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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dskmcmntg5bF8ndq7ppFFnc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220177</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gia Farmacoinvasiva em Idosos at&#233; 75 Anos ou N&#227;o Idosos: An&#225;lise de Par&#226;metros Bioqu&#237;micos e de Resson&#226;ncia Nuclear Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacchin</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szarf</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0886-0844</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maugeri</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Longo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ishimura</surname>
            <given-names>Mayari E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coste</surname>
            <given-names>Maria E. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santana de Parna&#237;ba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Cardiovascular CT/MR, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Santo Amaro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santo Amaro &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco A. H. Fonseca &#8226; Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Alameda das Dracenas, 290 - Residencial 5 &#8211; Alphaville. CEP 06539-240, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Francisco A. H. Fonseca &#8211; investigador: Astrazeneca; Palestrante &#8211; Ache, Libbs, Novonordisk, Astrazeneca, Amgen, Novartis. Rui Povoa &#8211; palestrante: Torrent, Astrazeneca e Servier. Henrique Tria Bianco &#8211; palestrante: Astrazeneca. Maria Cristina Izar &#8211; palestrante: PTC, AMRIT e Novartis.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220177</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva &#233; uma alternativa na inviabilidade da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva precoce sobre o tamanho da &#225;rea infartada e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos. O papel dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m foi avaliado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes (n=223) com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) foram prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos e submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise medicamentosa nas primeiras seis horas, e &#224; angiografia coronariana e &#224; ICP, quando necess&#225;ria, nas primeiras 24 horas. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no primeiro dia (D1) e 30 dias ap&#243;s (D30). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi realizada no D30. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos apresentaram porcentagem similares de massa infartada [13,7 (6,9-17,0) vs. 14,0 (7,3-26,0), respectivamente p=0,13)] [mediana (intervalo interquartil)]. No entanto, os pacientes idosos apresentaram maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda [53 (45-62) vs. 49 (39-58), p=0,025)]. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de interleucina (IL)1beta, IL-4, IL-6, e IL-10 n&#227;o foram diferentes entre D1 e D30, mas pacientes idosos apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-18 em D1 e D30. O n&#250;mero absoluto de linf&#243;citos B e T foram similares em ambos os grupos em D1 e D30, por&#233;m, pacientes idosos apresentaram uma raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito mais alta em D30. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada dos desfechos de RMC de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo mostrou que os preditores independentes n&#227;o foram diferentes entre pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva em pacientes idosos foi associada a pequenas diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios, tamanho do infarto similar, e melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes n&#227;o idosos</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Citocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Linf&#243;citos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>#2012/51692-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>#428793/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (#2012/51692-7) e CNPq (#428793/2016-9).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A mortalidade por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#233; mais ata em pacientes idosos que em pacientes n&#227;o idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atrasos no diagn&#243;stico e na terapia trombol&#237;tica ou percut&#226;nea resultam em maior perda do mioc&#225;rdio e remodelamento ventricular, com implica&#231;&#245;es no progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, e doen&#231;a coronariana grave aumenta o desafio no tratamento de pacientes idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estrat&#233;gias farmacoinvasivas surgiram como uma grande oportunidade de reduzir o tempo para reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, permitindo uma janela adequada para tratamento cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo complementar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ainda, um suprimento sangu&#237;neo mais eficiente promovido por vasos colaterais pode aumentar a recupera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, devido &#224; imunossenesc&#234;ncia, respostas inflamat&#243;rias mais intensas em pacientes idosos podem exercer um papel adicional durante a reperfus&#227;o e recupera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Finalmente, em longo prazo, ap&#243;s o IAMCSST, a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos e mortes por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares parecem estar relacionadas &#224; extens&#227;o da necrose no mioc&#225;rdio e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve como objetivo comparar a efic&#225;cia da estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva na quantidade de massa infartada e na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, avaliadas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) em idosos (at&#233; 75 anos de idade) e n&#227;o idosos com IAMCSST. O estudo tamb&#233;m avaliou o papel de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios nesses par&#226;metros de RMC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes consecutivos de ambos os sexos em seu primeiro epis&#243;dio de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; tromb&#243;lise medicamentosa com tenecteplase nas primeiras seis horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, seguido de angiografia coronariana e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) quando necess&#225;ria, nas primeiras 24 horas do IAMCSST. Esses pacientes receberam tratamentos padr&#245;es (incluindo agentes hipolipemiantes de alta efic&#225;cia e terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla). Pacientes com instabilidade cl&#237;nica, doen&#231;a autoimune, doen&#231;a maligna, sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, ou idade superior a 75 anos (por quest&#245;es de seguran&#231;a relacionada &#224; terapia medicamentosa) foram exclu&#237;dos. O protocolo do estudo seguiu a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (CAAE: 38692514.1.1001.5505; IRB 1.253.088). Os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados ao nosso hospital ap&#243;s tromb&#243;lise para angiografia coron&#225;ria durante as primeiras 24 horas do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas no primeiro dia de interna&#231;&#227;o. Nos casos de pacientes transferidos durante a noite, as amostras eram colhidas na manh&#227; seguinte. As amostras foram colhidas no primeiro dia (D1) e ap&#243;s 30 dias de IAMCSST (D30).</p>
        <p>Os exames laboratoriais de rotina foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio central do hospital universit&#225;rio. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCRus) foram medidas por imunonefelometria, e subtipos B e T de linf&#243;citos foram determinados como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em resumo, as c&#233;lulas foram descongeladas e dilu&#237;das em meio RPMI. As c&#233;lulas foram coradas com anticorpos monoclonais conjugados (com agente fluorescente) para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos B e T. A popula&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos B1 foi definida como CD3<sup>-</sup> CD19<sup>+</sup> CD20<sup>+</sup> CD27<sup>+</sup> CD43<sup>+</sup>, e a de linf&#243;citos B2 como CD3<sup>-</sup> CD19<sup>+</sup> CD20<sup>+</sup> CD43<sup>-</sup>. Os linf&#243;citos T foram definidos como CD4<sup>+</sup> (CD3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>-</sup>) ou CD8<sup>+</sup> (CD3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>-</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup>).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de interleucinas circulantes foram determinados por ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA) utilizando kits espec&#237;ficos para IL-4, IL-6 e IL-10 (BD Pharmingen-EUA) e R&amp;D Systems kits (Minneapolis, EUA) para IL-1&#946; e IL-18.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A RMC foi realizada no trig&#233;simo dia ap&#243;s o IAMCSST para quantificar a massa infartada e investigar os efeitos das vari&#225;veis inflamat&#243;rias durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As imagens foram realizadas em scanners de 3.0T e o protocolo incluiu a gera&#231;&#227;o de imagens de precess&#227;o livre em estado estacion&#225;rio para a an&#225;lise anat&#244;mica, cine-resson&#226;ncia retrospectiva em cortes de eixo longo e eixo curto e realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio para avalia&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz/fibrose mioc&#225;rdica como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A massa de tecido necr&#243;tico foi estimada em gramas e em porcentagem de tecido necr&#243;tico da massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em n&#250;mero e porcentagem e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e expressas em mediana [intervalo interquartil (IIQ)] devido &#224; sua distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de soma dos postos de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em D1 e em D30, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos. As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear univariada e multivariada foram realizadas para identificar preditores independentes para a massa infartada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE). Foram analisadas todas as premissas para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, e uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia foi utilizada. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo programa SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 e um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 332 pacientes com IAMCSST foram rastreados, e 270 inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre maio de 2015 e mar&#231;o de 2019. Quarenta e sete pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises de RMC no primeiro m&#234;s devido &#224; mortalidade, interna&#231;&#227;o ou insufici&#234;ncia renal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). No primeiro m&#234;s, a taxa de eventos cardiovasculares compostos por reinterna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, angina inst&#225;vel, morta s&#250;bita ressuscitada, ICP de urg&#234;ncia, e mortalidade total n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos (p=0,49, teste do qui-quadrado). Todos esses eventos cardiovasculares apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o similar entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos, com exce&#231;&#227;o para mortalidade quatro pacientes idosos e tr&#234;s pacientes no grupo de n&#227;o idosos (p=0,017, teste do qui-quadrado). Outros eventos cardiovasculares tais como ICP eletiva, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica eletiva e sangramento n&#227;o foram diferentes entre esses grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma do estudo. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes est&#225;veis, ap&#243;s primeiro infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Cinquenta e dois pacientes foram eleg&#237;veis e 47 exclu&#237;dos por morte, interna&#231;&#245;es ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o para resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Um total de 223 idosos e n&#227;o idosos completaram o estudo e se submeteram &#224; RMC ap&#243;s 30 dias do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. AI: angina inst&#225;vel; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220177-20177-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as principais caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (n=223). O local do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#237;veis de troponina T ultrassens&#237;vel (TNTus), fluxo coronariano (fluxo TIMI), vasos colaterais (classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop) e microcircula&#231;&#227;o (grau de blush mioc&#225;rdico) foram similares em ambos os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas principais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>N&#227;o idosos (&lt;65 anos) N=180</th>
                <th>Idosos (65-75 anos) N=43</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">54 (48-59)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (66-70)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">131 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">47 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">92 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">86 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (25,6-29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 (23,1-28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">124 (110-137)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (121-140)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">77 (70-90)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (70-86)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG, mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">93,5 (81,0-100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 (65,0-88,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TNTus, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">5037 (2238-10089)</td>
                <td align="center">4298 (1161-11673)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de IM</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,41</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anterior</td>
                <td align="center">88 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">70 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (51)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lateral</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Valores em mediana (intervalo interquartil IQR) ou frequ&#234;ncias (%); PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (estimada por CKD-EPI); TNTus: troponina T ultrassens&#237;vel; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra que indiv&#237;duos idosos e n&#227;o idosos apresentaram par&#226;metros laboratoriais compar&#225;veis, exceto pelos n&#237;veis mais altos de HDL colesterol, raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e creatinina s&#233;rica no grupo de idosos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros laboratoriais no basal (D1) e ap&#243;s 30 dias (D30), por grupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o idosos (&lt; 65 anos) N=180</th>
                  <th>Idosos (65-75 anos) N=43</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>D1</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos (c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">12000 (9640-13675)</td>
                  <td align="center">11000 (9160-12300)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">2098 (1532-2725)</td>
                  <td align="center">1647 (1298-2558)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">4,63 (3,10-6.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,74 (3,20-7,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (99-151)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (107-142)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 (5,6-6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 (5,5-6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (173-230)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (166-232)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (107-154)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (103-154)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (33-46)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (39-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (97-203)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (79-172)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol n&#227;o HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (136-193)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (120-175)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lp (a)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (9-41)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (13-46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,74-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,78-1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (81-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (65-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRus</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9 (9,5-48,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,1 (10,8-33,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>D30</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">7740 (6500-9050)</td>
                  <td align="center">7710 (6630-8830)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">2044 (1590-2441)</td>
                  <td align="center">1823 (1468-2210)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNL</td>
                  <td align="center">2,77 (2,25-3,48)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,50 (2,52-4,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (90-112)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (92-115)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (106-146)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (105-156)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (46-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (47-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (34-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (97-164)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (104-163)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol n&#227;o HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (67-109)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (69-113)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lp (a)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (8-37)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (11-38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,82-1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (0,86-1,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFG</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (73-87)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (59-79)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRus</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99 (0,88-5,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,03 (1,35-7,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Valores em mediana (IIQ); RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada (%); PCRus: Prote&#237;na C Reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (mg/L); TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (CKD-EPI, mL/min/1,73m<sup><italic>2</italic></sup>). Lp (a): lipoprote&#237;na (a). Lip&#237;dios, glicose e creatinina expressos em mg/dL; Compara&#231;&#245;es pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>No D1 e no D30, os n&#250;meros de linf&#243;citos T CD4, CD8, bem como linf&#243;citos B (subtipos B1 ou B2), foram compar&#225;veis nos grupos de idosos e n&#227;o idosos. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero absoluto de linf&#243;citos B2 cl&#225;ssicos (na&#239;ve e de mem&#243;ria) n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Linf&#243;citos B e T no basal (D1) e ap&#243;s 30 dias (D30)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o idosos (&lt; 65 anos) N=180</th>
                  <th>Idosos (65-75 anos) N=43</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>D1</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T CD4</td>
                  <td align="center">871 (567-1198)</td>
                  <td align="center">1076 (597-1625)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T CD8</td>
                  <td align="center">345 (226-484)</td>
                  <td align="center">307 (188-799)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0 (3,0-11,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 (3,3-13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 na&#239;ve</td>
                  <td align="center">53,4 (16,0-115,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">52,2 (9,89-115,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 de mem&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">49,9 (23,4-129,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,5 (27,1-113,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 cl&#225;ssico</td>
                  <td align="center">135,1 (75,6-248,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">124,6 (81,5-226,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>D30</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T CD4</td>
                  <td align="center">912 (620-1093)</td>
                  <td align="center">976 (730-1204)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T CD8</td>
                  <td align="center">313 (197-479)</td>
                  <td align="center">310 (197-552)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B1</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (2,4-8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6 (2,0-5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 na&#239;ve</td>
                  <td align="center">38,5 (11,6-75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,9 (15,5-104,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 de mem&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6 (20,1-85,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,7 (35,9-94,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 cl&#225;ssico</td>
                  <td align="center">97,4 (53,6-159,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">122,0 (87,4-195,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Linf&#243;citos em c&#233;lulas/mL; B2 cl&#225;ssico = B2 na&#239;ve + B2 de mem&#243;ria; compara&#231;&#245;es pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao D1, foram observados n&#237;veis mais elevados de IL-4 (p=0,007) e IL-10 (p&lt;0,001), n&#237;veis mais baixos de IL-18, e nenhuma mudan&#231;a significativa para IL-1 beta (p=0,058) ou IL-6 (p=0,77). Diferen&#231;as entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos em D1 e D30 foram detectadas somente para IL-18 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Boxplots de interleucinas circulantes (IL) no basal (D1) e 30 dias ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (D30). (A) Concentra&#231;&#245;es similares de IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-6 e IL-10 foram observadas para pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos em D1; (B) Em D30, concentra&#231;&#245;es compar&#225;veis de IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-6 e IL-10 foram observadas; (C) As concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-18 eram mais elevadas nos idosos em D1 (p=0,017 vs. n&#227;o idosos), e D30 (p=0,023 vs. n&#227;o idosos). Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney U *diferen&#231;as significativas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220177-20177-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC)</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> apresenta os par&#226;metros de RMC de pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos. O tamanho do infarto foi compar&#225;vel entre os grupos, e uma FEVE maior foi observada nos idosos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Boxplots dos par&#226;metros de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos em D30. (A) Tamanho de infarto similar entre pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos (p=0,25); (B) Maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) nos idosos (p=0,02); teste de Mann-Whitney; *diferen&#231;as significativas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220177-20177-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) (gramas) [105 (82-122) vs. 103 (85-123) p=0,78) para idosos e n&#227;o idosos respectivamente], bem como a porcentagem de fibrose do VE [13,7 (6,9-17,0) vs. 14,0 (7,3-26,0), p=0,13 para idosos e n&#227;o idosos respectivamente] n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Tanto a FEVE (%) como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito [59 (52,0-67,0) vs. 55,0 (50,0-62,0), p=0,012] no D30 foram mais altas em idosos em compara&#231;&#227;o a n&#227;o idosos. A porcentagem de pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 40% foi similar em ambos os grupos de pacientes (qui-quadrado 1,39, p=0,24).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Regress&#227;o linear multivariada</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise univariada revelou que os n&#237;veis de TNTus, PCRus, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, e peso foram significativamente associados com o tamanho do infarto (gramas) em D1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada (ANOVA p&lt;0,001) identificou TNTus (coeficiente beta -0,367, p&lt;0,001), PCRus (coeficiente beta -0,273, p&lt;0,001), e glicemia (coeficiente beta -0,162, p=0,018) como preditores independentes. Para FEVE, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada em D1 mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com n&#237;veis de TNTus, PCRus, RNL, leuc&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos, e glicemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear univariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Massa infartada (gramas)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FEVE (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>D1</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TNTus</td>
                  <td align="center">0,380</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,428</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCRus</td>
                  <td align="center">0,331</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RLN</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,296</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">0,171</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">0,135</td>
                  <td align="center">0,062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,152</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,575</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso</td>
                  <td align="center">0,139</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                  <td align="center">0,608</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                  <td align="center">0,178</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                  <td align="center">0,162</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,144</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                  <td align="center">0,178</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>D30</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">0,272</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,214</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                  <td align="center">0,353</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B2 na&#239;ve</td>
                  <td align="center">0,207</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T CD4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,267</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">0,134</td>
                  <td align="center">0,239</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T CD8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,273</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,265</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">0,503</td>
                  <td align="center">0,150</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C</td>
                  <td align="center">0,209</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,160</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>TNTus: troponina T ultrassens&#237;vel; PCRus: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; linf&#243;citos B e T em c&#233;lulas/mL r &#8211; coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o; D1: amostras colhidas no primeiro dia do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; D30: amostras colhidas 30 dias ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Massa infartada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda determinadas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca no D30.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em D30, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada apresentou as seguintes vari&#225;veis associadas com o tamanho do infarto: creatinina, linf&#243;citos B2 na&#239;ve, linf&#243;citos T CD4, linf&#243;citos T CD8, HDL colesterol, e leuc&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada em D30 (ANOVA p&lt;0,001) identificou a creatinina (coeficiente beta 0,247, p =0,001) e HDL colesterol (coeficiente beta -0,172, p=0,017) como preditores independentes da massa infartada. Para a FEVE, entre as vari&#225;veis coletadas em D30, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre linf&#243;citos T CD8, creatinina, colesterol n&#227;o HDL, colesterol total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, a creatinina permaneceu como preditor independente de FEVE (ANOVA p=0,002, coeficiente beta -0,211).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva tem sido considerada uma alternativa eficaz &#224; ICP em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No presente estudo, comparamos os efeitos dessa estrat&#233;gia em par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e de RMC entre pacientes idosos (at&#233; 75 anos de idade) e pacientes n&#227;o idosos. De fato, no estudo, mediante tratamento e insulto isqu&#234;mico similares, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na massa infartada entre pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos, sendo que os idosos apresentaram melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivariada mostrou que nenhum dos marcadores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais que se diferiram entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos foram relacionados &#224; FEVE. O tempo de perfus&#227;o mais curto foi associado com melhor fluxo coron&#225;rio, menos remodelamento ventricular adverso e menor mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ainda, em indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST, um blush mioc&#225;rdico deficiente relacionou-se com mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o foram diferentes entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos, incluindo vasos colaterais.</p>
      <p>Os principais determinantes da massa infartada em D1 foram TNTus e PCRus. Ambas as vari&#225;veis foram compar&#225;veis em idosos e n&#227;o idosos e, conforme o esperado, o tamanho do infarto tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. Alguns marcadores inflamat&#243;rios foram diferentes entre esses grupos, tais como n&#237;veis mais altos de IL-18 em D1 e D30 entre os idosos. A interleucina-18 possui similaridades com a IL-1 beta, tais como ativa&#231;&#227;o da caspase-1. No entanto, diferentemente da IL-1 beta, a IL-18 secretada em resposta &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de agentes inflamat&#243;rios no tecido mioc&#225;rdico devido &#224; isquemia/perfus&#227;o tamb&#233;m estimula respostas anti-inflamat&#243;rias de defesa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra diferen&#231;a entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos foi a RNL em D30. Em indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ICP, a RNL tem sido considerado um marcador de les&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio e de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Ainda, uma meta-an&#225;lise mostrou que a RNL relacionou-se com mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos quanto &#224; RNL em D1, e esse marcador n&#227;o foi preditor da massa infartada, possivelmente devido &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o em tempo h&#225;bil e &#224; exclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 75 anos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear mostrou que a idade, como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, n&#227;o foi preditora de massa infartada ou FEVE.</p>
      <p>Os principais determinantes da FEVE foram TNTus, PCRus, e glicemia, mas n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a para esses par&#226;metros entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos em D1. Em, D30, creatinina e HDL colesterol foram preditores de tamanho do infarto, mas somente a creatinina manteve rela&#231;&#227;o com FEVE. A creatinina s&#233;rica foi um pouco mais alta nos idosos, ao passo que o HDL colesterol n&#227;o foi diferente em D30.</p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem que as c&#233;lulas B possam exercer um papel relevante na aterosclerose e durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nos idosos, a imunossenesc&#234;ncia, envolvendo popula&#231;&#245;es celulares e excesso de citocinas, tem sido chamada de &#8220;inflamm-aging&#8221; em ingl&#234;s (inflama&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao envelhecimento).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A maioria das c&#233;lulas B e T foram compar&#225;veis entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos, provavelmente devido ao limite de idade no estudo. Ainda, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as para a maioria dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, incluindo a PCRus, entre idosos at&#233; 75 anos e n&#227;o idosos.</p>
      <p>Como a melhor FEVE entre os idosos n&#227;o p&#244;de ser explicada por presen&#231;a de vasos colaterais, outros mecanismos devem estar envolvidos. Pacientes n&#227;o idosos geralmente apresentam melhor fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e maior atividade fibrinol&#237;tica dependente do endot&#233;lio que pacientes idosos, o que poderia levar a um tempo mais longo at&#233; a completa oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, com disfun&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o dada &#224; maior quantidade de microemboliza&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo abordou pacientes idosos com IAMCSST de at&#233; 75 anos de idade, uma popula&#231;&#227;o geralmente pouco estudada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos com estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva, e mostrou um perfil bioqu&#237;mico compar&#225;vel ao de pacientes mais jovens. Diferen&#231;as nas repostas inflamat&#243;rias entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos foram pequenas, e n&#227;o tiveram impacto sobre os par&#226;metros de RMC analisados. Resultados de seguran&#231;a devem ser interpretados com cautela, uma vez que o n&#250;mero de pacientes &#233; insuficiente para conclus&#245;es. Por fim, os resultados aplicam-se somente para pacientes com IAMCSST com reperfus&#227;o em tempo adequado (at&#233; seis horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas) e encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria ou ICP nas primeiras 24 horas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva precoce em idosos de at&#233; 75 anos foi associada com tamanho do infarto compar&#225;vel e melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda que em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. At&#233; essa idade, pequenas diferen&#231;as em marcadores inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o afetaram os par&#226;metros de RMC analisados.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Destaques</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O desempenho da estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva em pacientes idosos de at&#233; 75 anos de idade</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes idosos e n&#227;o idosos apresentaram tamanho de infarto similar mediante estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva similar</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pequenas diferen&#231;as nos marcadores vasculares e inflamat&#243;rios entre idosos e n&#227;o idosos n&#227;o tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o com a massa infartada</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Pacientes idosos apresentaram melhor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda que pacientes n&#227;o idosos</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Amanda S. Bacchin pela Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (#2012/51692-7) e CNPq (#428793/2016-9).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pharmacoinvasive Strategy in Elderly Up to 75 Years or Non-Elderly: Analysis of Biochemical and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacchin</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9911-4598</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco A. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Povoa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szarf</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0886-0844</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim Masciarelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maugeri</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Longo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ishimura</surname>
            <given-names>Mayari E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coste</surname>
            <given-names>Maria E. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Cardiovascular CT/MR, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Santo Amaro &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Francisco A. H. Fonseca &#8226; Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Alameda das Dracenas, 290 - Residencial 5 &#8211; Alphaville. Postal Code 06539-240, Santana de Parna&#237;ba, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fahfonseca@terra.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>Francisco A. H. Fonseca &#8211; investigator: Astrazeneca; speaker &#8211; Ache, Libbs, Novonordisk, Astrazeneca, Amgen, Novartis. Rui Povoa &#8211; speaker: Torrent, Astrazeneca and Servier. Henrique Tria Bianco &#8211; speaker: Astrazeneca. Maria Cristina Izar &#8211; speaker: PTC, AMRIT and Novartis.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pharmacoinvasive strategy is an alternative when primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not feasible.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early pharmacoinvasive strategy on the infarct size and left ventricular ejection fraction in elderly and non-elderly patients. The role of inflammatory markers was also examined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients (n=223) with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were prospectively included and submitted to pharmacological thrombolysis in the first six hours, and underwent coronary angiogram and PCI when necessary, in the first 24 hours. Blood samples were collected in the first day (D1) and after 30 days (D30). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) was performed at D30. Significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Elderly and non-elderly patients showed similar percentage of infarcted mass (13.7 [6.9-17.0] vs. 14.0 [7.3-26.0], respectively, p=0.13) (median [interquartile range]). However, elderly patients had better left ventricular ejection fraction (53 [45-62] vs. 49 [39-58], p=0.025). Titers of interleukin (IL)1beta, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between D1 and D30, but elderly patients had higher titers for IL-18 at D1 and D30. Absolute numbers of B and T lymphocytes were similar in both groups at D1 and D30, but elderly patients had higher neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio at D30. Multivariate linear regression analysis of cMRI outcomes in the whole population showed that the independent predictors were not different between elderly and non-elderly patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Pharmacoinvasive strategy in elderly patients was associated with small differences in inflammatory parameters, similar infarct size and better left ventricular function than non-elderly patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Cytokines</kwd>
        <kwd>Lymphocytes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Mortality from ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is higher in elderly patients than non-elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Delays in diagnosis and thrombolytic or percutaneous therapies determine greater loss of myocardium and ventricular remodeling, with prognostic implications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and hypertension, and severe coronary heart disease increase the challenge in the treatment of elderly patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pharmacoinvasive strategies have emerged as a great opportunity to reduce the time for coronary reperfusion, allowing a suitable window for complementary percutaneous or surgical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition, more efficient coronary blood flow supply by collateral vessels may increase the recovery of the ischemic myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, due to immunosenescence, greater inflammatory responses in elderly patients may play additional role during reperfusion and myocardial recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Finally, in the long term after STEMI, recurrence of coronary events and cardiovascular deaths appear to be related to the amount of myocardial necrosis and degree of ventricular impairment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study aimed to compare the efficacy of pharmacoinvasive strategy in the amount of the infarcted mass and ventricular function, evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) in elderly (up to 75 years old) and non-elderly patients with STEMI. The study also evaluated the role of inflammatory markers on these cMRI parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Consecutive patients of both sexes with their first myocardial infarction were included. All patients were submitted to pharmacological thrombolysis with tenecteplase in the first six hours of symptom onset followed by coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) when needed, in the first 24 hours of STEMI. These patients received standard-of-care therapies (including highly effective lipid-lowering drugs and dual antiplatelet therapy). Patients with clinical instability, autoimmune disease, known malignancy, signs of active infections, or older than 75 years, were excluded. The exclusion of patients older than 75 years was due to drug-therapy-related safety issues. The study protocol followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local ethics committee (CAAE: 38692514.1.1001.5505; IRB 1.253.088). Written informed consent was provided by all subjects before their inclusion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory assays</title>
          <p>All patients were referred to our hospital after thrombolysis for coronary angiography during the first 24 hrs of myocardial infarction. Blood samples were collected on the first day of hospitalization, except for patients transferred overnight. In this case, samples were collected in the following morning. Samples were collected on the first day (D1) and after 30 days of STEMI (D30).</p>
          <p>Routine laboratory assays were performed at the central laboratory of the university hospital. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured by immunonephelometry, and B and T subtypes of lymphocytes were determined as previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Briefly, the cells were thawed and diluted in RPMI medium. Cells were stained with fluorescent-conjugated monoclonal antibodies for evaluation of B and T lymphocytes. B1 lymphocyte population was defined as CD3<sup>-</sup> CD19<sup>+</sup> CD20<sup>+</sup> CD27<sup>+</sup> CD43<sup>+</sup>, and B2 lymphocyte subtypes as CD3<sup>-</sup> CD19<sup>+</sup> CD20<sup>+</sup> CD43<sup>-</sup>. T lymphocytes were defined as CD4<sup>+</sup> (CD3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>-</sup>) or CD8<sup>+</sup> (CD3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>-</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup>).</p>
          <p>Circulating interleukins were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using specific kits for IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 (BD Pharmingen-USA) and R&amp;D Systems kits (Minneapolis, USA) for IL-1&#946; and IL-18.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
          <p>Cardiac MRI was performed on the 30<sup>th</sup> day after STEMI to quantify the infarcted mass and to explore the effects of inflammatory variables during recovery and healing of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Images were performed on 3.0 T scanners and protocol included steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging for anatomical evaluation, retrospective cine imaging in long and short axis views and late contrast-enhanced imaging using gadolinium for evaluation of myocardium scar/fibrosis as previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The mass of necrotic tissue was estimated in grams and as the percentage of the necrotic tissue of the left ventricular mass.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were reported as number and percentage (%) and compared by Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test. Continuous variables were examined for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and expressed as median (interquartile range [IQR]) due to their non-Gaussian distribution. The non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare continuous variables at D1 and D30, and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables between elderly and non-elderly patients. Uni- and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors for the infarcted mass and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). All the assumptions for the use of linear regression analysis were examined. A convenience sample was used in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 17.0 and significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 322 patients with STEMI were screened and 270 enrolled in the study from May 2015 to March 2019. Forty-seven patients were excluded for the cMRI analysis in the first month, due to mortality, hospitalization or renal insufficiency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). During the first month, the rate of cardiovascular events composed of re-hospitalizations due to heart failure, unstable angina, resuscitated sudden death, urgent PCI, and total mortality, did not differ between groups (p=0.49, Chi-square test). All these cardiovascular events had similar distribution between elderly and non-elderly, except for mortality &#8211; four elderly patients and three patients in the non-elderly group (p=0.017, chi-square test). Other cardiovascular events such as elective PCI, elective surgical revascularization and bleeding did not differ between these groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study flowchart. Stable patients with first myocardial infarction were included. Fifty-two patients were not eligible and 47 were excluded due to death, hospitalizations or contra-indication for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI). A total of 223 elderly and non-elderly patients completed the study and performed cMRI after 30 days of acute myocardial infarction. UA: unstable angina; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; HF: heart failure; cMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220177-20177-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the main characteristics of the studied population (n=223). Location of myocardial infarction, high-sensitivity troponin T levels (hsTNT), coronary blood flow (TIMI flow grade), collateral vessels (Rentrop grades) and microcirculation (myocardial blush grade) were similar in both groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>Non-elderly (&lt;65 years) N=180</th>
                  <th>Elderly (65-75 years) N=43</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (48-59)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (66-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 (25.6-29.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5 (23.1-28.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (110-137)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (121-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (70-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (70-86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR, ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">93.5 (81.0-100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0 (65.0-88.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hsTNT, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">5037 (2238-10089)</td>
                  <td align="center">4298 (1161-11673)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Type of MI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.41</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (51)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Values are median (interquartile range) or frequencies (%); SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; GFR: glomerular filtration rate (estimated by CKD-EPI); hsTNT: high-sensitivity troponin T; MI: myocardial infarction. Continuous variables were compared by the Mann-Whitney U test; categorical variables were compared by Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory parameters</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows that elderly and non-elderly individuals had comparable laboratory parameters, except for higher HDL-C, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and serum creatinine in the elderly group.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Laboratory parameters at baseline (D1) and after 30 days (D30), by group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Non-elderly (&lt; 65 years) N=180</th>
                    <th>Elderly (65-75 years) N=43</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>D1</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td align="center">12000 (9640-13675)</td>
                    <td align="center">11000 (9160-12300)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocytes</td>
                    <td align="center">2098 (1532-2725)</td>
                    <td align="center">1647 (1298-2558)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">4.63 (3.10-6.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.74 (3.20-7.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (99-151)</td>
                    <td align="center">119 (107-142)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA1c</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9 (5.6-6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.0 (5.5-6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (173-230)</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (166-232)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (107-154)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (103-154)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (33-46)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (39-55)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (97-203)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (79-172)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">159 (136-193)</td>
                    <td align="center">151 (120-175)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lp (a)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (9-41)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (13-46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.74-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.78-1.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GFR</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (81-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (65-88)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP</td>
                    <td align="center">21.9 (9.5-48.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.1 (10.8-33.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>D30</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td align="center">7740 (6500-9050)</td>
                    <td align="center">7710 (6630-8830)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocytes</td>
                    <td align="center">2044 (1590-2441)</td>
                    <td align="center">1823 (1468-2210)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">2.77 (2.25-3.48)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.50 (2.52-4.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (90-112)</td>
                    <td align="center">99 (92-115)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (106-146)</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (105-156)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (46-83)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (47-84)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (34-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (97-164)</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (104-163)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (67-109)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (69-113)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lp (a)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (8-37)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (11-38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.82-1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (0.86-1.22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GFR</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (73-87)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (59-79)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP</td>
                    <td align="center">1.99 (0.88-5.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.03 (1.35-7.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Values are median (IQR). WBC: white blood cells (cells/mm3); NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin (%); hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L); GFR: glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI, mL/min/1.73m2). Lp (a): lipoprotein (a). Lipids, glucose and creatinine are mg/dL. Comparisons were made by the Mann-Whitney U test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>At D1 and D30, the number of T lymphocytes CD4, CD8, as well as B lymphocytes, B1 or B2 subtypes, were comparable in the elderly and non-elderly groups. In addition, the absolute number of classic B2 (na&#239;ve plus memory) lymphocytes did not differ between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>B and T lymphocytes subtypes at baseline (D1) and after 30 days (D30)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>Non-elderly (&lt; 65 years) (n=164)</th>
                    <th>Elderly (65-75 years) (35)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>D1</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T CD4</td>
                    <td align="center">871 (567-1198)</td>
                    <td align="center">1076 (597-1625)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T CD8</td>
                    <td align="center">345 (226-484)</td>
                    <td align="center">307 (188-799)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B1</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0 (3.0-11.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5 (3.3-13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B2 na&#239;ve</td>
                    <td align="center">53.4 (16.0-115.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.2 (9.89-115.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B2 memory</td>
                    <td align="center">49.9 (23.4-129.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.5 (27.1-113.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B2 classic</td>
                    <td align="center">135.1 (75.6-248.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">124.6 (81.5-226.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>D30</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T CD4</td>
                    <td align="center">912 (620-1093)</td>
                    <td align="center">976 (730-1204)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>T CD8</td>
                    <td align="center">313 (197-479)</td>
                    <td align="center">310 (197-552)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B1</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 (2.4-8.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6 (2.0-5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Na&#239;ve B2</td>
                    <td align="center">38.5 (11.6-75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.9 (15.5-104.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Memory B2</td>
                    <td align="center">38.6 (20.1-85.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.7 (35.9-94.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Classic B2</td>
                    <td align="center">97.4 (53.6-159.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">122.0 (87.4-195.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Lymphocytes as cells/mL. Classic B2 = na&#239;ve B2 plus memory B2. Comparisons were made by the Mann-Whitney U test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Compared to D1, higher titers at D30 were found for IL-4 (p=0.007) and IL-10 (p&lt;0.001), lower titers for IL-18 and no significant changes for IL-1beta (p=0.058) or IL-6 (p=0.77). Differences between elderly and non-elderly patients at D1 and D30 were observed only for IL-18 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Boxplots of circulating interleukins (IL) at baseline (D1) and 30 days after acute myocardial infarction (D30). (A) Similar concentrations of IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 were observed for elderly and non-elderly patients at D1; (B) At D30, comparable titers of IL-1&#946;, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 were observed; (C) IL-18 levels were higher among elderly at D1 (p=0.017 vs. non-elderly), and D30 (p=0.023 vs. non-elderly). All analyses were made by the Mann-Whitney U test; *significant differences.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220177-20177-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI)</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the parameters of cMRI for elderly and non-elderly patients. Infarct size was comparable between groups and better LVEF was seen among the elderly.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Boxplots of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters in elderly and non-elderly patients at D30. (A) Similar infarct size was observed for elderly and non-elderly patients (p=0.25); (B) Better left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was observed for elderly (p=0.02); Mann-Whitney U test; *significant diferences.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220177-20177-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Left ventricular (LV) mass (grams) (105 [82-122] vs. 103 [85-123] p=0.78 for elderly and non-elderly patients, respectively), as well as the percentage of the LV fibrosis (13.7 [6.9-17.0] vs. 14.0 [7.3-26.0], p=0.13 for the elderly and non-elderly patients, respectively) were not different between the groups.</p>
          <p>Both LVEF (%) and right ventricular ejection fraction (59 [52.0-67.0] vs. 55.0 [50.0-62.0], p=0.012) were higher in the elderly compared with non-elderly patients at D30. The percentage of patients with LVEF &#8804; 40% was similar in both groups of patients (chi-square 1.39, p=0.24).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariable linear regression</title>
          <p>Univariable analysis revealed that hsTNT, hsCRP, systolic blood pressure, NLR, creatinine, and weight were significantly associated with the infarct size (grams) at D1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Multivariable linear regression analysis (ANOVA p&lt;0.001) identified hsTNT (beta coefficient 0.392, p&lt;0.001) and hsCRP (beta coefficient 0.299, p&lt;0.001) as independent predictors. For LVEF, univariable regression analysis at D1 showed a significant association with hsTNT, hsCRP, NLR, white blood cells (WBC), glycemia, and lymphocytes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Multivariable linear regression analysis at D1 (ANOVA p&lt;0.001) identified hsTNT (beta coefficient -0.367, p&lt;0.001), hsCRP (beta coefficient -0.273, p&lt;0.001), and glycemia (beta coefficient -0.162, p=0.018) as independent predictors.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Univariable linear regression analysis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Infarcted mass (grams)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">LVEF (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>At D1</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsTNT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.380</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.428</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>hsCRP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.331</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.319</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NLR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.153</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.296</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.171</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                    <td align="center">0.135</td>
                    <td align="center">0.062</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.152</td>
                    <td align="center">0.029</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.575</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight</td>
                    <td align="center">0.139</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035</td>
                    <td align="center">0.608</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                    <td align="center">0.178</td>
                    <td align="center">0.231</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glycemia</td>
                    <td align="center">0.049</td>
                    <td align="center">0.586</td>
                    <td align="center">0.162</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lymphocytes</td>
                    <td align="center">0.144</td>
                    <td align="center">0.051</td>
                    <td align="center">0.178</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>At D30</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine</td>
                    <td align="center">0.272</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.214</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td align="center">0.179</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                    <td align="center">0.353</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B2 na&#239;ve</td>
                    <td align="center">0.207</td>
                    <td align="center">0.024</td>
                    <td align="center">0.154</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CD4 T</td>
                    <td align="center">0.267</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                    <td align="center">0.134</td>
                    <td align="center">0.239</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CD8 T</td>
                    <td align="center">0.273</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                    <td align="center">0.265</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101</td>
                    <td align="center">0.153</td>
                    <td align="center">0.160</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                    <td align="center">0.503</td>
                    <td align="center">0.150</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C</td>
                    <td align="center">0.209</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.160</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>hsTNT: high sensitivity troponin; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; WBC: white blood cell; B and T lymphocytes were quantified as cells/mL; r: coefficient of correlation; D1: samples collected at the first day of myocardial infarction; D30: samples collected 30 days after myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. Infarcted mass and left ventricular ejection fraction were determined by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at D30.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>At D30, univariable regression analysis showed the following variables associated with infarct size: creatinine, B2 na&#239;ve lymphocytes, CD4 T lymphocytes, CD8 T lymphocytes, HDL-C, and WBC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). Multivariable regression analysis at D30 (ANOVA p&lt;0.001) showed creatinine (beta coefficient 0.247, p=0.001) and HDL-C (beta coefficient -0.172, p=0.017) as independent predictors of infarcted mass. For LVEF, among the variables collected at D30, the following were associated in univariable regression analysis: CD8 T lymphocytes, creatinine, non-HDL-C, total cholesterol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). After multivariable regression analysis, creatinine remained an independent predictor for LVEF (ANOVA p=0.002, beta coefficient -0.211).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Pharmacoinvasive strategy has been considered an efficient alternative to primary PCI for patients with STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In the present study, we compared the effects of this strategy in biochemical and cMRI parameters between elderly patients up to 75 years old and non-elderly patients. In fact, in the study, under similar ischemic insult and treatment, elderly and non-elderly patients had the same amount of infarcted mass, with elderly patients showing better ventricular function. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that none of the clinical and laboratory markers that differed between elderly and non-elderly patients were related to LVEF. Shorter reperfusion time has been associated with better coronary blood flow, less adverse ventricular remodeling and lower mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, in subjects with STEMI, impaired myocardial blush has been related to mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, these parameters did not differ between elderly and non-elderly patients, including coronary collateral vessels.</p>
        <p>Main determinants of the infarcted mass at D1 were hsTNT and hsCRP. Both variables were comparable among elderly and non-elderly and, as expected, similar infarct size was observed. Some inflammatory markers differed between these groups, such as, the higher IL-18 levels at D1 and D30, among the elderly. Interleukin-18 shares some similarities with IL-1beta, such as its activation by caspase-1. However, unlike IL-1beta, IL-18 released in response to activation of inflammasome in myocardial tissue due to ischemia/reperfusion, may also stimulate anti-inflammatory responses for host defense.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another difference between elderly and non-elderly was NLR at D30. In subjects undergoing PCI, NLR has been considered a marker of myocardial injury and myocardial dysfunction, and a meta-analysis showed that NLR was related to mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No differences were observed between elderly and non-elderly for NLR at D1, and this marker was not predictor of infarcted mass, possibly due to timely reperfusion and exclusion of subjects over the age of 75. Linear regression analysis showed that age, as a continuous variable, did not predict infarcted mass or LVEF.</p>
        <p>Main determinants of LVEF were hsTNT, hsCRP, and glycemia, but no differences were noted for these parameters between elderly and non-elderly at D1. At D30, creatinine and HDL-C were predictors of infarct size, but only creatinine remained related to LVEF. Serum creatinine was slightly higher in the elderly, while HDL-C did not differ at D30.</p>
        <p>Recent evidence suggests that B cells may play a relevant role in atherosclerosis and during the myocardial healing after acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In the elderly, the immunosenescence, involving cell populations and excess of cytokines release, has been called inflamm-aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Most B and T cells were comparable between elderly and non-elderly, probably due to the limit of age in the study. Furthermore, no differences were found for most inflammatory markers, including hsCRP, between elderly patients up to 75 years and non-elderly ones.</p>
        <p>As collateral vessels did not explain the better LVEF among the elderly, other mechanisms should be involved. Non-elderly patients usually show better endothelial function and greater endothelial-dependent fibrinolytic activity than the elderly, which could lead to longer time until complete coronary occlusion, with impairment of microcirculation due to greater amount of thrombotic microembolization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>This study addressed elderly STEMI patients up to 75 years old, a population usually not reported in clinical trials on pharmacoinvasive strategies, and showed a biochemical profile comparable to younger patients. Differences in the inflammatory responses between elderly and non-elderly patients were small and did not impact on the cMRI parameters analyzed. Safety results should be interpreted with caution as the number of patients included is insufficient for conclusions. Finally, the results apply only for STEMI patients with timely reperfusion (&lt;6 hours of symptoms onset) and referred for coronary angiography or PCI in the first 24 hours.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Early pharmacoinvasive strategy in elderly patients up to 75 years was associated with comparable infarct size and better LV function than non-elderly patients. Until this age, small differences in inflammatory markers did not affect the cMRI parameters analyzed.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Highlights</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The performance of pharmacoinvasive strategy in elderly patients up to 75 years old has been little reported</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Elderly and non-elderly patients had similar infarct size under pharmacoinvasive strategy</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Small differences in vascular and inflammatory markers between elderly and non-elderly patients did not account for the amount of infarcted mass</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Elderly patients showed better left ventricular ejection fraction than non-elderly patients</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Amanda S. Bacchin, from Escola Paulista de Medicina at Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding : This study was funded by FAPESP (#2012/51692-7) and CNPq (#428793/2016-9).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
