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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">q69hKyJLRjpyHYNhCccVcZz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000101001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220147</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Esclerose Tuberosa: Achados Incomuns em Contexto de uma Doen&#231;a Rara</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3437-1822</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ines</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">
            <sup>1 </sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0120-7332</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2462-307X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">EPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Penafiel</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa,1 EPE, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ines Oliveira &#8226; Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, EPE, Cardiologia. Avenida do Hospital Padre Am&#233;rico, N&#186; 210. CEP: 4560-136. Penafiel &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>ines.spoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220147</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Esclerose Tuberosa/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias</kwd>
        <kwd>Tumor Supressor/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipomatose M&#250;ltipla Familiar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Mulher de 40 anos de idade, diagnosticada com esclerose tuberosa (ET) com um ano de idade, com d&#233;ficit cognitivo, epilepsia e angiomiolipoma renal, encaminhada &#224; consulta de cardiologia com queixas de cansa&#231;o. A paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;ria familiar de ET. Embora sua m&#227;e n&#227;o conseguisse confirmar se a paciente tinha sido submetida a um teste gen&#233;tico, o diagn&#243;stico de ET foi feito de acordo com os crit&#233;rios revisados do <italic>International Tuberous Sclerosis Consensus Group</italic> , pela presen&#231;a de v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios <italic>majores</italic> , tais como m&#225;culas hipomelan&#243;ticas, angiofribromas da face, displasia cortical e n&#243;dulos subependim&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, a paciente n&#227;o apresentava dispneia de esfor&#231;o, dor tor&#225;cica, palpita&#231;&#245;es ou hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope. No exame f&#237;sico, observavam-se m&#250;ltiplos angiofibromas cut&#226;neos e m&#225;culas hipomelan&#243;ticas, ausculta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sem sopros card&#237;acos ou sinais de congest&#227;o. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o inespec&#237;fica da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ), e nenhum evento disr&#237;tmico foi detectado pelo Holter. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es hiperecog&#234;nicas intracard&#237;acas, sem obstru&#231;&#227;o de fluxo sangu&#237;neo ou disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular preservada ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figuras 1B e C</xref> ). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) identificou a natureza das les&#245;es ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figuras 2C-H</xref> ) &#8211; sinal hiperintenso e homog&#234;neo nas imagens ponderadas em T1 e em T2 (A, B, C), com supress&#227;o uniforme de gordura com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de pulsos de satura&#231;&#227;o, com intensidade similar ao tecido adiposo (D). As les&#245;es tamb&#233;m mostraram altera&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica, revelando sua natureza lipomatosa (F). Sem evid&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o, realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (E) ou outras massas. A paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tica ap&#243;s cinco dias de seguimento, realizando ECG e ecocardiogramas anuais, sem aumento no n&#250;mero ou tamanho dos lipomas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Eletrocardiograma mostrando ritmo sinusal, m&#225; progress&#227;o da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-cordiais anteriores e anormalidades inespec&#237;ficas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o: B,C) PSLAX e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico quatro c&#226;maras mostrando les&#245;es hiperecog&#234;nicas no mioc&#225;rdio localizadas na parede anterosseptal, inferosseptal e anterolateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (&#10142;)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220147-20147-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A,B) Imagens ponderadas em T1 mostrando m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es no mioc&#225;rdio com sinal hiperintenso e homog&#234;neo. N&#227;o h&#225; sinais de outras massas intracard&#237;acas; C) imagens ponderadas em T2 mostrando les&#245;es intramioc&#225;rdicas com hipersinal homog&#234;neo. N&#227;o h&#225; sinais de outras massas intracard&#237;acas; D) Sequ&#234;ncia de cine resson&#226;ncia mostrando supress&#227;o s&#237;ncrona do sinal com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de pulsos de satura&#231;&#227;o, obtendo-se intensidade de sinal similar ao tecido adiposo adjacente; E) Aus&#234;ncia de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio; F) Presen&#231;a de chemical shift, destacando a interface entre as les&#245;es no mioc&#225;rdio e o mioc&#225;rdio, revelando a natureza lip&#237;dica das les&#245;es.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220147-20147-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ET &#233; uma doen&#231;a dominante autoss&#244;mica caracterizada pelo crescimento de neoplasmas benignos em m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> A doen&#231;a pode ser familiar ou se desenvolver como um caso espor&#225;dico.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> O c&#233;rebro e a pele s&#227;o os &#243;rg&#227;os mais afetados, com o desenvolvimento de tumores cerebrais, n&#243;dulos subependim&#225;rios e displasia cortical, m&#225;culas hipomelan&#243;ticas e rabdomiomas card&#237;acos, cistos renais e angiomiolipomas tamb&#233;m caracterizam a doen&#231;a.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Rabdomiomas s&#227;o a manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cl&#225;ssica, sendo um dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos;<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> s&#227;o geralmente assintom&#225;ticos, com regress&#227;o espont&#226;nea durante a inf&#226;ncia, embora &#224;s vezes, sintomas possam se desenvolver devido ao tamanho e local do tumor, levando &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>No nosso caso, a paciente foi &#224; consulta com cardiologista quando tinha 40 anos de idade. A avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca revelou m&#250;ltiplos lipomas card&#237;acos &#8211; uma caracter&#237;stica que, embora por vezes descritos na ET, t&#234;m import&#226;ncia desconhecida e n&#227;o t&#234;m papel no diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a difus&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de imagem multimodal levou a um crescente reconhecimento da presen&#231;a de lipomas card&#237;acos em pacientes com ET, levantando a quest&#227;o sobre o rastreio de outras caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a em pacientes com lipomas card&#237;acos identificados incidentalmente. Os lipomas podem ser resultado natural da regress&#227;o do rabdomioma ou, em casos de pacientes com ET e angiomiolipomas renais, podem representar focos metast&#225;ticos de les&#245;es renais.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> Esse &#250;ltimo, contudo, requereria confirma&#231;&#227;o por bi&#243;psia, o que n&#227;o foi realizado nos casos publicados.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>A gordura, mais comumente encontrada ao redor do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco; est&#225; fortemente relacionada com fatores de riscos como aterosclerose e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, e portanto com progn&#243;stico cardiovascular adverso.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Embora o dep&#243;sito de gordura no mioc&#225;rdio possa ocorrer como um consequ&#234;ncia do envelhecimento, ela &#233; principalmente encontrada em condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em que os mi&#243;citos s&#227;o substitu&#237;dos por tecido fibroadiposo devido a dano pr&#233;vio irrevers&#237;vel no mioc&#225;rdio (necrose, infec&#231;&#227;o) ou no contexto da cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar da quantidade vari&#225;vel de adip&#243;citos nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, o desenvolvimento de lipomas card&#237;acos n&#227;o &#233; comum.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Esses consistem em tumores benignos encapsulados por tecido fibroso, cuja patog&#234;nese n&#227;o &#233; completamente esclarecida.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Geralmente s&#227;o les&#245;es silenciosas, embora h&#225; relatos de sintomas devido &#224; interfer&#234;ncia com outras estruturas card&#237;acas.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Exames de imagens t&#234;m um papel essencial no diagn&#243;stico de massas intracard&#237;acas.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Na tomografia computadorizada, os lipomas card&#237;acos s&#227;o les&#245;es bem circunscritas que apresentam um sinal homog&#234;neo de baixa atenua&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Na RMC, essas les&#245;es apresentam mesma intensidade de sinal do tecido adiposo tor&#225;cico nas imagens ponderadas em T1 e T2;<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> apresentam um hipersinal nas imagens em T1, as quais s&#227;o fortemente suprimidas com a aplica&#231;&#227;o de pulsos adicionais de satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup> Os lipomas card&#237;acos tamb&#233;m apresentam um artefato de <italic>chemical shift</italic> , representado por uma linha preta sobre a interface lip&#237;dica-aquosa, sem perfus&#227;o ou realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico, os exames de imagem s&#227;o cruciais no seguimento para avaliar o crescimento da massa e poss&#237;vel interfer&#234;ncia com estruturas adjacentes. A ecocardiografia tem um papel bem estabelecido na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e valvular durante o seguimento do paciente.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> A RMC possibilita melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tecido, sem radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, e deve ser utilizada quando h&#225; suspeita de crescimento ou interfer&#234;ncia mec&#226;nica.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Embora a maioria dos lipomas n&#227;o cres&#231;am e permane&#231;am assintom&#225;ticos ao longo do tempo, &#233; importante investigar sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o que requereria terapia espec&#237;fica, uma vez que a maioria desses pacientes apresentam d&#233;ficit cognitivo, o que imp&#245;e maior desafio ao reconhecimento de sintomas e interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste relato caso &#233; destacar caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas de uma doen&#231;a rara, bem como o papel dos exames de imagem no diagn&#243;stico, seguimento e manejo apropriado do envolvimento card&#237;aco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a contribui&#231;&#227;o de Alexandra Castro, Gl&#243;ria Abreu e Adriana Pereira no processo de edi&#231;&#227;o e revis&#227;o do artigo.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tuberous Sclerosis: Unusual Findings in the Setting of a Rare Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3437-1822</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ines</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0120-7332</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2462-307X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, EPE, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ines Oliveira &#8226; Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, EPE, Cardiologia. Avenida do Hospital Padre Am&#233;rico, N&#186; 210. Postal code: 4560-136. Penafiel &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: ines.spoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript: Oliveira I, Lopes R, Cruz I, Bragan&#231;a B; acquisition of data and analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira I; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Azevedo J, Andrade A.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tuberous Sclerosis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Tumor Supressor/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Familial Multiple Lipomatosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Description</title>
        <p>A 40-year-old woman diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis (TS) at the age of one, with cognitive impairment, epilepsy and renal angiomyolipomas, was referred to Cardiology for complaints of fatigue. She had no known family history of TS. Although her mother could not confirm if a genetic test had been performed, the patient had a definite diagnosis of TS, according to International Tuberous Sclerosis Consensus Group revised criteria, due to the presence of several <italic>major</italic> criteria, as hypomelanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, cortical dysplasia and subependymal nodules.</p>
        <p>On cardiovascular evaluation, she had no dyspnea on exertion, chest pain, palpitations or history of syncope. On physical examination, she had multiple cutaneous angiofibromas and hypomelanotic macules, cardiac auscultation with no murmurs or signs of congestion. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed nonspecific repolarization abnormalities ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1A</xref> ) and no arrhythmic events were detected by the Holter method. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed the presence of multiple intracardiac hyperechogenic lesions, with no blood flow obstruction or valvular impairment, and preserved ventricular systolic function ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figures 1B and C</xref> ). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) showed the nature of the lesions ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figures 2C-H</xref> ) &#8211; homogeneous high signal intensity in T1 and T2-weighted images (A, B, C), with uniform suppression with the application of fat-saturation pulses, with an intensity similar to adipose tissue (D). The lesions also showed <italic>chemical shift</italic> , revealing its lipomatous nature (F). No evidence of perfusion, late gadolinium enhancement (E) or other masses. The patient remained asymptomatic after five years of follow-up, performing an annual ECG and echocardiogram, with no increase in the number or size of lipomas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Electrocardiogram depicting sinus rhythm, poor R wave progression in anterior precordial leads and nonspecific repolarization abnormalities; B,C) PSLAX and four-chamber transthoracic echocardiogram showing hyperechogenic intramyocardial lesions located on the anteroseptal, inferoseptal and anterolateral wall of the left ventricle (&#10142;)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220147-20147-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A,B) T1-weighted images depicting multiple intramyocardial lesions with homogeneous high signal intensity; C) T2-weighted images showing intramyocardial lesions with homogeneous high signal intensity. No signs of other intracardiac masses; D) Cine sequence showing synchronous signal suppression with the application fat-saturation prepulses, acquiring a signal intensity similar to the adjacent adipose tissue; E) Absence of late gadolinium enhancement; F) Presence of chemical shift, highlighting the interface between the intramyocardial lesions and the myocardium, revealing its adipose nature.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220147-20147-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>TS is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiorgan growth of benign neoplasms.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>It may be familiar or develop as a sporadic case.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Brain and skin are the mostly affected organs, with the development of brain tumors, subependymal nodules and cortical dysplasia, hypomelanotic macules and cutaneous angiofibromas. The presence of hamartomas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, renal cysts and angiomyolipomas also characterize the disease.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Rhabdomyomas are the classic cardiac manifestation, being one of the <italic>major</italic> diagnostic criteria.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>They are usually asymptomatic and show spontaneous regression during childhood, though sometimes symptoms may develop due to tumor size and location, leading to valvular obstruction and heart failure symptoms.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In our case, the patient attended a Cardiology appointment when she was 40 years old. Cardiac evaluation revealed multiple cardiac lipomas &#8211; a feature that although sometimes described in TS, has unknown significance and no role in the diagnosis.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>However, the spreading of multimodality imaging has led to an increasing recognition of the presence of cardiac lipomas in TS patients, raising the issue of screening other features of the disease in patients with incidentally found cardiac lipomas. They might be the natural result of rhabdomyoma regression or, in cases of TS patients with renal angiomyolipomas, might represent metastatic foci of the renal lesions.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>However, the latter would require confirmation by biopsy, which has not been performed in the published cases.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> - <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Fat is more commonly found surrounding the heart muscle; it is strongly related to cardiovascular risk factors such as atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, and hence with adverse cardiovascular prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>Although intramyocardial fat deposition may occur as a consequence of ageing, it is mainly found in clinical conditions where myocytes are replaced by fibro-adipose tissue due to previous irreversible myocardial damage (necrosis, infection) or in the setting of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>However, despite variable amounts of adipocytes in these conditions, the development of cardiac lipomas is uncommon.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>These are benign tumors encapsulated by fibrous tissue, whose pathogenesis is not completely understood.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>They are usually silent lesions, although symptoms have been reported due to interference with other cardiac structures.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of intracardiac masses.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>On computed tomography scan, cardiac lipomas are well-circumscribed lesions that display a homogenous low-attenuation signal.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>On CMR, these lesions have the same signal intensity of chest adipose tissue on T1 and T2-weighed images;<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> - <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>they display a high-signal intensity on T1-weighed images that is markedly suppressed with additional fat-saturation pulses.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup>Cardiac lipomas also depict a chemical-shift artefact, represented by the black boundary artefact on the fat-water interface, with no perfusion or late gadolinium enhancement.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Besides diagnosis, imaging is crucial in follow-up, in order to evaluate mass growing and possible interference with adjacent structures. Echocardiography has a stablished role in follow-up, for assessment of ventricular and valvular function.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>CMR provides better tissue characterization without ionizing radiation and should be used when growth or mechanical interference is suspected.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Although most cardiac lipomas do not grow and remain asymptomatic over time, it is important to search for heart failure symptoms and signs, which would require specific therapy, as most of these patients have cognitive impairment which poses an additional challenge to symptom recognition and intervention.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>The purpose of this case report is to highlight specific features of a rare disease and the role of imaging in diagnosis, follow-up and appropriate management of cardiac involvement.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of Alexandra Castro, Gl&#243;ria Abreu and Adriana Pereira in the editing and reviewing process.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study. </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
