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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jpPkd8YSq44TfKJhzWrqVHB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Prolongamento do Intervalo QTc na Admiss&#227;o est&#225; Associado ao Aumento da Mortalidade em Pacientes com SARS-COV-2 durante a Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8701-5744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Stephany</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5401-0018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mu&#241;oz</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3975-2835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ca&#241;as</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3606-2102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Angel Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universitario San Ignacio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bogot&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana &#8211; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogot&#225; &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Stephany Barbosa Balaguera &#8226; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana &#8211; Internal medicine &#8211; Cra 7 # 40-62 Bogota 1111 E-mail: <email>barbosa.s@javeriana.edu.co</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220155</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O envolvimento cardiovascular associado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 est&#225; relacionado a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, a medida na admiss&#227;o do intervalo QTc no eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es pode ser um marcador progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Identificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o prolongamento do QTc na admiss&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade por SARS-COV-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Estudo observacional baseado em uma coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o confirmada por SARS-COV-2 do Hospital Universit&#225;rio San Ignacio, Bogot&#225; (Col&#244;mbia), entre 19 de mar&#231;o de 2020 e 31 de julho de 2021. A mortalidade foi comparada em pacientes com QTc prolongado e normal na admiss&#227;o e controle das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e comorbidades por meio de modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bivariada e multivariada. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 1.296 pacientes e 127 (9,8%) apresentaram QTc prolongado. A mortalidade foi maior em pacientes com QTc prolongado (39,4% vs. 25,3%, p=0,001), assim como o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (mediana 11 vs. 8 dias; p=0,002). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a mortalidade foi associada a QTc prolongado (OR 1,61, IC 95%: 1,02; 2,54, p=0,038), idade (OR 1,03, IC 95% 1,02; 1,05, p&lt;0,001), sexo masculino (OR 2,15, IC 95% 1,60; 2,90, p&lt;0,001), doen&#231;a renal (OR 1,32, IC 95% 1,05; 1,66, p=0,018) e &#237;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson &gt; 3 (OR 1,49, IC 95% 1,03; 2,17, p=0,035).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A mortalidade hospitalar por SARS-COV-2 est&#225; associada ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc no momento da admiss&#227;o, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, comorbidades e gravidade basal da infec&#231;&#227;o. Pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para estabelecer se esses achados est&#227;o relacionados ao envolvimento card&#237;aco pelo v&#237;rus, hip&#243;xia e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A mortalidade em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 em todo o mundo &#233; pr&#243;xima de 2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de casos continua a aumentar, com mais de 250 milh&#245;es de casos relatados at&#233; novembro de 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O envolvimento cardiovascular associado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 est&#225; associado a pior progn&#243;stico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e aumento da mortalidade. Estima-se que aqueles com doen&#231;a cardiovascular tenham um risco 3 vezes maior de sofrer da doen&#231;a na forma grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em particular, &#233; descrita uma alta preval&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas em pacientes infectados, sugerindo haver envolvimento espec&#237;fico do mioc&#225;rdio ou do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mediado principalmente por processos inflamat&#243;rios e hip&#243;xia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til para avaliar o grau de acometimento card&#237;aco por sua ampla disponibilidade, baixo custo, natureza n&#227;o invasiva e possibilidade de seguimento imediato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Tem sido descrito que at&#233; 90% dos pacientes hospitalizados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, incluindo taquicardia sinusal, prolongamento do intervalo QT, Torsades de Pointes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas do ST e a onda T, bem como altera&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o ou arritmias ventriculares.</p>
      <p>O prolongamento do intervalo QT corrigido (QTc) depende da varia&#231;&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o e da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, se desconhece a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desses achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2, j&#225; que al&#233;m de estarem relacionados a arritmias, podem se tornar um marcador de risco &#250;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo visa identificar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre prolongamento do QTc na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade por SARS-COV-2 durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, controlado por fatores como idade, sexo e comorbidades, com base em uma coorte de pacientes atendidos em um hospital de alta complexidade em Bogot&#225;, Col&#244;mbia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Um estudo observacional anal&#237;tico foi realizado em uma coorte retrospectiva baseada no registro institucional de pacientes com SARS-COV-2 atendidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio San Ignacio (HUSI) em Bogot&#225;, Col&#244;mbia, entre 19 de mar&#231;o de 2020 e 31 de julho de 2021. Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes maiores de 18 anos internados por infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 confirmada por teste de PCR, que tiveram eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizado na entrada da interna&#231;&#227;o. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Javeriana e do Hospital Universit&#225;rio San Ignacio aprovaram o estudo (C&#243;digo de Aprova&#231;&#227;o: FM-CIE-0883-21).</p>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, comorbidades, laborat&#243;rios de admiss&#227;o e desfechos foram sistematicamente coletadas e armazenadas no registro institucional confidencial por meio do RedCap&#174;. A taxa de perda de dados foi monitorada para garantir a qualidade dos mesmos e as informa&#231;&#245;es dos dados extremos foram verificadas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise, a popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em dois grupos: pacientes com intervalo QTc dentro dos limites da normalidade (QTc homens &lt; 470 mseg e QTc mulheres &lt; 480 mseg) e o segundo grupo com pacientes com intervalo QTc prolongado.</p>
        <p>O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para avaliar a suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; portanto, descrevemos a mediana e o intervalo interquartil (IIQ). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos foi realizada por meio do teste Qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas ou teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tendo como desfecho a mortalidade. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise bivariada e, posteriormente, uma an&#225;lise multivariada. O impacto do prolongamento do QTc basal foi avaliado controlando as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; mortalidade descritas em estudos anteriores, como idade, sexo; comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o arterial, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), &#237;ndice de Charlson (ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o projetada especificamente para prever mortalidade a longo prazo que tem sido usada para demarcar diferen&#231;as progn&#243;sticas entre subgrupos de pacientes que compartilham o mesmo diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e uso de medicamentos que prolongam o intervalo QTc (hidroxicloroquina, cloroquina, azitromicina, lopinavir/ritonavir). Um valor de p menor que 0. 05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A an&#225;lise foi realizada usando um pacote estat&#237;stico StataCorp. 2019. (Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 1.296 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2, dos quais 127 (9,8%) apresentavam intervalo QTc prolongado no eletrocardiograma realizado na admiss&#227;o. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas no momento da admiss&#227;o, comparando os grupos de acordo com o intervalo QTc basal. As idades n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. O sexo masculino foi mais frequente entre os pacientes com intervalo QTc prolongado. A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi maior no mesmo grupo, com mediana de 11 (IIQ 6 - 19) vs. 8 dias (IIQ 4 - 16). A mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi menor em pacientes com QTc normal (25,3% vs. 39,4%). Um ecocardiograma foi realizado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em 241 pacientes (18,6%). Destes, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi superior a 50% em 58,6% e &lt;40% em 22,6%, com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes nos dois grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos de acordo com o QTc basal</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>QTc normal n = 1169</th>
                <th>QTc prolongado n = 127</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (52-74)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (54-75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">637 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o alta</td>
                <td align="center">480 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">71 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,983</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">87 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (18,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">208 (24,1)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,932</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal</td>
                <td align="center">89 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">113 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Charlson &gt; 3, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">362 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,761</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Laborat&#243;rios na admiss&#227;o, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDH, U/L</td>
                <td align="center">318 (237-448)</td>
                <td align="center">414(288-552)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center">10,5(4,5-17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5(7,3-18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#237;mero D, FEU/mL</td>
                <td align="center">871 (532-1553)</td>
                <td align="center">1233(659-2203)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamentos*</td>
                <td align="center">73 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4-16)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (6-19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito hospitalar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">296 (25,3)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (39,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; U/L: unidades por litro; mg/dl: miligrama por decilitro; FEU/mL: unidades equivalentes de fibrina por mililitro. *Pelo menos 1 medicamento que prolonga o QTc. LDH: lactato deshidrogenase; PCR: prote&#237;na c-reactiva.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), a hipertens&#227;o arterial foi a mais frequente, seguida do diabetes mellitus. O &#237;ndice de comorbidades de Charlson foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Entretanto, uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi encontrada no grupo de pacientes com intervalo QTc prolongado. Os valores medianos de LDH e D-d&#237;mero na admiss&#227;o foram significativamente maiores entre os pacientes com prolongamento do QTc. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no uso de medicamentos que prolongaram o QTc.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise bivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) mostrou aumento significativo da mortalidade associada ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc, idade e sexo masculino. As comorbidades associadas ao aumento da mortalidade foram: hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a renal, DPOC e &#237;ndice de Charlson &gt; 3.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise bivariada e multivariada de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise bivariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc prolongado*</td>
                <td align="center">1,91 (1,31&#8211;2,80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 (1,02-2,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (1,04-1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (1,02-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino**</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (1,45-2,43)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,15 (1,60-2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o alta</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 (1,12-1,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,65-1,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,560</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,62-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,946</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,37-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (0,78-1,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,43-1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,95-1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,89-1,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,215</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (1,17-1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (1,05-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">1,81 (1,24-2,64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,74-1,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Charlson &gt;3</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,27-1,40)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 (1,03-2,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medicamentos***</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 (0,98-2,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,61-0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,871</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; OR: raz&#227;o de possiblidades; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. * QTc &gt; 480 milissegundos. ** Em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres. *** Pelo menos 1 medicamento que prolonga o QTc.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre mortalidade e prolongamento do intervalo QTc ap&#243;s controle para idade, sexo masculino, doen&#231;a renal e &#237;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson &gt;3. As demais vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo &#233; o primeiro realizado na Am&#233;rica Latina e o maior relatado at&#233; o momento, no qual avaliamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade intra-hospitalar e prolongamento do intervalo QTc na admiss&#227;o. Encontramos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade em pacientes com QTc prolongado na admiss&#227;o ap&#243;s o controle de idade, sexo e comorbidades.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos relatados por Farr&#233; et al., que analisaram 623 pacientes com SARS-COV-2, onde 9,8% apresentavam QT prolongado, e constataram que a morte por qualquer causa foi maior nesses pacientes (41,0% versus 8,7%, p &lt; 0,001, HR 2,68, IC 1,58; 4,55).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, eles apoiam os resultados reportado por Alsagaff de uma metan&#225;lise que incluiu sete estudos, para um total de 2.539 pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2, em que foi relatado um desfecho final composto por interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI, doen&#231;a grave e/ou mortalidade mais frequente entre pacientes com prolongamento do intervalo QTc, (DMP 6,04; IC 95%: 2,62: 9,45, p = 0,001; I<sup>2</sup>: 0%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tem sido amplamente descrito que a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e a hip&#243;xia na infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 podem induzir anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Foram at&#233; descritas como um marcador simples que reflete o estado inflamat&#243;rio no n&#237;vel celular mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, pacientes com prolongamento do intervalo QTc apresentaram valores basais adicionais de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios como LDH e marcadores de dano endotelial com envolvimento tromb&#243;tico, como o D-d&#237;mero, o que refor&#231;a esta hip&#243;tese. Thakore et al. relataram que pacientes com intervalos QTc prolongados tiveram uma sobrevida menor durante a interna&#231;&#227;o quando comparados a pacientes com QTc normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Isso pode ser explicado por fen&#244;menos imunomediados causados pelo v&#237;rus que resultam em uma tempestade de citocinas com n&#237;veis elevados de interleucina-6 (IL- 6),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> que bloqueia o canal de pot&#225;ssio &#233;ter-a-go-go, que por sua vez aumenta os n&#237;veis circulantes de IL-6, o acima foi amplamente reconhecido em doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias como a artrite reumat&#243;ide que est&#227;o associadas ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc e que melhoram com o manejo farmacol&#243;gico, por exemplo, tocilizumabe (anticorpo monoclonal anti-IL-6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O uso de medicamentos que prolongam o intervalo QTc n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na mortalidade hospitalar, sugerindo que o prolongamento do QTc vai al&#233;m de um efeito colateral de origem farmacol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Jim&#233;nez-J&#225;imez et al. analisaram 219 pacientes com eletrocardiograma na admiss&#227;o. Eles descrevem que pacientes ambulatoriais que n&#227;o adoecem gravemente com SARS-COV-2 tratados com hidroxicloroquina, azitromicina e antirretrovirais desenvolvem um prolongamento n&#227;o relevante do intervalo QT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o prolongamento do intervalo QTc e um aumento significativo nos dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; maior gravidade e complica&#231;&#245;es associadas. Outros autores sugeriram um achado, como Thakore et al., que descrevem maior dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QTc em pacientes hospitalizados em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes que receberam alta (450,1 &#177; 30,2 vs. 423,4 &#177; 21,7 mseg, p &lt; 0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Encontramos na an&#225;lise bivariada que a mortalidade hospitalar esteve associada a: idade avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino, hipertens&#227;o arterial, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, DPOC e &#237;ndice de Charlson maior que 3, achados que foram significativos na an&#225;lise multivariada para idade, sexo masculino, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, e &#237;ndice de Charlson maior que 3, semelhante ao relatado por T&#252;rkay et al., que inclu&#237;ram 419 pacientes em seu estudo e os dividiram entre pacientes sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 e descreveram os achados paracl&#237;nicos identificados no pronto-socorro que poderiam prever a mortalidade, entre estes, pacientes com intervalos QTc mais longos, geralmente n&#227;o sobreviviam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados sugerem que o aumento da mortalidade relacionada ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc foi independente da presen&#231;a de comorbidades na admiss&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, Al-Zakhari et al. analisaram retrospectivamente 339 pacientes e demonstraram que o intervalo QTc prolongado tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente e estatisticamente significativa com a mortalidade em pacientes hospitalizados por SARS-COV-2 (r = -0,173, p&lt;0,05, 95% IC: -0,277, -0,064).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo contribui para o crescente conhecimento m&#233;dico relacionado aos efeitos da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-COV-2 no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o independente do QTc prolongado do eletrocardiograma de admiss&#227;o como marcador progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, sendo um m&#233;todo econ&#244;mico, dispon&#237;vel e f&#225;cil de interpretar na sala de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Como pontos fortes deste estudo, podemos citar um tamanho amostral significativo, derivado do maior banco de dados por SARS-COV-2 relatado at&#233; agora na Col&#244;mbia, com excelente qualidade e disponibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de dados perdidos. As principais limita&#231;&#245;es descrevem vieses relacionados &#224; fonte de informa&#231;&#227;o, como o autorrelato de comorbidades e a possibilidade de subestimar a real preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, se houver um vi&#233;s de classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta, isso seria n&#227;o diferencial, o que poderia diluir o tamanho do efeito em vez de aument&#225;-lo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que o registro dos dados para avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade, comorbidade fortemente relacionada &#224; mortalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> foi insuficiente, por isso n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise. Da mesma forma, informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc antes da infec&#231;&#227;o ou seu comportamento ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. &#201; uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo que n&#227;o pudemos identificar se o pior desfecho cl&#237;nico associado ao QTc prolongado estava relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, arritmias ventriculares ou dano estrutural card&#237;aco na linha de base, pois realizamos um ecocardiograma apenas em uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. No entanto, nosso principal objetivo foi avaliar um fator associado &#224; maior mortalidade, facilmente identific&#225;vel no in&#237;cio da interna&#231;&#227;o, ao inv&#233;s de avaliar o mecanismo dessa associa&#231;&#227;o. Estudos prospectivos adicionais seriam necess&#225;rios para esclarecer esse ponto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A mortalidade hospitalar por SARS-COV-2 est&#225; associada ao prolongamento do intervalo QTc no momento da admiss&#227;o, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, comorbidades e gravidade basal da infec&#231;&#227;o. Pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para estabelecer se esses achados est&#227;o relacionados ao envolvimento card&#237;aco pelo v&#237;rus, hip&#243;xia e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela Pontificia Universidad Javeriana &#8211; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prolongation of the QTc Interval at Admission is Associated with Increased Mortality in Patients with SARS-COV-2 during Hospitalization</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8701-5744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Stephany</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5401-0018</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mu&#241;oz</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3975-2835</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ca&#241;as</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3606-2102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Angel Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana &#8211; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogot&#225; &#8211; Colombia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Stephany Barbosa Balaguera &#8226; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana &#8211; Internal medicine &#8211; Cra 7 # 40-62 Bogota 1111 E-mail: barbosa.s@javeriana.edu.co </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1001">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular involvement associated with SARS-COV-2 infection is related to unfavorable outcomes during hospitalization. Therefore, the measurement at the admission of the QTc interval on the 12-lead electrocardiogram may be a prognostic marker.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To identify the relationship between QTc prolongation at admission during hospitalization and mortality from SARS-COV-2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> Observational study based on a retrospective cohort of patients with confirmed SARS-COV-2 infection from San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogot&#225; (Colombia), between March 19, 2020, and July 31, 2021. Mortality was compared in patients with prolonged and normal QTc at admission after controlling by clinical variables and comorbidities using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> 1296 patients were analyzed, and 127 (9.8%) had prolonged QTc. Mortality was higher in patients with prolonged QTc (39.4% vs 25.3%, p=0.001), as was hospital stay (median 11vs.8 days; p=0.002). In the multivariate analysis, mortality was associated with prolonged QTc (OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02; 2.54, p=0.038), age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02; 1.05, p&lt;0.001), male sex (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.60; 2.90, p &lt;0.001), kidney disease (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.05; 1.66, p =0.018) and Charlson comorbidity index &gt; 3 (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.03; 2.17, p=0.035).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Hospital mortality due to SARS-COV-2 is associated with prolonging the QTc interval at the time of admission, even after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and basal severity of infection. Additional research is needed to establish whether these findings are related to cardiac involvement by the virus, hypoxia, and systemic inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Mortality in patients with SARS-COV-2 infection worldwide is close to 2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The number of cases continues to increase, with more than 250 million cases reported by November 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiovascular involvement associated with SARS-COV-2 infection is associated with a worse prognosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and increased mortality. It is estimated that those with cardiovascular disease have a 3 times higher risk of suffering from the disease in severe form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In particular, a high prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in infected patients is described, suggesting that there is specific myocardial or conduction system involvement by the virus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mediated mainly by inflammatory processes and hypoxia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram is a useful tool to assess the degree of cardiac involvement given its wide availability, low cost, non-invasive nature and the possibility of immediate follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It has been described that up to 90% of hospitalized patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> present electrocardiographic alterations, including sinus tachycardia, QT prolongation, Torsades de Pointes, atrial fibrillation, nonspecific changes in ST and T wave, as well as conduction alterations or ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>The corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation depends on the variation in depolarization and ventricular repolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the clinical relevance of these electrocardiographic findings associated with SARS-COV-2 infection is unknown, which beyond being related to arrhythmias, could become a useful risk marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to identify the relationship between QTc prolongation at hospitalization and mortality from SARS-COV-2 during hospitalization, controlled by factors such as age, sex, and comorbidities, based on a cohort of patients treated in a highly complex hospital in Bogot&#225;, Colombia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <p>An analytical observational study was conducted on a retrospective cohort based on the institutional registry of patients with SARS-COV-2 treated at the San Ignacio University Hospital (HUSI) in Bogot&#225;, Colombia, between March 19, 2020, and July 31, 2021. We included all patients over 18 years of age hospitalized for SARS-COV-2 infection confirmed by PCR test, who had a 12-lead electrocardiogram taken at the entrance of hospitalization. The Ethics and Research Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio approved the study (Approval Code: FM-CIE-0883-21).</p>
        <p>The information on sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, admission laboratories, and outcomes was systematically collected and stored in the confidential institutional registry using RedCap&#174;. The rate of lost data was monitored to ensure data quality, and information from the extreme data was verified.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For the analysis, the population was divided into two groups: patients with QTc interval within normal limits (QTc men &lt; 470 msec and QTc women &lt; 480 msec) and the second group with patients with prolonged QTc interval.</p>
          <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the assumption of normality. The continuous variables did not present a normal distribution; therefore, we described the median and interquartile range (IQR). The comparison between the characteristics of the groups was performed using the Chi-square test for categorical variables or Mann-Whitney&#8217;s U test for continuous variables. A <italic>p</italic>-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>A logistic regression analysis was performed, taking mortality as the outcome. Initially, a bivariate analysis was performed and later, a multivariate analysis. The impact of the prolongation of baseline QTc was evaluated by controlling for the variables associated with mortality described in previous studies such as age, sex; comorbidities such as arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Charlson index (an assessment tool specifically designed to predict long-term mortality that has been used to demarcate prognostic differences between subgroups of patients who share the same medical diagnosis)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and use of drugs that prolong the QTc interval (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir). A <italic>p</italic>-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The analysis was performed using a StataCorp statistical package. 2019. (Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We included 1296 patients with indication of hospitalization for SARS-COV-2, of which 127 (9.8%) had a prolonged QTc interval on the electrocardiogram taken at admission. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the demographic and clinical characteristics at the time of admission, comparing the groups according to the baseline QTc interval. The ages had no statistically significant differences. Males were more frequent among patients with prolonged QTc interval. Hospital stay was longer in the same group, with a median of 11 (IQR 6 - 19) vs. 8 days (IQR 4 - 16). The mortality during hospitalization was lower in patients with normal QTc (25.3% vs. 39.4%). An echocardiogram was performed during hospitalization in 241 patients (18.6%). Of these, the ejection fraction was greater than 50% in 58.6% and &lt;40% in 22.6%, with similar characteristics in both groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics in the patients included according to the baseline QTc</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>QTc normal n = 1169</th>
                  <th>Prolonged QTc n = 127</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (52&#8211;74)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (54&#8211;75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">637 (54.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (61.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">480 (55.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (68.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.983</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (18.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (24.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.932</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Charlson &gt; 3, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">362 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.761</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Admission laboratory, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDH, U/L</td>
                  <td align="center">318 (237- 448)</td>
                  <td align="center">414(288 -552)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5(4.5-17.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5(7.3-18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dimer D, FEU/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">871 (532-1553)</td>
                  <td align="center">1233(659-2203)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medications*</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Days of hospitalization, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4&#8211;16)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (6&#8211;19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital death, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (25.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (39.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR: interquartile range; U/L: units per liter; mg/dl: milligram per deciliter; FEU/mL: Fibrin equivalent units per milliliter. *At least 1 medication that prolongs QTc.LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; PCR: C-reactive protein.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the comorbidities of the included patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>), arterial hypertension was the most frequent, followed by diabetes mellitus. The index of Charlson comorbidities was similar in both groups. However, a higher frequency of arterial hypertension and heart failure was found in the group of patients with prolonged QTc interval. The median values of LDH and D-dimer at admission were significantly higher among patients with QTc prolongation. There were no significant differences in the use of drugs that prolonged QTc.</p>
        <p>The bivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>) showed a significant increase in mortality associated with the prolonged QTc interval, age, and male sex. The comorbidities associated with increased mortality were: hypertension, kidney disease, COPD, and a Charlson index &gt; 3.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bivariate and multivariate analysis of all included patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Bivariate analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc prolonged*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.91 (1.31&#8211;2.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 (1.02-2.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (1.04-1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (1,02-1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male**</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87 (1.45-2.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.15 (1.60-2.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">1.47 (1.12-1.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.65-1.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.62-1.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.946</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 (0.37-1.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19 (0.78-1.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.402</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70 (0.43-1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 (0.95-1.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                  <td align="center">1.23 (0.89-1.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.215</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1.45 (1.17-1.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32 (1.05-1.66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>COPD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.81 (1.24-2.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13 (0.74-1.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.559</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Charlson &gt;3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.27-1.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.49 (1.03-2.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medications***</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59 (0.98-2.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.61-0.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.871</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. * QTc &gt; 480 milliseconds. ** Compared to women. *** At least 1 medication that prolongs QTc.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), there was a significant association between mortality and prolongation of the QTc interval after control for age, male sex, kidney disease and Charlson comorbidity index &gt; 3. The other included variables did not show statistical significance in the multivariate analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study is the first conducted in Latin America and the largest reported so far, where we evaluate the relationship between in-hospital mortality and QTc prolongation at admission. We found a statistically significant difference in mortality in patients with prolonged QTc at admission after controlling for age, sex, and comorbidities.</p>
        <p>Our results are similar to those reported by Farr&#233; et al., who analyzed 623 patients with SARS-COV-2, where 9.8% had prolonged QT, and found that death from any cause was higher in these patients (41.0% versus 8.7%, p &lt; 0.001, HR 2.68, CI 1.58; 4.55).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additionally, they support the results reported by Alsagaff in a meta-analysis that included seven studies, for a total of 2539 patients with SARS-COV-2 infection, who reported that a final outcome composed of ICU admission, severe disease and/or mortality more frequent among patients with QTc prolongation, (WMD 6.04; CI95%: 2.62; 9.45, p = 0.001; I<sup>2</sup>: 0%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has been widely described that systemic inflammation and hypoxia in SARS-COV-2 infection can induce cardiac conduction abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It has even been described as a simple marker that reflects the inflammatory state at the myocardial cellular level.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In our study, patients with QTc prolongation had additionally higher baseline values of inflammatory markers such as LDH and markers of endothelial damage with thrombotic involvement such as the D-dimer, which reinforces this hypothesis. Thakore et al. reported that patients with prolonged QTc intervals had a lower survival during hospitalization when compared to patients who had normal QTc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This could be explained by immuno-mediated phenomena caused by the virus that result in a cytokine storm with elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> which blocks the potassium-related ether-a-go-go channel, which in turn increases circulating levels of IL-6, the above has been widely recognized in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis that are associated with QTc interval prolongation, and that improve with pharmacological management, for example, tocilizumab (anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of drugs that prolong the QTc interval showed no statistically significant differences in hospital mortality, suggesting that QTc prolongation goes beyond a side effect of pharmacological origin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Jim&#233;nez-J&#225;imez et al. analyzed 219 patients with electrocardiograms at admission. They described that outpatients who do not critically become ill with SARS-COV-2 treated with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and antiretrovirals develop a non-relevant prolongation of the QT interval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, we additionally found a relationship between QTc prolongation and a significant increase in hospitalization days, which could be related to greater severity, and associated complications. Other authors have suggested a finding, such as Thakore et al., who describe a longer duration of the QTc interval in hospitalized patients compared with discharged patients (450.1 &#177; 30.2 vs. 423.4 &#177; 21.7 msec, p &lt; 0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We found in the bivariate analysis that hospital mortality was associated with: older age, male sex, arterial hypertension, chronic kidney disease, COPD and Charlson index greater than 3, findings that were significant in the multivariate analysis for age, male sex, chronic kidney disease and Charlson index greater than 3, similar to that reported by T&#252;rkay et al., who included 419 patients in their study and divided them between surviving and non-surviving patients during hospitalization for SARS-COV-2 and described the paraclinical findings identified in the emergency room that could predict mortality, among these, patients with longer QTc intervals, generally did not survive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results suggest that the increase in mortality related to QTc prolongation was independent of the presence of comorbidities at admission. Also, Al-Zakhari et al. retrospectively analyzed 339 patients and demonstrated that the prolonged QTc interval has an independent and statistically significant relationship with mortality in patients hospitalized for SARS-COV-2 (r = -0.173, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05, 95% CI: -0.277, -0.064).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study contributes to the growing medical knowledge related to the effects of SARS-COV-2 infection on the cardiac conduction system and the independent relationship of the prolonged QTc of the admission electrocardiogram as a prognostic marker of the disease, being an economical, available and easy to interpret in the emergency room.</p>
        <p>As strengths of this study, we can mention a significant sample size, derived from the largest database by SARS-COV-2 reported so far in Colombia, with excellent quality and availability of information, as well as the absence of lost data. The main limitations describe biases related to the source of information, such as the self-reporting of comorbidities and the possibility of underestimating the real prevalence of comorbidities in this population. However, if there is a misclassification bias, this would be non-differential, which could dilute the size of the effect rather than increase it. Another limitation is that the registration of data to evaluate obesity, comorbidity strongly related to mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> was insufficient, so it was not included in the analysis. Likewise, information related to prolonging the QTc interval before infection or its behavior after it is unavailable. It is a limitation of our study that we could not identify whether the worse clinical outcome associated with prolonged QTc was related to ventricular dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmias, or cardiac structural damage at baseline, as we performed an echocardiogram just in a small fraction of patients. However, our main objective was to evaluate a factor associated with higher mortality, easily identifiable at the beginning of hospitalization, rather than to evaluate the mechanism of this association. Additional prospective studies would be necessary to clarify that point.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Hospital mortality due to SARS-COV-2 is associated with prolonging the QTc interval at the time of admission, even after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and basal severity of infection. Additional research is needed to establish whether these findings are related to cardiac involvement by the virus, hypoxia, and systemic inflammation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding : This study was funded by Pontificia Universidad Javeriana &#8211; Hospital Universitario San Ignacio</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
