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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gSS6wdrv5x8FX6bJVT3cMKC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220248</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com Bypass Coron&#225;rio em S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Uma Instant&#226;nea de Ensaios e Registros Randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4878-8146</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borovac</surname>
            <given-names>Josip Andelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferri-Certic</surname>
            <given-names>Jerko</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miric</surname>
            <given-names>Dino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanchi</surname>
            <given-names>Jaksa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lozo</surname>
            <given-names>Mislav</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9843-6309</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bradaric</surname>
            <given-names>Anteo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schwarz</surname>
            <given-names>Konstantin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7047-1586</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kwok</surname>
            <given-names>Chun Shing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Diseases Department</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital of Split</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Split</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HR">Cro&#225;cia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Split &#8211; Cro&#225;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dubrovnik General Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dubrovnik</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="HR">Cro&#225;cia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dubrovnik General Hospital, Dubrovnik &#8211; Cro&#225;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine 3</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital St. Polten</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Krems</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AT">&#193;ustria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital St. Polten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems &#8211; &#193;ustria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Royal Stoke University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Stoke-on-Trent</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Josip Andelo Borovac &#8226; Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split &#8211; Cro&#225;cia E-mail: <email>jborovac@mefst.hr</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220248</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Angiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas do Receptor Purin&#233;rgico P2Y</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Uma recente diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) para o manejo de pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) sem eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente do segmento ST (SCASSST) n&#227;o recomenda o pr&#233;-tratamento de rotina com um antagonista do receptor P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> em pacientes nos quais a anatomia coron&#225;ria &#233; indeterminada e o manejo invasivo precoce est&#225; planejado (recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe III, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A justificativa para tal recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi baseada principalmente nos resultados obtidos de dois grandes estudos randomizados, ACCOAST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e ISAR-REACT 5,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e a an&#225;lise da Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mostrando que a administra&#231;&#227;o do inibidor de P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> antes do conhecimento da anatomia coron&#225;ria em pacientes com SCASSST n&#227;o melhorou os desfechos isqu&#234;micos e aumentou significativamente o risco de sangramento.</p>
    <p>Algumas das preocupa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas a pr&#233;-tratamento de inibi&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas no SCASSST s&#227;o baseadas na no&#231;&#227;o de que tal estrat&#233;gia pode ser prejudicial em pacientes com outras condi&#231;&#245;es que mimetizam o SCASSST, como dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica ou podem estar em risco de sangramento maior ou fatal eventos como hemorragia intracraniana. Da mesma forma, pacientes com SCASSST que precisariam se submeter &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM) ap&#243;s sua anatomia coron&#225;ria ser visualizada por angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica, podem ter risco aumentado de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e atrasos no procedimento devido ao recebimento de pr&#233;-tratamento com inibidor de P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub>, j&#225; que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios de 3 a 7 dias para permitir a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria antes da CRVM. Al&#233;m disso, existem fatores complexos na vida real, como hesita&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou recusa em operar um paciente em um tratamento antiplaquet&#225;rio duplo atual (DAPT). Deve-se notar tamb&#233;m que o sangramento n&#227;o relacionado &#224; CRVM &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o relevante para os m&#233;dicos, como sangramento gastrointestinal ou sangramento de acesso por cateterismo, e essas complica&#231;&#245;es provavelmente ser&#227;o mais frequentes com o uso pr&#233;-tratamento. Como as &#250;ltimas diretrizes da ESC afirmam que &#8220;<italic>a estrat&#233;gia de pr&#233;-tratamento pode ser prejudicial para uma propor&#231;&#227;o relevante</italic>&#8221; desses pacientes, procuramos determinar qual &#233; exatamente a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCASSST que foram encaminhados para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s angiografia e relatamos a preval&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco que possam predispor a um potencial recebimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, analisamos deliberadamente dados de ensaios randomizados pivotais que mudaram a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, citados no documento oficial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e nos quais a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz da ESC foi predominantemente baseada. Em seguida, analisamos dados relevantes do mundo real (derivados de registros internacionais ou estudos observacionais que representam a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo). Aqui, relatamos as taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, ICP (interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea) e terapia m&#233;dica ideal (TMO) nesses estudos, bem como caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco que podem estar presentes na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCASSST, como insufici&#234;ncia renal, disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE /insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;a triarterial e/ou les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (3V/LTCE), conforme relatado e definido pelos autores do estudo. Para isso, calculamos a m&#233;dia ponderada para cada endpoint, ajustada para o tamanho do estudo.</p>
    <p>Os estudos randomizados inclu&#237;ram o estudo ACCOAST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> que examinou o pr&#233;-tratamento com 30 mg de prasugrel vs. nenhum pr&#233;-tratamento em 4.033 pacientes com SCASSST e a suban&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada mais recente da coorte de SCASSST5 do estudo de refer&#234;ncia ISAR-REACT 5 no qual 2.365 pacientes foram randomizados para receber dose de ataque de 180 mg de ticagrelor antes da angiografia ou dose de ataque de 60 mg de prasugrel administrada no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo no momento da angiografia, mas antes da ICP. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;mos dados de estudos randomizados ACUITY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> menos contempor&#226;neos que inclu&#237;ram uma grande coorte de pacientes com SCASSST (N = 13.819), dos quais todos foram submetidos &#224; angiografia em 72 horas. Finalmente, foram inclu&#237;dos os dados do estudo DUBIUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> recentemente publicado. Este estudo randomizado foi projetado para avaliar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-tratamento vs. downstream do antagonista P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> entre 1.449 pacientes com SCASSST submetidos &#224; angiografia diagn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>Os dados observacionais e de registro envolvendo pacientes com SCASSST foram derivados de 9 registros em todo o mundo: registro ACTION dos Estados Unidos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> registro ACCEPT do Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> registro multinacional europeu PIRAEUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> registro ACSIS de Israel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> registro ACS 2 do Canad&#225;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> registro SWEDEHEART da Su&#233;cia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> registro CREDO-Kyoto do Jap&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> registro ACACIA da Austr&#225;lia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e um estudo de Desperak et al. relatando dados do grande registro polon&#234;s de NSTE-ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Quatro estudos randomizados e nove estudos de registro registraram cumulativamente 21.615 e 200.296 pacientes com SCASSST, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). As taxas m&#233;dias de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ICP em ECRs e estudos de registro foram de 61,9% e 69%, respectivamente, enquanto cerca de 9% dos pacientes com SCASSST foram tratados com cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (intervalo de 7,5 a 15% para registros e 3,1 a 11,1% para ECR). As taxas de ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do estudo s&#227;o mostradas no gr&#225;fico de bolhas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com Bypass Coron&#225;rio em S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST: Uma Instant&#226;nea de Ensaios e Registros Randomizados</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220248-20248-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f02">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;fico de bolhas mostrando a propor&#231;&#227;o (%) de pacientes com SCASSST tratados com ICP ou CRVM ap&#243;s angiografia diagn&#243;stica em estudos observacionais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR), estratificados por tamanho do estudo. CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220248-20248-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes de alto risco, como insufici&#234;ncia renal, disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, diabetes mellitus (insulina e n&#227;o insulino-dependentes) e 3V/LTCE estavam presentes, em m&#233;dia, em 7%, 10,7%, 30,6% e 35,4% dos casos de SCASSST inscritos em registros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Em contraste, as taxas de insufici&#234;ncia renal, diabetes mellitus e 3V/LTCE foram de 9,4%, 32,2% e 26,1% entre os pacientes inscritos em estudos randomizados. A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o VE ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel em estudos randomizados, uma vez que ningu&#233;m inscreveu pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca existente ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. O material suplementar mostra as caracter&#237;sticas individuais do estudo com mais detalhes.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f03">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Uma figura resumindo, mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o ponderada das estrat&#233;gias de manejo (ICP, CRVM, TMO) e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de alto risco, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia renal, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;a triarterial e/ou de tronco esquerdo entre pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CVRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; TMO: terapia m&#233;dica ideal; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; ECR: ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220248-20248-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento dos estudos inclu&#237;dos parecem concordantes com a pr&#225;tica da vida real, uma vez que uma propor&#231;&#227;o relevante de pacientes com SCASSST ser&#225; tratada de forma conservadora, enquanto uma minoria ser&#225; encaminhada para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Parece n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa entre ensaios randomizados e registros quanto &#224; taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CRVM; no entanto, deve-se observar uma ampla varia&#231;&#227;o do uso de CRVM entre os estudos. Notavelmente, mais de 10% dos pacientes com SCASSST inscritos nos registros apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, enquanto essa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes foi exclu&#237;da de estudos randomizados.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios fatores possivelmente impactam as decis&#245;es de desencadeamento de ICP vs. CRVM nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Tais fatores podem n&#227;o ser totalmente dependentes da indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o, mas podem ser afetados por caminhos organizacionais no atendimento a pacientes com SCASSST em certos pa&#237;ses, disponibilidade de centros de ICP dedicados e cirurgia card&#237;aca no local. Al&#233;m disso, fatores param&#233;dicos, como crit&#233;rio do operador, prefer&#234;ncias do paciente e pol&#237;ticas de reembolso/seguro em rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o realizados no hospital, podem influenciar a escolha da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, uma abordagem individualizada e adaptada ao paciente e a tomada de decis&#227;o colaborativa envolvendo cardiologistas e cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos devem ser incentivadas para alcan&#231;ar o modo ideal de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Uma alta preval&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, como diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a multiarterial, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ruim e insufici&#234;ncia renal, pode predispor uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. O panorama geral dos dados tamb&#233;m sugere que os pacientes inscritos nos registros tendem a ser mais complexos e t&#234;m uma carga de doen&#231;a maior do que os pacientes inscritos em estudos randomizados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos riscos de mortalidade e sangramento, uma recente an&#225;lise em larga escala do registro SCAAR, incluindo cerca de 65.000 pacientes com SCASSST, todos submetidos a ICP, mostrou que o pr&#233;-tratamento com inibidores de P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> n&#227;o reduziu os riscos de mortalidade a 30 dias e 1- ano. Ao mesmo tempo, aumentou significativamente o risco de sangramento intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise separada foi ent&#227;o realizada nos dados, incluindo 1.830 pacientes com SCASSST que receberam CRVM &#8211; foi demonstrado que as taxas de reopera&#231;&#227;o por sangramento foram significativamente reduzidas durante o per&#237;odo em que o pr&#233;-tratamento com P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> foi interrompido em compara&#231;&#227;o com um per&#237;odo em que o pr&#233;-tratamento foi praticado rotineiramente. Esses achados de dados observacionais complementam aqueles obtidos em estudos randomizados, como o estudo ISAR-REACT 5, que n&#227;o mostrou nenhuma vantagem em efic&#225;cia se o pr&#233;-tratamento for utilizado no cen&#225;rio de SCASSST.</p>
    <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es de nossa an&#225;lise s&#227;o que n&#227;o &#233; uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica formal &#8211; &#233; descritiva e n&#227;o foram aplicados m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos inferenciais. Al&#233;m disso, detalhes de estudos randomizados, como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o e tipos de interven&#231;&#227;o e resultados, n&#227;o foram discutidos em detalhe devido a limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao formato de carta de pesquisa. Da mesma forma, a maioria dos estudos n&#227;o relatou detalhes importantes sobre anatomia coronariana e indica&#231;&#245;es para cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e se foram realizadas em ambientes eletivos ou de emerg&#234;ncia, principalmente porque os estudos n&#227;o foram focados nesses desfechos. No entanto, os ensaios e registros internacionais mais relevantes e que mudaram a pr&#225;tica foram capturados para gerar uma &#8220;instant&#226;nea&#8221; da pr&#225;tica no cen&#225;rio SCASSST.</p>
    <p>Nossas observa&#231;&#245;es baseadas no registro e dados randomizados corroborariam a recomenda&#231;&#227;o mais recente da ESC de que a suspens&#227;o da inibi&#231;&#227;o de P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> antes da angiografia diagn&#243;stica entre pacientes com SCASSST seria uma abordagem razo&#225;vel na maioria dos casos. Muitos desses pacientes podem ter uma anatomia coronariana de alto risco e carga de comorbidade, desencadeando assim o encaminhamento para CRVM. A estrat&#233;gia conservadora P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> parece particularmente apropriada se esses pacientes recebem cuidados em centros onde o manejo invasivo precoce do SCASSST &#233; acess&#237;vel e incorporado ao protocolo de rotina. Por outro lado, a incerteza dessa estrat&#233;gia permanece em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em que os pacientes podem sofrer longos atrasos na angiografia ou transfer&#234;ncias para centros habilitados para ICP, como em &#225;reas rurais, ilhas, ou locais sem o suporte de infraestrutura de grandes institui&#231;&#245;es terci&#225;rias. Finalmente, as decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas sobre o in&#237;cio de pr&#233;-tratamento de inibi&#231;&#227;o de P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> podem ser personalizadas de acordo com as pr&#225;ticas locais/regionais.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0248_CC_suplementary-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revascularization with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Non-ST-elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Snapshot of Randomized Trials and Registries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4878-8146</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borovac</surname>
            <given-names>Josip Andelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work.Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferri-Certic</surname>
            <given-names>Jerko</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work. Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miric</surname>
            <given-names>Dino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanchi</surname>
            <given-names>Jaksa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lozo</surname>
            <given-names>Mislav</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9843-6309</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bradaric</surname>
            <given-names>Anteo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schwarz</surname>
            <given-names>Konstantin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7047-1586</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kwok</surname>
            <given-names>Chun Shing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="HR">Croatia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Split &#8211; Croatia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="HR">Croatia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dubrovnik General Hospital, Dubrovnik &#8211; Croatia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="AT">Austria</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital St. Polten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems &#8211; Austria</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Josip Andelo Borovac &#8226; Cardiovascular Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia E-mail: jborovac@mefst.hr </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A recent European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without persistent ST-segment elevation (NSTE-ACS) do not recommend routine pretreatment with a P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> receptor antagonist in patients in which the coronary anatomy is undetermined, and early invasive management is planned (class recommendation III, level of evidence A).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The rationale for such recommendation was mainly based on the results obtained from two large randomized trials, ACCOAST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and ISAR-REACT 5,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and analysis from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> showing that administration of P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitor before the knowledge of coronary anatomy in patients with NSTE-ACS did not improve ischemic outcomes and significantly increased risk of bleeding.</p>
      <p>Some of the clinical concerns associated with upstream platelet inhibition in NSTE-ACS are based on the notion that such a strategy might be harmful in patients with other conditions mimicking NSTE-ACS, such as aortic dissection or may be at risk for major or fatal bleeding events such as intracranial bleeding. Likewise, NSTE-ACS patients who would need to undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery after their coronary anatomy is visualized by diagnostic coronary angiography might be at increased risk of bleeding complications and procedural delays due to receipt of P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitor pretreatment since 3 to 7 days are required to allow for recovery of platelet function prior to CABG. Furthermore, there are complex discretion factors in real-life, such as surgical hesitancy or decline to operate on a patient on a current dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT). It should also be noted that non-CABG-related bleeding is a relevant concern for clinicians, such as gastrointestinal bleeding or catheterization access bleeding, and these complications are likely to be more frequent with pretreatment use. Since the latest ESC guidelines state that <italic>&#8220;pretreatment strategy might be harmful to a relevant proportion &#8220;</italic>of such patients, we sought to determine what exactly is the proportion of patients with NSTE-ACS that were referred to CABG surgery following angiography and we report on the prevalence of high-risk features that might predispose them to a potential receipt of surgical revascularization.</p>
      <p>In this work, we deliberately analyzed data from pivotal randomized trials that changed clinical practice, cited in the official document,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and on which the ESC guideline recommendation was dominantly based. We then analyzed relevant real-world data (derived from international registries or observational studies representing clinical practice in different regions of the world). Herein, we report on the rates of CABG, PCI, and optimal medical therapy (OMT) across these studies, as well as high-risk characteristics that might be present in the population of patients with NSTE-ACS such as renal failure, LV dysfunction/heart failure, diabetes mellitus and three-vessel and/or left main coronary disease (3V/LMD), as reported and defined by the study authors. For this purpose, we calculated the weighted mean for each endpoint, adjusted for study size.</p>
      <p>Randomized studies included the ACCOAST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> trial that examined the 30 mg prasugrel pretreatment <italic>vs.</italic> no pretreatment in 4033 patients with NSTE-ACS and the most recent prespecified subanalysis of NSTE-ACS cohort<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> of landmark ISAR-REACT 5 trial in which 2365 patients were randomized to receive 180 mg loading dose of ticagrelor before angiography or 60 mg loading dose of prasugrel administered in the cath lab at the time of angiography but before PCI. Moreover, we also included data from less contemporary ACUITY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> randomized trials that enrolled a large cohort of NSTE-ACS patients (N=13,819), of which all underwent angiography within 72 hours. Finally, data from the recently published DUBIUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> trial were included. This randomized trial was designed to evaluate the effects of upstream (pretreatment) <italic>vs</italic>. downstream administration of P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> antagonist among 1449 patients with NSTE-ACS that underwent diagnostic angiography.</p>
      <p>Observational and registry data enrolling patients with NSTE-ACS were derived from 9 registries worldwide: ACTION registry from United States,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ACCEPT registry from the Brazil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> PIRAEUS multinational European registry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> ACSIS registry from Israel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ACS 2 registry from Canada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> SWEDEHEART registry from Sweden,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> CREDO-Kyoto registry from Japan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> ACACIA registry from Australia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and a study by Desperak and colleagues reporting data from the large Polish registry of NSTE-ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Four randomized trials and nine registry studies cumulatively enrolled 21,615 and 200,296 patients with NSTE-ACS, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>). The average rates of PCI utilization in RCTs (randomized controlled trials) and registry studies were 61.9% and 69%, respectively, while about 9% of patients with NSTE-ACS were treated with CABG surgery (range of 7.5 to 15% for registries and 3.1 to 11.1% for RCTs). Rates of both interventions concerning study size are shown in the bubble plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Revascularization with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Non-STelevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Snapshot of Randomized Trials and Registries</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220248-20248-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A bubble plot showing the proportion (%) of patients with NSTE-ACS treated with PCI or CABG after diagnostic angiography in observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs), stratified by study size. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220248-20248-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>High-risk patient characteristics such as renal failure, LV dysfunction, diabetes mellitus (both insulin and non-insulin-dependent), and 3V/LMD were, on average, present in 7%, 10.7%, 30.6%, and 35.4% of NSTE-ACS cases enrolled in registries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). In contrast, rates of renal failure, diabetes mellitus, and 3V/LMD were 9.4%, 32.2%, and 26.1% among patients enrolled in randomized trials. Prevalence of LV dysfunction or heart failure was unavailable in randomized studies since none enrolled patients with existing heart failure or over systolic dysfunction. The Supplemental material shows individual study characteristics in more detail.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03001">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A summarizing figure showing the weighted distribution of management strategies (PCI, CABG, OMT) and high-risk patient characteristics, including renal failure, left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure, diabetes mellitus and three-vessel and/or left main disease among patients with NSTE-ACS. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; NSTE-ACS: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; OMT: optimal medical therapy; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220248-20248-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Procedural characteristics of included studies seem concordant with real-life practice since a relevant proportion of NSTE-ACS patients will be treated conservatively while a minority will be referred to CABG surgery. There seems to be no significant difference between randomized trials and registries concerning the rate of CABG utilization; however, a wide variation of CABG use across studies should be noted. Notably, more than 10% of patients with NSTE-ACS enrolled in registries had left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure, while this patient population was excluded from randomized trials.</p>
      <p>Various factors possibly impact decisions triggering PCI vs. CABG in this population. Such factors might not be entirely dependent on the interventional indication but could be affected by organizational pathways in care for NSTE-ACS patients in certain countries, availability of dedicated PCI centers, and on-site cardiac surgery. Also, paramedical factors such as an operator&#8217;s discretion, patient preferences, and reimbursement/insurance policies regarding revascularization procedures performed in the hospital might influence the choice of revascularization. However, an individualized patient-tailored approach and collaborative decision-making involving cardiologists and cardiac surgeons should be encouraged to reach the optimal mode of treatment.</p>
      <p>A high prevalence of patient characteristics such as diabetes mellitus, multivessel disease, poor systolic function, and renal failure might predispose a significant proportion of patients to surgical revascularization. The general snapshot of the data also suggests that patients enrolled in registries tend to be more complex and have a higher disease burden than patients enrolled in randomized trials. Concerning risks of mortality and bleeding, a recent large-scale analysis of the SCAAR registry, including nearly 65,000 patients with NSTE-ACS, of whom all underwent PCI, showed that pretreatment with P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> inhibitors did not reduce risks of 30-day and 1-year mortality. At the same time, it significantly increased the risk of in-hospital bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A separate analysis was then performed on the data, including 1830 patients with NSTE-ACS that received CABG &#8211; it was demonstrated that rates of reoperation due to bleeding were significantly reduced during the period in which P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> pretreatment was halted compared to a period in which pretreatment was routinely practiced. These findings from observational data complement those obtained from randomized trials, such as ISAR-REACT 5 trial, which showed no advantage in efficacy if pretreatment is utilized in the NSTE-ACS setting.</p>
      <p>The limitations of our analysis are that it is not a formal systematic review &#8211; it is descriptive, and no inferential statistical methods were applied. Furthermore, details of randomized trials, such as inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of intervention and outcomes, were not discussed in detail due to limitations inherent to a research letter format. Similarly, most studies did not report important details on coronary anatomy and indications for CABG surgery and whether they were performed in elective or emergent settings, mostly because studies were not focused on these endpoints. However, the most relevant and practice-changing trials and international registries were captured to generate a &#8220;snapshot &#8220;of practice in the NSTE-ACS setting.</p>
      <p>Our observations based on the registry and randomized data would corroborate the latest ESC&#8217;s guideline-directed recommendation that withholding P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> inhibition before diagnostic angiography among patients with NSTE-ACS would be a reasonable approach in most instances. Many of these patients may have a high-risk coronary anatomy and comorbidity burden, thus triggering CABG referral. Conservative P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> strategy particularly seems appropriate if these patients receive care at centers where early invasive management of NSTE-ACS is accessible and incorporated into the routine protocol. On the other hand, the uncertainty of this strategy remains in clinical scenarios in which patients might experience long delays to angiography or transfers to PCI-capable centers, such as in rural areas, islands, or locations without the infrastructural support of large tertiary institutions. Finally, clinical decisions on initiating upstream P<sub>2</sub>Y<sub>12</sub> inhibition might be customized according to local/regional practices.</p>
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          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2022-0248_CC_suplementary-material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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