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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bpTV4FFPYprQCLy5yqQ9D5G</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220358</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do N&#237;vel de Fluxo Coron&#225;rio com MOTS-C em Pacientes com IAMCSST Submetidos &#224; ICP Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4981-5521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akmak</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5882-3534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ya&#351;ar</surname>
            <given-names>Erdo&#287;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7933-4753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akmak</surname>
            <given-names>Esin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2757-1802</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tekin</surname>
            <given-names>Suat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9808-7631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karaku&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1275-630X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>T&#252;rko&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Caner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1503-265X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#252;ksel</surname>
            <given-names>Furkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Balikesir Atat&#252;rk City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Balikesir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Balikesir Atat&#252;rk City Hospital, Balikesir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Malatya Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Balikesir Provincial Health Department</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Balikesir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Balikesir Provincial Health Department, Balikesir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Fisiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Inonu University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Malatya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia &#8211; Inonu University Medical Faculty, Malatya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Tolga &#199;akmak &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Bal&#305;kesir Atat&#252;rk City Hospital, Balikesir &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>tolgacakmak85@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220358</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> Os efeitos protetores da fase de leitura aberta mitocondrial do 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C) em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foram demonstrados em v&#225;rios estudos. Entretanto, h&#225; pouca documenta&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre MOTS-C e fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel do MOTS-C, que &#233; conhecido por ter propriedades citoprotetoras na patog&#234;nese do fen&#244;meno de no-reflow, comparando a taxa de fluxo coronariano e os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 52 pacientes com IAMCSST e 42 pacientes sem estenose &gt;50% nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O grupo IAMCSST foi dividido em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de fluxo TIMI (do ingl&#234;s <italic>Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>) p&#243;s-ICP: (i) No-reflow: graus 0, 1 e 2 e (ii) grau 3 (sucesso angiogr&#225;fico). Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C foram significativamente menores no grupo IAMCSST em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (91,9 &#177; 8,9 pg/mL vs. 171,8&#177;12,5 pg/mL, p&lt;0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise da curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristics</italic> (ROC) indicou que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MOTS-C tinham um valor diagn&#243;stico na previs&#227;o de no-reflow (&#193;rea sob a curva ROC [AUC]: 0,95, IC95%: 0,856-0,993, p &lt; 0,001). Um valor de MOTS-C &#8805;84,15 pg/mL medido na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mostrou ter sensibilidade de 95,3% e especificidade de 88,9% na previs&#227;o de no-reflow.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> MOTS-C &#233; um preditor forte e independente de no-reflow e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAMCSST. Tamb&#233;m foi observado que baixos n&#237;veis de MOTS-C podem ser um importante marcador progn&#243;stico e podem ter um papel na patog&#234;nese do IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#244;meno de no-reflow</kwd>
        <kwd>Fases de Leitura Aberta</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tratamento agudo do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) envolve a abertura da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria oclu&#237;da e a obten&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica imediata e eficaz. Comparada &#224; fibrin&#243;lise, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria tem mostrado resultados ben&#233;ficos quando realizada em at&#233; 120 minutos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAMCSST, tornando-se a principal estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, a ICP nem sempre oferece resultados ben&#233;ficos, e uma das complica&#231;&#245;es frequentemente relatadas da ICP &#233; conhecida como &#8220;fen&#244;meno de no-reflow.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A patog&#234;nese do no-reflow consiste em um processo complexo e din&#226;mico e &#233; explicada por condi&#231;&#245;es como emboliza&#231;&#227;o aterotromb&#243;tica distal, les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pept&#237;deos derivados da mitoc&#244;ndria (MDPs, do ingl&#234;s <italic>mitochondria-derived peptides</italic>) s&#227;o novas classes de pept&#237;deos codificados por pequenas fases de leitura aberta (ORFs, do ingl&#234;s <italic>open reading frames</italic>) no DNA mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os MDPs est&#227;o amplamente distribu&#237;dos em v&#225;rios tecidos como cora&#231;&#227;o, parede vascular, rim, m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico e c&#243;lon, com esses pept&#237;deos desempenhando papel citoprotetor no organismo atrav&#233;s de mecanismos end&#243;crinos e par&#225;crinos, auxiliando na manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial e viabilidade celular, e tendo tamb&#233;m efeitos na viabilidade e metabolismo celular, resposta a estressores e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, tr&#234;s tipos de MDPs foram identificados no corpo humano. Desses, a humanina (HNG) foi o primeiro MDP<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> descoberto. O segundo pept&#237;deo &#233; conhecido como fase de leitura aberta do rRNA mitocondrial 12S (MOTS-C), que &#233; um pept&#237;deo de 16 amino&#225;cidos codificado por uma ORF pequena dentro do rRNA mitocondrial 12S.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em per&#237;odos posteriores, pequenos pept&#237;deos semelhantes a humanina 1-6 (SHLP1-6) foram descobertos. O MOTS-C estimula a capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose, aumenta a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da glicose, oxida &#225;cidos graxos e inibe a respira&#231;&#227;o oxidativa. Al&#233;m de seu papel no metabolismo energ&#233;tico, o MOTS-C pode fornecer prote&#231;&#227;o contra a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana ao reduzir a libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o resultantes da inibi&#231;&#227;o do fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-&#954;B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Foi hipotetizado que MOTS-C estaria diminu&#237;do em pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP) e que essa redu&#231;&#227;o poderia ser ainda maior pelo desenvolvimento do fen&#244;meno de no-reflow.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A metodologia do estudo foi desenhada de acordo com o artigo de Baylan et al. e o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de pacientes foi determinado de acordo com esse artigo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas, em 94 pacientes que compareceram ao Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia. O estudo incluiu 52 pacientes consecutivos que apresentaram IAMCSST dentro de seis horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas (grupo IAMCSST) e 42 indiv&#237;duos controle que n&#227;o apresentavam estenose grave na angiografia coron&#225;ria (AC) (grupo controle). O grupo IAMCSST foi composto por pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com ICP prim&#225;ria entre 1&#186; de novembro de 2020 e 15 de fevereiro de 2021. Em contraste o grupo controle foi composto por pacientes que realizaram AC por motivos eletivos entre as mesmas datas, apresentaram estenose inferior a 50% nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e apresentavam valores normais de troponina na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O IAMCSST foi definido como a presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST maior que 1mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es consecutivas no eletrocardiograma (ECG), juntamente com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 30 minutos. O grupo IAMCSST foi dividido em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de fluxo TIMI <italic>(Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction</italic>) p&#243;s-ICP;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (i) No-reflow: grau 0, 1 e 2 e (ii) grau 3 (sucesso angiogr&#225;fico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram hist&#243;ria de tratamento trombol&#237;tico de IAMCSST nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, malignidade conhecida, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria conhecida, doen&#231;a infecciosa, doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica, doen&#231;a autoimune e insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica em est&#225;gio terminal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra o diagrama de fluxo dos pacientes).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo dos pacientes. IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica da Inonu University Medical School (data de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 21 de outubro de 2020; n&#186; 2020/160). O consentimento informado foi obtido de cada um dos participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria e procedimento de ICP</title>
        <p>A AC convencional foi realizada com o sistema Artis Zee montado no piso (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Alemanha) ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Todos os procedimentos de ICP prim&#225;ria foram realizados com cateter-guia 6 e 7F e imagens de AC eletivas foram obtidas com um cateter diagn&#243;stico 6F utilizando a abordagem femoral ou radial padr&#227;o. Uma dose de ataque de heparina de 100 UI/kg, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg e ticagrelor 180 mg foi administrada aos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria. O implante de stent ou direct stenting foi realizada ap&#243;s a pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o. A sele&#231;&#227;o do stent (convencional ou farmacol&#243;gico) ficou a crit&#233;rio do operador. Em pacientes com fluxo TIMI deficiente, tirofibana intracoron&#225;ria foi administrada com um bolus inicial de 25 microgramas/kg por um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s minutos, seguido por uma infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua a uma taxa de 0,15 microgramas/kg/min por 12-24, at&#233; 48 horas. Para atingir a dilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, uma inje&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de 100 &#181;g de nitroglicerina foi realizada antes de cada angiografia coronariana. O grau TIMI foi avaliado por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas independentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise laboratorial e ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso antecubital foram obtidas de todos os pacientes do grupo IAMCSST durante a interna&#231;&#227;o no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia. Amostras de sangue venoso antecubital foram coletadas do grupo controle durante as consultas de seguimento ambulatorial. Os par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos foram medidos ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de jejum de 10 horas. A creatinina s&#233;rica, glicose s&#233;rica, colesterol total s&#233;rico, triglicer&#237;deos s&#233;ricos e lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade s&#233;rica-colesterol (HDL-C) foram determinados usando o ensaio Roche (Roche Cobas 6000) com m&#233;todos colorim&#233;tricos. A lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade s&#233;rica-colesterol (LDL-C) foi calculado indiretamente. Os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo ELISA a partir das amostras de soro obtidas ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o das amostras de sangue coletadas diretamente da bainha da art&#233;ria femoral ou radial antes da AC em ambos os grupos. Na an&#225;lise de MOTS-C, kits ELISA espec&#237;ficos para humanos (201-12-8566, Sun Red, China) foram usados para an&#225;lises de ELISA que foram realizadas no Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa em Fisiologia da Inonu University Medical School. A an&#225;lise de MOTS-C foi medida em um comprimento de onda de 450 nm (BioTekSynergy HTX, EUA). As an&#225;lises foram realizadas de acordo com o protocolo do kit e cada amostra foi processada em duplicata. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada com aparelho de ecocardiografia (VividS60N<sup>&#174;</sup> GE Medical System, Rom&#234;nia) com transdutor de 3,5 MHz imediatamente antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento de AC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento e eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores</title>
        <p>Foram considerados eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM) a trombose de stent e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal e mortalidade intra-hospitalar durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento intra-hospitalar. A trombose intra-stent foi definida como oclus&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica completa do stent. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal foi definido como o desenvolvimento de novas altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG acompanhadas por um novo aumento &gt;20% nos biomarcadores card&#237;acos medidos ap&#243;s dor tor&#225;cica recorrente. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi definida como morte por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, parada card&#237;aca ou outras causas card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando SPSS 22.0 para Windows (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de amostras independentes ou teste U de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A sensibilidade e especificidade, e o valor de corte de MOTS-C na previs&#227;o de fluxo coronariano deficiente ap&#243;s ICP prim&#225;ria em pacientes com IAMCSST foram determinados usando a an&#225;lise da curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristics</italic> (ROC). Foram utilizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada. Na an&#225;lise univariada, as vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt;0,25 foram definidas como potenciais fatores de risco para o fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e foram inclu&#237;das no modelo completo. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os preditores independentes de fluxo TIMI foram analisados atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com poss&#237;veis fatores identificados em an&#225;lises anteriores. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Uma diferen&#231;a significante foi encontrada entre os grupos IAMCSST e controle em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e sexo. Destaca-se que a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 59,1&#177;10,9 anos no grupo IAMCSST em contraste com 55,7&#177;8,2 anos no grupo controle (p&lt;0,05). Al&#233;m disso, embora o g&#234;nero masculino tenha sido predominante no grupo IAMCSST, a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres foi significativamente maior no grupo controle (p&lt;0,05). No entanto, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significante entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, hist&#243;ria de hiperlipidemia e sinais vitais. Dentre os par&#226;metros laboratoriais medidos no momento da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de HDL-C foram significativamente maiores no grupo controle (p=0,003), enquanto os n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides (p=0,037), nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (BUN), hemoglobina e leuc&#243;citos foram significativamente maiores no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Por outro lado, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros par&#226;metros lip&#237;dicos, n&#237;vel de creatinina e contagem de plaquetas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>IAMCSST (n=52)</th>
                <th>Controle (n=42)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino),n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (59,6)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 (24,8-29,0)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 (25,5-31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sinais vitais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">133,6 &#177; 20,6</td>
                <td align="center">125,9 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80,8 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, batimentos/min</td>
                <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">78,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">199,4 &#177; 46,5</td>
                <td align="center">205,0 &#177; 40,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">39,6 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,4 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">125,1 &#177; 43,5</td>
                <td align="center">127,4 &#177; 29,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides s&#233;ricos, mg/dL*</td>
                <td align="center">180,0 (147,5-217,2)</td>
                <td align="center">143,5 (95,7-224,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose s&#233;rica, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">154,0 &#177; 74,5</td>
                <td align="center">142,3 &#177; 73,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrog&#234;nio da ureia no sangue, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 13,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL*</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (0,75-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,68-0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos, x10<sup>9</sup>/L*</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 (9,4-14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 (5,3-8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">258 &#177; 59</td>
                <td align="center">268 &#177; 67</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal s&#227;o expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como porcentagem (%). PA: press&#227;o arterial; FC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Como visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C foram significativamente menores no grupo IAMCSST em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (91,9 &#177; 8,9 pg/mL vs. 171,8&#177;12,5 pg/mL, p&lt;0,001). Na segunda fase do estudo, o grupo IAMCSST foi dividido em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-ICP: (i) No-reflow: grau 0, 1 e 2; e (ii) grau 3 (sucesso angiogr&#225;fico). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre esses grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores demogr&#225;ficos, como idade, sexo e hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, hiperlipidemia e hist&#243;rico de drogas, enquanto o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi significativamente menor no grupo II e ECAM intra-hospitalar foi significativamente maior no grupo I (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de MOTS-C teve um valor diagn&#243;stico na previs&#227;o de no-reflow (&#225;rea sob a curva ROC [AUC]: 0,95, IC95%: 0,856-0,993, p &lt;0,001). Um n&#237;vel de MOTS-C &#8805;84,15 pg/mL medido na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mostrou ter sensibilidade de 95,3% e especificidade de 88,9% na previs&#227;o do desenvolvimento de no-reflow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de MOTS-C apresentou valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 97,6% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 80,0%. Como visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>, os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C foram significativamente menores nos grupos TIMI 0, 1 e 2, quando comparados ao TIMI 3. Os principais resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o mostrados esquematicamente na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box-plot dos n&#237;veis de MOTS-c nos grupos IAMCSST e controle. MOTS-C: fase de leitura aberta do rRNA mitocondrial 12S; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos TIMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>TIMI 0, 1, 2 (n=9)</th>
                <th>TIMI 3 (n=43)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (62,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 (26,2-31,1)</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 (24,2-28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (30,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Medicamentos anteriores, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAS</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Beta Bloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">0 (00,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA-BRA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidroclorotiazida</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sinais vitais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">132,3 &#177; 22,6</td>
                <td align="center">133,9 &#177; 20,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">78,3 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">81,3 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC, batimentos/min</td>
                <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 15,2</td>
                <td align="center">81,7 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol Total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">210,4 &#177; 26,6</td>
                <td align="center">197,1 &#177; 49,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,3 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">135,9 &#177; 34,2</td>
                <td align="center">122,9 &#177; 45,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides s&#233;ricos, mg/dL*</td>
                <td align="center">166,0 (122,0-263,0)</td>
                <td align="center">129,0 (89,0-225,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose s&#233;rica, mg/dL*</td>
                <td align="center">133,0 (101,9-220,5)</td>
                <td align="center">127,0 (102,0-178,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrog&#234;nio da ureia no sangue, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos, x10<sup>9</sup>/L*</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 (9,7-12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 (9,4-15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas, x10<sup>9</sup>/L</td>
                <td align="center">238 &#177; 56</td>
                <td align="center">262 &#177; 59</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Envolvimento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a uniarterial</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (46,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a multiarterial</td>
                <td align="center">6 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (53,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>ICP prim&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Implante de stent, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Convencional, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Farmacol&#243;gico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (86,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Comprimento do stent (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">24,3 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro do stent (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECAM intra-hospitalar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal s&#227;o expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como porcentagem (%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; PA: press&#227;o arterial; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; ECAM: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva ROC de MOTS-C para previs&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de no-reflow angiogr&#225;fico. MOTS-C: fase de leitura aberta do rRNA mitocondrial 12S; ROC: receiver operating characteristics.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box-plot do n&#237;vel de MOTS-C de acordo com o fluxo TIMI (MOTS-C: fase de leitura aberta do rRNA mitocondrial 12S; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do N&#237;vel de Fluxo Coron&#225;rio com MOTS-C em Pacientes com IAMCSST Submetidos &#224; ICP Prim&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O grupo IAMCSST foi dividido em dois grupos com base no valor de corte do MOTS-C de 84,15pg/mL e nenhuma diferen&#231;a significante foi encontrada entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco demogr&#225;ficos, incluindo idade e sexo e principais fatores de risco, incluindo tabagismo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia. Entretanto, a preval&#234;ncia de ECAM intra-hospitalar foi significativamente maior no grupo com MOTS-C &lt;84,15 pg/mL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco fundamentais de acordo com os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>MOTS-C&lt; 84,15</th>
                <th>MOTS-C &#8805; 84,15</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,4 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (masculino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (61,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                <td align="center">27,4 (25,3-30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 (24,3-28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a uniarterial</td>
                <td align="center">4 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (45,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a multiarterial</td>
                <td align="center">6 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECAM intra-hospitalar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal s&#227;o expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como porcentagem (%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ECAM: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores; MOTS-C: fase de leitura aberta do rRNA mitocondrial 12S.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Fatores de risco conhecidos que podem afetar o fluxo coronariano e os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C foram analisados por an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada. Na an&#225;lise univariada, as vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,25 foram definidas como potenciais fatores de risco para no-reflow e foram inclu&#237;das no modelo completo. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o n&#237;vel de MOTS-C (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2,394, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC] 1,101-5,205; p = 0,012) foi considerado um fator de risco significante para o fen&#244;meno de no-reflow em pacientes com IAMCSST (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada do efeito das vari&#225;veis no fluxo TIMI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Varwi&#225;vel</th>
                <th>OR n&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR ajustado</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,976-1,137</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
                <td align="center">1,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,926-1,193</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">2,109</td>
                <td align="center">0,493-9,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,314</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,909</td>
                <td align="center">0,422-8,637</td>
                <td align="center">0,401</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">0,970</td>
                <td align="center">0,789-1,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,166</td>
                <td align="center">0,754</td>
                <td align="center">0,484-1,173</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">1,061</td>
                <td align="center">0,189-5,943</td>
                <td align="center">0,947</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,517</td>
                <td align="center">0,277-8,310</td>
                <td align="center">0,631</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,118</td>
                <td align="center">0,234-19,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,505</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MOTS-C</td>
                <td align="center">1,606</td>
                <td align="center">1,123-2,296</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">2,394</td>
                <td align="center">1,101-5,205</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MOTS-C: fase de leitura aberta do rRNA mitocondrial 12S; OR: odds ratio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados indicaram que o n&#237;vel de MOTS-C diminuiu significativamente em pacientes com IAMCSST e essa redu&#231;&#227;o tornou-se ainda mais significante &#224; medida que o n&#237;vel de fluxo TIMI piorou. Assim, concluiu-se que o baixo n&#237;vel de MOTS-C pode ser um marcador progn&#243;stico significante de IAMCSST e que MOTS-C pode ter um papel na patog&#234;nese do IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Kim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> descobriram que o MOTS-C afeta a convers&#227;o de fen&#243;tipos secretores associados &#224; senesc&#234;ncia (SASPs, do ingl&#234;s <italic>senescence-associated secretory phenotypes</italic>) regulando o metabolismo energ&#233;tico mitocondrial e desempenha um papel citoprotetor em doen&#231;as relacionadas ao envelhecimento, aliviando assim os sintomas do envelhecimento e melhorando o bem-estar do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Andr&#233; et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> mostraram que ao aumentar o fen&#243;tipo SASP de MOTS-C, as c&#233;lulas senescentes s&#227;o mais facilmente detectadas e posteriormente eliminadas pelo sistema imunol&#243;gico, protegendo assim as c&#233;lulas normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O MOTS-C tamb&#233;m &#233; conhecido por desempenhar um papel no metabolismo de amino&#225;cidos, m&#250;sculos e lip&#237;dios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Qin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> descobriram que pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tinham n&#237;veis mais baixos de MOTS-C no sangue circulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os MDPs s&#227;o sintetizados pelo DNA mitocondrial e sua produ&#231;&#227;o &#233; afetada pelo dano mitocondrial. No cora&#231;&#227;o, as mitoc&#244;ndrias s&#227;o importantes organelas energizantes e est&#227;o envolvidas em v&#225;rios mecanismos, como estresse oxidativo, autofagia e apoptose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O MOTS-C pode melhorar o diabetes e outros dist&#250;rbios semelhantes, inibindo a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e a obesidade induzida pela dieta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Tomados em conjunto, todos esses achados indicam que os MDPs desempenham um papel protetor nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atrav&#233;s de diferentes mecanismos. O presente estudo foi inspirado pela aus&#234;ncia de documenta&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre IAMCSST e MOTS-C na literatura. Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de MOTS-C no grupo IAMCSST foram significativamente menores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os do grupo controle, o que sugere que um n&#237;vel baixo de MOTS-C pode desempenhar um papel no desenvolvimento de IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, morbidade e mortalidade ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Alguns outros estudos indicaram que os MDPs desempenham um papel protetor na les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Em um estudo em ratos que avaliou um modelo experimental de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, os animais receberam HNG uma hora antes ou durante a reperfus&#227;o e observou-se que a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o mediada por &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial da prote&#237;na quinase AMP-ativada (AMPK) foi ativada e um potencial mecanismo relacionado &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o de fatores apopt&#243;ticos foi eficaz ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de HNG. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foi observado que as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas dos camundongos melhoraram e o tamanho do infarto diminuiu &#224; medida que a dose de HNG aumentou.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a documenta&#231;&#227;o do efeito da HNG na les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o no estudo acima, o presente estudo foi realizado com MOTS-C, que &#233; outro MDP. O presente estudo investigou particularmente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, que tem um papel importante na patog&#234;nese do fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e MOTS-C, que tem um efeito protetor conhecido, e mostrou que &#224; medida que o n&#237;vel de MOTS-C diminui, o fluxo TIMI piora, resultando no fen&#244;meno de no-reflow. Al&#233;m disso, um n&#237;vel de MOTS-C &#8805;84,15 pg/mL medido na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o mostrou ter sensibilidade de 95,3% e especificidade de 88,9% na previs&#227;o do desenvolvimento de no-reflow, e n&#237;veis elevados de MOTS-C foram considerados um preditor forte e independente do fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e ECAM intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>Ming Wei et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> mostraram que o tratamento com MOTS-C administrado a ratos levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significante na calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular e press&#227;o arterial, &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da estrutura card&#237;aca normal, redu&#231;&#227;o da rigidez dos vasos sangu&#237;neos e a um progresso significante na restaura&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o presente estudo tamb&#233;m mostrou que a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de MOTS-C pode ter um papel na patog&#234;nese do IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Uma atualiza&#231;&#227;o recente de Yang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> sugeriu que, como marcadores s&#233;ricos, os MDPs podem ter um papel diagn&#243;stico nas anormalidades iniciais em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda h&#225; um longo caminho a percorrer no que diz respeito ao uso de MDPs para tratamento cl&#237;nico. Como primeira raz&#227;o, os mecanismos existentes de MDPs em diferentes doen&#231;as cardiovasculares permanecem obscuros e, portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para identificar os receptores e as vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o envolvidas nesses mecanismos. Em segundo lugar, os estudos de MDP em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ainda est&#227;o em fase experimental. Al&#233;m disso, em estudos em animais, n&#227;o foram observadas rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de MDPs ex&#243;genos.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, os efeitos colaterais ou riscos dos MDPs utilizados para a preven&#231;&#227;o ou tratamento de doen&#231;as humanas permanecem obscuros; portanto, mais estudos de seguran&#231;a s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No presente estudo, uma vez que o papel protetor do MOTS-C no sistema cardiovascular foi demonstrado por v&#225;rios estudos, apenas os efeitos do MOTS-C no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento do sistema cardiovascular foram investigados. Nossos achados mostraram que o MOTS-C pode ser usado como fator progn&#243;stico no IAMCSST, que &#233; uma das principais causas de mortalidade e morbidade entre as condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, e tamb&#233;m pode ter um papel no tratamento do IAMCSST. Esses achados provavelmente lan&#231;ar&#227;o luz sobre estudos futuros.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi limitado de v&#225;rias maneiras. Em primeiro lugar, teve uma pequena popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e foi realizado em um &#250;nico centro. Em segundo lugar, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo consistiam em pacientes com IAMCSST selecionados aleatoriamente; portanto, nossos achados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o com IAMCSST. Mais e maiores estudos conduzidos com mais biomarcadores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para fundamentar nossos achados na popula&#231;&#227;o com IAMCSST e determinar sua generaliza&#231;&#227;o para outras popula&#231;&#245;es e etnias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados indicaram que o n&#237;vel de MOTS-C medido na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o constitui um indicador forte e independente de fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano deficiente ap&#243;s a ICP prim&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, um n&#237;vel de MOTS-C diminu&#237;do constitui um preditor forte e independente do fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e ECAM intra-hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>22. Wei M, Gan L, Liu Z, Liu L, Chang JR, Yin DC, et al. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c attenuates vascular calcification and secondary myocardial remodeling via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Cardiorenal Med. 2020;10(1):42-50. doi:10.1159/000503224.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c attenuates vascular calcification and secondary myocardial remodeling via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway</article-title>
          <source>Cardiorenal Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>42</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000503224</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>23. Yang Y, Gao H, Zhou H, Liu Q, Qi Z, Zhang Y, et al. The role of mitochondria-derived peptides in cardiovascular disease: Recent updates. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;117:109075. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109075.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Yang</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Qi</surname>
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              <surname>Zhang</surname>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</p>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica da Inonu University Medical School (data de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 21 de outubro de 2020; n&#186; 2020/160). O consentimento informado foi obtido de cada um dos participantes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Coronary Flow Level with Mots-C in Patients with STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4981-5521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akmak</surname>
            <given-names>Tolga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5882-3534</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ya&#351;ar</surname>
            <given-names>Erdo&#287;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7933-4753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;akmak</surname>
            <given-names>Esin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2757-1802</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tekin</surname>
            <given-names>Suat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9808-7631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karaku&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1275-630X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>T&#252;rko&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Caner</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1503-265X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#252;ksel</surname>
            <given-names>Furkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Balikesir Atat&#252;rk City Hospital, Balikesir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia &#8211; Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Balikesir Provincial Health Department, Balikesir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiologia &#8211; Inonu University Medical Faculty, Malatya &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Tolga &#199;akmak &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Bal&#305;kesir Atat&#252;rk City Hospital, Bal&#305;kesir &#8211; Turkey E-mail: tolgacakmak85@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The protective effects of mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C) on cardiovascular diseases have been shown in numerous studies. However, there is little documentation of the relationship between MOTS-C and coronary blood flow in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> We aimed to investigate the role of MOTS-C, which is known to have cytoprotective properties in the pathogenesis of the no-reflow phenomenon, by comparing the coronary flow rate and MOTS-C levels in patients with STEMI submitted to primary PCI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> 52 patients with STEMI and 42 patients without stenosis &gt;50% in the coronary arteries were included in the study. The STEMI group was divided into two groups according to post-PCI TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow grade:(i) No-reflow: grade 0, 1, and 2 and (ii) grade 3(angiographic success). A p value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> MOTS-C levels were significantly lower in the STEMI group compared to the control group (91.9 &#177; 8.9 pg/mL vs. 171.8&#177;12.5 pg/mL, p&lt;0.001). In addition, the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis indicated that serum MOTS-C levels had a diagnostic value in predicting no-reflow (Area Under the ROC curve [AUC]:0.95, 95% CI:0.856-0.993, p&lt;0.001). A MOTS-C &#8805;84.15 pg/mL measured at admission was shown to have 95.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity in predicting no-reflow.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> MOTS-C is a strong and independent predictor of no-reflow and in-hospital MACE in patients with STEMI. It was also noted that low MOTS-C levels may be an important prognostic marker of and may have a role in the pathogenesis of STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST-elevation myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>percutaneous coronary intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>no-reflow phenomenon</kwd>
        <kwd>open reading frames</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The acute treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) involves opening the occluded coronary artery and achieving prompt and effective myocardial reperfusion. Compared to fibrinolysis, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has shown beneficial results when performed within 120 minutes of diagnosis in STEMI patients and has thus become the mainstay reperfusion strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, PCI may not always provide beneficial results, and one of the frequently reported complications of PCI is known as the &#8220;no-reflow phenomenon&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The pathogenesis of no-reflow consists of a complex and dynamic process and is explained by conditions such as distal atherothrombotic embolization, ischemic injury, and reperfusion injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are new classes of peptides encoded by small open reading frames (ORFs) in mitochondrial DNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> MDPs are widely distributed in various tissues such as the heart, vascular wall, kidney, skeletal muscle, and colon, with these peptides playing a cytoprotective role in the body through endocrine and paracrine mechanisms, helping to maintain mitochondrial function and cell viability, and also having effects on cell viability and metabolism, response to stressors, and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> To date, three types of MDPs have been identified in the human body. Of these, humanin (HNG) was the first discovered MDP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The second peptide is known as mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-C), which is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded by a sORF within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In later periods, small humanin-like peptides 1-6 (SHLP1-6) were discovered. MOTS-C stimulates glucose uptake, increases glucose utilization, oxidizes fatty acids, and inhibits oxidative respiration. In addition to its role in energy metabolism, MOTS-C may provide protection against coronary endothelial dysfunction by reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules resulting from nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&#954;B) inhibition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> We hypothesized that MOTS-C would decrease in STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) and that this reduction might be further enhanced by the development of no-reflow.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>The study methodology was designed according to the article by Baylan et al. and the minimum number of patients was determined according to this article.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The study was carried out in two stages in 94 patients who came to the Cardiology Clinic. The study included 52 consecutive patients who presented with STEMI within six hours after symptom onset (STEMI group) and 42 control subjects who had no severe stenosis in the coronary angiography (CAG) (control group). The STEMI group consisted of patients submitted to treatment with primary PCI between November 1, 2020 and February 15, 2021. In contrast, the control group consisted of patients that underwent CAG for elective reasons between the same dates, had less than 50% stenosis in the coronary arteries, and had normal troponin values on admission. STEMI was defined as the presence of ST-elevation greater than 1 mm in at least two consecutive leads on the electrocardiogram (ECG) along with the presentation of a typical chest pain lasting greater than 30 minutes. The STEMI group was divided into two groups according to post-PCI TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) flow grade:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> (i) No-reflow: grade 0, 1, and 2 and (ii) grade 3 (angiographic success).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The exclusion criteria included a history of thrombolytic treatment of STEMI within the last 24 hours, congenital heart disease, chronic renal failure, known malignancy, known inflammatory disease, infectious disease, hematological disease, autoimmune disease, and end-stage liver failure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the patient flow diagram).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Patient flow diagram. STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the study protocol was approved by Inonu University Medical School Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval date: October 21, 2020; No. 2020/160). Informed consent was obtained from each participant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography and PCI procedure</title>
          <p>Conventional CAG was performed with a Siemens Artis zee floor-mounted system (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) following admission. All the primary PCI procedures were performed with a 6- and 7-F guiding catheter and elective CAG images were obtained with a 6-F diagnostic catheter using the standard femoral or radial approach. A loading dose of heparin of 100 IU/kg, acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg, and ticagrelor 180 mg was administered to patients submitted to primary PCI. Stenting or direct stenting was performed following balloon pre-dilatation. Stent selection (bare metal or drug-eluting) was left to the discretion of the operator. In patients with poor TIMI flow, intracoronary tirofiban was administered with an initial bolus of 25 microgram/kg given over a 3-minute period, followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.15 microgram/kg/min for 12-24, up to 48 hours. To achieve maximum dilatation, an intracoronary injection of 100 &#181;g nitroglycerin was performed before each coronary angiogram. TIMI grade was assessed by two independent interventional cardiologists.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory analysis and echocardiography</title>
          <p>Antecubital venous blood samples were obtained from all patients in the STEMI group during the admission to the emergency department. Antecubital venous blood samples were taken from the control group during the outpatient follow-up visits. Lipid parameters were measured after a 10-hour fasting period. Serum creatinine, serum glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined using the Roche assay (Roche Cobas 6000) with colorimetric methods. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated indirectly. MOTS-C levels were determined using the ELISA method from the serum samples that were obtained after centrifuging the blood samples collected directly from the femoral or radial artery sheath prior to CAG in both groups. In the MOTS-C analysis, human-specific ELISA kits (201-12-8566, Sun Red, China) were used for ELISA analyses that were performed at Inonu University Medical School Physiology Research Laboratory. MOTS-C analysis was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm (BioTekSynergy HTX, USA). The analyses were performed in accordance with the kit protocol and each sample was run in duplicate. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed using an echocardiography device (VividS60N&#174; GE Medical System, Romania) with a 3.5-MHz transducer immediately before starting the CAG procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and major adverse cardiac events</title>
          <p>Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were considered as stent thrombosis and non-fatal myocardial infarction, and in-hospital mortality during the in-hospital follow-up period. Intra-stent thrombosis was defined as complete angiographic occlusion of the stent. Non-fatal myocardial infarction was defined as the development of new ECG changes accompanied by a new rise &gt;20% in measured cardiac biomarkers after recurrent chest pain. In-hospital mortality was defined as death from myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, or other cardiac causes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0for Windows (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The normal distribution of continuous variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and non-normally distributed continuous variables as median (interquartile range) and compared using Independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, according to data normality. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies and were compared using the Chi-square test. The sensitivity and specificity, and the cut-off value of MOTS-C in predicting poor coronary flow after primary PCI in patients with STEMI were determined using the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used. In the univariate analysis, variables with a p value &lt;0.25 were defined as potential risk factors for no-reflow and were included in the full model. In the multivariate analysis, independent predictors of TIMI flow were analyzed using logistic regression analysis with possible factors identified in previous analyses. A p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A significant difference was found between the STEMI and control groups with regard to age and gender. Of note, the mean age was 59.1&#177;10.9 years in the STEMI group as opposed to 55.7&#177;8.2 years in the control group (p&lt;0.05). Moreover, although male gender was dominant in the STEMI group, the proportion of females was significantly higher in the control group (p&lt;0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups with regard to smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, and vital signs. Among the laboratory parameters measured at the time of admission, HDL-C levels were significantly higher in the control group (p=0.003), whereas triglycerides (p=0.037), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hemoglobin, and leukocyte levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between the two groups regarding other lipid parameters, creatinine level, and platelet count (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>STEMI (n=52)</th>
                  <th>Control (n=42)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male),n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (59.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (38.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (46.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (59.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2)*</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3 (24.8-29.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7 (25.5-31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (28.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (28.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Vital signs</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">133.6 &#177; 20.6</td>
                  <td align="center">125.9 &#177; 16.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.8 &#177; 12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">81.8 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, beats/min</td>
                  <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 13.8</td>
                  <td align="center">78.6 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Biochemical parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">199.4 &#177; 46.5</td>
                  <td align="center">205.0 &#177; 40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">39.6 &#177; 7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.4 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">125.1 &#177; 43.5</td>
                  <td align="center">127.4 &#177; 29.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum triglyceride, mg/dL*</td>
                  <td align="center">180.0 (147.5-217.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.5 (95.7-224.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum glucose, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">154.0 &#177; 74.5</td>
                  <td align="center">142.3 &#177; 73.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81 (0.75-0.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76 (0.68-0.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocytes, x109/L*</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2 (9.4-14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.2 (5.3-8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets, x109/L</td>
                  <td align="center">258 &#177; 59</td>
                  <td align="center">268 &#177; 67</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, MOTS-C levels were significantly lower in the STEMI group compared to the control group (91.9 &#177; 8.9 pg/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 171.8&#177;12.5 pg/mL, <italic>p</italic>&lt;0.001). In the second phase of the study, the STEMI group was divided into two groups according to post-PCI TIMI flow grade: (i) No-reflow: grade 0, 1, and 2 and (ii) grade 3 (angiographic success). No significant differences were found between these groups regarding demographic factors such as age, gender, and history of smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and drug history, whereas body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in group II and in-hospital MACE was significantly higher in group I (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). In the ROC analysis, serum MOTS-C level had a diagnostic value in predicting no-reflow (Area Under the ROC curve [AUC]: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.856-0.993, p&lt;0.001). A MOTS-C level of &#8805;84.15 pg/mL measured at admission was found to have 95.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity in predicting the development of no-reflow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Additionally, the MOTS-C level had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 97.6% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 80.0%. As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>, MOTS-C levels were significantly lower in the TIMI 0, 1, and 2 groups, when compared to TIMI 3. The main results of our study are shown schematically in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patient flow diagram. STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of TIMI groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>TIMI 0, 1, 2 (n=9)</th>
                  <th>TIMI 3 (n=43)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (62.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2)*</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 (26.2-31.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8 (24.2-28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (30.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Previous medications, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta Blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (00.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI-ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ca CB</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydrochlorothiazide</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Furosemide</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Vital signs</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">132.3 &#177; 22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">133.9 &#177; 20.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.3 &#177; 13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">81.3 &#177; 11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate, beats/min</td>
                  <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 15.2</td>
                  <td align="center">81.7 &#177; 13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Biochemical parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">210.4 &#177; 26.6</td>
                  <td align="center">197.1 &#177; 49.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">135.9 &#177; 34.2</td>
                  <td align="center">122.9 &#177; 45.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum triglycerides, mg/dL*</td>
                  <td align="center">166.0 (122.0-263.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">129.0 (89.0-225.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum glucose, mg/dL*</td>
                  <td align="center">133.0 (101.9-220.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">127.0 (102.0-178.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 &#177; 0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leukocytes, x109/L*</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 (9.7-12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 (9.4-15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets, x109/L</td>
                  <td align="center">238 &#177; 56</td>
                  <td align="center">262 &#177; 59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Coronary artery involvement</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single-vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (46.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (53.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Primary PCI</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent implantation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DES, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (86.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent length (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">24.3 &#177; 6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital MACE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), non-normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables are expressed as percent (%). BMI: body mass index, ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; BMS: bare metal stent; Ca CB: calcium channel blocker; BP: blood pressure; DES: drug-eluting stent; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve of MOTS-C for predicting angiographic no-reflow. MOTS-C: mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c; ROC: receiver-operating characteristic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box-plot of MOTS-C level according to TIMI flow MOTS-C: mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evaluation of Coronary Flow Level with MOTS-C in Patients with STEMI Undergoing Primary PCI</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220358-20358-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The STEMI group was divided into two groups based on the cut-off MOTS-C value of 84.15pg/mL and no significant difference was found between the two groups regarding demographic risk factors, including age and gender and major risk factors including smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. However, the prevalence of in-hospital MACE was significantly higher in the group with MOTS-C&lt;84.15 pg/mL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fundamental risk factors according to MOTS-C levels</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>MOTS-C&lt; 84.15</th>
                  <th>MOTS-C &#8805; 84.15</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.4 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (61.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4 (25.3-30.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2 (24.3-28.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single-vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (45.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multivessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (54.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital MACE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), non-normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables are expressed as percent (%). BMI: body mass index; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; MOTS-C: mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Known risk factors that may affect coronary flow and MOTS-C levels were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. In the univariate analysis, variables with a p value &lt;0.25 were defined as potential risk factors for no-reflow and were included in the full model. In the multivariate analysis, MOTS-C level (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.394, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.101-5.205; p=0.012) was found to be a significant risk factor for no-reflow in STEMI patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effect of variables on TIMI flow</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Unadjusted OR</th>
                  <th>95% Cl</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR</th>
                  <th>95% Cl</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0.976-1.137</td>
                  <td align="center">0.180</td>
                  <td align="center">1.051</td>
                  <td align="center">0.926-1.193</td>
                  <td align="center">0.442</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender</td>
                  <td align="center">2.109</td>
                  <td align="center">0.493-9.019</td>
                  <td align="center">0.314</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking status</td>
                  <td align="center">1.909</td>
                  <td align="center">0.422-8.637</td>
                  <td align="center">0.401</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.970</td>
                  <td align="center">0.789-1.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.166</td>
                  <td align="center">0.754</td>
                  <td align="center">0.484-1.173</td>
                  <td align="center">0.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.061</td>
                  <td align="center">0.189-5.943</td>
                  <td align="center">0.947</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1.517</td>
                  <td align="center">0.277-8.310</td>
                  <td align="center">0.631</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2.118</td>
                  <td align="center">0.234-19.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.505</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MOTS-C</td>
                  <td align="center">1.606</td>
                  <td align="center">1.123-2.296</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">2.394</td>
                  <td align="center">1.101-5.205</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; MOTS-C: mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c; OR: Odds ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results indicated that the MOTS-C level decreased significantly in STEMI patients and this reduction became even more significant as the TIMI flow level worsened. Accordingly, it was concluded that low MOTS-C level may be a significant prognostic marker of STEMI and that MOTS-C may have a role in the pathogenesis of STEMI.</p>
        <p>Kim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> found that MOTS-C affects the conversion of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs) by regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism and plays a cytoprotective role in aging-related diseases, thereby relieving aging symptoms and improving patient well-being.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Similarly, Andrew et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> showed that by increasing the SASP phenotype of MOTS-C, senescent cells are more easily detected and subsequently cleared by the immune system, thereby protecting normal cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> MOTS-C is also known to play a role in amino acid, muscle, and lipid metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Qin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> found that patients with endothelial dysfunction had lower levels of MOTS-C in circulating blood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> MDPs are synthesized by mitochondrial DNA and their production is affected by mitochondrial damage. In the heart, mitochondria are important energizing organelles and are involved in various mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> MOTS-C can ameliorate diabetes and other similar disorders by inhibiting insulin resistance and diet-induced obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Taken together, all these findings indicate that MDPs play a protective role in cardiovascular diseases through different mechanisms. The present study was inspired by the absence of the documentation of the relationship between STEMI and MOTS-C in the literature. In our study, the MOTS-C levels in the STEMI group were significantly lower compared to those of control group, which suggests that low MOTS-C may play a role in the development of STEMI.</p>
        <p>Studies have shown a relationship between the no-reflow phenomenon and the recovery of left ventricular function, morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Some other studies indicated that MDPs play a protective role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. In a rat study that evaluated an experimental ischemia-reperfusion model, the animals were administered HNG one hour before or during reperfusion and it was observed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated signaling was activated and a potential mechanism related to the regulation of apoptotic factors was effective after the administration of HNG. Additionally, it was also observed that the left ventricular functions of the mice improved and the infarct size decreased as the HNG dose increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Following the documentation of the effect of HNG on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the above study, the present study was conducted with MOTS-C, which is another MDP. The present study particularly investigated the relationship between ischemia/reperfusion injury, which has an important role in the pathogenesis of the no-reflow phenomenon and MOTS-C, which has a known protective effect, and it was shown that as the MOTS-C level decreases, the TIMI flow worsens, ultimately resulting in the no-reflow phenomenon. Additionally, a MOTS-C level &#8805;84.15 pg/mL measured at admission was found to have 95.3% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity in predicting the development of no-reflow, and elevated MOTS-C levels were found to be a strong and independent predictor of the no-reflow phenomenon and in-hospital MACE in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.</p>
        <p>Ming Wei et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> showed that MOTS-C treatment administered to rats led to a significant reduction in vascular calcification and blood pressure, maintenance of normal cardiac structure, reduced blood vessel stiffness, and a significant progress in cardiac function restoration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, the present study also showed that the decrease in MOTS-C level may have a role in the pathogenesis of STEMI.</p>
        <p>A recent update by Yang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> suggested that as serum markers, MDPs may have a diagnostic role in early abnormalities in cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go regarding the use of MDPs for clinical treatment. As the first reason, the existing mechanisms of MDPs in different cardiovascular diseases remain unclear and, thus, further studies are needed to identify the receptors and signaling pathways involved in these mechanisms. Second, MDP studies in cardiovascular diseases are still in the experimental stage. Additionally, in animal studies, no adverse reactions were observed following the administration of exogenous MDPs.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, the side effects or risks of MDPs used for the prevention or treatment of human diseases remain unclear; therefore, further safety studies are needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In the present study, since the protective role of MOTS-C on the cardiovascular system had been demonstrated by numerous studies, only the effects of MOTS-C on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular system was investigated. Our findings showed that MOTS-C could be used as a prognostic factor in STEMI, which is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among cardiovascular conditions, and it may also have a role in STEMI treatment. These findings are likely to shed light on future studies.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study was limited in several ways. First and foremost, it had a small patient population and was conducted in a single center. Secondly, the patients included in the study consisted of randomly selected STEMI patients; therefore, our findings cannot be generalized to the entire STEMI population. Further larger studies conducted with more biomarkers are needed to substantiate our findings in the STEMI population and to determine their generalizability to other populations and ethnicities.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results indicated that the MOTS-C level measured at admission constitutes a strong and independent indicator of poor coronary blood flow following primary PCI. Additionally, a decreased MOTS-C level constitutes a strong and independent predictor of no-reflow and in-hospital MACE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethical Statement</p>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by Inonu University Medical School Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval date: October 21, 2020; No. 2020/160). Informed consent was obtained from each participant.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
