extremidades, (iii) pulso braquial reduzido, (iv) diferen&#231;a na press&#227;o arterial &gt; 10 mmHg, (v) ru&#237;do na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via ou aorta, e (vi) achados de imagem anormais (angiografia ou tomografia computadorizada convencional ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica). A AT foi confirmada se tr&#234;s ou mais desses seis crit&#233;rios estivessem presentes.</p>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (CAAE 89386618.0.1001.0068), e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise transversal, os dados foram obtidos por meio de um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico e epidemiol&#243;gico, e entrevistas para determinar o estado do paciente. Ainda, como an&#225;lise retrospectiva, dados de todos os pacientes dos 12 &#250;ltimos meses anteriores &#224;s dadas das entrevistas foram coletados dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Os seguintes dados foram avaliados &#8211; caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes (sexo, idade no diagn&#243;stico, dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, etnia, e per&#237;odo de acompanhamento ambulatorial), comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, fibromialgia e tabagismo), dados laboratoriais (velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o e prote&#237;na C reativa), caracter&#237;sticas de imagens de angiotomografia (classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata de AT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 4</ext-link>), tratamento (uso de glicocorticoides, agentes imunossupressores ou biol&#243;gicos), status da doen&#231;a (escore de atividade da arterite de Takayasu indiano &#8211; ITAS2010 <italic>Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score</italic>), e atividade da doen&#231;a (ITAS2010 &#8805;2)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 5</ext-link>), dano da doen&#231;a (&#237;ndice de extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a para a AT &#8211; DEI.Tak, <italic>disease extent index for Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 6</ext-link>), e status funcional (question&#225;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de - HAQ, <italic>Health Assessment Questionnaire</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro quartis de acordo com idade atual, e comparados quanto as vari&#225;veis descritas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em mediana (intervalo interquartil) e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em n&#250;meros e frequ&#234;ncias (%). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados e presun&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas. An&#225;lise inferencial das vari&#225;veis (analisadas por idade) sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e, quando uma diferen&#231;a significativa era observada, o teste de Dunn para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pareadas foi realizado. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa SPSS 22.0 (IL, Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, 66 pacientes com AT foram avaliados, 94,9% eram mulheres, e 73,7% e 26,3% eram de etnia branca e negra, respectivamente. Desses, 16 encontravam-se no primeiro quartil (Q1: 22 - 36 anos), 18 no segundo (Q2: 37 - 42 anos), 17 no terceiro (Q3: 43 - 49 anos) e 15 no quarto (Q4: 51 - 66 anos). Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas gerais (idade, etnia, sexo, e dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a) dos quatro grupos, bem como os par&#226;metros relacionados ao status atual da doen&#231;a est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e status da doen&#231;a dos pacientes com arterite de Takayasu de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o da idade (quartis)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q1 (n=16)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q2 (n=18)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q3 (n=17)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q4 (n=15)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
                <th colspan="6">Post-hoc (valor p)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q2</th>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                <th>Q3 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="12">
                  <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade atual (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 (28,5-33,0)</td>
                <td align="center">40,5 (40,0-41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 (45,0-48,0)</td>
                <td align="center">58,0 (53,0-60,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade no diagn&#243;stico (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">23,0 (19,7-25,2)</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 (27,7-37,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32,0 (27,7-39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">44,0 (30,5-47,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etnia branca</td>
                <td align="center">11 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,732</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">15 (93,8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (3,7-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (4,2-11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 (8,0-19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">16,0 (11,5-21,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,962</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="12">
                  <bold>Status atual da doen&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore ITAS2010</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,966</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o (mm/1st hora)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 (4,7-22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 (10,7-24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (9,0-18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 (11,2-28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,8-6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (1,6-7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (1,3-4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3,8 (1,0-5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="12">
                  <bold>Status da doen&#231;a (&#250;ltimos 12 meses)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore ITAS2010</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,771</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade ITAS2010 (&#8805; 2 pontos)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,836</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DEI-Takayasu</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (2,0-4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (2,0-3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (1,0-2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,477</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Novos sintomas relacionados &#224; AT</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos em mediana (intervalor interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). Q1= 22-36 anos; Q2= 37-42 anos; Q3= 43-49 anos; Q4 = 51-66 anos. PCR: Prote&#237;na C-reativa; DEI: &#237;ndice de extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a; ITAS: Indian Takayasu Activity Score; AT: arterite de Takayasu.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A atividade da doen&#231;a nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses (ITAS2010, DEI-TAK, novos sintomas e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionados &#224; AT) est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o foram observados casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise. Entretanto, dois pacientes apresentaram ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (49 e 59 anos de idade) e seis pacientes apresentaram desenvolvimento ou piora da claudica&#231;&#227;o de membros (idades 29, 34, 36, 40, 40 e 59 anos). N&#227;o houve ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da idade e da dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, que foi mais alta no Q4 que nos demais grupos (p&lt;0,001 e p=0,001, respectivamente), todos os outros par&#226;metros apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> eram compar&#225;veis entre os quatro quartis.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Hata, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), nem diferen&#231;as em comorbidades, h&#225;bitos ou fadiga. Contudo, pacientes no quarto quartil (<italic>i.e</italic>., mais velhos), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes no segundo quartil, mostraram capacidade reduzida para realizar atividades di&#225;rias, ou seja, relacionadas ao status funcional (p=0,033). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento e idade atual, um menor n&#250;mero de pacientes mais velhos usava prednisona (Q1: 43,8%, Q2: 33,3%, Q3: 11,8%, e Q4: 6,7%; p=0,049), embora nenhuma diferen&#231;a tenha sido detectada na an&#225;lise post-hoc. Diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas no uso de agentes imunossupressores e biol&#243;gicos (Q1:100,0%, Q2:66,7%, Q3:58,8%, e Q4:46,7%) entre os grupos Q1 <italic>versus</italic> Q3, e Q1 <italic>versus</italic> Q4, nas an&#225;lises post-hoc (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica, comorbidades, fadiga, e capacidade funcional dos pacientes com arterite de Takayasu de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o da idade (quartis)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q1 (n=16)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q2 (n=18)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q3 (n=17)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q4 (n=15)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
                <th colspan="6">Post-hoc (Valor p)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q2</th>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                <th>Q3 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="12">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hata I</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,945</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hata IIa</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hata IIb</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,863</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hata III</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,786</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hata IV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,864</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hata V</td>
                <td align="center">9 (56,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (58,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,842</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades e h&#225;bitos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (82,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (86,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibromialgia</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,887</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,893</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EAV fadiga (0-10 cm)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 (2,0-6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (2,0-6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 (2,0-6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (4,5-8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAQ (0,00-3,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,2-0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (0,0-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (0,2-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (0,6-1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,953</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
                <td align="center">0,944</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos em mediana (intervalor interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). Q1= 22-36 anos; Q2= 37-42 anos; Q3= 43-49 anos; Q4 = 51-66 anos. EAV: Escala Anal&#243;gica Visual; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tratamento atual dos pacientes com arterite de Takayasu de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o da idade (quartis)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q1 (n=16)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q2 (n=18)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q3 (n=17)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Q4 (n=15)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
                <th colspan="6">Post-hoc (Valor p)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q2</th>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic>.Q3</th>
                <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic>.Q4</th>
                <th>Q2 <italic>vs.</italic>Q3</th>
                <th>Q2 <italic>vs.</italic>Q4</th>
                <th>Q3 <italic>vs.</italic>Q4</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Prednisona</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Em uso atual (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,290</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
                <td align="center">0,690</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dose (mg/dia)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0,0-5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0,0-6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0,0-0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,140</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 5 mg/dia</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (72,2)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (94,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5 - 10 mg/dia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,791</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 10 mg/dia</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,291</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="12">
                  <bold>Drogas imunossupressoras ou biol&#243;gicas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Em uso atual (qualquer medicamento)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (58,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Azatioprina</td>
                <td align="center">6 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,083</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metotrexato</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,258</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Micofenolato de mofetila</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,470</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leflunomida</td>
                <td align="center">5 (31,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tocilizumabe</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rituximabe</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infliximabe</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,359</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos em mediana (intervalor interquartil) ou frequ&#234;ncia (%). Q1= 22-36 anos; Q2= 37-42 anos; Q3= 43-49 anos; Q4 = 51-66 anos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com arterite de Takayasu utilizando drogas imunossupressoras ou biol&#243;gicas, de acordo com os quartis de idade: Q1 (22-36 anos), Q2 (37-42 anos), Q3 (43-49 anos), e Q4 (51-66 anos).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220463-20463-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura central</xref> mostra um resumo gr&#225;fico ilustrando a hist&#243;ria natural dos pacientes com AT de acordo com a idade e o tipo de doen&#231;a vascular/sintomas cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Particularidades dos Pacientes com Arterite de Takayasu em Idade Mais Avan&#231;ada: Estudo Coorte, Retrospectivo e Transversal</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>AT: Arterite de Takayasu.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220463-20463-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo comparando pacientes com AT, considerando o grupo et&#225;rio e poss&#237;veis progressos e sequelas do tratamento durante o processo de envelhecimento nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Nossos resultados indicam que pacientes idosos t&#234;m menos necessidade de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico (glicocorticoides e agentes imunossupressores). Al&#233;m disso, pacientes idosos com AT t&#234;m maior comprometimento em seu status funcional.</p>
      <p>Uma das principais vantagens de nosso estudo foi a possibilidade de avaliar a popula&#231;&#227;o em dois momentos distintos, facilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e progressiva dos par&#226;metros estudados. Ainda, uma vez que esse foi um estudo conduzido em dois centros, conseguimos recrutar um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes, resultando em uma amostra mais representativa da realidade, e com menos vieses.</p>
      <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com as tend&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas da doen&#231;a, as mulheres jovens eram predominantes em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Ainda, a etnia branca era a mais prevalente, o que est&#225; de acordo com as tend&#234;ncias globais da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os quartis, mas esse foi um achado esperado para os indiv&#237;duos com idade mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
      <p>Um estudo mostrou que a popula&#231;&#227;o jovem com AT apresentou menores taxas de remiss&#227;o que pacientes adultos, mas n&#227;o que pacientes idosos, mesmo com frequ&#234;ncias similares de terapia imunossupressora. Isso sugere um pior progn&#243;stico nos jovens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ou mesmo uma tend&#234;ncia para completa remiss&#227;o nos pacientes com idade mais avan&#231;ada. Contudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao status da doen&#231;a, havia poucos pacientes com atividade segundo ITAS2010 em nosso estudo tanto no basal, como na avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva de 12 meses.</p>
      <p>Biomarcadores de atividade s&#233;ricos, como a taxa de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o e prote&#237;na C-reativa, s&#227;o comumente usados como indicadores de atividade da doen&#231;a na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e a aus&#234;ncia de um crit&#233;rio para defini-la &#233; uma das principais dificuldades no manejo desses pacientes. Em nosso estudo, os &#237;ndices inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os quartis. Outros estudos mostraram que nenhum teste sangu&#237;neo espec&#237;fico, incluindo testes inflamat&#243;rios, podem avaliar, com seguran&#231;a, a atividade da doen&#231;a em compara&#231;&#227;o aos achados histopatol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, o tipo V foi o tipo de envolvimento mais frequente em todos os quartis, sem diferen&#231;a significativa para o grupo de idade mais avan&#231;ada. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com um estudo brasileiro que relatou uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta do tipo V (66,7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de fadiga cr&#244;nica, apesar das diferen&#231;as consider&#225;veis entre os grupos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de pacientes mais velhos e os de pacientes mais jovens. Contudo, o HAQ revelou que o comprometimento do status funcional foi mais comum nos indiv&#237;duos com idade mais avan&#231;ada que nos mais jovens.</p>
      <p>Esse resultado pode ser correlacionado com idade avan&#231;ada e uma maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades cardiovasculares, tais como hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia, al&#233;m de um estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio. Um estudo brasileiro mostrou que pacientes com AT apresentaram menor for&#231;a muscular, capacidade aer&#243;bica reduzida, aumento de tecido adiposo visceral, rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril aumentada, al&#233;m de uma capacidade reduzida para caminhada e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, corroborando nossos achados de capacidade reduzida para realizar atividades di&#225;rias (HAQ). Em conjunto, esses fatores resultam em um risco cardiovascular aumentado e pior status funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> N&#227;o podemos afirmar que esse impacto funcional tenha sido causado por um aumento na cronicidade da doen&#231;a com a idade, uma vez que, como comentado acima, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no padr&#227;o de atividade da doen&#231;a atual ou pr&#233;via entre os grupos, sobretudo quando avaliamos os efeitos negativos da doen&#231;a utilizando o DEI-Takayasu.</p>
      <p>Segundo o HAQ, os pacientes com AT mais velhos apresentaram maior tend&#234;ncia a serem mais sintom&#225;ticos. Ainda, &#233; poss&#237;vel que esses sintomas causados por comprometimento funcional tenham sido erroneamente classificados como crit&#233;rios de atividade da doen&#231;a, o que pode ter contaminado os resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, e indicado uma maior necessidade para interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas desnecess&#225;rias. Ainda, em um estudo, a escala HAQ serviu como um dom&#237;nio para avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com AT, uma vez que essa encontrava-se alterada independentemente da atividade da doen&#231;a ou idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes por conveni&#234;ncia. Contudo, enfatizamos a grande dificuldade de se realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o complexa em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com AT, a qual &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a rara. Ainda, inclu&#237;mos somente pacientes atendidos em centros terci&#225;rios de reumatologia; apesar da possibilidade de maior gravidade, esses pacientes apresentaram n&#237;veis m&#237;nimos de atividade da doen&#231;a de acordo com os padr&#245;es ITAS2020. Tal fato provavelmente deve-se mais &#224; maior experi&#234;ncia da parte das equipes m&#233;dicas envolvidas em alcan&#231;ar a remiss&#227;o da doen&#231;a, que &#224; ideia de que o curso natural da doen&#231;a com a idade resulta em menor necessidade de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Pacientes idosos com AT requerem m&#237;nima interven&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa e sofrem maior impacto sobre o status funcional, requerendo uma classifica&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da atividade da doen&#231;a, e poss&#237;veis mudan&#231;as no tratamento medicamentoso devido a potenciais erros diagn&#243;sticos. Com base em nossos resultados e na escassez de estudos sobre o assunto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios envolvendo pacientes idosos com AT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Dua AB, Kalot MA, Husainat NM, Byram K, Springer JM, James KE, et al. Takayasu Arteritis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Test Accuracy and Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2021;3(2):80-90. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11186.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalot</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Husainat</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byram</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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          <article-title>Takayasu Arteritis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Test Accuracy and Benefits and Harms of Common Treatments</article-title>
          <source>ACR Open Rheumatol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>80</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*</label>
        <p> Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) (#2020/10691-4 to A.M.S.; #2019/11776-6 to S.K.S.); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq #303379/2018-9 to S.K.S.); Faculdade de Medicina da USP to S.K.S.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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        <article-title>Characteristics of Older Patients with Takayasu&#8217;s Arteritis: A Two-Center, Cross-Sectional, Retrospective Cohort Study</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Calvino Soares de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6998-6723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Moura dos</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8876-3226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Freitas de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5077-7959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Jucier</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7681-6215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Wagner Silva de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3723-5028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria R.</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3682-4517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shinjo</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Katsuyuki</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Reumatologia &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; UNIFESP,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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        <institution content-type="original"> In memorium</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 &#8211; 3&#186; andar - sala 3184. Postal Code 01246-903, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: samuel.shinjo@usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Few studies have assessed elderly patients with Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis (TAK).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the progression of TAK in different age groups and its possible effects on drug treatment and disease activity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study included 66 TAK patients. Patients were interviewed and data of the 12 preceding months were collected from electronic medical records. The patients were divided into four quartiles according to current age and compared for clinical and laboratory data, treatment, comorbidities, disease status, and functional status. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The groups were Q1(22-36 years, n=16), Q2(37-42 years, n=18), Q3(43-49 years, n=17), and Q4(51-66 years, n=15). The frequency of patients with disease activity, fatigue, comorbidities and vascular impairments, and the TAK disease extent index were also comparable between the groups. With age, disease duration was longer (p=0.001), fewer patients used prednisone (Q1:43.8%, Q2:33.3%, Q3:11.8%, and Q4:6.7%; p=0.049) and immunosuppressive drugs [Q1:100.0%, Q2:66.7%, Q3:58.8%, and Q4:46.7%; Q1 versus Q3 (p=0.043), and Q1 versus Q4 (p=0.005) in post-hoc analyses], and patients had greater functional status impairment (Q2 versus Q3, p=0.003). In addition, the levels of disease damage, new TAK symptoms, and complications in the preceding 12 months were not different between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Older patients with TAK require minimal drug treatment, and have greater impairment of functional status, which may be attributed to aging-related factors.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic Vasculitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis (TAK) is a primary systemic vasculitis that preferentially affects large-caliber vessels, such as the aorta and its proximal branches. Disease onset occurs most commonly in women younger than 40.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>TAK is characterized clinically by alternating periods of activity and remission, directly reflecting the various inflammatory states of the affected vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> About 20% of patients have a monophasic and self-limited course, with constitutional symptoms that may not have clinical repercussions. However, the remainder may have progressive vascular inflammation or a severe remitting/recurrent course, with clinical manifestations varying according to the affected vascular territory, limb claudication, syncope, thoracic pain, renovascular hypertension, and reduced/absence of pulses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, in clinical practice, characterizing disease activity is often difficult, because inflammation of the vessel walls does always reflect or follow other systemic inflammation manifestations or increased acute phase reactants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> On the other hand, a detailed history, physical evaluation, and new imaging findings can help define the disease state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Also, despite their limitations, there are criteria to assess disease activity in TAK, such as the Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score (ITAS2010) and the National Institute of Health (NIH) score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since TAK is a rare and typical condition in young adults, studies describing populations outside this age range have only started to be developed in recent decades, with emphasis on the juvenile population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In studies describing clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with TAK reported a high prevalence of headache, fever, weight loss, arthritis, and heart failure, as well as a high proportion of renovascular hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In angiographic descriptions, the most prevalent finding is pan-aortic involvement, in addition to clinical and imaging progression even in well-controlled disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although studies are scarce, it is suggested that the TAK course vary between juvenile and adult TAK.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In a study comparing these two populations, it was found that renal involvement, with progression to renovascular hypertension, is more common in young patients, in which stenosis of the left renal artery is more frequent, whereas in adult TAK, there is a tendency of involvement of lesions in subclavian arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It was found that the mean age of patients in the adult TAK group was 29 years, which is compatible with the classic epidemiological presentation of the disease, with no description of clinical parameters or disease activity in other age groups, especially in patients with TAK with advanced age.</p>
        <p>In this context, no studies to date have comparatively evaluated adult individuals with TAK at an older age, raising the question of the implications and possible differences in the approach to this population, especially when considering possible confounders for the diagnosis and activity of TAK. In addition, it should be considered that diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, diffuse pain, and fibromyalgia are highly prevalent in older individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess adult TAK patients for disease activity, drug treatment (<italic>e.g.</italic>, use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants/ biologics) and possible chronic complications of the disease by age group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This two-center, cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2019 and 2021. The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic manner (convenience sampling) through active recruitment. Patients were aged &#8805;18 years and were seen at two tertiary rheumatology outpatient clinics. All patients fulfilled the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for TAK:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> (i) age of disease onset &#8804; 40 years, (ii) claudication of extremities, (iii) decreased brachial artery pulse, (iv) blood pressure difference &gt; 10 mmHg, (v) bruit over the subclavian arteries or aorta, and (vi) imaging (angiographic or conventional computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) abnormalities. TAK was confirmed if at least three of these six criteria were met.</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the local ethics committee (CAAE 89386618.0.1001.0068), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
        <p>For the cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained using a clinical-epidemiological questionnaire and interviews to determine patient status. In addition, as a retrospective analysis, all patients&#8217; data from the 12 months preceding the interview dates were obtained from the electronic medical records.</p>
        <p>The following variables were assessed &#8211; patient general characteristics (sex, age at diagnosis, disease duration, ethnicity, and outpatient follow-up period), comorbidities (systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, fibromyalgia, and smoking status), laboratory data (erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein), angiography image features (Hata&#8217;s angiographic classification of TAK<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">Supplementary Table 4</ext-link>), treatment (use of glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive or immunobiological drugs), disease status (Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score - ITAS2010), and disease activity (ITAS2010 &#8805; 2<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">Supplementary Table 5</ext-link>), disease damage (disease extent index for Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis &#8211; DEI.Tak<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">Supplementary - Table 6</ext-link>), and functional status (Health Assessment Questionnaire - HAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients were divided into four quartiles according to their current age and compared according to the variables described.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The distribution of variables was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as median (interquartile range), and categorical variables were represented by number and frequency (%). Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, according to data distribution and statistical assumptions. Inferential analysis of variables (analyzed by age) with non-normal distribution was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and when a significant difference was found, Dunn&#8217;s test for multiple pairwise comparisons was performed. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 statistical software (IL, Armonk, NY, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the present study, 66 TAK patients were evaluated; 94.9% of whom were women, and 73.7% and 26.3% were of white and black ethnicities, respectively. Of these, 16 were in the first quartile (Q1: 22 - 36 years), 18 in the second (Q2: 37 - 42 years), 17 in the third (Q3: 43 - 49 years) and 15 in the fourth (Q4: 51 - 66 years). General demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, sex, and disease duration) of the four groups, as well as the parameters regarding the current disease status are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic features and disease status of patients with Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis according to current age distribution (quartiles)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q1 (n=16)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q2 (n=18)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q3 (n=17)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q4 (n=15)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Post-hoc (p-value)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q2</th>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                  <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                  <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                  <th>Q3 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12">
                    <bold>Demographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5 (28.5-33.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.5 (40.0-41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 (45.0-48.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.0 (53.0-60.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age at disease diagnosis (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.0 (19.7-25.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.0 (27.7-37.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.0 (27.7-39.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.0 (30.5-47.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White ethnicity</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (68.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (52.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.732</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female sex</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (93.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (88.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (94.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (93.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disease duration (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (3.7-9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 (4.2-11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 (8.0-19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0 (11.5-21.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.962</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12">
                    <bold>Current disease status</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ITAS2010 score</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.966</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESR (mm/1st hour)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5 (4.7-22.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5 (10.7-24.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0 (9.0-18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.5 (11.2-28.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.353</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.8-6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (1.6-7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (1.3-4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8 (1.0-5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.641</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12">
                    <bold>Disease status (last 12 months)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ITAS2010 score</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.771</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ITAS2010 activity (&#8805; 2 points)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.836</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DEI-Takayasu</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (2.0-4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (2.0-3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.0-2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.477</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>New symptoms related to TAK</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.280</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as median (interquartile range) or frequency (%). Q1= 22-36 years; Q2= 37-42 years; Q3= 43-49 years; Q4 = 51-66 years. CRP: C-reactive protein; DEI: Disease Extent Index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ITAS: Indian Takayasu Activity Score; TAK: Takaysu&#8217;s arteritis.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The disease activity in the last 12 months (ITAS2010, DEI-TAK, new symptoms and new complications related to TAK) is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>No cases of acute myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization were observed during the analysis period. However, there were two patients with transient ischemic attack (aged 49 and 59 years) and six patients had new or worsened intermittent limb claudication (29, 34, 36, 40, 40, and 59 years of age). There was no case of deaths.</p>
        <p>In addition to age and disease duration, which were higher in Q4 than in the other groups (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.001, respectively), all other parameters shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> were comparable between the four quartiles.</p>
        <p>Regarding the angiographic patterns according to Hata&#8217;s classification, there were no significant differences between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), or differences in comorbidities, habits, and fatigue. However, patients in the Q4 group (<italic>i.e</italic>., older) when compared to the Q2 group showed reduced ability to perform activities of daily living, that is, functional status (p=0.033). Regarding treatment and current age, fewer older patients used prednisone (Q1: 43.8%, Q2: 33.3%, Q3: 11.8%, and Q4: 6.7%; p=0.049), although no difference was detected in the post-hoc analysis. Significant differences in immunosuppressive or immunobiological drugs (Q1:100.0%, Q2:66.7%, Q3:58.8%, and Q4:46.7%) were found between groups Q1 <italic>versus</italic> Q3, and Q1 <italic>versus</italic> Q4 in the post-hoc analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiographic classification, comorbidities, fatigue and functional capacity of patients with Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis according to current age distribution (quartiles)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q1 (n=16)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q2 (n=18)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q3 (n=17)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q4 (n=15)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Post-hoc (p-value)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q2</th>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                  <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q3</th>
                  <th>Q2 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                  <th>Q3 <italic>vs</italic> Q4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12">
                    <bold>Angiographic classification</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hata I</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.945</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hata IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.588</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hata IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.863</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hata III</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.786</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hata IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.864</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hata V</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (56.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (58.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (53.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.842</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12"><bold>Comorbidities and habits</bold>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (82.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (86.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.900</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (37.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (76.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type 2 diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.213</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibromyalgia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.887</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.893</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VAS&#8217; fatigue (0-10 cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 (2.0-6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (2.0-6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 (2.0-6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (4.5-8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAQ (0.00-3.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (0.2-0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (0.0-1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (0.2-1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (0.6-1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">0.953</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129</td>
                  <td align="center">0.944</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as median (interquartile range) or frequency (%). Q1= 22-36 years; Q2= 37-42 years; Q3= 43-49 years; Q4 = 51-66 years. HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; VAS: Visual analogic scale.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Current treatment of patients with Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis according to current age distribution (quartiles)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q1 (n=16)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q2 (n=18)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q3 (n=17)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Q4 (n=15)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Post-hoc (p-value)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic> Q2</th>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic>.Q3</th>
                  <th>Q1 <italic>vs</italic>.Q4</th>
                  <th>Q2 <italic>vs.</italic>Q3</th>
                  <th>Q2 <italic>vs.</italic>Q4</th>
                  <th>Q3 <italic>vs.</italic>Q4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12">
                    <bold>Prednisone</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current use (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">0.290</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center">0.690</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dose (mg/day)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0.0-5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0.0-6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0.0-0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.140</td>
                  <td align="center">0.200</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 5 mg/day</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (72.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (94.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (93.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 - 10 mg/day</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.791</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 10 mg/day</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.291</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="12">
                    <bold>Immunossupressive or immunobiological drugs</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current use (any drug)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (58.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (46.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.119</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Azathioprine</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (37.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.083</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Methotrexate</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (29.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.258</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mycophenolate mofetil</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.470</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leflunomide</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (31.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.280</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tocilizumab</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rituximab</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infliximab</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.641</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.359</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as median (25<sup><italic>th</italic></sup>-75<sup><italic>th</italic></sup>) or frequency (%). Q1= 22-36 years; Q2= 37-42 years; Q3= 43-49 years; Q4 = 51-66 years.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequency of Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis patients using immunosuppressive or immunobiological drugs, according to the age quartiles: Q1 (22-36 years old), Q2 (37-42 years old), Q3 (43-49 years old), and Q4 (51-66 years old).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220463-20463-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">central figure</xref> shows a graphical abstract illustrating the natural history of patients with TAK according to age and the type of vascular disease/clinical symptoms.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of Older Patients with Takayasu&#8217;s Arteritis: A TwoCenter, Cross-Sectional, Retrospective Cohort Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>TAK: Takayasu&#8217;s arteritis.</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220463-20463-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study to compare patients with TAK, considering the age group and possible treatment progressions and sequelae during the aging process in this population. Our findings indicate that elderly patients have less need for pharmacological treatment (glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs). In addition, elderly patients with TAK have greater impairment in their functional status.</p>
        <p>One of the main advantages of our study was the possibility of evaluating the population at two distinct time points, facilitating the continuous and progressive assessment of the studied parameters. Moreover, because this was a two-center study, we were able to recruit a larger number of participants, resulting in a sample that was more representative of reality and had fewer biases.</p>
        <p>In line with the disease&#8217;s epidemiological trends, young women were predominant in our population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In addition, White ethnicity was more prevalent, which matches overall trends in the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The duration of disease revealed a positive correlation in the comparison between quartiles, but this was an expected finding for older individuals.</p>
        <p>A study demonstrated that the young population with TAK had lower remission rates than adult, but not than older TAK patients, even with similar frequencies of immunosuppressive therapy, suggesting a worse prognosis among the young,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> or even a trend towards complete remission in older patients. However, regarding disease status, there were very few patients with ITAS2010 activity in our study, both at baseline and at the 12-month retrospective evaluation.</p>
        <p>Serum activity biomarkers, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, are commonly used as indicators of disease activity in clinical practice,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and the absence of a criterion for defining it is one of the main difficulties in the management of these patients. In our study, the inflammatory indices were not significantly different between the quartiles. Other studies have shown that no specific blood tests, including inflammatory tests, can reliably assess disease activity compared to histopathological findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding angiographic features, type V was the most frequent type of involvement in all quartile groups, with no significant difference for the older population. These findings are consistent with a Brazilian study that reported a higher prevalence of the type V (66.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With respect to the levels of chronic fatigue, despite considerable differences between the groups, there were no significant differences between older patient groups and the others. However, the HAQ revealed that functional status impairment was more common in the older groups than in younger ones.</p>
        <p>This result can be correlated with advanced age and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities, such as systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, in addition to a sedentary lifestyle. A Brazilian study showed that patients with TAK had lower muscle strength, reduced aerobic capacity, increased visceral adipose tissue, higher waist-to-hip ratio, in addition to lower walking capacity and sedentary lifestyle, corroborating our findings regarding reduced ability to perform activities of daily living (HAQ). Taken together, these factors result in an increased cardiovascular risk and lower functional status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>We cannot assert that this functional impact was caused by an increase in the chronicity of the disease with aging because, as noted above, there was no difference in the pattern of current or previous disease activity between the quartiles, especially when we evaluated the negative effects of the disease using the DEI-Takayasu.</p>
        <p>According to the HAQ, older TAK patients showed a greater tendency to be more symptomatic. In addition, their symptoms, which were generated by functional impact, may have been misclassified as disease activity criteria, which may have contaminated the clinical evaluation results and indicated a greater need for (unnecessary) therapeutic intervention. In addition, in one study, the HAQ scale served as a domain for disease assessment in a population with TAK because it was altered in this population regardless of disease activity or age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A possible limitation of this study was the selection of patients by convenience. However, we emphasize the great difficulty of performing such complex evaluation in a population with TAK, which is considered a rare disease. Moreover, we included only participants from tertiary rheumatology centers who, despite the possibility of increased case severity, had minimum levels of disease activity according to the ITAS2010 standards. This probably implies greater experience on the part of the medical teams involved in achieving disease remission, rather than the idea that the natural course of the disease with aging results in less need for medication.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Elderly patients with TAK require minimal drug intervention and experience greater impairment of functional status, requiring a careful classification of disease activity, and possible changes in drug treatment due to potential misdiagnosis. Based on our results and on the scarcity of studies on the subject, further research focusing on older patients with TAK is needed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0463-supplemental.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding : This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) (#2020/10691-4 to A.M.S.; #2019/11776-6 to S.K.S.); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq #303379/2018-9 to S.K.S.); Faculdade de Medicina da USP to S.K.S.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
