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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dV3nrmwkYHxKcxMTLLLSHXm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O &#205;ndice de Inflama&#231;&#227;o Imune Sist&#234;mica &#233; um Novo Marcador na Previs&#227;o da Presen&#231;a e Gravidade aa Ectasia Coronariana Isolada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0053-9594</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dindas</surname>
            <given-names>Ferhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9823-1613</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koyun</surname>
            <given-names>Emin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turkyilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1392-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abacioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2798-7488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Arafat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3416-5965</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Anil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dindar</surname>
            <given-names>Baris</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3895-1923</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dogdus</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Candan</surname>
            <given-names>Ozkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Usak University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Usak</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Usak University , Training and Research Hospital , Department of Cardiology , Usak &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sivas Cumhuriyet University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sivas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Sivas Cumhuriyet University , Department of Cardiology , Sivas &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Adana Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of Health Sciences , Adana Health Practice and Research Center , Adana &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ferhat Dindas Usak University, Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Denizli Street, No:4, 64100, City Center, Usak, Turquia, 64100, E-mail: <email>frhtys@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220056</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A patologia subjacente da ectasia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (EC) isolada n&#227;o foi totalmente elucidada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi examinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imune sist&#234;mica (S&#305;&#305;), que corresponde &#224; multiplica&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL) e as contagens de plaquetas, e EC isolada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo retrospectivo incluiu 200 pacientes com EC isolada, 200 consecutivos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva e 200 consecutivos com angiografia coron&#225;ria normal. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>S&#305;&#305;, RNL, raz&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito (RPL) e raz&#227;o mon&#243;cito-colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (MHR) foram significativamente maiores no grupo EC em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros grupos (todos p&lt;0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, S&#305;&#305; (p&lt;0,001, OR = 1,005, IC 95% =1,004-1,005) foi considerado um preditor independente de EC isolada. Na an&#225;lise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), S&#305;&#305; teve uma &#225;rea sob a curva maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com RNL, RPL e MHR. O valor de S&#305;&#305; &gt;517,35 tem 79% de sensibilidade, 76% de especificidade para a predi&#231;&#227;o do EC [AUC: 0,832, (p&lt;0,001)]. S&#305;&#305; teve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Markis (r: 0,214 p=0,002; r:-0,195, p=0,006, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo em que S&#305;&#305; foi significativamente associado &#224; presen&#231;a isolada de EC e gravidade anat&#244;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Patol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o Imune Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ectasia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (EC) &#233; definida como o aumento de um ou mais segmentos da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica excedendo 1,5 vezes o segmento adjacente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A EC &#233; um achado patol&#243;gico angiograficamente n&#227;o oclusivo nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A EC &#233; uma importante entidade cl&#237;nica uma vez que desenvolve doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) oclusiva em 34%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Muitos componentes celulares e moleculares complexos est&#227;o envolvidos na cascata patobiol&#243;gica da EC. Estudos recentes comparando EC com DAC e aneurismas de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria constataram que a patologia baseada na inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; predominante. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Biomarcadores inflamat&#243;rios de proced&#234;ncia hematol&#243;gica, especialmente a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e a raz&#227;o plaqueta-linf&#243;cito (RPL), ganharam recentemente uma reputa&#231;&#227;o de predizer eventos adversos cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outro &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio e relacionado &#224; aterosclerose &#233; &#224; raz&#227;o mon&#243;cito-colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (MHR). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Hu et al. desenvolveram um marcador racional inovador e previs&#237;vel chamado &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio imunol&#243;gico sist&#234;mico (S&#305;&#305;) com base em um estudo de coorte ambispectivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O S&#305;&#305;, que corresponde &#224; multiplica&#231;&#227;o do RNL e do n&#250;mero de plaquetas (PN/L), &#233; um par&#226;metro que mostra a resposta imune sist&#234;mica e local. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O S&#305;&#305; foi associado a um evento cardiovascular adverso importante em pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Estudos recentes encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre S&#305;&#305; e a gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O S&#305;&#305; inclui uma combina&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias hematol&#243;gicas, propriedade que o torna mais valioso do que outros par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios em estudos atuais.</p>
      <p>Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a poss&#237;vel rela&#231;&#227;o entre EC isolada e um novo par&#226;metro de inflama&#231;&#227;o, S&#305;&#305;, em pacientes com angina pectoris est&#225;vel ou inst&#225;vel submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria (AGC).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e &#233;tica</title>
        <p>Inclu&#237;mos inicialmente 252 pacientes com EC retrospectivamente que realizaram AGC com pr&#233;-diagn&#243;stico de DAC est&#225;vel e inst&#225;vel entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2019. Para o diagn&#243;stico, tratamento ou exclus&#227;o de DAC, a AGC foi realizada na presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica e acompanhada de um ou mais exames, como testes de esteira positivos, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal e angiotomografia coron&#225;ria anormal.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, presen&#231;a de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento ou n&#227;o do segmento ST, doen&#231;as infecciosas, hematol&#243;gicas, inflamat&#243;rias, insufici&#234;ncia renal avan&#231;ada (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 30) e hep&#225;tica (raz&#227;o normalizada internacional prolongada (&gt; 1,5) com aumento do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de bilirrubina total, alanina aminotransferase e aspartato aminotransferase) e malignidade diagnosticada foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Os 200 pacientes consecutivos restantes com EC isolada, os 200 pacientes consecutivos com DAC obstrutiva sem ectasia coronariana e os 200 pacientes consecutivos com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria angiograficamente normal foram pareados para formar tr&#234;s grupos. A hiperlipidemia foi definida como colesterol total (CT) &gt; 200 mg/dL ou colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) &gt; 160 mg/dL ou uso de terapia com estatina. Diabetes mellitus foi definido como glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL ou uso de qualquer agente antidiab&#233;tico. A hist&#243;ria familiar positiva foi definida por um parente de primeiro grau antes dos 55 anos em homens e 65 em mulheres com DAC ou morte s&#250;bita. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg ou qualquer uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva relatado. Tabagismo foi definido como tabagismo por mais de um ano-ma&#231;o. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o protocolo do estudo seguindo a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque (12/9/2021). Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do estudo, o consentimento do paciente foi dispensado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o AGC</title>
        <p>A AGC de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins e cateteres 6-French da art&#233;ria femoral ou radial. Nossa cl&#237;nica de cardiologia registrou todas as imagens angiogr&#225;ficas no sistema digital Philips Allura Xper Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. O contraste de iopromida (Omnipaque; GE Healthcare) foi usado em todos os pacientes do estudo. Foram avaliadas as imagens angiogr&#225;ficas digitais registradas em pelo menos quatro cineproje&#231;&#245;es para o sistema coronariano esquerdo e pelo menos duas cineproje&#231;&#245;es para o sistema coronariano direito. As imagens angiogr&#225;ficas foram avaliadas por dois cardiologistas cegos para os detalhes do estudo. A EC foi definida como o aumento de qualquer segmento de qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal para pelo menos 1,5 vezes o di&#226;metro do segmento adjacente sem les&#227;o que cause estenose maior que 50%. O grupo EC isolada foi dividido em quatro tipos de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Markis: ectasia difusa em duas ou tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias Tipo I; ectasia difusa em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e ectasia localizada em outras art&#233;rias Tipo II; ectasia difusa em apenas uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria Tipo III; les&#245;es ect&#225;sicas localizadas e segmentares Tipo IV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas foi obtido avaliando-se apenas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais. TCE, ADAE, ACXE, CD). O grupo DAC obstrutiva foi definido como estenose &gt;50% em uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais e sem ectasia em nenhuma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O grupo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal foi definido como a aus&#234;ncia de qualquer DAC causando irregularidade do l&#250;men visual no AGC. ectasia difusa em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e ectasia localizada em outras art&#233;rias Tipo II; ectasia difusa em apenas uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria Tipo III; les&#245;es ect&#225;sicas localizadas e segmentares Tipo IV.13 O n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas foi obtido avaliando-se apenas as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais. (TCE, ADAE, ACXE, CD). O grupo DAC obstrutiva foi definido como estenose &gt;50% em uma ou mais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais e sem ectasia em nenhuma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. O grupo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal foi definido como a aus&#234;ncia de qualquer DAC causando irregularidade do l&#250;men visual na AGC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram coletadas dos pacientes antes da AGC no momento da admiss&#227;o. Par&#226;metros de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas completas, amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos de 3,0 ml contendo 5,40 mg de &#225;cido etilenodiamino tetraac&#233;tico (EDTA) seco e analisadas usando um contador autom&#225;tico de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas (Beckman Coulter, EUA). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglicer&#237;deos (TG), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) e CT foram quantificados com m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos padr&#227;o (Abbot GmbH Co, Alemanha) com um analisador totalmente automatizado (Abbott Architect c16000) com reagentes originais. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c foi determinada de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Friedewald. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) foi medida com um analisador qu&#237;mico automatizado. RNL, RPL e MHR foram calculadas como contagem absoluta de neutr&#243;filos/contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos, contagem absoluta de plaquetas/contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos e contagem absoluta de mon&#243;citos/n&#237;vel absoluto de HDL-c, respectivamente. S&#305;&#305; foi calculado como contagem absoluta de neutr&#243;filos x contagem de plaquetas/contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados do estudo foram analisados com o software SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Vers&#227;o 21.0. Armonk, NY, EUA, IBM Corp.). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para confirmar se as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram indicadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (percentil 25-75), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram indicadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. O teste H de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado na compara&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s grupos independentes para analisar as vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o se enquadravam na distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste post hoc de Dunn-Bonferroni foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado apropriado. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis foi avaliada por meio do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman&#8217;s Rank. A an&#225;lise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) foi usada para determinar o papel preditivo das vari&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi empregada para determinar as vari&#225;veis independentes para EC isolado. Para a regress&#227;o multivariada, as vari&#225;veis com valor de p &lt; 0,1 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foram identificadas como potenciais marcadores de risco e inclu&#237;das no modelo completo. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow verificou um ajuste adequado para o modelo de regress&#227;o. Plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nos modelos de regress&#227;o para evitar multicolinearidade. As raz&#245;es de possibilidades (ORs) foram apresentadas com 95% de seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC). Um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os tr&#234;s grupos quanto &#224; idade, sexo, FEVE, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar, hipertens&#227;o e medica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. O tabagismo foi maior no grupo com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ect&#225;sica, enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus foi mais prevalente no grupo com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria obstrutiva. A frequ&#234;ncia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com ectasia em nosso estudo foi a seguinte; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) 62,5%, art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADAE) 52%, art&#233;ria circunflexa (CX) 38,5%, tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) 6,5%. Distribui&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a gravidade da EC: Markis Tipo I 28,5%, Markis Tipo II 16,0%, Markis Tipo III 21,5%, Markis Tipo IV 34,0%. Das quatro localiza&#231;&#245;es de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que consistem em TCE, ADAE, CX e CD, EC foi de 13% em tr&#234;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, 27,5% em duas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e 59,5% em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Os achados laboratoriais dos grupos de estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os pacientes com EC isolada apresentaram leuc&#243;citos (leuc&#243;citos), contagem de neutr&#243;filos, contagem de plaquetas, MHR, RPL e RNL significativamente maiores. Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> , S&#305;&#305; foi significativamente maior no grupo EC isolada do que nos demais grupos. Por outro lado, o grupo EC isolada apresentou n&#237;veis de ALT e contagens de linf&#243;citos significativamente mais baixos. Os n&#237;veis de PCR foram significativamente maiores no grupo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria obstrutiva do que em outros grupos. Tabagismo, diabetes mellitus, TG, ALT, PCR, MHR, RPL, RNL e S&#305;&#305; foram avaliados por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o para detectar os determinantes univariados de EC isolada. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus, MHR, RPL, RNL, e S&#305;&#305; foram preditores independentes e significativos de EC isolada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC para estimar o EC isolada, S&#305;&#305; apresenta a maior AUC com valor de corte de 517,35 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). S&#305;&#305; correlacionou-se significativamente negativamente com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Markis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, S&#305;&#305; correlacionou-se significativamente com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas basais dos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Ectasiado grupo de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (n=200)</th>
                <th>Obstrutivo coron&#225;rio grupo de art&#233;rias (n=200)</th>
                <th>Grupo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal (n=200)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">58 (52 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (52 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (52 - 63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,348</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (52 - 57)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (52 - 55)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (51 - 55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,918</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">143 (71,5)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (75,5)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (69,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (32,0)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (30,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (41,0)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,475</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (43,0)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (35,2)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (32,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medicamentos, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iECA-BRA</td>
                <td align="center">88 (44,0)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC</td>
                <td align="center">45 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (21,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APT</td>
                <td align="center">36 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (16,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,726</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BB</td>
                <td align="center">61 (30,5)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia com estatina</td>
                <td align="center">71 (35,5)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TCE</td>
                <td align="center">13 (6,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ADAE</td>
                <td align="center">104 (52,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CX</td>
                <td align="center">77 (38,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACD</td>
                <td align="center">125 (62,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Markis, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo I</td>
                <td align="center">57 (28,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo II</td>
                <td align="center">32 (16,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo III</td>
                <td align="center">43 (21,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo IV</td>
                <td align="center">68 (34,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">119 (59,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">55 (27,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">26 (13,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>iECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; APT: terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria; BRA: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina 2; BB: betabloqueador; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Grupo de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas (n=200)</th>
                <th>Coron&#225;ria obstrutiva grupo de art&#233;rias (n=200)</th>
                <th>Grupo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria normal (n=200)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>BUN, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">17 (13 - 21)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13 - 21)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13 - 19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,535</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,7 - 1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,81 - 1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,80 - 1,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,600</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (1,93 - 7,58) <sup>ab</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,25 (1,3 - 9,30)a</td>
                <td align="center">4,82 (3,0 &#8211; 6,0) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT, IU/L</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15 - 30) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24 (18 - 33,8) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23,5 (17 - 32) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,005</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">14,8 (13,4 - 15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14,2 (13,2 - 15,5)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 (13,1 - 15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW, %</td>
                <td align="center">11,85 (11,5 - 12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 (11,5 - 12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 (11,5 - 13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,212</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WBC, x109 /L</td>
                <td align="center">9,16 (7,83 - 10,86) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,72 (7,1 &#8211; 10,8) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,79 (6,64 &#8211; 9,25) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaqueta, x109 /L</td>
                <td align="center">279 (235 &#8211; 321,7) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">222,5 (192,3 &#8211; 254,5) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">226 (195 - 261) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VCM (fL)</td>
                <td align="center">87,05 (80,5 &#8211; 90,1)</td>
                <td align="center">87,2 (84,9 - 90,1)</td>
                <td align="center">87,1 (80,4 - 90,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM (fL)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (7,1 - 8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (7,0 - 8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (6,9 - 8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,327</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filo, x109 /L</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (4,63 - 6,99) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,97 (3,82 &#8211; 6,48) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,58 (2,19 - 5,05) <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon&#243;cito, x109 /L</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (0,41 - 0,73) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,49 (0,38 - 0,61) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,51 (0,39 - 0,61) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;cito, x109/L</td>
                <td align="center">2,21 (1,75 - 2,77) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,69 (2,04 &#8211; 3,22) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (2,17 - 3,40) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">126 (91 - 182)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (103 - 200,7)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (94 - 192)</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">175 (143 - 203)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (157 &#8211; 214,3)</td>
                <td align="center">180 (150 - 208)</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">104 (77,7 - 125)</td>
                <td align="center">104,3 (78 - 134)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (75 - 123)</td>
                <td align="center">0,529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31 - 45)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (32,2 - 46)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (31 - 44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MHR</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,01 - 0,02) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,01 - 0,02) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (0,1 - 0,02) <sup>a,b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">2,59 (1,94 - 3,40) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,83 (1,41 - 2,76) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,74 - 1,98)c</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">124,2 (101,3 - 163,0) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">82,6 (66,4 - 106,8) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">85,4 (60,9 &#8211; 103,0) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#305;&#305;</td>
                <td align="center">720,1 (532,9 - 991,8) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">427,6 (307,5 &#8211; 597,8) <sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">278,1 (172,0 - 436,1) <sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>ALT: alanina aminotransferase; BUN: azoto ureico no sangue; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; HDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; VCM: volume corpuscular m&#233;dio; MHR: raz&#227;o mon&#243;cito-colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; RNL: raz&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos para linf&#243;citos; VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; LDL-c: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; RPL: propor&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas para linf&#243;citos; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas vermelhas; S&#305;&#305;: &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deo; WBC: gl&#243;bulo branco. As vari&#225;veis s&#227;o expressas como mediana (25&#170;&#8211;75&#170;). Letras semelhantes na mesma linha mostram a semelhan&#231;a entre os grupos; letras diferentes mostram a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores S&#305;&#305; de grupos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de EC isolada por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="2">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OU (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>OR ajustado (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumar</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,796 (1,262-2,558)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.824 (1.189-2.803)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,014</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,632 (0,435-0,908)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,644 (0,412-0,998)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
                <td align="center">0,999 (0,997-1,001)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT</td>
                <td align="center">0,320</td>
                <td align="center">0,996 (0,986-1,004)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR</td>
                <td align="center">0,233</td>
                <td align="center">1,016 (0,99-1,042)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MHR</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.062 (1.036-1.089)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,039 (1,007-1,073)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.026 (1.021-1.032)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.027 (1.022-1.033)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RNL</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,02 (1,717-2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2.024 (1.708-2.423)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#305;&#305;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,005 (1,004-1,005)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,004 (1,004-1,005)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>EC: ect&#225;sia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; p: valor p. TG: triglicer&#237;deo; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; MHR: raz&#227;o mon&#243;cito-colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; RPL: propor&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas para linf&#243;citos; RNL: raz&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos para linf&#243;citos; S&#305;&#305;: &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da curva ROC de S&#305;&#305;, RNL, RPL e MHR para prever EC isolada. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MHR: raz&#227;o mon&#243;cito-colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; RPL: propor&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas para linf&#243;citos; RNL: raz&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos para linf&#243;citos; S&#305;&#305;: &#237;ndice de imuno inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de S&#305;&#305; com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Markis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de S&#305;&#305; com o n&#250;mero da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ect&#225;sica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EC isolada e S&#305;&#305;, um novo marcador incluindo contagem de neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e linf&#243;citos. Nosso estudo mostrou que pacientes com EC isolada apresentaram valores de S&#305;&#305; significativamente maiores do que pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias obstrutivas e normais. Em particular, a gravidade da EC isolada e sua extens&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias est&#227;o independentemente associadas a um aumento de S&#305;&#305;, refletindo a ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Segmentos coronarianos dilatados, preenchimento anter&#243;grado de corante coronariano prejudicado, deposi&#231;&#227;o localizada de corante com estase e fen&#244;meno de vazamento retr&#243;grado s&#227;o as principais caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas coronarianas da EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia relatada de EC varia de 0,3% a 10%, dependendo do n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos &#224; ACG. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em um estudo transversal, verificou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares aumentou na presen&#231;a de EC acompanhando DAC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em outro estudo recente, a presen&#231;a de EC afeta a mortalidade cardiovascular futura em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O aumento da detec&#231;&#227;o da ectasia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, mostrando sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade cardiovascular, &#233; um dos fatores predisponentes do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e associado &#224; isquemia microvascular na aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o obstrutiva concomitante, aumentou sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria mais acometida pela ectasia &#233; a CD, seguida pela ADAE e CX, e a coron&#225;ria menos acometida art&#233;ria &#233; o TCE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A EC tem caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de homens mais jovens em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com DAC obstrutiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a demogr&#225;fica significativa entre todos os grupos, e os pacientes com EC isolada foram semelhantes aos pacientes com DAC obstrutiva quanto ao evento cardiovascular fatores de risco. Em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura, em nosso estudo, houve rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia em pacientes com EC, enquanto uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa foi encontrada com diabetes mellitus. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa rela&#231;&#227;o inversa se deve ao diabetes mellitus prejudicar a dilata&#231;&#227;o arterial compensat&#243;ria ao promover processo ateroscler&#243;tico ao remodelamento negativo da parede arterial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O t&#237;tulo do processo ateroscler&#243;tico na patog&#234;nese da EC, que &#233; considerado um tipo de DAC, permanece incerto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Com base nos resultados dessas publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores comparando EC e aneurismas de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, a atividade inflamat&#243;ria &#233; mais evidente na EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Por essas raz&#245;es, embora a patog&#234;nese da EC n&#227;o tenha sido totalmente elucidada, mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios e outros prov&#225;veis, ao inv&#233;s do processo ateroscler&#243;tico, tornaram-se t&#243;picos mais destacados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rios estudos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EC e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Demir et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> mostraram que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de PCR sens&#237;vel, &#225;cido &#250;rico e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de bilirrubina, que s&#227;o indicadores da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, est&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a de ectasia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Turan et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ilustraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de endocan indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e processo inflamat&#243;rio e EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Finkelstein et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> mostraram que o desequil&#237;brio da metaloproteinase da matriz circulat&#243;ria, que est&#225; correlacionado com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, est&#225; associado &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Jun Li et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> ilustraram que a EC estava associada &#224; contagem de interleucina-6, leuc&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos e mon&#243;citos e afirmaram que o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico est&#225; envolvido na EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ashraf et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o horm&#244;nio do adip&#243;cito visfatina, que desempenha um papel fundamental no retardo da apoptose de neutr&#243;filos e na gravidade da EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Adiloglu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> mostraram que as mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o da superf&#237;cie celular, que s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para o in&#237;cio da inflama&#231;&#227;o na EC, s&#227;o mais difundidas no endot&#233;lio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rios estudos descobriram que RNL, RPL e MHR, que s&#227;o par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios tradicionais, s&#227;o preditores independentes de EC e est&#227;o correlacionados com o n&#250;mero e gravidade dos vasos ect&#225;sicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Consistentemente com isso, RNL, RPL e MHR foram preditores independentes de EC isolada em nosso estudo. Embora a PCR tenha sido maior no grupo EC isolada do que nos outros grupos, n&#227;o conseguimos detect&#225;-la como preditor independente. Esse resultado pode ser devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de valores elevados de PCR sens&#237;vel em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>S&#305;&#305; &#233; um novo marcador inflamat&#243;rio hematol&#243;gico que re&#250;ne neutr&#243;filos, plaquetas e linf&#243;citos, refletindo inflama&#231;&#227;o e equil&#237;brio imunol&#243;gico. S&#305;&#305; foi definido pela primeira vez no campo da oncologia. O excesso de &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico tem sido associado &#224; contagem de c&#233;lulas cancer&#237;genas circulantes, progn&#243;stico ruim e menor tempo de sobrevida em pacientes com c&#226;ncer. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em estudos de c&#226;ncer recentes, o papel progn&#243;stico de S&#305;&#305; foi considerado mais potente do que RNL e RPL. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, S&#305;&#305; como marcador progn&#243;stico tem sido demonstrado em pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes de que neutr&#243;filos e produtos derivados de neutr&#243;filos participam da EC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> No processo patobiol&#243;gico da EC, h&#225; um aumento de mol&#233;culas adesivas na superf&#237;cie celular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Subsequentemente, a degranula&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular ocorre devido &#224;s mol&#233;culas de adesina que proporcionam a transmigra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos e espalham a serina proteinase derivada de neutr&#243;filos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores relataram que plaquetas, quimiocinas e citocinas aumentam a migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras para a &#225;rea inflamat&#243;ria que se desenvolve ap&#243;s a les&#227;o endotelial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> As plaquetas desempenham pap&#233;is importantes na inflama&#231;&#227;o e na trombose. Sabe-se que a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria ativada est&#225; entre as principais causas de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Recentemente, o marcador de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio, demonstrou ter valor progn&#243;stico em eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores em pacientes com EC isolada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Como resultado da publica&#231;&#227;o anterior, n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de P-selectina e fator-4 plaquet&#225;rio, que se acredita aumentarem a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em pacientes com EC isolada, foram maiores do que no grupo controle. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Em contraste com neutr&#243;filos e plaquetas, a fun&#231;&#227;o de modula&#231;&#227;o imune dos linf&#243;citos na inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; explicada pelo aumento da apoptose de linf&#243;citos, regula&#231;&#227;o negativa da prolifera&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos e diminui&#231;&#227;o da contagem de linf&#243;citos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que as leucocitoses neutrof&#237;licas e linfop&#234;nicas s&#227;o marcadores de mau progn&#243;stico de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares principais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> &#192; luz dos estudos relatados, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que o n&#237;vel de S&#305;&#305;, que &#233; conhecido por estar associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico, pode prever pacientes com EC. As an&#225;lises da curva ROC em nosso estudo mostraram que S&#305;&#305; teve uma AUC maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com RNL, RPL e MHR; isso nos levou a concluir que S&#305;&#305; prediz pacientes com EC isolados melhor do que RNL, RPL e MHR. Al&#233;m disso, S&#305;&#305; surgiu como um preditor independente de EC isolado nos modelos de regress&#227;o multivariada. No entanto, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o impotente entre S&#305;&#305; e a gravidade anat&#244;mica do EC isolado. De acordo com esses resultados, dentre os &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos convencionais que podem ser obtidos de forma n&#227;o invasiva a partir dos resultados do hemograma completo, o S&#305;&#305; &#233; mais aplic&#225;vel na predi&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com EC isolada. Al&#233;m disso, S&#305;&#305; pode ser um marcador interessante que merece investiga&#231;&#227;o em diversas patologias card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo que devem ser mencionadas. &#201; um estudo retrospectivo de pequeno tamanho amostral unic&#234;ntrico; os resultados carecem de acompanhamento a longo prazo e medidas de resultados. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo n&#227;o incluiu acompanhamento de longo prazo e medidas de resultados que demonstrem efic&#225;cia progn&#243;stica. A raz&#227;o PCR/albumina, outro importante par&#226;metro inflamat&#243;rio, n&#227;o foi avaliada devido &#224; falta de valor da albumina nos resultados laboratoriais antes da AGC. Al&#233;m disso, embora as avalia&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes tenham sido determinadas por dois cardiologistas cegos para os dados do estudo, a possibilidade de vi&#233;s n&#227;o pode ser completamente exclu&#237;da porque a variabilidade inter ou intra-observador n&#227;o foi calculada. Embora o estudo inclua dados sobre o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Markis, S&#305;&#305; n&#227;o reflete diretamente a import&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica e inflamat&#243;ria das EC isoladas, uma vez que n&#227;o foram utilizadas t&#233;cnicas para investigar vasculites imunes sist&#234;micas na etiologia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a EC est&#225; associada ao aumento de S&#305;&#305; e sugere a presen&#231;a de processos inflamat&#243;rios em pacientes com EC isolada. Acreditamos que S&#305;&#305; pode ser um &#237;ndice mais eficaz do que outros par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios hematol&#243;gicos na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes isolados de EC que precisar&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas rigorosas. Estudos prospectivos randomizados de acompanhamento em larga escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar a causalidade da associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada em nosso estudo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Systemic Immune Inflammation Index is a Novel Marker in Predicting the Presence and Severity of Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0053-9594</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dindas</surname>
            <given-names>Ferhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9823-1613</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koyun</surname>
            <given-names>Emin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turkyilmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1392-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abacioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge Ozcan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2798-7488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Arafat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3416-5965</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Anil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dindar</surname>
            <given-names>Baris</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3895-1923</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dogdus</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Candan</surname>
            <given-names>Ozkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Usak University, Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Usak &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Department of Cardiology, Sivas &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of Health Sciences, Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ferhat Dindas &#8226; Usak University, Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Denizli Street, No:4, 64100, City Center, Usak, Turkey, 64100, E-mail: frhtys@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The underlying pathology of isolated coronary artery ectasia (CE) has not been fully elucidated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We aimed to examine the relationship between the systemic immune inflammation index (S&#305;&#305;), which corresponds to the multiplying of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet counts, and isolated CE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>The retrospective study population included 200 patients with isolated CE, 200 consecutive with obstructive coronary artery disease, and 200 consecutive with a normal coronary artery angiogram. A 2-sided p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>S&#305;&#305;, NLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) were significantly higher in the CE group compared with the other groups (all p&lt;0.001). In multivariate analysis, S&#305;&#305; (p&lt;0.001, OR = 1.005, 95% CI =1.004-1.005) was found to be an independent predictor of isolated CE. In Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis, S&#305;&#305; had a higher Area Under the Curve than NLR, PLR, and MHR. S&#305;&#305; value of &gt;517.35 has 79% sensitivity, 76% specificity for the prediction of the CE [AUC: 0.832, (p&lt;0.001)]. S&#305;&#305; had a significant correlation with the number of ectatic coronary arteries and Markis classification (r:0.214 p=0.002; r:-0.195, p=0.006, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that S&#305;&#305; was significantly associated with isolated CE presence and anatomical severity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilatation Pathologic</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic Inflammation Immune</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery ectasia (CE) is defined as the enlargement of one or more segments of the epicardial coronary artery exceeding 1.5 times the adjacent segment. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> CE is a pathological finding angiographically non-occlusive in the coronary arteries. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CE is an important clinical entity since it develops occlusive coronary artery disease (CAD) at 34%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Many complex cellular and molecular components are involved in the pathobiological cascade of CE. Recent studies comparing CE with CAD and coronary artery aneurysms found that pathology based on inflammation is predominant. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammatory biomarkers in the hematological provenance, especially the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), have recently gained a reputation for predicting cardiovascular adverse events. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another inflammatory and atherosclerosis-related index is the monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Hu et al. developed an innovative, predictable rational marker called the systemic immune inflammatory index (S&#305;&#305;) based on an ambispective cohort study. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The S&#305;&#305;, which corresponds to the multiplying of the NLR and the number of platelets (PN/L), is a newly defined parameter showing systemic and local immune response. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The S&#305;&#305; has been found to be associated with a major adverse cardiovascular event in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Recent studies have found a correlation between S&#305;&#305; and the severity of coronary artery disease. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The S&#305;&#305; includes a combination of three hematological inflammatory cells, the property that makes it more valuable than other inflammatory parameters in current studies.</p>
        <p>Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the possible relationship between isolated CE and a new inflammation parameter, S&#305;&#305;, in patients with stable or unstable angina pectoris who underwent coronary angiography (CAG).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and Ethics</title>
          <p>We initially included 252 patients with CE retrospectively who underwent CAG with a prediagnosis of stable and unstable CAD between January 2011 and December 2019. For the diagnosis, treatment or exclusion of CAD, CAG was performed in the presence of typical chest pain and accompanied by one or more examinations such as positive treadmill tests, abnormal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and abnormal coronary computed tomography angiography.</p>
          <p>Patients with a history of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting, presence of acute myocardial infarction with ST or Non-ST elevation, infectious, hematological, inflammatory disorders, advanced renal (estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30) and hepatic insufficiency (prolonged international normalized ratio (&gt;1.5) with increased serum total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level) and, diagnosed malignancy were excluded from the study. The remaining 200 consecutive patients with isolated CE, the 200 consecutive patients with obstructive CAD without coronary ectasia, and the 200 consecutive patients with angiographically normal coronary artery were matched to form three groups. Hyperlipidemia was defined as total cholesterol (TC) &gt;200 mg/dL or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) &gt;160 mg/dL or use of statin therapy. Diabetes mellitus was defined as plasma fasting glucose &gt;126 mg/dL or using any antidiabetic agent. Positive family history was defined by a first-degree relative before the age of 55 in men and 65 in women with CAD or sudden death. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mm Hg or any reported antihypertensive medication usage. Smoking was defined as smoking for more than one pack-year. The local ethics committee approved the study protocol following the Declaration of Helsinki (2021-12/09). Due to the study&#8217;s retrospective nature, patient consent was waived by the ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CAG assessment</title>
          <p>CAG of all patients included in the study was performed using the Judkins technique and 6-French catheters from the femoral or radial artery. Our cardiology clinic recorded all angiographic images in the Philips Allura Xper Percutaneous Coronary Intervention digital system. Iopromide contrast (Omnipaque; GE Healthcare) was used in all study patients. The digital angiographic images recorded in at least four cine-projections for the left coronary system and at least two cine-projections for the right coronary system were evaluated. The angiographic images were evaluated by two cardiologists blinded to the study details. CE was defined as the enlargement of any segment of any major coronary artery to at least 1.5 times the diameter of the adjacent segment without a lesion causing greater than 50% stenosis. The isolated CE group was divided into four types according to the Markis classification: diffuse ectasia in two or three coronary arteries Type I; diffuse ectasia in one coronary artery and localized ectasia in other arteries Type II; diffuse ectasia in only one coronary artery Type III; localized and segmental ectatic lesions Type IV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The ectatic coronary arteries number was obtained by evaluating only the major coronary arteries. (LMCA, LAD, LCX, RCA). The obstructive CAD group was defined as &gt;50% stenosis in one or more main coronary arteries and no ectasia in any coronary artery. The normal coronary artery group was defined as the absence of any CAD causing visual lumen irregularity in CAG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
          <p>Peripheral venous blood samples were drawn from the patients before CAG at admission. Complete blood cell parameters, blood samples were collected in 3.0 ml tubes containing 5.40 mg dry ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and analyzed using an automated blood cell counter (Beckman Coulter, USA). Serum levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), and TC were quantified with standard enzymatic methods (Abbot GmbH Co, Germany) with a fully automated analyzer (Abbott Architect c16000) with original reagents. In contrast, LDL-c concentration was determined according to the Friedewald method. C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was measured with an automated chemistry analyzer. NLR, PLR, and MHR were calculated as absolute neutrophil count/absolute lymphocyte count, absolute platelet count/absolute lymphocyte count and absolute monocyte count/absolute HDL-c level, respectively. S&#305;&#305; was calculated as absolute neutrophil count x platelet count/absolute lymphocyte count. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All study data were analyzed with SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY, USA, IBM Corp.). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to confirm whether the variables are normally distributed. Continuous variables were indicated as the median and interquartile range (25th-75th percentile), and categorical variables were indicated as frequencies and percentages. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare three independent groups to analyze the variables that do not fit the normal distribution. Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test was used for pairwise comparisons. The categorical variables were analyzed using the appropriate chi-square test. The correlation among variables was evaluated by using Spearman&#8217;s Rank correlation test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the predictive role of variables.</p>
          <p>Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the independent variables for isolated CE. For multivariate regression, variables with a p-value of &lt;0.1 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were identified as potential risk markers and included in the full model. The Hosmer&#8211;Lemeshow test ascertained an adequate fit for the regression model. Platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were not included in the regression models to avoid multicollinearity. The odds ratios (ORs) were presented with 95% respective confidence intervals (CIs). A 2-sided p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics of the study population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . There was no difference between the three groups regarding age, gender, LVEF, dyslipidemia, family history, hypertension, and previous medications. Smoking was higher in the ectatic coronary artery group, whereas diabetes mellitus frequency was more prevalent in the obstructive coronary artery group. The frequency of coronary arteries with ectasia in our study was as follows; right coronary artery (RCA) 62.5%, left anterior descending artery (LAD) 52%, circumflex artery (CX) 38.5%, left main coronary artery (LMCA) 6.5%. Distribution according to CE severity: Markis Type I 28.5%, Markis Type II 16.0%, Markis Type III 21.5%, Markis Type IV 34.0%. Of the four coronary artery localizations consisting of LMCA, LAD, CX, and RCA, CE was 13% in three coronary arteries, 27.5% in two coronary arteries, and 59.5% in one coronary artery. Laboratory findings of study groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . The patients with isolated CE had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil counts, platelet counts, MHR, PLR, and NLR. As presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> , S&#305;&#305; was significantly higher in the isolated CE group than in the other groups. On the other hand, the isolated CE group had significantly lower ALT levels and lymphocyte counts. CRP levels were significantly higher in the obstructive coronary artery group than in other groups. Smoking, diabetes mellitus, TG, ALT, CRP, MHR, PLR, NLR, and S&#305;&#305; were evaluated by regression analysis to detect the univariate determinants of isolated CE. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, smoking, diabetes mellitus, MHR, PLR, NLR, and S&#305;&#305; were independent and significant predictors of isolated CE ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). In the ROC curve analysis to estimate the isolated CE, S&#305;&#305; has the highest AUC with a cut-off value of 517.35 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). S&#305;&#305; significantly negatively correlated with the Markis classification ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). Moreover, S&#305;&#305; significantly correlated with the number of ectatic coronary arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics of groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Ectatic coronary artery group (n=200)</th>
                  <th>Obstructive coronary artery group (n=200)</th>
                  <th>Normal coronary artery group (n=200)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (52 - 65)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (52 - 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (52 - 63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (52 - 57)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (52 - 55)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (51 - 55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.918</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (71.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (75.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (69.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.395</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (32.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (30.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.198</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (41.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (44.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (38.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.475</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (43.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (35.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (24.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (55.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (51.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (48.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.428</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (28.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (44.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (32.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE-ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (44.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (48.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (42.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.408</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (21.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>APT</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (16.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.726</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BB</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (30.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin therapy</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (35.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (38.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Coronary artery, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">13 ( 6.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">104 ( 52.0 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CX</td>
                  <td align="center">77 ( 38.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RCA</td>
                  <td align="center">125 ( 62.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Markis classification, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type I</td>
                  <td align="center">57 ( 28.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type II</td>
                  <td align="center">32 ( 16.0 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type III</td>
                  <td align="center">43 ( 21.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type IV</td>
                  <td align="center">68 ( 34.0 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of ectatic coronary arteries, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">119 ( 59.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">55 ( 27.5 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">26 ( 13.0 )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; APT: antiplatelet therapy; ARB: angiotensin 2 receptor blockers; BB: beta blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CX: circumflex artery; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LMCA: left main coronary artery; RCA: right coronary artery.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of laboratory parameters of study groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Ectatic coronary artery group (n=200)</th>
                  <th>Obstructive coronary artery group (n=200)</th>
                  <th>Normal coronary artery group (n=200)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (13 - 21)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13 - 21)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13 &#8211; 19.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.535</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.7 - 1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.81 - 1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 (0.80 - 1.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.600</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (1.93 &#8211; 7.58) <sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.25 (1.3 &#8211; 9.30) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.82 (3.0 &#8211; 6.0) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT, IU/L</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15 - 30) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">24 (18 &#8211; 33.8) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">23.5 (17 - 32) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.005</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8 (13.4 &#8211; 15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2 (13.2 - 15.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3 (13.1 &#8211; 15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW, %</td>
                  <td align="center">11.85 (11.5 - 12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9 (11.5 - 12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1 (11.5 - 13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.212</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC, x10 <sup>9</sup> /L</td>
                  <td align="center">9.16 (7.83 &#8211; 10.86) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8.72 (7.1 &#8211; 10.8) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7.79 (6.64 &#8211; 9.25) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet, x10 <sup>9</sup> /L</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (235 &#8211; 321.7) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">222.5 (192.3 &#8211; 254.5) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">226 (195 - 261) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCV (fL)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.05 (80.5 &#8211; 90.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.2 (84.9 - 90.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">87.1 (80.4 - 90.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.552</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV (fL)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (7.1 - 8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (7.0 - 8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7 (6.9 - 8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.327</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophil, x10 <sup>9</sup> /L</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (4.63 &#8211; 6.99) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.97 (3.82 &#8211; 6.48) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3.58 (2.19 &#8211; 5.05) <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocyte, x10 <sup>9</sup> /L</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 (0.41 - 0.73) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.49 (0.38 - 0.61) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.51 (0.39 - 0.61) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocyte, x10 <sup>9</sup> /L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.21 (1.75 - 2.77) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.69 (2.04 &#8211; 3.22) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (2.17 &#8211; 3.40) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (91 - 182)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (103 &#8211; 200.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (94 - 192)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TC, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (143 - 203)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (157 &#8211; 214.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (150 - 208)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.222</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (77.7 - 125)</td>
                  <td align="center">104.3 (78 - 134)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (75 - 123)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31 - 45)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (32.2 - 46)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (31 - 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MHR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 (0.01 - 0.02) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 (0.01 - 0.02) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.01 (0.1 - 0.02) <sup>ab</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">2.59 (1.94 - 3.40) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.83 (1.41 - 2.76) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.74 - 1.98) <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">124.2 (101.3 - 163.0) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">82.6 (66.4 - 106.8) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">85.4 (60.9 &#8211; 103.0) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#305;&#305;</td>
                  <td align="center">720.1 (532.9 - 991.8) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">427.6 (307.5 &#8211; 597.8) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">278.1 (172.0 - 436.1) <sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CRP: C-reactive protein; HDL-c: t to HDL-c ratio; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MPV: mean platelet volume; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; RDW: red cell distribution width; S&#305;&#305;: systemic immune-inflammation index; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; WBC: white blood cell; MHR: monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Variables are expressed as median (25th&#8211;75th). Similar letters in the same line show the similarity between groups; different letters show the difference between groups.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>S&#305;&#305; values of groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Predictors of isolated CE by multivariate logistic regression analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.796 (1.262-2.558)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.824 (1.189-2.803)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  <td align="center">0.632 (0.435-0.908)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.644 (0.412-0.998)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG</td>
                  <td align="center">0.256</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999 (0.997-1.001)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.320</td>
                  <td align="center">0.996 (0.986-1.004)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.233</td>
                  <td align="center">1.016 (0.99-1.042)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MHR</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.062 (1.036-1.089)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.039 (1.007-1.073)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.026 (1.021-1.032)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.027 (1.022-1.033)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.02 (1.717-2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.024 (1.708-2.423)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#305;&#305;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.005 (1.004-1.005)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004 (1.004-1.005)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CE: coronary artery ectasia; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; p: p-value. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CRP: C-reactive protein; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; S&#305;&#305;: systemic immune-inflammation index; TG: triglyceride; MHR: monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve analysis of S&#305;&#305;, NLR, PLR, and MHR for predicting isolated CE. CI: confidence interval; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; S&#305;&#305;: systemic immune-inflammation index; MHR: monocyte-to-high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation of S&#305;&#305; with the Markis classification.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation of S&#305;&#305; with the number of the ectatic coronary artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20220056-20056-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We aimed to investigate the relationship between isolated CE and S&#305;&#305;, a novel marker including neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts. Our study showed that isolated CE patients had significantly higher S&#305;&#305; values than patients with obstructive and normal coronary arteries. In particular, the severity of isolated CE and its extent in the coronary arteries are independently associated with an increase in S&#305;&#305;, reflecting inflammatory activation.</p>
        <p>Dilated coronary segments, impaired antegrade coronary dye filling, localized dye deposition with stasis, and retrograde leak phenomenon are CE&#8217;s main coronary angiographic features. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The reported incidence of CE ranges from 0.3% to 10%, depending on the number of patients undergoing CAG. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In a cross-sectional study, it was found that the frequency of cardiovascular events increased in the presence of CE accompanying CAD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In another recent study, CE&#8217;s presence affects future cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Increasing detection of coronary artery ectasia, showing its relationship with cardiovascular mortality, is one of the predisposing factors of acute myocardial infarction and associated with microvascular ischemia in the absence of concomitant obstructive lesion, has increased its clinical importance in the last decade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The coronary artery most affected by ectasia is RCA, followed by LAD and CX, and the least affected coronary artery is LMCA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> CE has demographic characteristics of younger men compared to obstructive CAD patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In our study, there was no significant demographic difference between all groups, and patients with isolated CE were similar to patients with obstructive CAD in terms of cardiovascular event risk factors. Consistent with the literature, in our study, there was a linear relationship between smoking, hypertension and hyperlipidemia in patients with CE, while an inverse relationship was found with diabetes mellitus. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This inverse relationship is due to diabetes mellitus impairing compensatory arterial dilation by promoting the atherosclerotic process to negative arterial wall remodeling. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The title of the atherosclerotic process in the pathogenesis of CE, which is considered a type of CAD, remains unclear. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Based on results from these previous publications comparing CE and coronary artery aneurysms, inflammatory activity is more obvious in CE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> For these reasons, although the pathogenesis of CE has not been fully elucidated, inflammatory and other probable mechanisms rather than the atherosclerotic process have become more highlighted topics. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are several studies on the relationship between CE and inflammation. Demir et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> showed that high serum high sensitive-CRP, uric acid levels and lower serum bilirubin levels, which are indicators of the inflammatory response, are associated with the presence of ectasia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Turan et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> illustrated a correlation between endocan levels indicating endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory process and CE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Finkelstein et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> showed that circulatory matrix metalloproteinase imbalance, which is correlated with inflammatory markers, is associated with CE formation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Jun Li et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> illustrated that CE was associated with interleukin-6, WBC, neutrophil, and monocyte counts and claimed that the chronic inflammatory process is involved in the CE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ashraf et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> found a correlation between the adipocyte hormone visfatin, which plays a key role in delayed neutrophil apoptosis, and the severity of CE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Adiloglu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> showed that cell surface adhesion molecules, which are necessary for the initiation of inflammation in CE, are more widespread in the endothelium. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In addition, several studies have found that NLR, PLR and MHR, which are traditional inflammatory parameters, are independent predictors of CE and are correlated with the number and severity of ectatic vessels. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Consistently with this, NLR, PLR and MHR were independent predictors of isolated CE in our study. Although CRP was higher in the isolated CE group than in the other groups, we could not detect it as an independent predictor. This result may be due to our study&#8217;s absence of high sensitive-CRP values.</p>
        <p>S&#305;&#305; is a new hematological inflammatory marker that brings together neutrophils, platelets, and lymphocytes, reflecting inflammation and immune balance. S&#305;&#305; was first defined in the oncology field. The excess systemic inflammatory index has been associated with circulating cancer cell count, poor prognosis, and shorter survival time in cancer patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In lately cancer studies, the prognostic role of S&#305;&#305; was found to be more potent than NLR and PLR. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Also, S&#305;&#305; as a prognostic marker has been demonstrated in cardiovascular disease patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> There is increasing evidence that neutrophils and neutrophil-derived products participate in CE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In the pathobiological process of CE, there is an increase in cell surface adhesive molecules. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Subsequently, extracellular matrix degranulation occurs due to adhesin molecules providing monocyte transmigration and spreading neutrophil-derived serine proteinase. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Previous studies reported that platelets, chemokines, and cytokines increase the migration of progenitor cells to the inflammatory area that develops after endothelial injury. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Platelets play important roles in inflammation and thrombosis. Activated platelet aggregation is known to be among the main cause of cardiovascular complications. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The platelet activation marker, mean platelet volume, has recently been shown to be of prognostic value in major adverse cardiac events in patients with isolated CE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> As a result of previous publication, plasma P-selectin and platelet factor-4 levels, which are thought to increase platelet activation in patients with isolated CE, were higher than in the control group. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In contrast to neutrophile and platelet, the immune modulation function of lymphocytes in inflammation is explained by increased lymphocyte apoptosis, down-regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, and decreased lymphocyte counts. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In addition, it is known that neutrophilic and lymphopenic leukocytosis are poor prognostic markers of several main cardiovascular diseases. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In light of reported studies, we hypothesized that the level of S&#305;&#305;, which is known to be associated with inflammation and immune system activation, may predict patients with CE. ROC curve analyses in our study showed that S&#305;&#305; had a higher AUC compared to NLR, PLR and, MHR; this led us to conclude that S&#305;&#305; predicts isolated CE patients better than NLR, PLR and, MHR. Also, S&#305;&#305; emerged as an independent predictor of isolated CE in the multivariate regression models. However, there was a powerless correlation between S&#305;&#305; and the anatomical severity of isolated CE. According to these results, among the conventional hematological indices that can be obtained non-invasively from the complete blood count results, S&#305;&#305; is more applicable in predicting patients with isolated CE. In addition, S&#305;&#305; may be an interesting marker that deserves investigation in diverse cardiac pathologies.</p>
        <p>There are a few limitations in our study that should be mentioned. It is a single-center retrospective small sample study; the results lack long-term follow-up and outcome measures. Besides, the study did not include long-term follow-up and outcome measures showing prognostic efficacy. CRP-to-albumin ratio, another important inflammatory parameter, was not evaluated due to the lack of albumin value in laboratory results before CAG. In addition, although patient angiographic assessments were determined by two cardiologists blinded to the study data, the possibility of bias cannot be completely excluded because inter or intra-observer variability was not calculated. Even though the study includes data on the number of ectatic coronary arteries and Markis classification, S&#305;&#305; does not directly reflect isolated CE&#8217;s anatomical and inflammatory importance since techniques to investigate systemic immune vasculitides in the etiology were not used.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, CE is associated with increased S&#305;&#305; and suggests the presence of inflammatory processes in patients with isolated CE. We think S&#305;&#305; may be a more effective index than other hematological inflammatory parameters in differentiating isolated CE patients who will need rigorous therapeutic strategies. Large-scale follow-up prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm the causality of the association found in our study.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
