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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qcncSsFNjtt4W4yQ4ygfrqs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220287</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica com <italic>Strain</italic> do Envolvimento Mioc&#225;rdico em Pacientes com Dor Tor&#225;cica Cont&#237;nua ap&#243;s Infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-3022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9748-5136</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karag&#246;z</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emren</surname>
            <given-names>Sad&#305;k Volkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1602-2717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Altay</surname>
            <given-names>Sedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eren</surname>
            <given-names>Nihan Kahya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Selin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toka&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Atat&#252;rk Research and Training Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Katip &#199;elebi University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Atat&#252;rk Research and Training Hospital, Katip &#199;elebi University, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento da Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Torbal&#305; Goverment Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Cardiologia, Torbal&#305; Goverment Hospital, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento da Radiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Atat&#252;rk Research and Training Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento da Radiologia, Atat&#252;rk Research and Training Hospital, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Doen&#231;as Infecciosas, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Emre &#214;zdemir &#8226; Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital &#8211; Departamento de Cardiologia, Karabaglar, Izmir &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>emreozdemir27@yahoo.com.tr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220287</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Tem surgido uma nova manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica chamada p&#243;s-COVID ou COVID longa (COVID p/l) ap&#243;s a fase aguda da COVID-19. COVID p/l pode levar &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com problemas card&#237;acos subsequentes. Diagnosticar esses pacientes de forma r&#225;pida e simples &#233; cada vez mais importante devido ao n&#250;mero crescente de pacientes com COVID p/l.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparamos os par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia com <italic>strain</italic> (ES) de pacientes que apresentaram dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica e achados de sequelas de miocardite na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC). Nosso objetivo foi investigar o valor da ES para detec&#231;&#227;o de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com COVID p/l.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos um total de 42 pacientes. Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi separada em 2 grupos. O grupo RMC(-) (n = 21) n&#227;o apresentou sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC, enquanto o grupo RMC(+) apresentou sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC (n = 21). O valor preditivo da ES para miocardite tamb&#233;m foi avaliado por an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada por idade. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Quando comparado com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) e o <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial global (SCG) tiveram uma rela&#231;&#227;o mais forte (FEVE, p = 0,05; SLG, p &lt; 0,001; SCG, p &lt; 0,001) com envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico associado &#224; COVID p/l. SLG &lt; 20,35 apresentou sensibilidade de 85,7% e especificidade de 81%; SCG &lt; 21,35 apresentou sensibilidade de 81% e especificidade de 81% como valores diagn&#243;sticos para sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas detectadas com RMC. Enquanto n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto aos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (prote&#237;na C-reativa, p = 0,31), houve diferen&#231;a entre os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, que s&#227;o indicadores de envolvimento card&#237;aco (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A ES &#233; mais &#250;til do que a ecocardiografia tradicional para diagnosticar com rapidez e precis&#227;o, a fim de n&#227;o atrasar o tratamento na presen&#231;a de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em mar&#231;o de 2020, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de declarou o surto do novo coronav&#237;rus uma pandemia global. Agora sabemos que a COVID-19 causa n&#227;o apenas pneumonia viral, mas tamb&#233;m complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, vasculares, cerebrais, hep&#225;ticas e renais, constituindo uma doen&#231;a multissist&#234;mica complexa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na fase aguda, o envolvimento cardiovascular &#233; causado por les&#227;o viral direta do mioc&#225;rdio, m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias por tempestade de citocinas, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por vasculite, desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o de placas coronarianas existentes, tromboembolismo pulmonar, microtrombog&#234;nese e les&#227;o por hipoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, algumas pessoas ainda apresentam sintomas, mesmo ap&#243;s se recuperarem da COVID-19, e isto &#233; chamado de s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-COVID ou COVID longa (COVID p/l).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em algumas s&#233;ries, a dor tor&#225;cica foi relatada em quase 20% dos pacientes ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O mecanismo da dor tor&#225;cica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro, mas pode estar relacionado aos efeitos de longo prazo da COVID-19 no mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) pode desempenhar um papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o dessa s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a ecocardiografia com <italic>strain</italic> (ES) n&#227;o seja um dos procedimentos de rotina utilizados pelos cardiologistas, alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que par&#226;metros de ES baixos podem detectar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica antes que os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais se agravem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Par&#226;metros de ES baixos podem ser detectados durante a fase aguda da COVID-19 independentemente do estado cl&#237;nico e de ecocardiografia tradicional e podem se resolver durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o existem dados suficientes sobre a import&#226;ncia dos par&#226;metros de ES no exame de pacientes com COVID p/l.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, avaliamos os par&#226;metros ES de pacientes que sofreram de dor tor&#225;cica at&#237;pica ap&#243;s se recuperarem completamente da COVID-19. Em seguida, comparamos esses par&#226;metros com os achados da RMC de sequelas de miocardite e investigamos o valor da ES para detectar envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com COVID p/l.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, selecionamos retrospectivamente um total de 222 pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de RMC por qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o entre fevereiro de 2020 e dezembro de 2021 em um &#250;nico centro. Desses pacientes, os seguintes dados foram selecionados a partir de registros hospitalares: o per&#237;odo entre a fase aguda da COVID-19 e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RMC, hist&#243;ria card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e presen&#231;a de exames card&#237;acos (tomografia computadorizada coronariana, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, teste ergom&#233;trico) para excluir dor tor&#225;cica associada &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e queixas de dor tor&#225;cica cont&#237;nua.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos 180 pacientes porque: 1) o per&#237;odo entre a fase aguda da COVID-19 e a avalia&#231;&#227;o por RMC foi inferior a 3 meses ou o per&#237;odo foi superior a 3 meses, mas n&#227;o houve teste PCR positivo para COVID-19 (n = 102); 2) sem dor tor&#225;cica cont&#237;nua (n = 51); 3) n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a ecocardiografia no per&#237;odo de uma semana a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o da RMC (n = 11); 4) aus&#234;ncia de exame card&#237;aco para excluir dor tor&#225;cica relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (n = 8); 5) falta de outros dados nos registros hospitalares (n = 8), conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do estudo. RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram questionados sobre seus sintomas do per&#237;odo de infec&#231;&#227;o aguda por COVID-19 durante a admiss&#227;o com dor tor&#225;cica cont&#237;nua. Todos os pacientes apresentaram febre, tosse e dispneia leve, sem necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o, e nenhum deles descreveu dor tor&#225;cica durante a fase aguda da COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Um total de 42 pacientes que se queixaram de dor tor&#225;cica que continuou ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19 e tiveram RMC nos registros hospitalares foram inscritos. Nenhum paciente apresentava outras comorbidades. Foram registrados o hemograma de rotina, exames bioqu&#237;micos, par&#226;metros de <italic>strain</italic> (deforma&#231;&#227;o) e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais de todos os pacientes. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os achados da RMC compat&#237;veis com sequelas de miocardite. As sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas foram detectadas como um padr&#227;o de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) subepic&#225;rdico ou da parede m&#233;dia que estava predominantemente localizada nos segmentos basal a m&#233;dio-lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Foram coletados os dados de registros hospitalares, incluindo hemoglobina s&#233;rica (hemoglobina), plaquetas, gl&#243;bulos brancos, neutr&#243;filos, contagem de linf&#243;citos, creatinina, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), prote&#237;na C-reativa, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), n&#237;veis de troponina I card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).</p>
        <p>Todos os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos usando uma m&#225;quina de ecocardiografia padr&#227;o EPIQ 7C (Philips Medical Imaging, Eindhoven, Holanda). Foram avaliados o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro do septo interventricular e di&#226;metro da parede posterior, ondas de influxo mitral como a onda precoce de pico (E) e a onda de enchimento tardio (A), as ondas de Doppler tecidual do anel mitral como as velocidades sist&#243;lica (s&#8217;), diast&#243;lica precoce (e&#8217;) e diast&#243;lica tardia (a&#8217;) do anel mitral. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi medida pelo m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica com strain</title>
        <p>Foram aceitos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos adequados, com registros salvos ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o, adquiridos a partir do pico da onda R, e todas as janelas apicais de 4, 3 e 2 c&#226;maras, bem como o eixo curto paraesternal dos n&#237;veis basal, m&#233;dio-ventricular e apical, avaliados a uma frequ&#234;ncia de 50 a 90 quadros por segundo. Foram analisadas as m&#233;dias de 3 ciclos card&#237;acos. Os par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o de todos os segmentos foram calculados pelo software (QLAB, Philips). Subsequentemente, foram registradas a <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) e a <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial global (SCG). De acordo com o fluxograma do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), os registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram aceitos quando puderam ser realizados no per&#237;odo de uma semana a partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o por RMC. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es e c&#225;lculos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados por um ecocardiografista experiente que desconhecia os achados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de RMC do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de RMC foram realizadas em um scanner de 1,5 Tesla (Aera&#174;; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Alemanha). Os pacientes foram examinados com o disparo do eletrocardiograma usando uma bobina de corpo phased-array com 16 canais. Ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens de varredura do localizador padr&#227;o, foram adquiridas as imagens cine em apneia nas visualiza&#231;&#245;es de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras dos ventr&#237;culos. Como agente de contraste, foi utilizada uma inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 0,2 mmol/kg de Dotarem (gadoterato de meglumina; Guerbet LLC, Villepinte, Fran&#231;a). Os exames de RMC foram avaliados por um radiologista que possui um certificado de imagem card&#237;aca com ampla experi&#234;ncia em RMC (&gt; 9 anos). Os crit&#233;rios atuais de Lake Louise foram usados para o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado com a aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e o consentimento informado dos pacientes, de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA). O teste de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov foi realizado para avaliar se os dados tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o) se a vari&#225;vel for distribu&#237;da como param&#233;trica, ou mediana (intervalo interquartil: Q1 a Q3) se a vari&#225;vel for distribu&#237;da como valores n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas com os valores do teste t independente ou do teste de Mann&#8211;Whitney, dependendo do tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. Foram realizados o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usado para examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de SLG, SCG e BNP. O valor preditivo, incluindo sensibilidade e especificidade de SLG e SCG para miocardite, foi determinado pela an&#225;lise da curva do operador do receptor. Usando an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi determinada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SLG e SCG na miocardite. Al&#233;m disso, SCG e SLG ajustados para idade na miocardite tamb&#233;m foram avaliados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, uma vez que os pacientes com sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC eram significativamente mais velhos. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os pacientes foram separados em 2 grupos de acordo com os achados da RMC. Os pacientes do grupo RMC&#8722; (n = 21) n&#227;o apresentaram sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC, enquanto os do grupo RMC+ (n = 21) apresentaram sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas.</p>
      <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos basais, comorbidades, contagem de hemoglobina, plaquetas, gl&#243;bulos brancos, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, creatinina, TFG, n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa, BNP, e troponina I, IMC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, PAS e PAD, como par&#226;metros associados aos valores da ES, s&#227;o exibidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino, creatinina m&#233;dia, contagem mediana de gl&#243;bulos brancos, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, plaquetas, hemoglobina, TFG, prote&#237;na C-reativa, PAD, IMC, e os valores m&#233;dios de PAS e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram semelhantes e estatisticamente n&#227;o significativos para ambos os grupos. A mediana de idade dos pacientes (maior nos pacientes com sequela mioc&#225;rdica na RMC), a mediana da troponina I e os n&#237;veis de BNP foram diferentes e estatisticamente significativos no grupo de pacientes com sequela mioc&#225;rdica na RMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais de linha de base dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Pacientes com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC&#8211;</th>
                <th>Sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC+</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (38-48)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (44-58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (81%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (62%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">0,73&#177;0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,74&#177;0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gl&#243;bulos brancos (&#215; 10<sup>3</sup>/L), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,75 (6,56-8,74)</td>
                <td align="center">7,49 (6,51-8,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos (&#215; 10<sup>3</sup>/L), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 (3,24-5,43)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 (3,34-5,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos (&#215; 10<sup>3</sup>/L), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">2,25&#177;0,55</td>
                <td align="center">2,21&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (&#215; 10<sup>3</sup>/L), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">261 (248-354)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (201-333)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 (11-14)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (11,55-13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (98-112)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (95-104)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina I (ng/mL), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003 (0,001-0,003)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005 (0,002-1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C-reativa, mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,95 (0,32-4,78)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,2-3,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP, mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (127-222)</td>
                <td align="center">464 (404-470)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">70&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">123&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center">125&#177;8</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (62-75)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (61-69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (20-26)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (20-26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; bpm: batimentos por minuto; dL: decilitro; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; g: grama; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; kg: quilograma; L: litro; m: metro; min: minuto; mL: mililitro; mmHg: mil&#237;metro de merc&#250;rio; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos como di&#226;metro da raiz a&#243;rtica, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro do septo interventricular, di&#226;metro da parede posterior, DDVE, DSVE, E, A, E&#8217;, A&#8217;, volume diast&#243;lico final e FEVE foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, mas n&#227;o estatisticamente significativos. Em contraste, os valores do volume sist&#243;lico final foram maiores, e os valores de S&#8217;, SCG e SLG foram menores nos pacientes com sequela mioc&#225;rdica na RMC e significativamente semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Enquanto a FEVE, par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico tradicional mais utilizado, n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, os valores de SE, como SLG e SCG apresentaram. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de ecocardiografia tradicional e de strain dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Pacientes com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC&#8211;</th>
                <th>Sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC+</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RA (mm), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (20-21)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (19-24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE (mm), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (30-34)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (31-33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIV (mm), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9-10)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10-11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP (mm), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9-10)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10-11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm), m&#233;dia &#177; SD</td>
                <td align="center">40&#177;3,2</td>
                <td align="center">42&#177;3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSVE (mm), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (22-28)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24-28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E (cm/s), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (66-90)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (69-91)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A (cm/s), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (44-70)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (49-81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E&#8217; (cm/s), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7-18)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7-12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A&#8217; (cm/s), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,9-14)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7,7-111)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#8217; (cm/s), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 (7,35-14)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 (7,3-9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDF (mL), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (57,8-82)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (63-113)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSF (mL), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (15-28)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (23-36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%), mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (64-71)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (64-69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCG, mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 (27,8-25,1)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (21 -18,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SLG, mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 (28,1-20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (20,3-18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>A: velocidade da onda A; A&#8217;: velocidade da onda A&#8217; lateral; AE: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo; cm: cent&#237;metro; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; E: velocidade da onda E; E&#8217;: velocidade da onda E&#8217; lateral; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; mL: mililitro; mm: mil&#237;metro; PP: di&#226;metro da parede posterior; Q1-Q3: intervalo interquartil; RA: di&#226;metro da raiz a&#243;rtica; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; s: segundo; S&#8217;: velocidade da onda S&#8217; lateral; SCG: strain circunferencial global; SIV: di&#226;metro do septo interventricular; SLG: strain longitudinal global; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre SLG e BNP e, tamb&#233;m, entre os valores de SCG e BNP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada por idade, os valores de SLG e SCG foram significativos, independentemente da idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> para SLG e SCG, os valores da &#225;rea sob a curva foram detectados como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre GLS e BNP (rho = 0,539, p &lt; 0,001) (A), e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre GCS e BNP (rho = 0,429, p = 0,001) (B) s&#227;o mostradas no diagrama de dispers&#227;o. BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; SCG: strain circunferencial global; SLG: strain longitudinal global.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre SCG/SLG e miocardite (ajustada por idade) na an&#225;lise multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th scope="col">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC de 95%</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor p</th>
                <th scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th scope="col">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC de 95%</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,051</td>
                <td align="center">0,976</td>
                <td align="center">1,133</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
                <td align="center">0,930</td>
                <td align="center">1,072</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>SCG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,564</td>
                <td align="center">1,201</td>
                <td align="center">2,036</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>SLG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,572</td>
                <td align="center">1,171</td>
                <td align="center">2,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio; SCG: strain circunferencial global; SLG: strain longitudinal global.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Conforme observado na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, os valores de SLG apresentaram AUC de 0,866 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,752 a 0,981 e p &lt; 0,001 (A); e SCG apresentou um valor de AUC de 0,864 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,736 a 0,992 e p &lt; 0,001 (B). AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor; SCG: strain circunferencial global; SLG: strain longitudinal global.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um valor de SLG com ponto de corte &lt; 20,35 mostrou sensibilidade de 85,7% e especificidade de 81%, e um valor de SCG com ponto de corte &lt; 21,35 mostrou sensibilidade de 81% e especificidade de 81% na detec&#231;&#227;o de sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas sem necessitar de avalia&#231;&#227;o por RMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pontos de corte preditivos de SLG e SCG para miocardite</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th colspan="2">Valor do SLG</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th colspan="2">Valor do SCG</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade</th>
                <th>Especificidade</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 20,35</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">85,7%</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 21,35</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
                <td align="center">81%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>SCG: strain circunferencial global; SLG: strain longitudinal global.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar que SLG e SCG s&#227;o ferramentas valiosas para detectar sequelas de miocardite em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica como sintoma de COVID p/l ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o total da fase aguda de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Como problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a COVID-19 &#233; respons&#225;vel por altas taxas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da COVID-19 tamb&#233;m s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por essas taxas de morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A COVID-19 pode acometer o sistema cardiovascular a uma taxa de 20% com um espectro de piora do estado cardiovascular ou causando <italic>de novo</italic> complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Diversas formas de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares podem ser categorizadas como les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou exacerba&#231;&#227;o do estado cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Essas patologias est&#227;o associadas a defeitos no suprimento/demanda de oxig&#234;nio, les&#227;o mediada por citocinas, dano mioc&#225;rdico direto mediado por v&#237;rus ou dano endotelial, instabilidade da placa e estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico de COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em estudos populacionais de COVID-19, a dor tor&#225;cica est&#225; presente em uma taxa menor do que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com incid&#234;ncia de 1,6% a 17,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Durante a fase aguda da COVID-19, a dor tor&#225;cica pode ocorrer devido ao envolvimento card&#237;aco. Em alguns pacientes, a dor tor&#225;cica pode continuar ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o total da COVID-19, que &#233; definida como a persist&#234;ncia dos sintomas da COVID-19 por um per&#237;odo &gt; 3 a 4 semanas e &#233; denominada &#8220;s&#237;ndrome COVID p/l&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dor tor&#225;cica por les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode ser detectada por altos n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> mas ap&#243;s a fase aguda da COVID-19, com COVID p/l, a RMC tem a capacidade de identificar de forma n&#227;o invasiva o dano inflamat&#243;rio do mioc&#225;rdio e avaliar a gravidade do comprometimento funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O fato de a ecocardiografia ser uma ferramenta mais acess&#237;vel e pr&#225;tica que a RMC significa que a ecocardiografia &#233; mais vi&#225;vel nesses pacientes para os cardiologistas. Embora haja fortes evid&#234;ncias de envolvimento card&#237;aco de COVID-19 por RMC ou aut&#243;psia, a ecocardiografia tradicional pode detectar fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal na maioria dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos mostraram que a ES pode ser usada para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A idade mediana da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e a predomin&#226;ncia de sexo foram semelhantes aos dados de Tudoran et al. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Entretanto, em nosso estudo, os pacientes com sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas na RMC apresentaram mediana de idade mais elevada. Acreditamos que isso esteja relacionado ao fato de que o dano mioc&#225;rdico se torna mais comum com a idade.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de BNP e troponina I foram mais altos em pacientes com sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos recentes que indicam que concentra&#231;&#245;es mais altas de biomarcadores no sangue venoso, como creatina quinase isoenzima, mioglobina, troponina I e NT-proBNP, foram associados &#224; gravidade da COVID-19 aguda mas n&#227;o &#224; COVID p/l.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, sabemos que o aumento do BNP &#233; um marcador precoce de depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O BNP &#233; um indicador de dano mioc&#225;rdico em modelos animais e est&#225; correlacionado com disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio dos dados conhecidos de que n&#237;veis elevados de marcadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo prote&#237;na C-reativa e linfopenia, t&#234;m sido associados com COVID p/l, os valores de prote&#237;na C-reativa e linf&#243;citos foram estatisticamente semelhantes em nossos 2 grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Isso mostra que, nesses pacientes, as sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas foram complicadas por disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, e valores elevados de BNP foram associados a esses dados. Isso sugere que o dano mioc&#225;rdico continua embora o processo inflamat&#243;rio tenha terminado nos pacientes com envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico por COVID p/l, e corrobora a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de BNP e os valores de SCG-SLG em nosso estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). &#201; importante diagnosticar esses pacientes rapidamente por ES e trat&#225;-los para que o dano mioc&#225;rdico n&#227;o continue.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, IMC, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, PAS e PAD foram semelhantes, o que pode afetar a avalia&#231;&#227;o por ES (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Na RMC, o valor da FEVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica tradicional foi estatisticamente n&#227;o significativo e compar&#225;vel entre pacientes com e sem sequela mioc&#225;rdica. No entanto, os valores de SLG e SCG apresentaram forte diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica e foram menores nos pacientes com sequela mioc&#225;rdica na RMC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Valores mais baixos de ES tamb&#233;m foram relatados na fase aguda de COVID-19 por Bieber et al., Park et al., e Bhatia et al., e foi demonstrado que um valor de corte para SLG de 13,8, apesar da FEVE normal, estava associado com mortalidade significativamente maior durante a fase aguda da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essas informa&#231;&#245;es mostram que os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais n&#227;o s&#227;o comprometidos na COVID p/l. Em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m obtivemos valores de ES mais baixos em pacientes com COVID p/l. O valor do SLG com ponto de corte &lt; 20,35 e o valor de SCG com ponto de corte &lt; 21,35 apresentaram valor diagn&#243;stico sem necessitar de avalia&#231;&#227;o por RMC para envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico devido &#224; COVID p/l (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura central</xref>). Com base nesses valores, as sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas podem ser detectadas de acordo com a RMC.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica com Strain do Envolvimento Mioc&#225;rdico em Pacientes com Dor Tor&#225;cica Cont&#237;nua ap&#243;s Infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode ser detectada pela ES, que &#233; t&#227;o valiosa quanto a RMC nesses pacientes. Considerando as desvantagens de custo-efetividade, acessibilidade e repetibilidade da RMC, bem como a facilidade de repetibilidade, custo-efetividade e f&#225;cil acessibilidade da ES no acompanhamento do processo de recupera&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes, a ES pode ser um m&#233;todo norteador para cardiologistas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; que foi retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico na COVID p/l &#233; mais complexa do que na fase aguda da COVID-19. Para evitar atrasos no tratamento na presen&#231;a de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico, &#233; importante diagnosticar os pacientes com sequelas mioc&#225;rdicas com rapidez e precis&#227;o. Os cardiologistas, que s&#227;o os principais profissionais no tratamento das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, devem ter em mente que esses pacientes podem ser diagnosticados tanto com a ES quanto com a RMC. Nesse caso, os problemas de custo e repetibilidade da RMC podem tornar a ES uma ferramenta melhor para o diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento desses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn id="fn2">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn3">
        <label/>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn4">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn5">
        <label/>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Katip &#199;elebi University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0473. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Strain Echocardiographic Evaluation of Myocardial Involvement in Patients with Continuing Chest Pain after COVID-19 Infection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0034-3022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Emre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9748-5136</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karag&#246;z</surname>
            <given-names>U&#287;ur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emren</surname>
            <given-names>Sad&#305;k Volkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1602-2717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Altay</surname>
            <given-names>Sedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eren</surname>
            <given-names>Nihan Kahya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zdemir</surname>
            <given-names>Selin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toka&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atat&#252;rk Research and Training Hospital, Katip &#199;elebi University, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Torbal&#305; Goverment Hospital, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, Atat&#252;rk Research and Training Hospital, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Infectious Diseases, Bozyaka Research and Training Hospital, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Emre &#214;zdemir &#8226; Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Karabaglar, Izmir &#8211; Turkey E-mail: emreozdemir27@yahoo.com.tr </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> A new clinical manifestation called post or long coronavirus disease (p/l COVID) has walked into our lives after the acute COVID-19 phase. P/l COVID may lead to myocardial injury with subsequent cardiac problems. Diagnosing these patients quickly and simply has become more important due to the increasing number of patients with p/l COVID.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> We compared strain echocardiography (SE) parameters of patients who suffered from atypical chest pain and had sequel myocarditis findings on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). We aimed to investigate the value of SE for detection of myocardial involvement in patients with p/l COVID.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 42 patients were enrolled. Our population was separated into two groups. The CMR(-) group (n = 21) had no myocardial sequelae on CMR, whereas the CMR(+) group had myocardial sequelae on CMR (n = 21). The predictive value of SE for myocarditis was also evaluated by age-adjusted multivariate analysis. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> When compared with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS) and global circumferential strain (GCS) had a stronger relationship (LVEF, p = 0.05; GLS, p &lt; 0.001; GCS, p &lt; 0.001) with p/l COVID associated myocardial involvement. GLS &lt; 20.35 had 85.7% sensitivity and 81% specificity; GCS &lt; 21.35 had 81% sensitivity and 81% specificity as diagnostic values for myocardial sequelae detected with CMR. While there was no difference between the groups in terms of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, p = 0.31), a difference was observed between biochemical markers, which are indicators of cardiac involvement (brain natriuretic peptide, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> SE is more useful than traditional echocardiography for making diagnosis quickly and accurately in order not to delay treatment in the presence of myocardial involvement.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocarditis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus outbreak a global pandemic. We now know that COVID-19 causes not only viral pneumonia but also heart, vascular, cerebral, liver and kidney problems as a complex multisystem disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the acute phase, cardiovascular involvement is caused by direct viral injury of the myocardium, multiple inflammatory injuries caused by cytokine storm, endothelial dysfunction due to vasculitis, destabilization of existing coronary plaques, pulmonary thromboembolism, microthrombogenesis, and injury caused by hypoxemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, some people still have symptoms, even after they have recovered from COVID-19, which is called p/l COVID syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In some series, chest pain has been reported in nearly 20% of patients after COVID-19 recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The mechanism of chest pain is still unclear, but it could be linked to the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) could play a role in the evaluation of this syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although strain echocardiography (SE) is not one of the routine echocardiographic procedures used by cardiologists, some studies have shown that low SE parameters can detect the progression of myocardial disease before traditional echocardiographic parameters become worse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Low SE parameters can be detected during the acute phase of COVID-19 independently of clinical and traditional echocardiographic status and resolve during the follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, there are not enough data regarding the importance of SE parameters in the examination of patients with p/l COVID.</p>
        <p>In this study, we evaluated the SE parameters of patients who suffered from atypical chest pain after they had fully recovered from COVID-19. We then compared these parameters with the CMR findings of myocarditis sequelae and investigated the value of SE for detecting myocardial involvement in patients with p/l COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>In this study, we retrospectively scanned a total of 222 patients who underwent CMR evaluation due to any indication between February 2020 and December 2021 in a single center. In these patients, the period between the acute phase of COVID-19 and CMR evaluation, previous cardiac history and presence of cardiac tests (coronary computed tomography, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, exercise stress test) to exclude coronary artery disease associated chest pain and continuing chest pain complaints were scanned from hospital records.</p>
          <p>One hundred and eighty patients were excluded because: 1) the period between the acute phase of COVID-19 and CMR evaluation was less than 3 months, or the period was more than 3 months, but there was no PCR positive COVID-19 test (n = 102); 2) no continuing chest pain (n = 51); 3) echocardiography could not be performed within a period of one week from CMR evaluation (n = 11); 4) no cardiac test to exclude coronary artery disease-related chest pain (n = 8); 5) lack of other data in hospital records (n = 8), as exhibited in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flow chart of the study. CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Patients&#8217; symptoms of the acute COVID-19 infection period were questioned during admission with continuing chest pain. All of the patients had fever, cough, and mild dyspnea without requiring hospitalization, and none of them described chest pain during the acute phase of COVID-19.</p>
          <p>A total of 42 patients who complained of chest pain that continued after recovery from COVID-19 and had CMR on hospital records were enrolled. All patients had no other comorbid diseases. All patients&#8217; routine hemogram, biochemical tests, strain parameters, and traditional echocardiographic parameters were recorded. These patients were divided into two groups according to CMR findings compatible with myocarditis sequelae. Myocardial sequelae were detected as a subepicardial or a mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) pattern that was predominantly located in the basal to mid-lateral segments of the left ventricle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Data from hospital records, including serum hemoglobin (Hb), platelet, white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (Neu), lymphocyte (Lym) counts, creatinine (Cr), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), C-reactive protein (CRP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), cardiac troponin I (TI) levels, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body mass index (BMI) were collected.</p>
          <p>All echocardiographic data was obtained using a standard EPIQ 7C echocardiography machine (Philips Medical Imaging, Eindhoven, Netherlands). The left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD), left atrial diameter (LA), interventricular septal diameter (IVS) and posterior wall diameter (Pw), mitral inflow waves as the peak early wave (E) and late filling (A) wave, mitral annulus tissue doppler waves as systolic annular (s&#8217;), early diastolic annular (e&#8217;) and late (a&#8217;) diastolic annular velocities were assessed. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured using the biplane Simpson&#8217;s method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strain echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>Adequate echocardiographic data were accepted, with records saved at the end of exhalation, acquired from the peak of the R-wave, and all views from the apical 4-, 3-, and 2-chamber windows, as well as parasternal short axis from the basal, midventricular, and apical levels, assessed at a frame rate of 50 to 90 per second. The averages of 3 cardiac cycles were analyzed. The deformation parameters of all segments were calculated by the software (QLAB, Philips). Subsequently, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and circumferential strain (GCS) were noted. According to the study&#8217;s flow chart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>), echocardiography records were accepted if they could be performed in a period of one week from the CMR evaluation. All echocardiographic evaulations and calculations were performed by an experienced echocardiographer who was not aware of the patient&#8217;s clinical, laboratory, and CMR findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation</title>
          <p>All CMR evaluations were performed on a 1.5 Tesla scanner (Aera&#174;; Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). Patients were scanned with the electrocardiogram triggering using a 16-channel surface phased-array body coil. After standard localizer scan images were acquired, breath-hold cine images were acquired in the 2-chamber and 4-chamber views of the ventricles. As a contrast agent, an intravenous injection of 0.2 mmol/kg Dotarem (gadoterate meglumine; Guerbet LLC, Villepinte, France) was used. The CMR examinations were evaluated by a radiologist who has a cardiac imaging certificate with extensive CMR experience (&gt; 9 years). Current Lake Louise criteria were used for the diagnosis of myocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The study was performed with the approval of the local ethics committee and the informed consent of patients, according to the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15.0 software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test was performed to assess whether the data had a normal distribution. Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviation) if the variable is distributed as parametric, or median (interquartile range: Q1 to Q3) if the variable is distributed as non-parametric values. Variables were compared with independent t-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney test values depending on the type of data distribution. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. Chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test were performed to compare categorical variables. The Spearman&#8217;s correlation test was used to examine the relationship between GLS, GCS, and BNP values. The predictive value, including sensitivity and specificity of GLS and GCS for myocarditis, was determined by receiver operator curve analysis. Using logistic regression analysis, the association between GLS and GCS in myocarditis was determined. In addition, age-adjusted GCS and GLS in myocarditis were also evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis, since the patients with myocardial sequelae on CMR were statistically significantly older. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The patients were separated into two groups according to CMR findings. The patients in the CMR&#8722; group (n = 21) had no myocardial sequelae on CMR, whereas those in the CMR+ group (n = 21) had myocardial sequelae.</p>
        <p>Baseline demographics, comorbidities, Hb, Plt, WBC, Neu, Lym counts, Cr, GFR, CRP, BNP, TI levels, BMI, heart rate (HR), SBP, and DBP as parameters associated with SE values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Female gender predominance, mean Cr, median WBC, Neu, Lym, Plt, Hb, GFR, CRP, DBP, BMI, and mean SBP and HR values were similar and statistically non-significant for both groups. The median age of the patients (higher in patients with myocardial sequelae on CMR), median TI, and BNP values were different and statistically significant in the group of patients with myocardial sequelae on CMR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patients&#8217; baseline demographic and laboratory parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Patients with chest pain complaint</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Myocardial sequelae on CMR&#8211;</th>
                  <th>Myocardial sequelae on CMR+</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (38-48)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (44-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (62%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL), mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73&#177;0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74&#177;0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (&#215; 103/L), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.75 (6.56-8.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.49 (6.51-8.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neu (&#215; 103/L), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 (3.24-5.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 (3.34-5.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lym (&#215; 103/L), mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">2.25&#177;0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">2.21&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plt (&#215; 103/L), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (248-354)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (201-333)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (g/dL), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 (11-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 (11.55-13.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR, median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (98-112)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (95-104)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TI (ng/mL), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003 (0.001-0.003)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005 (0.002-1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.95 (0.32-4.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.2-3.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (127-222)</td>
                  <td align="center">464 (404-470)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm), mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">70&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg), mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">123&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center">125&#177;8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (62-75)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (61-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (20-26)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (20-26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body-mass index; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; bpm: beats per minute; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; CRP: C-reactive protein; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; dL: deciliter; g: gram; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; Hb: hemoglobin; HR: heart rate; kg: kilogram; L: liter; Lym: lymphocytes; min: minute; mL: milliliter; mmHg: millimeter mercury; Neu: neutrophils; Plt: platelets; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; TI: troponin I; WBC: white-blood cells.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Echocardiographic parameters such as aortic root diameter, LA, IVS, Pw, LVDD, LVSD, E, A, E&#8217;, A&#8217;, end-diastolic volume, and LVEF values were statistically non-significantly similar in both groups. In contrast, end-systolic values were higher, and S&#8217;, GCS, and GLS values were lower in the patients with myocardial sequelae on CMR and statistically significantly similar in both groups. While LVEF, the most commonly used traditional echocardiography parameter, showed no statistical significance, SE values such as GLS and GCS did (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of patients&#8217; traditional and strain echocardiography parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Patients with chest pain complaint</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Myocardial sequelae on CMR&#8211;</th>
                  <th>Myocardial sequelae on CMR+</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AR (mm), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (20-21)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19-24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (mm), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (30-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (31-33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVS (mm), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9-10)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pw (mm), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9-10)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD (mm), mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#177;3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">42&#177;3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVSD (mm), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (22-28)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (24-28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E (cm/s), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (66-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (69-91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A (cm/s), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (44-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (49-81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E&#8217; (cm/s), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7-18)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A&#8217; (cm/s), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7.9-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7.7-111)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8217; (cm/s), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5 (7.35-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8 (7.3-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDV (mL), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (57.8-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (63-113)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ESV (mL), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15-28)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (23-36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%), median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (64-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (64-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GCS, median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2 (27.8-25.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (21 -18.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GLS, median (Q1-Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6 (28.1-20.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (20.3-18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>A: A-wave velocity; A&#8217;: lateral A&#8217;-wave velocity; AR: aortic root diameter; cm: centimeter; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; E: E-wave velocity; E&#8217;: lateral E&#8217;-wave velocity; ESV: end-systolic volume; GCS: global circumferential strain; GLS: global longitudinal strain; IVS: interventricular septum diameter; LA: left atrial diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; mL: milliliter; mm: millimeter; Pw: posterior wall diameter; Q1-Q3: interquartile range; s: second; S&#8217;: lateral S&#8217;-wave velocity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There was a moderate correlation between GLS and BNP and also between GCS and BNP values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). In age-adjusted multivariate analysis, GLS and GCS values were found to be significant regardless of age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> for GLS and GCS, the values for area under the curve were detected as statistically significant.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between GLS and BNP (rho = 0.539, p &lt; 0.001) (A), and correlation between GCS and BNP (rho = 0.429, p = 0.001)(B) are shown on the scatter plot diagram. BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; GCS: global circumferential strain; GLS: global longitudinal strain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between GCS/GLS and myocarditis (adjusted by age) on multivariate analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col">Variable</th>
                  <th scope="col">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">95% CI</th>
                  <th scope="col">p value</th>
                  <th scope="col">Variable</th>
                  <th scope="col">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">95% CI</th>
                  <th scope="col">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.051</td>
                  <td align="center">0.976</td>
                  <td align="center">1.133</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">0.930</td>
                  <td align="center">1.072</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>GCS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.564</td>
                  <td align="center">1.201</td>
                  <td align="center">2.036</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>GLS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.572</td>
                  <td align="center">1.171</td>
                  <td align="center">2.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CI: confidence interval; GCS: global circumferential strain; GLS: global longitudinal strain; OR: odds ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>As seen on ROC curve analysis, the GLS values had an AUC of 0.866 with a 95% confidence interval 0.752 to 0.981 and p &lt; 0.001 (A); and GCS had a value of AUC of 0.864 with a 95% confidence interval 0.736 to 0.992 and p &lt; 0.001 (B). AUC: area under the curve, GCS: global circumferential strain; GLS: global longitudinal strain; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A GLS value with a cut-off point of &lt; 20.35 showed 85.7% sensitivity and 81% specificity, and a GCS value with a cut-off point of &lt; 21.35 showed 81% sensitivity and 81% specificity in detecting myocardial sequelae without requiring CMR evaluation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predictive cut-off values of GLS and GCS for myocarditis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="3">Cut-off point</th>
                  <th colspan="2">GLS value</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Cut-off point</th>
                  <th colspan="2">GCS value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                  <th>Sensitivity</th>
                  <th>Specificity</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 20.35</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">85.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">81%</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 21.35</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">81%</td>
                  <td align="center">81%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>GCS: global circumferential strain; GLS: global longitudinal strain.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that GLS and GCS are valuable tools for detecting myocarditis sequelae in patients with chest pain as a symptom of p/l COVID after total recovery from the acute phase of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>As a public health problem, COVID-19 is responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality all over the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are also responsible for these morbidity and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> COVID-19 can affect the cardiovascular system at a rate of 20% with a spectrum of worsening of cardiovascular status or causing de novo cardiovascular complications. Several forms of cardiovascular complications can be categorized as myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome or exacerbation of cardiovascular status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These pathologies are associated with oxygen supply/demand defects, cytokine-mediated injury, virus-mediated direct myocardial damage or endothelial damage, plaque instability, and prothrombotic status of COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In COVID-19 population studies, chest pain is present at a lower rate than in the general population, with an incidence of 1.6% to 17.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> During the acute phase of COVID-19, chest pain can occur due to cardiac involvement. In some patients, chest pain can continue after total recovery from COVID-19, which is defined as the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms for &gt; 3 to 4 weeks and is named &#8220;p/l COVID syndrome.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chest pain due to myocardial demage can be detected with high cardiac troponin levels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> but after the acute phase of COVID-19, with p/l COVID, CMR has the ability to identify non-invasively the inflammatory damage of the myocardium, assessing the severity of functional impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The fact that echocardiography is a more accessible and practical tool than CMR means that echocardiography is more feasible in these patients for cardiologists. Although there is strong evidence of cardiac involvement of COVID-19 by CMR or autopsy, normal systolic function can be detected by traditional echocardiography in most patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, some studies have shown that SE can be used to detect ventricular dysfunction in patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our population&#8217;s median age and gender predominance were similar to Tudoran et al. data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, in our study, the patients with myocardial sequelae on CMR had a higher median age. We believe that this is related to the fact that myocardial damage becomes more common with age.</p>
        <p>In our study, BNP and TI levels were higher in patients with myocardial sequelae. These results are in accord with recent studies indicating that higher venous blood concentrations of biomarkers such as creatine kinase isoenzyme, myoglobin, troponin I and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were associated with the severity of acute COVID-19 but not p/l COVID.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>Also, we know that BNP increases are an early marker of myocardial depression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> BNP is an indicator of myocardial damage in animal models and is correlated with myocardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Contrary to the known data that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers, including CRP and lymphopenia, have been associated with p/l COVID, the CRP and Lym values were statistically similar in our two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This shows that, in these patients, myocardial sequelae were complicated by myocardial dysfunction, and elevated BNP values were associated with these data. This suggests that myocardial damage continues even though the inflammatory process has ended in the patients with myocardial involvement of p/l COVID, and it supports the correlation between BNP level and GCS-GLS values in our study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). It is important to diagnose these patients quickly by SE and treat them so that myocardial damage does not continue.</p>
        <p>In our study, BMI, HR, SBP, and DBP were similar, which can affect the SE evaluation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). On CMR, the traditional echocardiographic LVEF value was statistically non-significant and comparable between patients with and without myocardial sequelae. However, GLS and GCS values had a strong statistical difference and were lower in patients with myocardial sequelae on CMR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Lower SE values were also reported in the acute phase of COVID-19 by Bieber et al., Park et al., and Bhatia et al., and they demonstrated that a GLS cut-off value of 13.8, despite normal LVEF, was associated with significantly higher mortality during the acute phase of COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This information shows that traditional echocardiographic findings are not impaired in p/l COVID. In our study, we also achieved lower SE values in p/l COVID. GLS value with a cut-off point of &lt; 20.35 and GCS value with a cut-off point of &lt; 21.35 had a diagnostic value without any need for CMR evaluation for p/l COVID myocardial involvement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Based on these values, myocardial sequelae can be detected in accordance with CMR.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Strain Echocardiographic Evaluation of Myocardial Involvement in Patients with Continuing Chest Pain after COVID-19 Infection</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220287-20287-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The presence of myocardial damage can be detected by SE, which is as valuable as CMR in these patients. Considering the cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and repeatability disadvantages of CMR, as well as the ease of repeatability, cost-effectivity, and easy accessibility of SE in the follow-up of the recovery process in these patients, SE can be a guiding method for cardiologists.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The limitation of our study is that it was retrospective and single-center.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Evaluation of myocardial involvement in p/l COVID is more complex than the acute phase of COVID-19. In order to avoid delays in treatment in the presence of myocardial involvement, it is important to diagnose patients with myocardial sequelae quickly and accurately. Cardiologists, the main health professionals who treat cardiac diseases, should keep in mind that these patients can be diagnosed with SE as well as CMR. In this case, the cost and repeatability problems of CMR may make SE a better tool for diagnosis and follow-up of these patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Katip &#199;elebi University under the protocol number 0473. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
