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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8VPm6d5Jqmz3FZd8C8jzVVp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220396</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade e do Treinamento Cont&#237;nuo na Capacidade de Exerc&#237;cio, Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e em Cora&#231;&#245;es Isolados em Ratos Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3338-8948</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Capelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rank</surname>
            <given-names>Claucio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7735-1077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petterle</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Rasmussen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Rosalvo Tadeu Hochmuller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wolska</surname>
            <given-names>Beata Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3951-2604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Augusto Lavezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Departamento de Fisiologia , Curitiba , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Integrada</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Integrada , Curitiba , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chicago</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Illinois</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of Illinois at Chicago &#8211; Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago , Illinois &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Augusto Lavezzo Dias &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Fisiologia &#8211; Av. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100. CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fernandoaldias@gmail.com</email> , <email>faldias@ufpr.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220396</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) tem sido sugerido como alternativa ao treinamento cont&#237;nuo (TC) em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus (DM) devido &#224; sua curta dura&#231;&#227;o e potencial para melhorar a ades&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, dados sobre seu impacto sobre a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Avaliar e comparar os efeitos do HIIT e TC sobre a capacidade no exerc&#237;cio, VFC e cora&#231;&#245;es isolados em ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Animais diab&#233;ticos (estreptozotocina intravenosa, 45 mg.kg <sup>-1</sup> ) e controles (C) realizaram 20 sess&#245;es de TC (5 dias/semana, 50 min, por quatro semanas) em esteira (70% da capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio) ou HIIT (ciclos de 1:1min a 50% e 90% da capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio). A VFC foi avaliada por eletrocardiograma cont&#237;nuo, e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados perfundidos. Para a an&#225;lise dos dados, utilizamos a matriz do modelo linear generalizado de covari&#226;ncia multivariada ou o teste one-way ANOVA seguido pelo teste de Tukey, considerando um valor de p&lt;0,05 como significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A capacidade de exerc&#237;cio (m/min) foi maior no grupo submetido ao HIIT [DM-HIIT: 36,5 (IIQ 30,0-41,3); C-HIIT: 41,5 (37,8-44,5), ambos n=10) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo submetido ao TC [DM-TC: 29,0 (23,8-33,0); C-TC: 32,0 (29,5-37,0), ambos n=10) (p&lt;0,001). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm) foi mais baixa no grupo DM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (p&lt;0,001) tanto <italic>in vivo</italic> (DM-HIIT: 348&#177;51, C-HIIT:441&#177;66, DM-TC:361&#177;70, C-TC:437&#177;38) como nos cora&#231;&#245;es isolados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na VFC entre os grupos. Os valores m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos de dP/dt foram reduzidos no DM, com exce&#231;&#227;o da +dP/dt no grupo DM-HIIT vs. C-HIIT (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 595,5&#177;250,3, p=0,190).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O HIIT de curto prazo promoveu melhora superior no desempenho no exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TC, sem causar mudan&#231;as significativas na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>MSDecit</funding-source>
          <award-id>09/2016</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por PPSUS 2015 Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria-PR/SESA-PR/CNPq/MSDecit e Chamada P&#250;blica 09/2016-PBA - Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria-PR.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="49"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) &#233; um fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e est&#225; associado com mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade cardiovascular mais elevadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre as complica&#231;&#245;es conhecidas do DM encontra-se a neuropatia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca (NAC), frequentemente observada em indiv&#237;duos com DM, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> afeta as fibras auton&#244;micas que inervam o cora&#231;&#227;o e os vasos sangu&#237;neos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o nervosa causa altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, tais como aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e redu&#231;&#227;o na variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) em repouso nesses indiv&#237;duos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos pacientes com DM, redu&#231;&#245;es na VFC tamb&#233;m s&#227;o relatadas em doen&#231;as relacionadas ao estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, tais como hipertens&#227;o, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> obesidade, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Assim, a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos tornou-se uma importante ferramenta na promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Animais diab&#233;ticos apresentam capacidade f&#237;sica reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No cora&#231;&#227;o, essa condi&#231;&#227;o reflete negativamente na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e diast&#243;lica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e est&#225; associada &#224; sobrecarga card&#237;aca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O treinamento f&#237;sico restaura a capacidade funcional, com melhora na disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, em animais diab&#233;ticos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Contudo, a magnitude da melhora depende da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio e pode ser dependente da modalidade do treinamento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O HIIT (Treino Intervalado de Alta Intensidade, ou <italic>high-intensity interval training</italic> em ingl&#234;s) tem sido considerado uma maneira eficaz de aumentar a regularidade na pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica devido &#224; menor dura&#231;&#227;o <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e melhores respostas adaptativas em compara&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento cont&#237;nuo (TC). Por isso, o HIIT tem sido sugerido para indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> mesmo sem um conhecimento aprofundado acerca das repercuss&#245;es fisiol&#243;gica no controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncia clara da seguran&#231;a do HIIT, bem como dos efeitos ben&#233;ficos sobre o sistema, se faz necess&#225;ria para a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do HIIT a pacientes diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TC, o programa de HIIT melhore a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, mas exer&#231;a efeitos diferentes sobre a VFC e a contratilidade card&#237;aca em um modelo de DM induzido por estreptozotocina (STZ). Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, em ratos com DM induzido por STZ, os efeitos de um protocolo de curto prazo de HIIT ou de TC sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, a VFC avaliada por eletrocardiograma (ECG) e sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em cora&#231;&#227;o isolado perfundido.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e delineamento experimental</title>
        <p>Sessenta ratos Wistar machos, com peso entre 250 e 300 g foram mantidos em gaiolas sob condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de temperatura e ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, com livre acesso a alimentos e &#225;gua, e separados aleatoriamente em grupo controle (C, n=30) e grupo DM (DM, n=30). Esses grupos foram subdivididos em animais controles n&#227;o treinados (C-NT, n=10), animais diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o treinados (DM-NT, n=10), animais controles em TC (C-TC, n=10), animais diab&#233;ticos em TC (DM-TC, n=10), animais controles em HIIT (C-HIIT, n=10) e animais diab&#233;ticos em HIIT (DM-HIIT, n=10). Todos os protocolos experimentais usados no estudo foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais do Setor de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (CEUA-BIO &#8211; UFPR) (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o: AEEC-866), e conduzidos de acordo com as diretrizes do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (CONCEA).</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra inicial foi calculado usando o GPower 3.1, com base na porcentagem de aumento da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio observado em estudos anteriores. Foram considerados seis grupos independentes com mesmo n&#250;mero (n) de animais, tamanho do efeito de 0,6, poder de 0,85, e alfa de 0,05, resultando em um tamanho amostral de 48 animais (oito por grupo).</p>
        <p>O delineamento experimental est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> e descrito detalhadamente a seguir.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama do delineamento experimental; ECG: eletrocardiograma; DM: Diabetes mellitus.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220396-20396-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos e indu&#231;&#227;o de DM</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 14 horas de jejum, os animais foram anestesiados com cetamina (80 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> , Ketalex, Dechra, Brasil) e xilazina (10 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> , Xilazin, Syntec, Brasil) para o procedimento. Quatro eletrodos (a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, 0,5 mm) subcut&#226;neos foram implantados posteriormente aos membros inferiores e superiores, conforme descrito por Marques Neto et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> para o monitoramento por ECG. O DM foi induzido por inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa (veia peniana) de STZ (45 mg.kg <sup>-1</sup> , Sigma-Aldrich, Alemanha) solubilizada com 0,01M de tamp&#227;o citrato, pH 4,5. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No grupo controle, somente tamp&#227;o citrato foi injetado. A glicemia capilar (precedida de seis horas de jejum) foi medida a partir de amostra colhida da cauda dos animais, por meio de um glicos&#237;metro digital (Accu-check Performa, Roche Diagnostic, Alemanha). As medidas foram realizadas antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ, sete dias ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o para confirma&#231;&#227;o do estado hiperglic&#234;mico (glicemia de jejum &gt;250 mg dL <sup>-1</sup> ), bem como no in&#237;cio, no 15&#186; dia, e no final do protocolo de treinamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Monitoramento por ECG e c&#225;lculo da VFC</title>
        <p>Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais e o ECG foi registrado 24 horas ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do DM, antes do teste de desempenho (descrito abaixo), e repetido uma vez por semana durante as quatro semanas do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio. As medidas foram realizadas por uma hora, sempre pela manh&#227;, para evitar a influ&#234;ncia do ciclo circadiano, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> sem restri&#231;&#227;o ou anestesia (cabos foram conectados aos fios implantados, mas os animais eram capazes de se moverem dentro das gaiolas). Os experimentos foram realizados em uma sala reservada e silenciosa, a uma temperatura de 20 <sup>o</sup> C.</p>
        <p>No ECG, imagens do plano frontal foram adquiridas usando o sistema PowerLab, modelo 26T (AD Instrument, Austr&#225;lia) e analisadas usando o programa Lab Chart vers&#227;o 7.0 (AD Instrument, Austr&#225;lia). Para a VFC, os dados obtidos da deriva&#231;&#227;o DII foram processados no LabChart e em seguida transferidos para o Kubius HRV (2.0 MATLAB, MathWorks, Inc., Finl&#226;ndia) para an&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>A VFC foi medida a partir da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de intervalos R-R em resolu&#231;&#227;o de 1 milissegundo. Os dados foram analisados nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, usando a &#225;rea de maior estabilidade nos intervalos R-R, correspondendo a 10 minutos de registros. Para os par&#226;metros do dom&#237;nio tempo, calculamos o desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN), a raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos RR (RR SDNN), e a FC. Os dom&#237;nios da frequ&#234;ncia foram analisados pela transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier ap&#243;s subtrair a tend&#234;ncia linear utilizando-se filtros autom&#225;ticos. Depois calculamos a baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF) (0,20 a 0,75 Hz), a alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF) (0,75 a 3Hz) e a raz&#227;o LF/HF. Ainda, foi realizada a an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear para SD1 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea RR) e SD2 (desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade cont&#237;nua ou de longo prazo da FC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de desempenho e protocolo de treinamento</title>
        <p>O treinamento do exerc&#237;cio foi realizado em uma esteira motorizada desenhada para roedores (Insight Equipamentos Ltda, Brasil), cuja velocidade &#233; controlada por um computador. Tanto o teste de desempenho como o protocolo de treinamento foram adaptados de Pereira et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vinte e quatro horas ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do DM, os animais come&#231;aram a ser adaptados a correrem sobre a esteira. A adapta&#231;&#227;o foi conduzida em cinco dias consecutivos, 50 minutos por dia, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. No primeiro dia, os animais caminharam a 5m/min. A velocidade foi aumentada a 1m/min por dia. No sexto dia, os animais foram submetidos a um protocolo de exaust&#227;o, com objetivo de identificar a velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida de cada animal. O teste consistiu em exerc&#237;cio graduado (sem inclina&#231;&#227;o), come&#231;ando a 5m/min, com incrementos de 1m/min a cada minuto, at&#233; a velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida alcan&#231;ada por cada rato (exaust&#227;o). Quando o animal n&#227;o p&#244;de manter a velocidade por um minuto, a velocidade anterior em que os animais conseguiram correr foi considerara como a velocidade m&#225;xima atingida.</p>
        <p>As sess&#245;es de treinamento come&#231;aram 48 horas ap&#243;s o teste, e foram realizadas cinco vezes por semana (de segunda-feira a sexta-feira) por quatro semanas, 50 minutos por sess&#227;o. Todas as sess&#245;es iniciaram com um aquecimento de cinco minutos e terminaram com um resfriamento a 5m/min por cinco minutos. Os grupos de TC correram a 70% da capacidade m&#225;xima individual por 40 minutos. Os grupos de HIIT correram a 90% da capacidade m&#225;xima individual por um minuto, intercalado por um minuto a 50% por 40 minutos. Os grupos n&#227;o treinados foram mantidos sobre a esteira por 50 minutos sem se exercitarem. Ap&#243;s 48 horas da &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treinamento, os animais foram novamente submetidos ao teste de desempenho descrito acima.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no cora&#231;&#227;o isolado perfundido</title>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados perfundidos como descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em resumo, os animais foram pesados, anestesiados com inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de cetamina (80 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> ) e xilazina (20 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> ), e submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia por exsanguina&#231;&#227;o. O peito foi aberto, o cora&#231;&#227;o coletado e rapidamente transferido para um sistema de perfus&#227;o Langendorff, permitindo perfus&#227;o imediata com solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit. Essa solu&#231;&#227;o apresentava a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (em mM): NaCl = 118,5; KCl = 5, CaCl <sub>2</sub> = 1,5; KH <sub>2</sub> PO <sub>4</sub> = 2,0; MgSO <sub>4</sub> = 1,2; NaHCO <sub>3</sub> = 26 e glicose = 10, mantida a pH 7,4, e gaseificada com uma mistura de O <sub>2</sub> (95%) e CO <sub>2</sub> (5%) a 37&#176;C e press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o constante de 60 mmHg. Para a medida da press&#227;o ventricular esquerda, uma por&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi removido, e um bal&#227;o conectado a um transdutor de press&#227;o (WPI-rBPI, USA) foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s da valva mitral. O volume do bal&#227;o foi gradualmente ajustado para obter a press&#227;o m&#225;xima desenvolvida em batimentos card&#237;acos espont&#226;neos. Os dados foram obtidos pelo sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o PowerLab 26T e analisados pelo programa Lab Chart vers&#227;o 7.3.7 (AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. Para an&#225;lises dos dados, usamos a matriz do modelo linear generalizado de covari&#226;ncia multivariada <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> por meio do pacote McGLM <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e corre&#231;&#227;o apropriada para a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados usando o teste Tweedie. Utilizamos o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar se as vari&#225;veis seguiam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para dados do cora&#231;&#227;o isolado, uma vez que possu&#237;amos apenas um ponto de medida, usamos o teste one-way ANOVA e o teste de Tukey para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise e plotagem dos dados, usamos o programa R (the R foundation, https://www.r-project.org/), ou o programa Graph Pad Prism 8 (Graph Pad Software, San Diego, California, USA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Peso corporal e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>Peso corporal, glicemia e capacidade no exerc&#237;cio antes e ap&#243;s o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio nos animais controles e diab&#233;ticos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as de peso corporal entre os grupos (0,877) no basal. O peso diminuiu no grupo DM (estimativa: -19,1; p&lt;0,001) e aumentou no grupo controle (estimativa: 66,57, p&lt;0,001) durante o acompanhamento. O peso corporal foi significativamente mais baixo em animais diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio (p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve efeito da modalidade do exerc&#237;cio sobre a altera&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (p=0,91 ao se comparar as modalidades de exerc&#237;cio).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Peso corporal, glicemia, e capacidade no exerc&#237;cio em animais diab&#233;ticos e controles antes e ap&#243;s o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>C-NT (n=10)</th>
                  <th>DM-NT (n=10)</th>
                  <th>C-CT (n=10)</th>
                  <th>DM-CT (n=10)</th>
                  <th>C-HIIT (n=10)</th>
                  <th>DM-HIIT (n=10)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peso corporal (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">266,50 &#177; 8,41</td>
                  <td align="center">281,00 &#177; 22,53</td>
                  <td align="center">261,00 &#177; 26,23</td>
                  <td align="center">250,80 &#177; 16,71</td>
                  <td align="center">261,10 &#177; 22,61</td>
                  <td align="center">259,80&#177; 19,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">342,60 &#177; 13,18 <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">257,40 &#177; 33,27 <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">320,30 &#177; 31,71 <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">247,00 &#177; 44,22 <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">325,40 &#177; 16,31 <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">229,90 &#177; 24,28 <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glicemia(mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">94,60 &#177; 10,33</td>
                  <td align="center">462,90 &#177; 61,21 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">102,50 &#177; 3,69</td>
                  <td align="center">450,00 &#177; 143,5 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">106,30 &#177; 10,33</td>
                  <td align="center">489,60 &#177; 72,22 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">94,30 &#177; 5,48</td>
                  <td align="center">504,20 &#177; 66,55 <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">104,10 &#177; 7,31</td>
                  <td align="center">542,00 &#177; 60,60 <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">106,00 &#177; 8,97</td>
                  <td align="center">521,90 &#177; 64,08 <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida (m/min)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">27,00 (25,75-29,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5 (23,00-27,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,00 (24,50-28,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,50 (23,25-25,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,00 (24,50-31,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,50 (20,75-25,00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">25,00(23,75-25,50) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">21,50 (19,00-25,25) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">32,00 (29,50-37,00) <sup>a,c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29,00 (23,75-33,00) <sup>a,c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">41,50 (37,75-44,50) <sup>a,c,d</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">36,50 (30,00-41,25) <sup>acd</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). a Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o a antes do exerc&#237;cio (basal); b Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle; c Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o treinado; d Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo submetido a treinamento cont&#237;nuo; C-NT: animais controles n&#227;o treinados; DM-NT: animais diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o treinados; C-TC animais controles em treinamento cont&#237;nuo (C-TC, n=10), DM-TC: animais diab&#233;ticos em treinamento cont&#237;nuo; C-HIIT: animais controles em treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade; DM-HIIT: animais diab&#233;ticos em treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os valores de glicemia foram mais altos nos animais diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais controles no basal (estimativa: 366,4g/dL; p&lt;0,001) e no seguimento (estimativa: 421,2mg/dL; p&lt;0,001). A glicemia aumentou ainda mais durante o seguimento no grupo DM mas n&#227;o no grupo C (p=0,982). N&#227;o houve efeito significativo do exerc&#237;cio sobre os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>A velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos no basal. Animais n&#227;o treinados demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida no seguimento. Embora ambas as modalidades de exerc&#237;cio tenham melhorado a velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida, o HIIT promoveu maior desempenho em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TC. A m&#233;dia da velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida aumentou em 27.3% no C-TC e 21,4% no DM-TC. Os animais submetidos ao treino intervalado tiveram sua capacidade aumentada, em m&#233;dia, em 52,9% no grupo C-HIIT e 57,7% no grupo DM-HIIT. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre DM e controles na varia&#231;&#227;o da velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida promovida pelo protocolo de exerc&#237;cio no seguimento (aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando a intera&#231;&#227;o tripla foi avaliada).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dom&#237;nios de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia, e medidas n&#227;o lineares da VFC</title>
        <p>Par&#226;metros da FC e da VFC durante o per&#237;odo experimental est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros de VFC relacionadas &#224; variabilidade global ou ao equil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal entre os grupos antes ou ap&#243;s o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio. No entanto, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o na FC entre os animais com DM e animais controles.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos diab&#233;ticos e ratos controles antes e ap&#243;s o protocolo do exerc&#237;cio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>C-NT</th>
                  <th>DM-NT</th>
                  <th>C-TC</th>
                  <th>DM-TC</th>
                  <th>C-HIIT</th>
                  <th>DM-HIIT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">404,15 &#177; 49,33</td>
                  <td align="center">358,15 &#177; 41,51 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">405,62 &#177; 42,30</td>
                  <td align="center">372,06 &#177; 50,80 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">411,47 &#177; 32,37</td>
                  <td align="center">339,50 &#177; 50,52 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">405,74 &#177; 36,48</td>
                  <td align="center">342,69 &#177; 43,89 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">436,74 &#177; 38,21</td>
                  <td align="center">361,18 &#177; 70,72 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">441,26 &#177; 66,60</td>
                  <td align="center">347,80 &#177; 50,56 <sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SDNN (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">7,20 (5,84-10,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,25 (6,26-15,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,37 (4,51-8,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,33 (5,81-13,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,69 (6,44-11,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,11 (6,91-11,22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">6,20 (5,440-9,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,54 (6,59-13,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,30 (5,90-11,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,49 (7,00-13,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,52 (5,86-12,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,94 (6,14-10,03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">3,56 (2,37-3,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,57 (2,15-3,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,13 (2,16-4,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,25 (2,29-3,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01 (2,56-4,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,13 (2,20-5,72)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">3,06 (2,26-4,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,21 (2,41-5,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,91 (2,02-4,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44 (2,59-4,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,80 (1,89-3,765)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,67 (1,90-3,64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pot&#234;ncia total (ms <sup><bold>2</bold></sup> )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">36,02 (26,69-59,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,97 (16,97-129,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,99 (14,93-59,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,62 (32,32-103,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,89 (31,87-92,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,05 (22,33-81,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">33,91 (20,56-64,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,56 (34,71-115,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,14 (25,50-138,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,64 (32,93-143,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,77 (17,32-117,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,32 (27,22-98,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LF (ms</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">3,63 (1,42-4,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93 (1,26-5,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,13-8,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,20 (1,90-3,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,45 (1,95-11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,40 (1,29-12,47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">2,62 (1,51-7,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,88 (1,72-13,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37 (0,71-15,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,78 (1,84-6,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,09 (1,41-7,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,25 (1,65-5,17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HF (ms</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">5,43 (3,45-6,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,70 (1,16-7,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01 (1,44-9,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,36 (2,08-7,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,92 (3,06-9,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,49 (1,44-9,31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">4,02 (1,82-8,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,23 (2,91-10,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,03 (1,57-8,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,12 (2,57-6,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,33 (0,99-7,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,87 (1,20-4,81)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LF/HF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,56-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 (0,47-1,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0,44-1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,47-0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 (0,52-1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,65-1,18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 (0,57-1,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 (0,59-1,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 (0,40-1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,43-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 (0,49-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0,79-1,75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SD1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">2,52 (1,68-2,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82 (1,52-2,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 (1,53-2,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,30 (1,62-2,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,13 (1,81-2,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,46 (1,56-4,04)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16 (1,60-2,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98 (1,71-3,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,06 (1,43-3,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44 (1,83-3,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98 (1,34-2,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 (1,33-2,57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SD2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antes</td>
                  <td align="center">9,94 (8,08-13,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,29 (8,70-21,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,49 (6,02-11,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,59 (7,97-19,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,80 (8,81-16,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,17 (9,58-15,57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ap&#243;s</td>
                  <td align="center">8,57 (7,42-12,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,04 (9,24-19,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,68 (8,06-16,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,68 (9,58-19,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,77 (8,07-16,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,90 (8,53-14,06)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia DP ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais; RR SDNN: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia dos quadrados das diferen&#231;as entre os intervalos; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; SD1: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea RR; SD2: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade cont&#237;nua ou de longo prazo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. <sup><italic>b</italic></sup> Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao controle; N &#233; igual a 10 exceto para os par&#226;metros de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no grupo C-TC (n=9). C-NT: animais controles n&#227;o treinados; DM-NT: animais diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o treinados; C-TC animais controles em treinamento cont&#237;nuo (C-TC, n=10), DM-TC: animais diab&#233;ticos em treinamento cont&#237;nuo; C-HIIT: animais controles em treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade; DM-HIIT: animais diab&#233;ticos em treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cora&#231;&#227;o isolado perfundido</title>
        <p>A press&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> . Animais controles submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio diferiram-se dos grupos DM-NT, C-HIIT e DM-CT; contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre animais com DM e controles submetidos &#224;s mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es ( <italic>i.e</italic> ., NT ou tipos diferentes de treinamento; p = 0,086 para animais NT, p = 0,061 para TC e p = 0,824 para HIIT).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e taxas m&#225;ximas do aumento e da queda da press&#227;o ventricular nos cora&#231;&#245;es isolados. A: press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PVE); B: taxa m&#225;xima do aumento (+dP/dt) e da queda (&#8211;dP/dt) da press&#227;o ventricular; C: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). *diferen&#231;a significativamente estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o a DM-NT, # diferen&#231;a significativamente estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05) em compara&#231;&#227;o a DM-CT, &#167; diferen&#231;a significativamente estat&#237;stica (p&lt;0,05) em compara&#231;&#227;o a todos os grupos DM; C-NT: animais controles n&#227;o treinados; DM-NT: animais diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o treinados; C-TC animais controles em treinamento cont&#237;nuo (C-TC, n=10), DM-TC: animais diab&#233;ticos em treinamento cont&#237;nuo; C-HIIT: animais controles em treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade; DM-HIIT: animais diab&#233;ticos em treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220396-20396-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas em +dP/dt (mmHg/s) nos grupos DM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos respectivos controles (C-NT vs. DM-NT, diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 812,8 &#177; 228,5, p = 0,012; C-CT vs. DM-CT, diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 937,5 &#177; 207,7, p = 0,0008) exceto para HIIT (C-HIIT vs. DM-HIIT, diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 595,5 &#177; 250,3, p = 0,190) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ). Valores mais baixos tamb&#233;m foram observados para&#8211;dP/dt ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ) em todos os grupos DM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. FC espont&#226;nea ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ) reduziu em todos os grupos DM em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles (C-NT vs. DM-NT, diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 31,08 &#177; 8,48; C-CT vs. DM-CT, diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 34,23 &#177; 7,71; C-HIIT vs. DM-HIIT, diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 42,58 &#177; 9,29).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo comparou, em ratos com DM induzido por STZ, os efeitos de 20 sess&#245;es de HIIT ou TC sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e VFC. Nossos achados mostraram que ambos os tipos de treinamento melhoraram o desempenho no exerc&#237;cio, com melhores resultados obtidos com HIIT, em magnitudes compar&#225;veis entre animais com DM e controles. Ainda, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na VFC entre controles e animais diab&#233;ticos ap&#243;s os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Animais diab&#233;ticos submetidos ao treinamento aumentaram a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), em contraste com animais sedent&#225;rios, cuja velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida foi significativamente reduzida. No entanto, animais com DM e animais controles submetidos ao HIIT mostraram melhora superior na velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais submetidos ao TC, embora os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos n&#227;o tenham se alterado. A superioridade do treino intervalado sobre o TC havia sido descrita em um modelo de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica envolvendo ratos, em que o VO <sub>2max</sub> foi superior e associado a uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial, melhor fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e a&#231;&#227;o superior da insulina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em um modelo de diabetes com camundongos, o HIIT reduziu a glicemia de jejum e aumentou a concentra&#231;&#227;o de GLUT4 muscular, contudo, esse protocolo de estudo foi realizado por 10 semanas em compara&#231;&#227;o a quatro semanas em nosso estudo, o que pode explicar a diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de glicemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Ainda, em humanos, Driller et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> mostraram melhora na pot&#234;ncia, capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio, e limiar de lactado em remadores submetidos a HIIT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao treino convencional. Em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente descreveu um maior aumento no VO <sub>2max</sub> no HIIT <italic>versus</italic> TC, sem diferen&#231;as significativas no HbA1c ou valores de press&#227;o arterial entre as interven&#231;&#245;es, similar a nossos achados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A maior melhora na capacidade f&#237;sica encontrada em nosso estudo usando um HIIT de curto prazo est&#225; de acordo com respostas adaptativas promovidas em protocolos de HIIT previamente relatadas.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados revelou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na press&#227;o desenvolvida no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em cora&#231;&#245;es com batimentos espont&#226;neos entre os grupos submetidos ao mesmo protocolo de exerc&#237;cio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ). Contudo, o grupo DM-HIIT mostrou atenua&#231;&#227;o no dist&#250;rbio da raz&#227;o +dP/dt, o que n&#227;o foi observado no grupo DM-TC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ). N&#227;o foi observada melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, representada por -dP/dt, em nenhum dos grupos com DM submetidos aos exerc&#237;cios ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ). Estudos pr&#233;vios correlacionaram um aumento na capacidade do exerc&#237;cio com melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em DM. Sanches et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> usaram um protocolo combinado de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico (esteira) e treinamento resistido (escada) com exerc&#237;cios de intensidade moderada (40-60% da capacidade m&#225;xima) durante oito semanas em ratas ovariectomizadas com diabetes induzido por STZ. Os autores demonstraram que um aumento em 66% na capacidade de corrida, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DM n&#227;o treinado, preveniu a redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e na velocidade do encurtamento da fibra, avaliadas por ecocardiografia. Quinteiro et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> utilizando um protocolo de esteira de intensidade baixa a moderada (40-60% da velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida) durante oito semanas em ratas ovariectomizadas com diabetes induzido por STZ, observaram uma melhora de 74% na capacidade do exerc&#237;cio, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DM n&#227;o treinado, o que tamb&#233;m foi associado com melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento e na velocidade de encurtamento da fibra. No presente estudo, o DM-HIIT melhorou em 57,7% a capacidade do exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DM-NT, enquanto essa melhora foi de apenas 21,4% no grupo DM-TC. Tal fato pode explicar a atenua&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til observada somente no grupo DM-HIIT. Ainda, nossos dados corroboram achados pr&#233;vios apresentados por Khakdan et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que usaram a ecocardiografia para comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em ratos diab&#233;ticos submetidos a oito semanas de TC (65% VO <sub>2max</sub> ) ou HIIT (90%/40% VO <sub>2max</sub> ) em uma esteira motorizada. O grupo HIIT melhorou a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio, o que n&#227;o foi observado no grupo TC. De acordo com o autor, o HIIT promoveu diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de miR-195 e microRNA, envolvidos na cardiopatia diab&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>Os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio sobre a contratilidade poderiam tamb&#233;m estar relacionados com a atenua&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades no manejo do c&#225;lcio intracelular, o que se demonstrou deficiente no DM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> No cora&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tico, redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o e na atividade da SERCA, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> na sa&#237;da de Ca <sup>2</sup> atrav&#233;s da RyR2, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e na express&#227;o e atividade de NCX <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> s&#227;o comumente relatadas. Todas essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem levar &#224; sobrecarga de Ca <sup>2</sup> intracelular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> e contratilidade diminu&#237;da. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> O treinamento diminui os n&#237;veis de diacilglicerol (DAG) no mioc&#225;rdio, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> normaliza a atividade de CaMKII, e atenua a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de RyR2 e vazamento de Ca <sup>2</sup> , atenuando a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Dada a escassez de dados investigando os efeitos de HIIT sobre o controle auton&#244;mico na popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica, n&#243;s investigamos o impacto dessa modalidade de exerc&#237;cio sobre a VFC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> No entanto, nem o protocolo HIIT de curto prazo nem o TC prejudicou ou promoveu melhoras nos par&#226;metros de VFC em animais diab&#233;ticos durante o per&#237;odo avaliado. Tal fato demonstra que, embora uma maior demanda e uma maior ativa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca seja necess&#225;ria durante o ciclo de alta intensidade no HIIT, n&#227;o houve um impacto negativo em curto prazo sobre a VFC, uma ferramenta para avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle auton&#244;mico. Dados de um ensaio cl&#237;nico recente <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> demonstraram que mesmo ap&#243;s 12 semanas de HIIT n&#227;o supervisionado em indiv&#237;duos com DM2, o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o afetou a VFC, corroborando nossos achados. Um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio de alta intensidade em uma esteira (treino n&#227;o intervalado) de 10 semanas foi capaz de atenuar as altera&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;tico-vagais relatadas (maior raz&#227;o LF/HF) em ratos diab&#233;ticos sedent&#225;rios em um modelo de hiperglicemia moderada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#205;ndices deficientes da VFC global, tais como SDNN e pot&#234;ncia total foram observados 70 dias <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> e 80 dias <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de DM por STZ. No segundo caso, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> os &#237;ndices deficientes da VFC global foram associados com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na FC e na raz&#227;o LF/HF. No entanto, Howarth et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> relataram, em ratos ap&#243;s quatro semanas de tratamento com STZ, redu&#231;&#227;o na FC e aumento na raz&#227;o LF/HF. Por outro lado, nossos dados n&#227;o demonstraram redu&#231;&#245;es na VFC 35 dias ap&#243;s o tratamento com STZ, o que sugere a possibilidade de nosso protocolo ter sido muito curto para induzir NAC.</p>
      <p>Observamos, em animais diab&#233;ticos treinados, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na FC em compara&#231;&#227;o a seus respectivos controles no final do protocolo de exerc&#237;cio. Isso tamb&#233;m foi observado na FC espont&#226;nea de cora&#231;&#245;es isolados perfundidos de todos os grupos DM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2C</xref> ). Diminui&#231;&#245;es na FC ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de STZ foram s&#227;o comumente relatadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Tal fato pode ser, em parte, atribu&#237;do a um efeito t&#243;xico da STZ no cora&#231;&#227;o, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> que pode levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinoatrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> A corrente <italic>funny</italic> (I <sub>f</sub> ), carregada por canais controlados por nucleot&#237;deos c&#237;clicos ativados por hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o (HCN) exerce fun&#231;&#227;o importante no controle da FC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Nas c&#233;lulas do n&#243; sinoatrial, a isoforma do HCN mais abundante &#233; o HCN4, seguido de HCN2. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Baruscotti et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> mostraram em camundongos <italic>knock-out</italic> para HCN4 uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 70% na corrente I <sub>f,</sub> 50% na FC e 60% na FC espont&#226;nea. Redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o dos canais HCN e sua propor&#231;&#227;o pode ser a raz&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o na FC basal. No n&#243;dulo sinoatrial dos ratos com diabetes induzido por STZ, Huang et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> demonstraram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de 70% de HCN2 e 58% de HCN4, e Kondo et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> relataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de HCN4 atribu&#237;da a um n&#250;mero reduzido de c&#233;lulas no n&#243;dulo sinoatrial. Silva et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> usando ivabradina, um bloqueador de HCN4, mostram redu&#231;&#245;es na FC sem altera&#231;&#245;es no controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco. Tal fato pode explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o na FC sem impacto sobre a VFC durante o per&#237;odo de estudo.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a curta dura&#231;&#227;o do protocolo de interven&#231;&#227;o e do acompanhamento, o qual n&#227;o foi longo o suficiente para se detectar mudan&#231;as na VFC em animais diab&#233;ticos. Assim, estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar os efeitos dos mesmos protocolos de exerc&#237;cios em animais com DM e NAC. Ainda, n&#243;s conseguimos avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em cora&#231;&#245;es isolados somente em um momento. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o repetida n&#227;o invasiva, como por ecocardiografia, poderia determinar mudan&#231;as progressivas ocasionadas pelo HIIT na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>HIIT de curto prazo promove maior melhora no desempenho no exerc&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TC, inclusive no DM, sem alterar de maneira significativa a VFC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vassy</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gagnon</surname>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Eduardo Gomes de Sousa Neto pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Fisiologia &#8211; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por PPSUS 2015 Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria-PR/SESA-PR/CNPq/MSDecit e Chamada P&#250;blica 09/2016-PBA - Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria-PR.</p>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Training on Exercise Capacity, Heart Rate Variability and Isolated Hearts in Diabetic Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3338-8948</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Victor Capelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rank</surname>
            <given-names>Claucio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7735-1077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petterle</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Rasmussen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foga&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Rosalvo Tadeu Hochmuller</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wolska</surname>
            <given-names>Beata Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3951-2604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Augusto Lavezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Departamento de Fisiologia, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Integrada, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of Illinois at Chicago &#8211; Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Chicago, Illinois &#8211; USA </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Fernando Augusto Lavezzo Dias &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Fisiologia &#8211; Av. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100. Postal Code 81531-980, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fernandoaldias@gmail.com, faldias@ufpr.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been suggested as an alternative for continuous training (CT) in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) due to its short duration and potential to improve adherence to exercise. However, data on its impact on heart rate variability (HRV) are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To assess and compare the effects of HIIT and CT on exercise capacity, HRV and isolated hearts in diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>DM (intravenous streptozotocin, 45 mg.kg <sup>-1</sup> ) and control (C) animals performed 20 sessions (5 days/week, 50 min, for 4 weeks) of CT on a treadmill (70% of maximal exercise capacity) or HIIT (cycles of 1:1min at 50% and 90% of maximal exercise capacity). HRV was assessed by continuous electrocardiogram, and cardiac function assessed in isolated perfused hearts. For data analysis, we used the framework of the multivariate covariance generalized linear model or one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey&#8217;s test, considering p&lt;0.05 as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Higher exercise capacity (m/min) was achieved in HIIT (DM-HIIT: 36.5 [IQR 30.0-41.3]; C-HIIT: 41.5 [37.8-44.5], both n=10) compared to CT (DM-CT: 29.0 [23.8-33.0]; C-CT: 32.0 [29.5-37.0], both n=10) (p&lt;0.001). Heart rate (bpm) was lower in DM compared to controls (p&lt;0.001) both in vivo (DM-HIIT:348&#177;51, C-HIIT:441&#177;66, DM-CT:361&#177;70, C-CT:437&#177;38) and in isolated hearts. There were no differences in HRV between the groups. Maximum and minimal dP/dt were reduced in DM, except +dP/dt in DM-HIIT vs. C-HIIT (mean difference: 595.5&#177;250.3, p=0.190).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Short-term HIIT promotes greater improvement in exercise performance compared to CT, including in DM, without causing significant changes in HRV.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Among the well-known DM complications is neuropathy. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), frequently observed in people with DM, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> affects the autonomic fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Impaired nerve function causes physiological changes as increased heart rate (HR) and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) at rest in these individuals. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition to DM patients, reductions in HRV are also reported in diseases related to sedentary lifestyle such as hypertension, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> obesity, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and myocardial infarction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, the regular practice of physical exercise has become an important tool in health promotion. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diabetic animals present reduced physical capacity when compared to controls. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In the heart, this condition reflects negatively on systolic <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and diastolic function <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and is also associated with cardiac overload. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Physical training restores the functional capacity of diabetic animals which is accompanied by improvement in cardiac dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, the magnitude of the improvement is dependent on exercise intensity and may depend on the modality of the exercise training. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been considered an effective way to increase regularity in performing physical exercise due to short duration <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and superior adaptive responses when compared to continuous training (CT). Thus, HIIT has been suggested for people with diabetes, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> even without an in-depth knowledge of the physiological repercussions on autonomic cardiac control in this population. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Clear evidence of the safety of HIIT, and its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system is necessary for its recommendation for DM patients.</p>
        <p>We hypothesized that compared to CT, HIIT program improves exercise capacity but may have a different effect on HRV and cardiac contractility in a model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, in STZ-induced diabetic rats, the effects of short-term protocol of HIIT or CT on exercise capacity, HRV assessed by electrocardiogram (EKG), and on cardiac function in isolated perfused heart.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals and experimental design</title>
          <p>Sixty male Wistar rats, weighing 250-300 g were kept in cages under controlled conditions of temperature and a light-dark cycle of 12 h, with free access to food and water and randomly divided in control (C, n=30) and DM groups (DM, n=30). These groups were subdivided in non-trained control (C-NT, n=10), non-trained <italic>diabetes</italic> (DM-NT, n=10), CT control (C-CT, n=10), DM animals in CT (DM-CT, n=10), interval training control (C-HIIT, n=10) and interval training <italic>diabetes</italic> (DM-HIIT, n=10). All experimental protocols used in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee Animal Experimentation of the Division of Biological Sciences of the Federal University of Paran&#225; (approval number: AEEC-866) and conducted in accordance with the National Council on Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) guidelines.</p>
          <p>Initial sample size was calculated using GPower 3.1 based on percentage increase of exercise capacity observed in previous experiments. Six independent groups of equal number (n), effect size of 0.6, power of 0.85, and alpha of 0.05, were considered, resulting in a sample size of 48 animals (eight per group).</p>
          <p>The experimental design is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> and described in detail below.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Schematic diagram of the experimental design; EKG: electrocardiogram; DM: diabetes mellitus.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220396-20396-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrode implantation and DM induction</title>
          <p>After 14 hours of fasting, all animals were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> , Ketalex, Dechra, Brazil) and xylazine (10 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> , Xilazin, Syntec, Brazil) for the procedure. Four electrodes (stainless steel, 0.5mm) were subcutaneously implanted posterior to each limb as described by Marques Neto et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> for EKG monitoring. DM was subsequently induced by an intravenous injection (penile vein) of STZ (45 mg.kg <sup>-1</sup> , Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) solubilized in 0.01M of citrate buffer, pH 4.5. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the control group, only citrate buffer was injected. For capillary glycemia (preceded from six-hour fasting) blood samples were collected from the rats&#8217; tail vein and measured using a digital glucometer (Accu-check Performa, Roche Diagnostic, Germany) before the STZ injection, seven days after the injection to confirm the hyperglycemic state (fasting blood glucose &gt;250 mg dL <sup>-1</sup> ), and at the beginning, on the 15 <sup>th</sup> day and at the end of the training protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>EKG monitoring and HRV calculation</title>
          <p>Animals were kept in individual cages and EKG was recorded 24 hours after DM confirmation, before the exercise performance test (described below), and repeated once a week during the four weeks of the exercise protocol. Measurements were performed for one hour, always in the morning to avoid the influence of circadian cycle, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and without restriction or anesthesia (cables were attached to the implanted wires but animals were able to move inside the cages). Experiments were performed in a silent and reserved room, with a temperature of 20 <sup>o</sup> C.</p>
          <p>Frontal plane EKG was acquired using a PowerLab, model 26T (AD Instrument, Australia) acquisition system and subsequently analyzed using Lab Chart version 7.0 software (AD Instrument, Australia). For HRV, data obtained from DII lead was processed in LabChart and later transferred to Kubius HRV (2.0 MATLAB, MathWorks, Inc., Finland) for analysis.</p>
          <p>HRV was measured by acquiring RR intervals within one millisecond resolution. Data were analyzed in the time and frequency domains using the area of greatest stability in RR intervals corresponding to 10 minutes of recordings. For the time domain parameters, we calculated the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), the square root of the mean of the squares of successive RR interval differences (rMSSD), and HR. Frequency domains were analyzed by fast Fourier transform after subtracting the linear tendency using automatic filters. We then calculated low frequency (LF) (0.20 to 0.75 Hz), high frequency (HF) (0.75 to 3Hz) and the LF/HF ratio. Furthermore, non-linear analysis for SD1 (standard deviation of the instantaneous RR variability) and SD2 (standard deviation of the continuous or long term variability of the heart rate) was performed. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise performance test and training protocol</title>
          <p>Exercise training was performed in a motorized treadmill designed for rodents (Insight Equipamentos Ltda, Brazil) with speed controlled by computer. The exercise performance test and the training protocol were adapted from Pereira et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Twenty-four hours after DM confirmation, the animals started to be adapted to run on the treadmill. The adaptation was performed on five consecutive days, 50 minutes per day, without inclination. On the first day, the animals walked at 5 m/min. The speed was increased by 1 m/min per day. On the sixth day, the animals were submitted to an exhaustion protocol aiming at identifying the maximum running speed of each animal. The test consisted of graded exercise (no incline) starting at 5 m/min with increments of 1 m/min every one minute, up to the maximal running speed attained by each rat (exhaustion). When the animal could not maintain the speed for a minute, the previous speed they were able to run was considered as the maximum attained speed.</p>
          <p>The physical exercise training sessions started 48 hours after the test and were performed five times a week (Monday to Friday) for four weeks, 50 minutes per session. All sessions started with a 5-minute warm-up and ended with a 5-minute cool down at 5 m/min. The CT groups ran at 70% of the individual maximum capacity for 40 minutes. The interval training groups ran at 90% of the individual maximum capacity for one minute interspersed with one minute at 50% for 40 minutes. Non-trained groups remained on the treadmills for 50 minutes without exercising. After 48 hours from the last training session, the animals were resubmitted to the exercise performance test, as described above.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac function in isolated perfused heart</title>
          <p>Cardiac function was assessed in isolated perfused hearts as described before. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Briefly, animals were weighed, anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (80 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> ) and xylazine (20 mg kg <sup>-1</sup> ), and euthanized by exsanguination. The chest was opened, the heart collected and quickly transferred to a Langendorff perfusion system, allowing immediate perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit&#8217;s solution. This solution had the following composition (in mM): NaCl = 118.5, KCl = 5, CaCl <sub>2</sub> = 1.5, KH <sub>2</sub> PO <sub>4</sub> = 2.0, MgSO <sub>4</sub> = 1.2, NaHCO <sub>3</sub> = 26 and glucose = 10, maintained at pH 7.4 and gassed with carbogen (95% O <sub>2</sub> /5% CO <sub>2</sub> ) at 37&#176;C and constant perfusion pressure of 60 mmHg. For measurement of the left ventricular pressure, a portion of the left atrium was removed, and a plastic balloon connected to a pressure transducer (WPI-rBPI, USA) was inserted into the left ventricle through the mitral valve. The volume of the balloon was gradually adjusted to obtain the maximum developed pressure in spontaneous beating hearts. The data were obtained using an acquisition system PowerLab 26T and analyzed using Lab Chart version 7.3.7 software (AD Instruments, Australia).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Results are expressed as mean values and standard deviation of the mean or median and interquartile range for non-parametric data. For data analysis, we used the framework of the multivariate covariance generalized linear model <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> through McGLM package <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> with appropriate correction for sample distribution using Tweedie test (using logarithmic link function for the linear predictor). We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to assess whether the variables followed a normal distribution. For data of isolated heart, since we only have one time-point, we used a one-way ANOVA and Tukey&#8217;s test for multiple comparisons.</p>
          <p>For data analysis and plotting we used R software (The R foundation, https://www.r-project.org/), or plotting using Graph Pad Prism 8 (Graph Pad Software, San Diego, California, USA). The accepted level of significance was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Body weight, glycemia and exercise capacity</title>
          <p>Body weight, glucose levels, and exercise capacity before and after the exercise protocol in control and diabetic animals are represented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . No differences were observed for weight between the groups (p=0.877) at baseline. Weight decreased in DM animals (estimate: -19.1, p&lt;0.001) and increased in controls (estimate: 66.57, p&lt;0.001) during the follow-up. Body weight was significantly lower in diabetic animals compared to controls after the exercise protocol period (p&lt;0.001). There was no effect of exercise modality on body weight change after the follow-up period (p=0.91 comparing exercise modalities).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Body weight, glycemia and exercise capacity in control and diabetic animals before and after the exercise protocol</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>C-NT (n=10)</th>
                    <th>DM-NT (n=10)</th>
                    <th>C-CT (n=10)</th>
                    <th>DM-CT (n=10)</th>
                    <th>C-HIIT (n=10)</th>
                    <th>DM-HIIT (n=10)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="7">
                      <bold>Body weight (g)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">266.50 &#177; 8.41</td>
                    <td align="center">281.00 &#177; 22.53</td>
                    <td align="center">261.00 &#177; 26.23</td>
                    <td align="center">250.80 &#177; 16.71</td>
                    <td align="center">261.10 &#177; 22.61</td>
                    <td align="center">259.80&#177; 19.27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">342.60 &#177; 13.18 <sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">257.40 &#177; 33.27 <sup>a b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">320.30 &#177; 31.71 <sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">247.00 &#177; 44.22 <sup>a b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">325.40 &#177; 16.31 <sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">229.90 &#177; 24.28 <sup>a b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Blood glucose (mg/dL</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>-1</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">94.60 &#177; 10.33</td>
                    <td align="center">462.90 &#177; 61.21 <sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">102.50 &#177; 3.69</td>
                    <td align="center">450.00 &#177; 143.5 <sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">106.30 &#177; 10.33</td>
                    <td align="center">489.60 &#177; 72.22 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">94.30 &#177; 5.48</td>
                    <td align="center">504.20 &#177; 66.55 <sup>a b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">104.10 &#177; 7.31</td>
                    <td align="center">542.00 &#177; 60.60 <sup>a b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">106.00 &#177; 8.97</td>
                    <td align="center">521.90 &#177; 64.08 <sup>a b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Maximum running speed (m/min)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">27.00 (25.75-29.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.5 (23.00-27.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.00 (24.50-28.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.50 (23.25-25.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.00 (24.50-31.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.50 (20.75-25.00)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">25.00(23.75-25.50) <sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">21.50 (19.00-25.25) <sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">32.00 (29.50-37.00) <sup>ac</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">29.00 (23.75-33.00) <sup>ac</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">41.50 (37.75-44.50) <sup>acd</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">36.50 (30.00-41.25) <sup>acd</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (interquartile range). a Statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.001) when compared to before (baseline); b statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.001) when compared to controls; c statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.001) when compared with NT; d statistically significantly different (p&lt;0.001) when compared to CT; C-NT: non-trained controls, DM-NT: non-trained diabetes; controls in continuous training; DM-CT: diabetic animals in continuous training; C-HIIT: control animals in high-intensity interval training; DM-HIIT : diabetic animals in high-intensity interval training</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Glucose levels were higher in DM compared to controls at baseline (estimate: 366.4mg/dL, p&lt;0.001) and at follow-up (estimate: 421.2mg/dL, p&lt;0.001). The follow-up glucose levels further increased in DM animals but not in controls (p=0.982). There was no significant effect of exercise on blood glucose levels ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Maximum running speed was not different between the groups at baseline. Non-trained animals demonstrated a significant decrease in maximum running speed at follow-up. Although both exercise modalities improved maximum exercise speed, HIIT promoted higher exercise performance as compared to CT. Mean maximum running speed was increased by 27.3% in C-CT and 21.4% for DM-CT. Animals submitted to interval training had their exercise capacity increased by an average 52.9% for C-HIIT and 57.7% for DM-HIIT. There was no difference between DM and controls in the variation in maximum running speed promoted by the exercise protocol at follow-up (no statistical significance when triple interaction was assessed).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Time and frequency domains, and nonlinear measures of HRV</title>
          <p>Parameters of HR and HRV during the experimental period are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . There were no differences in HRV parameters related to global variability or sympathovagal balance between the groups before or after the exercise protocol. However, a reduction in heart rate between DM animals and controls was observed.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Heart rate and heart rate variability parameter in control and diabetic rats before and after the exercise protocol</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>C-NT</th>
                    <th>DM-NT</th>
                    <th>C-CT</th>
                    <th>DM-CT</th>
                    <th>C-HIIT</th>
                    <th>DM-HIIT</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Heart rate (bpm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">404.15 &#177; 49.33</td>
                    <td align="center">358.15 &#177; 41.51 <sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">405.62 &#177; 42.30</td>
                    <td align="center">372.06 &#177; 50.80 <sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">411.47 &#177; 32.37</td>
                    <td align="center">339.50 &#177; 50.52 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">405.74 &#177; 36.48</td>
                    <td align="center">342.69 &#177; 43.89 <sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">436.74 &#177; 38.21</td>
                    <td align="center">361.18 &#177; 70.72 <sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">441.26 &#177; 66.60</td>
                    <td align="center">347.80 &#177; 50.56 <sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SDNN (ms)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">7.20 (5.84-10.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.25 (6.26-15.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.37 (4.51-8.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.33 (5.81-13.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.69 (6.44-11.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.11 (6.91-11.22)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">6.20 (5.440-9.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.54 (6.59-13.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.30 (5.90-11.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.49 (7.00-13.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.52 (5.86-12.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.94 (6.14-10.03)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RMSSD (ms)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">3.56 (2.37-3.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.57 (2.15-3.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.13 (2.16-4.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.25 (2.29-3.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.01 (2.56-4.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.13 (2.20-5.72)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">3.06 (2.26-4.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.21 (2.41-5.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.91 (2.02-4.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44 (2.59-4.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.80 (1.89-3.765)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.67 (1.90-3.64)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total power (ms</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">36.02 (26.69-59.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.97 (16.97-129.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">32.99 (14.93-59.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.62 (32.32-103.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.89 (31.87-92.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.05 (22.33-81.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">33.91 (20.56-64.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.56 (34.71-115.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.14 (25.50-138.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">79.64 (32.93-143.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.77 (17.32-117.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.32 (27.22-98.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LF (ms</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">3.63 (1.42-4.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.93 (1.26-5.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31 (1.13-8.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.20 (1.90-3.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.45 (1.95-11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.40 (1.29-12.47)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">2.62 (1.51-7.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.88 (1.72-13.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.37 (0.71-15.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.78 (1.84-6.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.09 (1.41-7.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.25 (1.65-5.17)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HF (ms</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">5.43 (3.45-6.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.70 (1.16-7.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.01 (1.44-9.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.36 (2.08-7.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.92 (3.06-9.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.49 (1.44-9.31)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">4.02 (1.82-8.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.23 (2.91-10.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.03 (1.57-8.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.12 (2.57-6.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.33 (0.99-7.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.87 (1.20-4.81)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LF/HF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 (0.56-1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78 (0.47-1.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 (0.44-1.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74 (0.47-0.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66 (0.52-1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.65-1.18)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78 (0.57-1.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 (0.59-1.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69 (0.40-1.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 (0.43-1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 (0.49-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 (0.79-1.75)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SD1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">2.52 (1.68-2.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.82 (1.52-2.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.21 (1.53-2.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.30 (1.62-2.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.13 (1.81-2.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.46 (1.56-4.04)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16 (1.60-2.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.98 (1.71-3.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.06 (1.43-3.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.44 (1.83-3.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.98 (1.34-2.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89 (1.33-2.57)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SD2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Before</td>
                    <td align="center">9.94 (8.08-13.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.29 (8.70-21.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.49 (6.02-11.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.59 (7.97-19.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.80 (8.81-16.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.17 (9.58-15.57)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>After</td>
                    <td align="center">8.57 (7.42-12.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.04 (9.24-19.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.68 (8.06-16.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.68 (9.58-19.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.77 (8.07-16.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.90 (8.53-14.06)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are present as mean &#177; SD or median (interquartile range). SDNN: Standard deviation of all R-R intervals. RMSSD: Square root of the mean of the squares of successive R-R interval differences. LF: low frequency. HF: high frequency. SD1: standard deviation of the instantaneous RR variability. SD2 standard deviation of the continuous or long-term variability of the heart rate. <sup><italic>b</italic></sup> Represents statistical difference when DM is compared to Control. N is equal 10 except for HRV parameter in C-CT (n=9); C-NT: non-trained controls, DM-NT: non-trained diabetes; controls in continuous training; DM-CT: diabetic animals in continuous training; C-HIIT: control animals in high-intensity interval training; DM-HIIT: diabetic animals in high-intensity interval training.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolated perfused heart</title>
          <p>Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> . Control animals submitted to exercise differed from the DM-NT, C-HIIT, and DM-CT groups; however, there was no differences between DM and C submitted to same conditions (i.e., NT or different types of training; p = 0.086 for NT animals, p = 0.061 for CT and p = 0.824 for HIIT).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, and maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise and pressure fall in isolated perfused hearts. A: Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP). B: Maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (+dP/dt) and fall (&#8211;dP/dt). C: Heart rate (HR). *Statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.01) compared to DM-NT, # statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) compared to DM-CT, &#167; statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) compared to all DM groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220396-20396-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Significant differences were observed in +dP/dt (mmHg/s) in DM groups compared with respective controls (C-NT vs. DM-NT, mean difference: 812.8 &#177; 228.5, p = 0.012; C-CT vs. DM-CT, mean difference: 937.5 &#177; 207.7, p = 0.0008) except for HIIT (C-HIIT vs. DM-HIIT, mean difference: 595.5 &#177; 250.3, p = 0.190) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). Lower values were also observed for &#8211;dP/dt ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ) in all DM groups compared with controls. Spontaneous HR ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ) was reduced in all DM groups compared with controls (C-NT vs. DM-NT, mean difference: 31.08 &#177; 8.48; C-CT vs. DM-CT, mean difference: 34.23 &#177; 7.71; C-HIIT vs. DM-HIIT, mean difference: 42.58 &#177; 9.29).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study compared, in STZ-induced diabetic rats, the effects of 20 sessions of HIIT or CT on exercise capacity, cardiac function and HRV. Our results demonstrated that both types of training improved exercise performance, with better results with HIIT, and comparable magnitudes between DM and controls animals. Furthermore, there were no differences in HRV between controls and DM after the exercise protocols. HIIT attenuated the impairment in +dP/dt, but not &#8211;dP/dt in isolated hearts from DM.</p>
        <p>Diabetic animals submitted to training increased their exercise performance ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), as opposed to sedentary animals whose maximum running speed was significantly reduced. Nevertheless, DM and control animals submitted to HIIT showed greater improvement in maximum running speed when compared with animals submitted to CT, even though glucose levels did not change. The superiority of interval training over CT had been previously described in a rat model of metabolic syndrome, where VO <sub>2max</sub> was superior and associated with a greater reduction in blood pressure, better endothelial function, and superior insulin action. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In a mouse model of diabetes, HIIT did reduce fasting glucose and increased muscle GLUT4 content; however, this study protocol was performed for 10 weeks compared to four weeks in our study, which may explain the difference in glucose levels. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Furthermore, in humans, Driller et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> showed improvement in power, maximum oxygen uptake, and lactate threshold in rowers submitted to HIIT as compared to traditional training. In type 2 diabetic patients, a recent systematic review described a higher increase in VO <sub>2max</sub> in HIIT <italic>versus</italic> CT, without significant differences in HbA1c or blood pressure values between interventions, similar to our findings. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The greater improvement in physical capacity found in our study using a short-term HIIT is in accordance with adaptive responses promoted by HIIT protocols previously reported.</p>
        <p>Cardiac function analysis in isolated hearts revealed no statistical differences in left ventricular developed pressure in spontaneously beating hearts between groups submitted to the same exercise protocol ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ). However, DM-HIIT showed attenuation in +dP/dt impairment, which was not observed in DM-CT ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). No improvement was observed in diastolic function, represented by &#8211;dP/dt, in any of DM exercised groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). Previous reports correlated increased exercise capacity with improved systolic function in DM. Sanches et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> used a combined protocol of aerobic (treadmill) and resistance training (ladder) with low to moderate intensity (40-60% of maximal capacity) during eight weeks in ovariectomized STZ-induced diabetic rats. The authors demonstrated that an improvement of 66% in running capacity, compared to non-trained DM group, prevented reduction in fractional shortening and velocity of fiber shortening, assessed by echocardiography. Quinteiro et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> using a low to moderate (40-60% of maximal running speed) treadmill protocol during eight weeks in ovariectomized STZ-induced rats observed an improvement of 74% in the exercise capacity, when compared to non-trained DM group that was also associated with improvement in fractional shortening and fiber shortening velocity. In the present study, DM-HIIT showed a 57.7% improvement in exercise capacity when compared to DM-NT while the DM-CT showed an improvement of only 21.4%. This may explain the attenuation in contractile function observed only in the DM-HIIT group. Also, our data corroborates with previous findings by Khakdan et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> that used echocardiography to compare the systolic function in DM rats submitted to eight weeks of continuous training (65% VO <sub>2max</sub> ) or HIIT (90%/40% VO <sub>2max</sub> ) in a motorized treadmill. HIIT group improved ejection fraction and fractional shortening when compared to pre-exercise values, which was not observed in the CT group. According to the author, HIIT decreased the expression of miR-195, microRNA involved in diabetic cardiopathy.</p>
        <p>The effects of exercise training on contractility could also be related to attenuation in abnormalities of intracellular Ca <sup>2</sup> handling, that has been shown to be impaired in DM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In diabetic heart, reduced expression and activity of SERCA2, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Ca <sup>2</sup> leak thru RyR2 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> and decreased NCX expression and activity <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> are commonly reported. All these changes may lead to intracellular Ca <sup>2</sup> overload, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and decreased contractility. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Exercise training decreases myocardial diacylglycerol (DAG) levels, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> normalizes CaMKII activity and attenuates RyR2 phosphorylation and Ca <sup>2</sup> leakage, attenuating cardiac dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Due to the scarcity of data investigating the effects of HIIT on autonomic control in the diabetic population we investigated the impact of this exercise modality on HRV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> The high physical effort during peak exercise in HIIT could be thought of as a stressor for the already challenged cardiovascular autonomic control in the diabetic. However, neither short-term protocol of HIIT or CT impaired or caused improvements in HRV parameters in DM animals during the period assessed. This demonstrates that, even though higher cardiac demand and activation is required during high-intensity cycle in HIIT training, there was no short-term negative impact on HRV, a tool for autonomic control assessment. Data from a recent clinical trial <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> demonstrated that even after 12 weeks of unsupervised HIIT in DM2 subjects, there were no effects of exercise on HRV, corroborating our findings. A high-intensity exercise protocol in a treadmill (not interval training) of 10 weeks was able to attenuate the sympathovagal changes (higher LF/HF ratio) in sedentary DM rats in a model of moderate hyperglycemia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Impaired indexes of global HRV such as SDNN and total power have been previously observed 70 days <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> and 80 days <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> after STZ-induced DM. In the latter case <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> impaired indexes of global HRV were associated with decrements in HF and LF/HF ratio. However, Howarth et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> reported in rats after four weeks of STZ-treatment, decrements in HF and increments in the LF/HF ratio. On the other hand, our data did not show any decrements in HRV after 35 days from STZ-treatment, which may suggest that our protocol was too short to induce CAN.</p>
        <p>We observed in DM-trained animals a significant decrement in HR compared to their respective controls at the end of the exercise protocol. This was also observed in spontaneous HR of isolated perfused hearts for all DM groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2C</xref> ). HR decrements after STZ administration are commonly reported. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> This may be in part attributed to a toxic effect of STZ in the heart <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> that may lead to sinoatrial node dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The pacemaker current (I <sub>f</sub> ) carried by the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels plays an important role in HR control. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> In the sinoatrial node cells, the most abundant HCN isoform is HCN4 followed by HCN2. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Baruscotti et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> showed in HCN4 knock-out mice a decrement of 70% in I <sub>f</sub> current, 50% in HR and 60% in spontaneous HR. Reduction in the expression of HCN channels and their proportion may be the reason for the impaired basal HR. In sinoatrial node of STZ-induced diabetic rats, Huang et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> demonstrated a decrease in the expression of 70% in HCN2 and 58% in HCN4 and Kondo et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> reported a decrease in HCN4 expression attributed to reduced number of sinoatrial node cells. Silva et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> using ivabradine, an HCN4 blocker, demonstrated decrements in HR without changes in cardiac autonomic control. This may be the reason why we observed reduced HR without impact on HRV during the observed period.</p>
        <p>Our study had some limitations, such as the short duration of the intervention protocol and follow-up that was not long enough to detect changes in HRV in DM animals. Therefore, future studies are warranted to investigate the same exercise protocols in DM animals with established CAN. In addition, we were only able to assess cardiac function in one time-point using isolated hearts. A repetitive and non-invasive assessment, such as echocardiography, could determine progressive changes induced by HIIT in cardiac function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Short-term HIIT promotes greater improvement in exercise performance compared to CT, including in DM, without causing significant changes in HRV.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Eduardo Gomes de Sousa Neto, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Fisiologia - Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding : This study was funded by PPSUS 2015 Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria-PR/SESA-PR/CNPq/MSDecit and Chamada P&#250;blica 09/2016-PBA - Funda&#231;&#227;o Arauc&#225;ria-PR.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
