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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Kfmhk9kXVRs8yDbRnC6JVzF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220209</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Agudos do Nitrato Diet&#233;tico na Press&#227;o Central e Desempenho Card&#237;aco em Hipertensos: Estudo Cruzado, Randomizado e Placebo-Controlado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Samanta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>d&#180;El-Rei</surname>
            <given-names>Jenifer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8278-7067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bai&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Diego dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoalin</surname>
            <given-names>Vania M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dadosReda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Qu&#237;mica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Qu&#237;mica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Mario Fritsch Neves &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. CEP 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mariofneves@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220209</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O nitrato inorg&#226;nico (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) da dieta pode fornecer substrato fisiol&#243;gico para reduzir o nitrito (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) a &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) independente do endot&#233;lio. Estudos sugerem que o NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> inorg&#226;nico tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos na sa&#250;de cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo avaliou os efeitos agudos de 500 mL de suco de beterraba rico em nitrato (SB; contendo 11,5mmol NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) na press&#227;o arterial e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes hipertensos tratados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo cruzado, randomizado, controlado por placebo foi realizado em pacientes hipertensos tratados (n=37; mulheres=62%) que foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e nutricional, avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais e reatividade microvascular. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A m&#233;dia de idade foi 59&#177;7 anos e das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foi de 142&#177;10/83&#177;9 mmHg. Houve aumento significativo na taxa de viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica (RVSE; 149&#177;25 vs. 165&#177;30%, p&lt;0,001) e redu&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o da eje&#231;&#227;o (DE; 37&#177;4 vs. 34&#177;4%, p&lt;0,001) na fase beterraba, mas nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa de RVSE na fase controle. O % de aumento na perfus&#227;o (155 vs. 159%, p=0,042) cresceu significativamente na fase beterraba, o que n&#227;o foi observado na fase controle. Na fase beterraba, a altera&#231;&#227;o da RVSE apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva de hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (ASC-HRPO) (r=0,45, p=0,012). A mudan&#231;a na DE mostrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com pico de perfus&#227;o p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (r=-0,37, p=0,031) e ASC-HRPO (r=-0,36, p=0,046).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A ingest&#227;o aguda de SB por pacientes hipertensos resultou em melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, que foi associada &#224; maior viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica e desempenho na contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Beta Vulgaris</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo. Cerca de 17,9 milh&#245;es de pessoas morreram em 2019, representando 32% de todas as mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O endot&#233;lio &#233; um dos principais reguladores da homeostase vascular, desempenha papel na modula&#231;&#227;o do tono vascular sintetizando e liberando fatores de relaxamento derivado do endot&#233;lio, incluindo &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>O desequil&#237;brio dessas subst&#226;ncias leva &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que &#233; marcador de remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular prejudicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana &#233; um indicador de oferta e demanda de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico, avaliado pelo &#237;ndice de viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica (RVSE), apresentando uma estimativa da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga de trabalho card&#237;aca e um preditor da reserva de fluxo coronariano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Valores de RVSE baixo em pacientes hipertensos foi associado com reserva de fluxo coronariano reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os h&#225;bitos alimentares influenciam v&#225;rios mecanismos envolvidos com fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O teor de nitrato inorg&#226;nico (NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254;) em vegetais de raiz pode fornecer um substrato fisiol&#243;gico para redu&#231;&#227;o a nitrito (NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254;), NO e outros produtos metab&#243;licos via NO<sub>3</sub>-NO<sub>2</sub>-NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dentre as mol&#233;culas mais importantes produzidas no sistema cardiovascular que mant&#234;m a homeostase vascular, a biodisponibilidade do NO tem grande relev&#226;ncia na patog&#234;nese das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os vegetais s&#227;o os principais contribuintes diet&#233;ticos de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>e a beterraba (Beta vulgaris) &#233; rica em NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; inorg&#226;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A beterraba tem sido destacada como um suplemento multidirecionado na disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular, aterosclerose e diabetes, e tem sido considerada no tratamento complementar da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado o efeito ben&#233;fico do suco de beterraba (SB) na press&#227;o arterial (PA), bem como melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e redu&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos avaliando o efeito agudo de SB na PA perif&#233;rica e central, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e reatividade microvascular ao mesmo tempo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos agudos da ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; sobre a PA e a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes hipertensos tratados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Pacientes hipertensos com idade entre 40 e 70 anos, de ambos os sexos, em uso regular de anti-hipertensivos, foram selecionados em nosso ambulat&#243;rio (RJ) e admitidos em um estudo randomizado, cruzado, placebo-controlado. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria; uso de betabloqueadores ou estatinas, diabetes mellitus ou terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local e todos os participantes leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Este ensaio foi registrado no ClinicalTrials.Gov (NCT04020796).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Na primeira consulta (basal/t0&#8217;), os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA, antropometria e exames. O site <italic>randomization.com</italic> foi utilizado para gerar a ordem de randomiza&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es, o que foi feito por um pesquisador que n&#227;o participou diretamente dos procedimentos do estudo (randomiza&#231;&#227;o cega).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Cada participante foi randomizado para as interven&#231;&#245;es cruzadas. Os pacientes receberam sua respectiva interven&#231;&#227;o, SB ou &#225;gua, e permaneceram em repouso por 150 minutos, tempo de pico de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; na circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>Ao final desse per&#237;odo (t150&#8217;), os exames foram novamente realizados. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de <italic>washout</italic> de 7 dias, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o alternada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de projeto de estudo. PA: press&#227;o arterial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220209-20209-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As beterrabas foram adquiridas em supermercado local (localizado no munic&#237;pio do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), e foram pesadas, higienizadas, descascadas, fracionadas e liquefeitas por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o de alimentos sem adi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua. O volume final de SB foi de 500 mL. A &#225;gua (Minalba&#174;, Brasil), bebida controle, continha &lt; 0,001 mmol NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; em 500 mL. A bebida controle foi escolhida com base em alguns estudos que utilizaram a &#225;gua como controle da interven&#231;&#227;o devido ao seu baixo teor de nitrato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>O NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; do SB foram quantificados e suas dosagens s&#233;ricas usadas como marcadores indiretos de produ&#231;&#227;o de NO foram avaliados conforme previamente descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas ap&#243;s jejum de 8 horas, antes de qualquer interven&#231;&#227;o. Glicose s&#233;rica, colesterol total, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) foram medidos usando uma t&#233;cnica de AutoAnalyzer (Technicon DAX96, Miles Inc). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) foram calculadas usando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, quando as concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG &lt;400 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi realizada por meio da estimativa da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, pela equa&#231;&#227;o Chronic Kidney Disease - Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos foram avaliados por meio de medidas de peso corporal (kg) e estatura (metros) em balan&#231;a eletr&#244;nica com estadi&#244;metro (Filizola SA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil), e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado e expresso em kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Press&#227;o arterial e avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular</title>
        <p>As medidas de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram obtidas usando um dispositivo eletr&#244;nico calibrado (modelo HEM-705CP, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Illinois). Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s leituras com intervalo de um minuto, a m&#233;dia foi calculada e considerada para an&#225;lise do estudo. A estimativa de risco cardiovascular e idade vascular foram baseadas no Framingham Heart Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reatividade microvascular</title>
        <p>A reatividade microvascular foi avaliada usando um sistema Laser Speckle Contrast Image (Pericam PSI System, Perimed, Su&#233;cia) em combina&#231;&#227;o com hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (HRPO) para redu&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o cut&#226;nea dependentes do endot&#233;lio microvascular expressas em unidades arbitr&#225;rias de perfus&#227;o (UAP). Um esfigmoman&#244;metro foi usado na art&#233;ria braquial para aplicar uma press&#227;o de 50 mmHg acima da PAS por tr&#234;s minutos. Ap&#243;s descompress&#227;o r&#225;pida, as mudan&#231;as de fluxo foram registradas para avaliar HRPO. Perfus&#227;o aumentada (%): (pico - perfus&#227;o basal) /perfus&#227;o basal x 100. Aumento da &#225;rea sob a curva (ASC) (%): (HRPO -ASC - ASC basal) /ASC basal x 100.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da reflex&#227;o da onda arterial foi realizada de forma n&#227;o invasiva com um aparelho de tonometria (SphygmoCor, AtCor Medical, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia). O sistema SphygmoCor usa uma fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia generalizada validada para gerar as press&#245;es a&#243;rticas centrais correspondentes ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de 10 formas de onda sequenciais. Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica a&#243;rtica (aoPS), press&#227;o de pulso a&#243;rtico (aoPP), press&#227;o de aumento (AP), &#237;ndice de aumento (AIx), RVSE e dura&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (DE) derivadas da an&#225;lise da forma de onda do pulso. A RVSE &#233; um &#237;ndice de viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica que j&#225; foi comparada com m&#233;todos invasivos e considerada uma medida de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relativa &#224; sobrecarga card&#237;aca. Na an&#225;lise da onda de pulso, a RVSE &#233; definida como: RVSE = &#225;rea a&#243;rtica diast&#243;lica/ &#225;rea a&#243;rtica sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral deste estudo, foi considerada a equival&#234;ncia da varia&#231;&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (DMF), observada no estudo de Bakker e cols (2015).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Desse modo, para uma diferen&#231;a de 1,4% na DMF, desvio-padr&#227;o de 1,9, 80% poder do estudo e signific&#226;ncia em 5%, seria necess&#225;rio um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 30 participantes. Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o gaussianas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os grupos, controle e interven&#231;&#227;o foram comparados pelo teste t pareado em vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e realizado o teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. O coeficiente de Pearson foi obtido nos testes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)&#174; vers&#227;o 20 para Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Para este estudo, foram selecionadas 37 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 59&#177;7 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e cl&#237;nica, observou-se que a maioria estava acima do peso com IMC 29&#177;4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sexo feminino (62%), apresentando risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio (14%), PAS&gt;140 mmHg, PAD&gt;80 mmHg, e colesterol total elevado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). As classes de anti-hipertensivos mais utilizadas foram os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina (48%), diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico (36%) e bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC; 16%).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos sujeitos do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="21" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Amostra total (n= 37)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Risco cardiovascular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10 - 22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Idade vascular (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (67 - 86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">G&#234;nero &#9794; (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">&#9792; (%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Circunfer&#234;ncia cintura (cm) &#9794;</td>
                <td align="center">98 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">&#9792;</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">142 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Press&#227;o pulso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="22">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;mica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Total colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">203 &#177; 38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">HDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">LDL-colesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (78 - 178)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">CKD-EPI (ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (67 - 98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="22">
                  <bold>Tratamento anti-hipertensivo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">29 (78)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">7 (19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico</td>
                <td align="center">27 (73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">Monoterapia</td>
                <td align="center">8 (22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">2 drogas</td>
                <td align="center">20 (54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="21">3 drogas</td>
                <td align="center">9 (24)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Resultados expressos em m&#233;dia (&#177;desvio padr&#227;o), mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou propor&#231;&#227;o nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. PA: press&#227;o arterial; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease &#8211; Epidemiology Collaboration.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O SB apresentou altos teores de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; em sua composi&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise s&#233;rica dos teores de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; nas fases controle e beterraba antes e ap&#243;s cada interven&#231;&#227;o est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nas concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; antes da ingest&#227;o de SB e &#225;gua. No entanto, houve aumento significativo nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o com SB. Este aumento foi aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes o valor basal desta fase.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nitrato e nitrito s&#233;ricos &#8211; Fase de controle e beterraba</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Controle</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Beterraba</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Basal (n=24)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s (n=24)</th>
                <th>Basal (n=28)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s (n=28)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato (&#181;mol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 26,5</td>
                <td align="center">65,3 &#177; 34,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">169,4 &#177; 76,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrito (&#181;mol/L)</td>
                <td align="center">0,100 &#177; 0,012</td>
                <td align="center">0,095 &#177; 0,018</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
                <td align="center">0,099 &#177; 0,014</td>
                <td align="center">0,336 &#177; 0,159</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o. Valor de p correspondente ao teste t pareado.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um aumento significativo da PAS perif&#233;rica foi observado na fase controle, mas n&#227;o na fase beterraba. Houve tamb&#233;m aumento da aoPS na fase controle e em menor grau na fase beterraba. A fase beterraba apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na DE e aumento na RVSE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas de press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica e par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais &#8211; Fase de controle e beterraba</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Controle</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Beterraba</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Basal (n=37)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s (n=37)</th>
                <th>Basal (n=37)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s (n=37)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">144 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,268</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,492</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o Pulso (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">55 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,905</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAM (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">104 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">103 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,532</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="7">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais por tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>aoSP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">143 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">132 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>aoPP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">0,736</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">21 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Augmentation Index (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (32 - 40)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (32 - 43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
                <td align="center">35 (28 - 39)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31 - 41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIx@75 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (27 - 34)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (26 - 37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
                <td align="center">29 (24 - 34)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (24 - 34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,751</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">34 4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RVSE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">149 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">165 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) quando apropriado. Valor de p na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores basais e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, correspondente ao teste t pareado para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; aoPS: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica a&#243;rtica; aoPP: press&#227;o de pulso a&#243;rtica; AP: press&#227;o de aumento; <email>Alx@75:</email> &#205;ndice de Aumento corrigido para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 batimentos por minuto; RVSE: raz&#227;o de viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No teste HRPO, a fase beterraba demonstrou aumento significativo no % de perfus&#227;o. A porcentagem de aumento da ASC de perfus&#227;o cut&#226;nea induzida pela HRPO na fase controle diminuiu ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua (bebida controle) e aumentou ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de SB mas n&#227;o alcan&#231;ando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por reatividade microvascular &#8211; Controle e fase beterraba</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Controle</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Beterraba</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Basal (n=37)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s (n=37)</th>
                <th>Basal (n=37)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s (n=37)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Perfus&#227;o basal (UAP)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pico (UAP)</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Perfus&#227;o de aumento (%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (132 - 243)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (102 - 212)</td>
                <td align="center">0,722</td>
                <td align="center">155 (125 - 190)</td>
                <td align="center">159 (121 - 227)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aumento ASC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">0,816</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">0,182</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil) quando apropriado. Valor de p na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores basais e p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, correspondente ao teste t pareado para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. UAP: unidade arbitr&#225;ria de perfus&#227;o; ASC: &#225;rea sob a curva.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na fase beterraba, a mudan&#231;a no RVSE correlacionou-se positivamente com a mudan&#231;a na AUC-HRPO (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). A DE na fase beterraba observou correla&#231;&#245;es inversas com par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, pico p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (A) e ASC-HRPO (B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o no grupo beterraba entre altera&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o de viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica (&#8710; RVSE) e altera&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea sob a curva de hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (&#8710; ASC-HRPO).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220209-20209-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o no grupo beterraba de mudan&#231;a (&#8710;) na dura&#231;&#227;o da eje&#231;&#227;o com o pico p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o (A) e com a &#225;rea p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o sob a curva de hiperemia reativa p&#243;s-oclusiva (ASC-HRPO) (B).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220209-20209-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi realizado para determinar os efeitos agudos da ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; atrav&#233;s do SB, rico em NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; inorg&#226;nico, na PA e na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em pacientes hipertensos tratados. Entre os principais resultados, observou-se atenua&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos perif&#233;ricos e centrais, redu&#231;&#227;o da DE, aumento da RVSE e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, associados a eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o &#250;nica de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; inorg&#226;nico.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, o SB utilizado na fase de interven&#231;&#227;o apresentou altos n&#237;veis de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; em sua composi&#231;&#227;o. Usamos vegetais frescos para preparar o SB em vez de comprar um suco comercial mais caro. V&#225;rios estudos utilizaram SB industrializado com concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; semelhante, mas teor de NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; inferior ao observado no presente estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; foi quase 1,5 vezes maior do que no suco n&#227;o industrializado utilizado em outro estudo recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; aumentaram significativamente ap&#243;s 150 minutos de interven&#231;&#227;o com SB neste estudo. Webb et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> avaliaram a ingest&#227;o &#250;nica de 500 mL de SB e encontraram um r&#225;pido aumento (16 vezes) na concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; circulante ap&#243;s os primeiros 30 minutos, com pico de 1,5 hora e permanecendo nesse n&#237;vel at&#233; 6 horas ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o. A propor&#231;&#227;o de aumento de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; circulante foi semelhante em compara&#231;&#227;o com o teor de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Houve aumento significativo da PA perif&#233;rica na fase controle, que foi atenuada na fase de interven&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de SB. A maioria dos estudos em indiv&#237;duos normotensos avaliou o consumo cr&#244;nico de SB e apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>Poucos estudos avaliaram os efeitos do consumo de SB por hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Kapil et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> avaliaram a ingest&#227;o de SB por quatro semanas em hipertensos com e sem tratamento anti-hipertensivo e encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores de PAS e PAD em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores basais. Kerley et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> relataram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos avaliados pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o cr&#244;nica de SB em hipertensos tratados. No entanto, Bondonno et al. (2015) n&#227;o observaram altera&#231;&#245;es na PA e MAPA de consult&#243;rio ao avaliar hipertensos tratados com ingest&#227;o de SB por uma semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses resultados controversos em hipertensos podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; grande heterogeneidade do desenho dos estudos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume de SB (140mL a 250mL), teor de NO<sub>3</sub><bold>&#8254;</bold> (6,8 a 12,9 mmol), tempo de suplementa&#231;&#227;o e tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Alguns agentes farmacol&#243;gicos, como inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina e BCC, podem causar vasodilata&#231;&#227;o por influenciar a s&#237;ntese de NO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> o que poderia atenuar os efeitos do SB sobre os n&#237;veis de PA nos pacientes tratados neste estudo. Outro fator a ser considerado &#233; apresentado em uma metan&#225;lise recente, na qual os autores demonstram que os efeitos hipotensores da beterraba podem ser afetados por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. Uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o na PAS e PAD foi observada ap&#243;s a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de beterraba em participantes n&#227;o saud&#225;veis do que em participantes saud&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesos tiveram uma resposta mais alta semelhante &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o de SB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O comportamento da PA central foi semelhante ao da PA perif&#233;rica com aumento significativo na fase controle, o que n&#227;o foi observado na fase beterraba. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos avaliando a PA central ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; inorg&#226;nico em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o. De fato, alguns estudos que avaliaram a PA central ap&#243;s ingest&#227;o aguda de SB foram realizados em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, mostrando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, a DE apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de SB. Hughes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> avaliaram os efeitos agudos da ingest&#227;o de SB por mulheres normotensas e encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o gradual da DE ap&#243;s duas horas da ingest&#227;o. A redu&#231;&#227;o na DE est&#225; relacionada a uma aorta menos r&#237;gida e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na p&#243;s-carga card&#237;aca, e a ingest&#227;o de SB pareceu melhorar a complac&#234;ncia vascular, o que pode facilitar o desempenho card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>RVSE &#233; um marcador sens&#237;vel de oferta e demanda subendoc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio que se correlaciona com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Quanto menor a raz&#227;o de viabilidade, menor a perfus&#227;o card&#237;aca, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; rigidez arterial. Os mediadores inflamat&#243;rios participam ativamente nos mecanismos de les&#227;o vascular e est&#227;o aumentados em todos os est&#225;gios da hipertens&#227;o, e essa associa&#231;&#227;o acelera o processo de envelhecimento vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup>Neste estudo, o RVSE aumentou significativamente ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de SB, e nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o foi observada na fase controle. At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o existem estudos abordando RVSE em hipertensos submetidos &#224; ingest&#227;o de SB. De acordo com este resultado, Hughes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> avaliaram os efeitos agudos da ingest&#227;o de SB por mulheres jovens e normotensas na p&#243;s-menopausa e observaram um aumento significativo na RVSE ap&#243;s 150 e 180 minutos de ingest&#227;o de bebida.</p>
      <p>A reatividade microvascular medida pelo percentual de aumento da perfus&#227;o no HRPO mostrou um aumento significativo ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de SB, demonstrando uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o existem protocolos cl&#237;nicos avaliando os efeitos do NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; diet&#233;tico na reatividade microvascular utilizando esta metodologia em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos. Em um estudo realizado em indiv&#237;duos com excesso de peso, tr&#234;s semanas de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de 70ml de SB n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa no pico e no &#237;ndice HRPO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser consideradas. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o dificultaram a inscri&#231;&#227;o dos participantes, principalmente quanto ao uso de betabloqueadores e estatinas, medicamentos amplamente utilizados em hipertensos devido &#224;s demais comorbidades. No entanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi mais numerosa do que o tamanho estimado da amostra e semelhante aos demais estudos. O per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o de 150 minutos no per&#237;odo de jejum pode ter influenciado no aumento da PA, que foi mais evidente na fase controle. Por outro lado, esse efeito contribuiu para uma melhor observa&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o do NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; da dieta sobre os n&#237;veis de PA. Por fim, realizamos uma interven&#231;&#227;o de dose &#250;nica e, portanto, nossos achados n&#227;o podem ser comparados com efeitos de m&#233;dio e longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ingest&#227;o de SB resultou em benef&#237;cios agudos sobre os par&#226;metros vasculares em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, levando a uma maior viabilidade subendoc&#225;rdica, maior desempenho na contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Este foi o primeiro estudo que aplicou diferentes m&#233;todos para avaliar par&#226;metros vasculares e demonstrou efeitos ben&#233;ficos da ingest&#227;o &#250;nica de SB em adultos hipertensos tratados. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a efic&#225;cia da via NO<sub>3</sub>-NO<sub>2</sub>-NO, especialmente em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o e outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Sra. Claudia Deolinda Lopes Alves Madureira pela coleta da amostra de sangue e todo o apoio para este estudo. Os autores tamb&#233;m agradecem aos pesquisadores que contribu&#237;ram na an&#225;lise do suco e soro de beterraba NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; e NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254;. Os autores n&#227;o t&#234;m conflitos de interesse financeiros ou pessoais relacionados a este estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Samanta Mattos pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 30355314.8.0000.5259. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Effects of Dietary Nitrate on Central Pressure and Endothelial Function in Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Rabello</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Cristina</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>d&#180;El-Rei</surname>
            <given-names>Jenifer</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8278-7067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bai&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Diego dos Santos</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <name>
            <surname>Paschoalin</surname>
            <given-names>Vania M. F.</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
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          <name>
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            <surname>Neves</surname>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
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          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Qu&#237;mica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Nutri&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Mario Fritsch Neves &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. 28 de Setembro, 77. Postal Code 20551-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mariofneves@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The diet&#8217;s inorganic nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) may provide a physiological substrate for reducing nitrate (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) to NO independent of the endothelium. Studies suggest that inorganic NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup> has beneficial effects on cardiovascular health.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study evaluated the acute effects of 500 mL nitrate-rich beetroot juice (BRJ; containing 11.5mmol NO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8211;</sup>) on blood pressure and endothelial function in treated hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted in treated hypertensive patients (n=37; women=62%) who underwent clinical and nutritional evaluation and assessment of central hemodynamic parameters and microvascular reactivity. The significance level was p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The mean age was 59&#177;7 years, and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 142&#177;10/83&#177;9mmHg. There was a significant increase in the subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR; 149&#177;25 vs. 165&#177;30%, p&lt;0.001) and reduction in ejection duration (ED; 37&#177;4 vs. 34&#177;4%, p&lt;0.001) in the beetroot phase but no significant SEVR difference in the control phase. The % increase in perfusion (155 vs. 159 %, p=0.042) was significantly increased in the beetroot phase, which was not observed in the control phase. In the beetroot phase, the change in SEVR showed a significant correlation with the change in the area under the curve of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (AUC-PORH) (r=0.45, p=0.012). The change in ED showed a significant correlation with the post-intervention perfusion peak (r=-0.37, p=0.031) and AUC-PORH (r=-0.36, p=0.046).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The acute ingestion of BRJ by hypertensive patients resulted in an improvement of endothelial function, which was associated with higher subendocardial viability and performance in myocardial contraction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Beta Vulgaris</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, with around 17.9 million people dying in 2019, accounting for 32% of all deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The endothelium is one of the main regulators of vascular homeostasis; it plays a role in modulating vascular tone by synthesizing and releasing endothelium-derived relaxation factors, including nitric oxide (NO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The imbalance of these substances leads to endothelial dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which is a marker of vascular remodeling and impaired vascular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The coronary microvascular function is an indicator of myocardial oxygen supply and demand assessed by the subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR), presenting an estimate of myocardial perfusion concerning cardiac workload and a predictor of coronary flow reserve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Low SEVR values in hypertensive patients were associated with reduced coronary flow reserve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Eating habits influence several mechanisms involved with cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The inorganic nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254;) content in root vegetables can provide a physiological substrate for the reduction to nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254;), NO, and other metabolic products via the NO<sub>3</sub>-NO<sub>2</sub>-NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Among the most important molecules produced in the cardiovascular system that maintains vascular homeostasis, NO bioavailability has great relevance in the pathogenesis of CVD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Vegetables are the main dietary contributors of NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>and beetroot (<italic>Beta vulgaris</italic>) is rich in inorganic NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Beetroot has been highlighted as a multitargeted supplement in vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and diabetes and has been considered a complementary treatment for hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many studies have shown the beneficial effect of beetroot juice (BRJ) on blood pressure (BP), improving endothelial function and reducing arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, to date, no studies have evaluated the acute effect of BRJ on BP peripheral and central, hemodynamic parameters and microvascular reactivity simultaneously. This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of dietary NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; intake on BP and endothelial function in treated hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Hypertensive patients aged between 40 and 70 years, of both genders, in regular use of antihypertensive drugs, were selected from our outpatient clinic (Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil) and admitted to a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study. The exclusion criteria were secondary hypertension, use of beta-blockers or statin, diabetes mellitus or hormone replacement therapy. The local Ethics Committee approved all procedures, and all the participants signed the informed consent. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.Gov (NCT04020796).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>On the first visit (baseline/t0&#8217;), patients underwent evaluation of BP, anthropometric, laboratory testing, and tests. The website <italic>randomization.com</italic> was used to generate the randomization order of the interventions, which was done by a researcher who did not directly participate in the study procedures (blind randomization).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Each participant was randomized to the crossover interventions. Patients were then provided their respective intervention, BRJ or water, and remained at rest for 150 min, which is the peak time of NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; in blood circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> At the end of this period (t150&#8217;), the exams were performed again. After the 7-day washout period, the patients underwent alternating interventions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Study design flowchart. BP: blood pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220209-20209-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intervention</title>
          <p>The beetroots were purchased from a local supermarket (located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) and were weighed, sanitized, peeled, fractionated and liquefied by a food centrifuge without the addition of water. The final volume of BRJ offered to each patient was 500 mL. Water (Minalba&#174;, Brazil), used as a control drink, contained &lt; 0.001 mmol NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; in 500 mL. The control drink was chosen based on some studies that used water as a control intervention due to its low nitrate content.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; of BRJ were quantified, and their serum levels used as indirect markers of NO production were evaluated as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical evaluation</title>
          <p>Venous blood samples were collected after 8-hour fasting before any intervention. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were measured using an AutoAnalyzer technique (Technicon DAX96, Miles Inc). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations were calculated using Friedewald&#8217;s equation when TG concentrations &lt;400 mg/dl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The evaluation of renal function was performed using the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the Chronic Kidney Disease - Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric evaluation</title>
          <p>Anthropometric parameters were evaluated through the measurement of body weight (kg) and height (meters) using electronic scales with a stadiometer (Filizola SA, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil), and body mass index (BMI) was calculated and expressed as kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk assessment</title>
          <p>Measurements of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were obtained using a calibrated electronic device (model HEM-705CP, OMRON Healthcare Inc., Illinois). After three readings with a one-minute interval, the mean was calculated and considered for study analysis. The estimation of vascular age was based on the Framingham Heart Study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Microvascular reactivity</title>
          <p>Microvascular reactivity was evaluated using a Laser Speckle Contrast Image (Pericam PSI System, Perimed, Sweden) along with post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) for continuous reduction of microvascular endothelium-dependent cutaneous perfusion changes expressed in arbitrary perfusion units (APU). A sphygmomanometer was used on the brachial artery to apply a pressure of 50 mmHg above the SBP for three minutes. After rapid decompression, flow changes were recorded to evaluate the PORH. Increased perfusion (%): (peak - Baseline perfusion) /Baseline perfusion x 100. The area under the curve (AUC) augmentation (%): (PORH-AUC - Baseline AUC) /Baseline AUC x 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Central hemodynamic parameters</title>
          <p>The assessment of arterial wave reflection was performed non-invasively using a commercially available tonometry device (SphygmoCor, AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia). The SphygmoCor system uses a validated generalized transfer function to generate the corresponding central aortic pressures after acquiring 10 sequential waveforms. Aortic systolic pressure (ASP), aortic pulse pressure (APP), augmentation pressure (AP), augmentation index (AIx), SEVR and ejection duration (ED) derived from pulse waveform analysis. SEVR is an index of subendocardial viability that has already been compared with invasive methods and has been considered a measure of myocardial perfusion relative to cardiac overload. In pulse wave analysis, SEVR was defined as SEVR = aortic diastolic area/ aortic systolic area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>To determine the sample size for this study, we considered the equivalence of variation in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) observed in Bakker&#8217;s study (2015).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Thus, for a difference of 1.4% in the FMD, standard deviation (SD) of 1.9, study power of 80% and significance of 5%, a minimum number of 30 participants would be necessary. Results were expressed as mean &#177; SD for continuous variables with normal distribution or median (interquartile range) for non-Gaussian continuous variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normal distribution. The paired t-test compared the control and intervention groups for normal distribution variables, and the Wilcoxon test was performed for variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables were presented as frequency and percentage. Pearson coefficient was obtained in correlation tests between continuous variables. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)&#174; version 20 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>For this study, 37 patients with a mean age of 59&#177;7 years were included in the study. After the anthropometric and clinical assessment, it was observed that the majority were overweight with a BMI of 29&#177;4 kg/m2, female (62%), with intermediate cardiovascular risk (14%), SBP&gt;140 mmHg, DBP&gt;80 mmHg, and high total cholesterol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The most used classes of antihypertensive drugs were inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system (48%), thiazide diuretic (36%) and calcium channel blockers (CCB; 16%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of study subjects</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total sample (n= 37)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular risk (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (10 - 22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vascular Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (67 - 86)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender &#9794; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#9792; (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body Mass Index (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Waist Circumference (cm) &#9794;</td>
                  <td align="center">98 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#9792;</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean Arterial Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Biochemical Variables</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">203 &#177; 38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (78 - 178)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD-EPI (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (67 - 98)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Antihypertensive treatment, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin receptor blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (78)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (19)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thiazide diuretic</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (73)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monotherapy</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 drugs</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3 drugs</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (24)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Results expressed as mean (&#177; Standard Deviation), median (interquartile range) or proportion in categorical variables. BP: blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease - Epidemiology Collaboration.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The BRJ presented high levels of NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; in its composition. The serum analysis of NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; contents in the control and beetroot phases before and after each intervention is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. No significant differences were observed in NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; serum concentrations before the intake of BRJ and water. However, there was a significant increase in serum NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; after intervention with BRJ. This increase was approximately three times the baseline value of this phase.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Serum nitrate and nitrite &#8211; Control and beetroot phases</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Beetroot</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Baseline (n=24)</th>
                  <th>After (n=24)</th>
                  <th>Baseline (n=28)</th>
                  <th>After (n=28)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate (&#181;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 26.5</td>
                  <td align="center">65.3 &#177; 34.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                  <td align="center">59.7 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">169.4 &#177; 76.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrite (&#181;mol/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.100 &#177; 0.012</td>
                  <td align="center">0.095 &#177; 0.018</td>
                  <td align="center">0.162</td>
                  <td align="center">0.099 &#177; 0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.336 &#177; 0.159</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation. P value corresponding to the paired t-test in the comparison between baseline and post-intervention values.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A significant increase in peripheral SBP was observed in the control phase but not in the beetroot phase. There was also an increase in ASP in the control phase and, to a lesser degree, in the beetroot phase. The beetroot phase showed a significant reduction in ED and an increase in SEVR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurements of peripheral blood pressure and central hemodynamic parameters &#8211; Control and beetroot phase</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Beetroot</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Baseline (n=37)</th>
                  <th>After (n=37)</th>
                  <th>Baseline (n=37)</th>
                  <th>After (n=37)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Peripheral Blood Pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">144 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.268</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.492</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pressure Pulse (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">55 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.905</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">104 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="7">
                    <bold>Central Hemodynamic Parameters by Applanation Tonometry</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">143 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.736</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">21 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Augmentation Index (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (32 - 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (32 - 43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (28 - 39)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31 - 41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIx@75 (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (27 - 34)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (26 - 37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.442</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (24 - 34)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (24 - 34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.751</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection duration (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">34 4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SEVR (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  <td align="center">149 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">165 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) when appropriate. P value in the comparison between baseline and post-intervention values corresponding to the paired t-test for variables with normal distribution and the Wilcoxon test for variables with non-normal distribution. BP: blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; ASP: aortic systolic pressure; APP: aortic pulse pressure; AP: augmentation pressure; <email>Alx@75:</email> Augmentation Index corrected for a heart rate of 75 beats per minute; SEVR: subendocardial viability ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the PORH test, the beetroot phase demonstrated a significant increase in % perfusion. The percentage of increase in the AUC of skin perfusion induced by PORH in the control phase decreased after water (control drink) and raised after BRJ intake but not reaching statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurements of endothelial function evaluation by microvascular reactivity &#8211; Control and beetroot phase</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Control</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Beetroot</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Baseline (n=37)</th>
                  <th>After (n=37)</th>
                  <th>Baseline (n=37)</th>
                  <th>After (n=37)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Basaline perfusion (APU)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pick (APU)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Increased perfusion (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (132 - 243)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (102 - 212)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.722</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (125 - 190)</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (121 - 227)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AUC increase (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.816</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 28</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.182</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or median (IQR) when appropriate. P value in the comparison between baseline and post-intervention values corresponding to the paired t-test for variables with normal distribution and the Wilcoxon test for variables with non-normal distribution. APU: arbitrary perfusion unit; AUC: area under the curve.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the beetroot phase, the change in SEVR positively correlated with a change in AUC-PORH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). The ED in the beetroot phase observed inverse correlations with endothelial function parameters, post-intervention peak (A) and AUC-PORH (B) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation in the beet group between change in the subendocardial viability ratio (&#8710; SEVR) and change in the area under the curve of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (&#8710; AUC-PORH).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220209-20209-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation in the change beet group (&#8710;) in ejection duration with the post-intervention peak (A) and with the post-intervention area under the post-occlusive reactive hyperemia curve(AUC-PORH) (B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220209-20209-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study was conducted to determine the acute effects of dietary NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; intake through BRJ, rich in inorganic NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254;, on BP and endothelial function in treated hypertensive patients. Among the main results, attenuation in the peripheral and central BP levels, reduction of ED, increase in SEVR and improvement of vascular function associated with elevated serum NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; were observed after a single intake of NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; inorganic.</p>
        <p>In this study, the BRJ used in the intervention phase presented high levels of NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; in its composition. We used fresh vegetables to prepare the BRJ instead of purchasing a more expensive commercial juice. Several studies have used industrialized BRJ with similar NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; concentrations but lower NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; content than those observed in the current study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>Additionally, the NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; concentration was nearly 1.5 times higher than that in the non-industrialized juice used in another recent study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The serum NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; were significantly increased after 150 minutes of intervention with BRJ in this study. Webb et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> evaluated the single intake of 500 ml BRJ and found a rapid increase (16-fold) in circulating NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; concentration after the first 30 minutes, with a peak of 1.5 hours and remaining at this level until 6 hours after ingestion. The proportion of circulating NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; raise was similar compared to the NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; content of this study.</p>
        <p>There was a significant increase in peripheral BP in the control phase, which was attenuated in the intervention phase after the ingestion of BRJ. Most studies in normotensive individuals have evaluated chronic consumption of BRJ and have a decrease in BP levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Few studies have assessed the effects of BRJ consumption by hypertensive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Kapil et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> evaluated the intake of BRJ for four weeks in hypertensive patients with and without antihypertensive treatment and found a reduction in SBP and DBP values compared to baseline. Kerley et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> reported significant reductions in BP levels assessed by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) after chronic intake of BRJ in treated hypertensive individuals. However, Bondonno et al. (2015) did not observe changes in office BP and ABPM when evaluating hypertensive individuals treated with BRJ intake for one week.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These controversial results in hypertensive individuals could be attributed to the great heterogeneity of the study design concerning the BRJ volume (140mL to 250mL), NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; content (6.8 to 12.9 mmol), supplementation time and antihypertensive treatment. Some pharmacological agents, such as renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and CCB, may cause vasodilation by influencing NO synthesis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> which could have attenuated the effects of BRJ on BP levels in treated patients in this study. Another factor to be considered is presented in a recent meta-analysis, in which the authors demonstrated that the BP&#8211;lowering effects of beetroot might be affected by chronic diseases. A greater reduction in SBP and DBP was observed after beetroot supplementation in unhealthier than healthy participants. Additionally, overweight and obese subjects had a higher response similar to BRJ supplementation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The behavior of central BP was similar to the peripheral BP, with a significant increase in the control phase, which was not observed in the beetroot phase. To date, there are no studies evaluating central BP after inorganic NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; ingestion in individuals with hypertension. Indeed, a few studies that evaluated the central BP after acute ingestion of BRJ were conducted in normotensive individuals, showing a significant reduction in aortic BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, ED showed a significant reduction after ingestion of BRJ. Hughes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> evaluated the acute effects of BRJ intake by normotensive women and found a gradual reduction of ED after two hours of ingestion. The reduction in ED is related to a less rigid aorta and a decrease in cardiac afterload, and intake of BRJ appeared to improve vascular compliance, which might facilitate cardiac performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>SEVR is a sensitive marker of subendocardial oxygen supply and demand that correlates with myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The lower the viability ratio, the lower the cardiac perfusion, which may be related to arterial stiffness. Inflammatory mediators actively participate in vascular injury mechanisms and are increased in all stages of hypertension, and this association accelerates the vascular aging process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> In this study, SEVR significantly increased after ingestion of BRJ, and no change was observed in the control phase. To our knowledge, no studies address SEVR in hypertensive individuals submitted to BRJ intake. In agreement with this result, Hughes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> assessed the acute effects of BRJ intake by young and postmenopausal normotensive women and observed a significant increase in SEVR after 150 and 180 minutes of drinking.</p>
        <p>The microvascular reactivity measured by the percentage of perfusion increase in PORH showed a significant increase after ingestion of BRJ, demonstrating an improvement in endothelial function. Thus far, no clinical protocols are evaluating the effects of dietary NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; on microvascular reactivity using this methodology in hypertensive individuals. In a study conducted on overweight individuals, three weeks of 70ml BRJ supplementation resulted in no significant difference in peak and PORH index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some limitations of this study should be considered. Exclusion criteria made it difficult to enroll participants, especially regarding the use of beta-blockers and statins, drugs widely used in hypertensive patients due to the other comorbidities. However, the study population was more numerous than the estimated sample size and similar to the other studies. The intervention period of 150 minutes in the fasting period may have influenced the BP increase, which was more evident in the control phase. On the other hand, this effect contributed to better observation of the dietary NO3&#8254; action on BP levels. Finally, we conducted a single-dose intervention; therefore, our findings cannot be compared with medium and long-term effects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The intake of BRJ resulted in acute benefits on vascular parameters in hypertensive individuals, leading to greater subendocardial viability, higher performance in myocardial contraction and improvement in endothelial function. This was the first study that applied different methods to evaluate vascular parameters and demonstrated the beneficial effects of the single intake of BRJ in treated hypertensive adults. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of the NO<sub>3</sub>-NO<sub>2</sub>-NO pathway, especially in subjects with hypertension and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank Mrs. Claudia Deolinda Lopes Alves Madureira for the blood sample collection and all the support for this study. The authors also thank the Institute of Chemistry at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro for helping with NO<sub>3</sub>&#8254; and NO<sub>2</sub>&#8254; beetroot juice and serum for analysis. The authors have no financial or personal conflicts of interest related to this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Samanta Mattos, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto under the protocol number 30355314.8.0000.5259. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
