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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7nvjWypQmzztQJp4krH3pZr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as entre os Sexos no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST &#8211; An&#225;lise Retrospectiva de um &#218;nico Centro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8010-6299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;tia Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Ambos os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho, Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Ambos os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho, Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Braga</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Braga, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Minho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: C&#225;tia Costa Oliveira &#8226; Braga Hospital &#8211; Rua de 7 fontes Braga 4710-243 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>catiaandreiaoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20211040</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Embora os resultados em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos a interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas (ICP) prim&#225;rias tenham melhorado, as mulheres apresentam maior mortalidade. Objetivos: Avaliar as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, manejo e mortalidade hospitalar, em 30 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano ap&#243;s IAMCSST.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Coletamos retrospectivamente dados de 809 pacientes consecutivos tratados com ICP prim&#225;ria e comparamos mulheres <italic>versus</italic> homens no banco de dados de cardiologia de interven&#231;&#227;o local. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> As mulheres eram mais velhas que os homens (69,1&#177;14,6 vs. 58,5&#177;12,7 anos; p&lt;0,001) com maior preval&#234;ncia de idade acima de 75 anos (36,7% vs. 11,7%; p&lt;0,001), diabetes (30,6% vs. 18,5%; p=0,001), hipertens&#227;o (60,5% vs. 45,9%; p=0,001), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (3,4% vs. 0,6%; p= 0,010) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico agudo (6,8% vs. 3,0%; p=0,021). Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, as mulheres apresentavam mais sintomas at&#237;picos, menos dor tor&#225;cica (p=0,014) e estavam mais frequentemente em choque cardiog&#234;nico (p=0,011)). As mulheres tinham mais tempo at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o (p=0,001) e eram menos propensas a receber terapia m&#233;dica ideal (p&lt;0,05). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar (p=0,001), em 30 dias (p&lt;0,001), 6 meses (p&lt;0,001) e 1 ano (16,4% vs. p&lt;0,001) foi maior nas mulheres. A an&#225;lise multivariada identificou idade acima de 75 anos (HR=4,25; IC 95%[1,67-10,77];p=0,002), classe Killip II (HR=8,80; IC 95%[2,72-28,41];p&lt;0,001), III (HR=5,88; IC95% [0,99-34,80]; p=0,051) e IV (HR=9,60; IC 95%[1,86-48,59];p=0,007), Les&#227;o Renal Aguda (HR=2,47; IC 95% [1,00-6,13];p=0,051) e dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (HR=1,04; IC 95%[1,01-1,08];p=0,030), mas n&#227;o o sexo feminino (HR=0,83; IC95% [0,33-2,10];p=0,690) como fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Comparadas aos homens, as mulheres com IAMCSST submetidas &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria apresentam maiores taxas de mortalidade. Mulheres hospitalizadas por IAMCSST t&#234;m pior perfil de risco, s&#227;o tratadas com maior tempo de reperfus&#227;o relacionado a atrasos do sistema e t&#234;m menor probabilidade de receber a terapia recomendada. O sexo feminino n&#227;o foi fator progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em todo o mundo, a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225; se tornando a principal causa de morte em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a mortalidade cardiovascular diminuiu devido &#224; melhora na preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca. Entretanto, quando comparada aos homens, essa diminui&#231;&#227;o tem sido menor nas mulheres, principalmente em mulheres mais jovens, com menos de 55 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), existem v&#225;rios estudos que compararam as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos e conclu&#237;ram que mulheres com IAMCSST apresentam maior risco de morte e eventos adversos ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224; idade mais avan&#231;ada, &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais tardia e at&#237;pica, &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades como diabetes mellitus, obesidade, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC). Entretanto, tamb&#233;m tem sido associado ao fato de as mulheres terem menos acesso &#224; tentativa de terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e terapia medicamentosa otimizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Ainda &#233; controverso se a maior taxa de mortalidade no sexo feminino &#233; totalmente justificada pela presen&#231;a de um pior perfil de risco e desigualdades no manejo terap&#234;utico ou se ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise ajustada de poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, o sexo feminino permanece como fator de risco independente para um pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esse estudo tem como objetivo estudar uma amostra de pacientes com IAMCSST tratados com sucesso com ICP prim&#225;ria, tendo como objetivo comparar os cuidados m&#233;dicos e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, principalmente a mortalidade intra-hospitalar em 30 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano ap&#243;s o IAMCSST, entre homens e mulheres.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo &#233; retrospectivo, enquadrando-se em um estudo observacional anal&#237;tico e longitudinal. Os dados foram obtidos de um banco de dados de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico eletr&#244;nico. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada incluiu todos os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST hospitalizados no Hospital de Braga, Portugal, para ICP prim&#225;ria, entre 2013 e 2016. O n&#250;mero total de pacientes, entre janeiro de 2013 e maio de 2016, foi de 834 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 25 foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o definidos abaixo. A an&#225;lise desse estudo concentrou-se, assim, em 809 pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Adultos com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria. Pacientes sem fen&#244;meno de Slow Flow /No Reflow tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos para fins estat&#237;sticos.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>- IAMCSST com mais de 12 horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Pacientes com comorbidades n&#227;o card&#237;acas respons&#225;veis por expectativa m&#233;dia de vida esperada &lt;1 ano, documentada antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Doentes cujos registos inform&#225;ticos foram imposs&#237;veis de consultar;</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>&#201;tica</title>
      <p>Foram consideradas as regras de Conduta &#201;tica e Boas Pr&#225;ticas, atendendo aos preceitos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, da Conven&#231;&#227;o de Direitos Humanos e Biomedicina e &#224;s diretrizes do Conselho de Organiza&#231;&#245;es Internacionais de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para as Ci&#234;ncias da Vida e Sa&#250;de da Universidade do Minho e pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Sa&#250;de do Hospital de Braga.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 25, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecido em p&lt;0,05. A normalidade das distribui&#231;&#245;es foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis qualitativas incluiu a determina&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
      <p>O teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) e o teste de Fisher foram utilizados para estabelecer associa&#231;&#245;es significantes entre vari&#225;veis nominais e ordinais. O primeiro foi utilizado quando n&#227;o mais que 20% das c&#233;lulas da tabela de conting&#234;ncia apresentaram frequ&#234;ncia esperada menor que 5; o &#250;ltimo foi utilizado nos outros casos.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. O teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes e o teste de Mann-Whitney permitiram buscar diferen&#231;as em vari&#225;veis quantitativas com e sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, respectivamente. O Phi foi calculado como o tamanho do efeito para a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O g de Hedge foi o tamanho do efeito calculado para associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os limiares considerados foram 0,3 (pequeno), 0,5 (moderado) e 0,8 (grande).</p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as de sobrevida entre os sexos durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o evento foram analisadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de Log-rank foi usado para avaliar as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as nas curvas de sobrevida dos dois grupos. A regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox com sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic> foi usada para determinar preditores independentes de mortalidade durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o IAMCSST, ap&#243;s triagem para preditores univariados (p &lt;0,10). Por fim, a validade preditiva do modelo foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC) e a estabilidade das estimativas foi verificada com o m&#233;todo &#8220;bootstrap&#8221; para 1.000 amostras.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 809 pacientes diagnosticados com IAMCSST entre janeiro de 2013 e maio de 2016, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os homens constitu&#237;ram a maioria da amostra (78,1%; n=632). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC ou obesidade. As mulheres eram significativamente mais velhas, com maior preval&#234;ncia de idade acima de 75 anos e, ao avaliar os fatores de risco cardiovascular, observou-se uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCi) agudo, doen&#231;a valvar, diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o arterial (nas mulheres, quando comparadas aos homens). Entretanto, a maior frequ&#234;ncia de fumantes foi encontrada no sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entres os g&#234;neros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">69,1&#177;14,6</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">58,5&#177;12,7</th>
                <th>t=9,44, g=0,80</th>
                <th>&lt;,001</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos), % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt;75</td>
                <td align="center">36,7 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=60,80, &#966;=0,27</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">26,5&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,0&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">t=1,26, g=0,12</td>
                <td align="center">,210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 (110)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,07, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,862</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=8,61, &#966;=0,10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>,010</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICC</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,86, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,173 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVCi/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=5,34, &#966;=0,09</td>
                <td align="center">,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,57, &#966;=0,03</td>
                <td align="center">,451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,67, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,196</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,69, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,354 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=4,55, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>,044</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAP</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,07, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,301</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">30,6 (52)</td>
                <td align="center">18,5 (110)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=12,52, &#966;=0,12</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 (403)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=150,15, &#966;=0,44</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">48,0 (85)</td>
                <td align="center">43,0 (271)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,41, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 (107)</td>
                <td align="center">45,9 (289)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=11,75, &#966;=0,12</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sintoma principal, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor tor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">90,3 (158)</td>
                <td align="center">95,6 (604)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=7,26, &#966;=0,10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>&lt;,014</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,54, &#966;=0,03</td>
                <td align="center">,591 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor epig&#225;strica</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=5,75, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>,027</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=4,35, &#966;=0,07</td>
                <td align="center">,071 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,90, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,207 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#225;usea</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=7,24, &#966;=0,10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>,047</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore GRACE, m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">134,3&#177;36,3</td>
                <td align="center">111,9&#177;30,4</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>t=7,42, g=0,70</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe Killip, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">74,9 (131)</td>
                <td align="center">84,7 (535)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=9,12, &#966;=0,11</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">14,9 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,80, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,86, &#966;=0,06</td>
                <td align="center">,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3,68, &#966;=0,07</td>
                <td align="center">,055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=6,47, &#966;=0,09</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,011</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suporte hemodin&#226;mico, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=4,47, &#966;=0,07</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,035</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parada card&#237;aca, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,25, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">,799</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tempo (minutos), Mediana (P25-P75)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; PCM</td>
                <td align="center">95,0 (49,0-180,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80,5 (41,0-160,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Z=1,24, r=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,215</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCM-at&#233;-ECG</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 (8,0-37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 (7,0-25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Z=2,48, r=0,09</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,013</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In&#237;cio dos sintomas-at&#233;-bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">264,0 (174,0-373,0)</td>
                <td align="center">212,5 (153,0-333,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Z=3,23, r=0,11</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCM-at&#233;-bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">135,0 (103,0-204,0)</td>
                <td align="center">115,0 (86,0-159,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Z=4,48, r=0,16</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de vasos, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">56,0 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">55,2 (344)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,34, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,854</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 (182)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,57, &#966;=0,03</td>
                <td align="center">,449</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">17,7 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,47, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a do tronco arterial comum, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,48, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Grau do fluxo TIMI</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-ICP, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">74,4 (131)</td>
                <td align="center">66,4 (417)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=4,09, &#966;=0,07</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,043</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,11, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">17,8 (112)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=5,87, &#966;=0,09</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,015</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">9,4 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,01, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,916</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>P&#243;s-ICP, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,12, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,582 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,77, &#966;=0,03</td>
                <td align="center">,379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">95,4 (166)</td>
                <td align="center">96,1 (599)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,20, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">,658</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Eventos Adversos, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,84, &#966;=0,03</td>
                <td align="center">1,000 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3,58, &#966;=0,07</td>
                <td align="center">,219 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Slow Flow/No Reflow</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=4,69, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,046</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>TE: tamanho do efeito calculado como g de Hedge para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e phi (&#966;) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; (a) valor de p calculado com o teste exato de Fisher. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; AVCi/AIT: AVC isqu&#234;mico Agudo/Ataque Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. Resultados apresentados como Mediana (P25-P75) devido &#224; alta assimetria. M.W: escore Z do teste de Mann-Whitney; r: tamanho do efeito M.W.; PCM: primeiro contato m&#233;dico; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a dor tor&#225;cica esteve mais presente no sexo masculino, aparecendo em 95,6% dos homens contra 90,3% das mulheres. As mulheres apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#237;picos, como dor epig&#225;strica ou n&#225;usea, apesar de sua preval&#234;ncia muito baixa de 3,4% e 1,1% para mulheres e 0,9% e 0,0% para homens, respectivamente. As mulheres tamb&#233;m apresentaram mais choque cardiog&#234;nico e maior necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico quando comparadas aos homens. O escore GRACE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e preditor de mortalidade ap&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior no sexo feminino. Por outro lado, a classe 1 de Killip, a classe de melhor progn&#243;stico, mostrou-se mais associada ao sexo masculino (84,7%) do que ao feminino (74,9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Todos os tempos (em minutos) inerentes ao manejo terap&#234;utico dos pacientes, desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; &#224; reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, especificamente o tempo entre o primeiro contato m&#233;dico (PCM) e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG, desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; &#224; reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, desde o primeiro contato m&#233;dico at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, foram significativamente maiores em mulheres, exceto pelo tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o primeiro contato m&#233;dico. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos. O fluxo TIMI grau 3 pr&#233;-ICP, que representa a obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria completa, foi mais identificado no sexo feminino (74,4%) quando comparado ao sexo masculino (66,4%) e o fluxo TIMI grau 2 pr&#233;-ICP, que representa o atraso do fluxo, mas a perfus&#227;o de toda a art&#233;ria, foi mais frequentemente identificada no sexo masculino (17,8%) do que no feminino (10,2%), sem associa&#231;&#245;es significantes p&#243;s-ICP. A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos durante a ICP tamb&#233;m foi avaliada e verificou-se que o fen&#244;meno <italic>Slow Flow/No Reflow</italic>, embora pouco frequente, associou-se &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para o sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica institu&#237;da na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, a administra&#231;&#227;o de heparina n&#227;o fracionada foi significativamente menos prevalente no sexo feminino (85,4%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao masculino (90,0%). Resultado semelhante foi encontrado durante a ICP com menor uso de heparina n&#227;o fracionada no sexo feminino. No momento da alta, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de aspirina, inibidor de P2Y12, betabloqueador e inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) foi significativamente menor nas mulheres. Por outro lado, antagonistas de vitamina K (AVK), controle glic&#234;mico com insulina e antidiab&#233;ticos orais foram maiores no sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapia farmacol&#243;gica na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, durante a ICP e na alta hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel %, (n)</th>
                <th colspan="4">Na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th colspan="4">Durante a ICP</th>
                <th colspan="4">Na alta hospitalar</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino (n=177)</th>
                <th>Masculino (n=632)</th>
                <th>&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, T.E.</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
                <th>Feminino (n=177)</th>
                <th>Masculino (n=632)</th>
                <th>&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, T.E.</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
                <th>Feminino (n=160)</th>
                <th>Masculino (n=610)</th>
                <th>&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, T.E.</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">96,6 (171)</td>
                <td align="center">98,7 (624)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3,67, &#966;=0,07</td>
                <td align="center">,094 (a)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,78, &#966;=0,06</td>
                <td align="center">,115 (a)</td>
                <td align="center">93,1 (149)</td>
                <td align="center">99,2 (605)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=22,84, &#966;=0,17</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>&lt;,001</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iP2Y12</td>
                <td align="center">93,3 (165)</td>
                <td align="center">95,3 (602)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,16, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,281</td>
                <td align="center">6,67 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">4,43 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,38, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,240</td>
                <td align="center">91,9 (147)</td>
                <td align="center">98,2 (599)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=16,78, &#966;=0,15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>&lt;,001</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HBPM</td>
                <td align="center">14,6 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,83, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,212</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,01, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,157</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HNF</td>
                <td align="center">85,4 (129)</td>
                <td align="center">90,0 (520)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=7,70, &#966;=0,10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,006</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">87,7 (135)</td>
                <td align="center">92,0 (530)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=5,70, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,017</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eptifibatide</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,03, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;,990</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abciximabe</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">22,2 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,67, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,196</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tirofibana</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">62,6 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,00, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,316 (a)</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NAOs</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,29, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">,706</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVK</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">87,0 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">81,8 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=8,18, &#966;=0,10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>,004</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">90,6 (145)</td>
                <td align="center">95,1 (580)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=4,58, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,032</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">88,1 (141)</td>
                <td align="center">94,8 (578)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=9,01, &#966;=0,11</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRAs</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3,64, &#966;=0,07</td>
                <td align="center">,057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">97,5 (156)</td>
                <td align="center">99,2 (605)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3,10, &#966;=0,06</td>
                <td align="center">,095 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ADO</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">18,6 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=5,03, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,025</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=33,64, &#966;=0,21</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>&lt;,001</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>T.E.: tamanho do efeito calculado como phi (&#966;) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; (a) valor de p calculado com teste exato de Fisher. iP2Y12: inibidor de P2Y12; HBPM: heparina de baixo peso molecular; HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; NAOs: novos anticoagulantes orais; AVK: antagonista da vitamina k; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRAs: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; ADO: antidiab&#233;ticos orais.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>), verificou-se que as mulheres apresentaram maior chance de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel, representada por uma classe Killip mais grave quando comparada aos homens, com quase o dobro das mulheres na classe Killip II, com diferen&#231;a ainda maior em rela&#231;&#227;o para a classe Killip III e classe Killip IV. Por outro lado, a classe Killip I foi novamente mais frequentemente associada ao sexo masculino.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">G&#234;nero</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Estat&#237;stica, T.E.</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino (n=177)</th>
                <th>Masculino (n=632)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preservada</td>
                <td align="center">39,8 (66)</td>
                <td align="center">39,2 (242)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,02, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (164)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,11, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,740</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">26,6 (164)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,11, &#966;=0,01</td>
                <td align="center">,740</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grave</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (47)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,72, &#966;=0,03</td>
                <td align="center">,395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina I, Mediana (P25-P75)</td>
                <td align="center">69,8 (26,8-132,0)</td>
                <td align="center">74,9 (33,5-138,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Z=0,96, r=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Classe Killip, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">57,7 (101)</td>
                <td align="center">78,0 (490)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=29,06, &#966;=0,19</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 (95)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=11,77, &#966;=0,12</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=10,56, &#966;=0,12</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>&lt;,001</bold> (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=5,10, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,024</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Eventos Cardiovasculares, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Re-IM</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,19, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;,990 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento maior</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,42, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;,990 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVCi/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,20, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">,339 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LRA</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=14,37, &#966;=0,13</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,29, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,130</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,28, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;,990 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">30,7 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 (116)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=12,59, &#966;=0,13</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=5,54, &#966;=0,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2,26, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,212 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, Mediana (P25-P75)</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 (4,5-7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (4,0-5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Z=4,34, r=0,15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>T.E.: tamanho do efeito calculado como phi (&#966;) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; M.W.: escore Z do teste de Mann-Whitney; r = tamanho do efeito de M.W.; Resultados apresentados como Mediana (P25-P75) devido &#224; alta assimetria; (a) Teste exato de Fisher. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; AVCi/AIT: AVC isqu&#234;mico agudo/ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A pior evolu&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em mulheres tamb&#233;m resultou no desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-infarto mais frequentes, como Les&#227;o Renal Aguda, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, com escore mediano de um dia a mais de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o do que os homens.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise comparativa da mortalidade por g&#234;nero, em diferentes per&#237;odos de tempo, ao longo do primeiro ano ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia do IAMCSST. O sexo feminino mostrou-se associado a maior mortalidade em todos os momentos, maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar, em 30 dias, ap&#243;s 6 meses e mortalidade de 1 ano.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares durante 1 ano ap&#243;s IAMCSST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">G&#234;nero</th>
                <th rowspan="3">&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, T.E.</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino (n=177)</th>
                <th>Masculino (n=632)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mortalidade, % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=11,30, &#966;=0,12</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=14,20, &#966;=0,13</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 meses</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=19,19, &#966;=0,15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">16,4 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=17,92, &#966;=0,15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Eventos cardiovasculares</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,85, &#966;=0,05</td>
                <td align="center">,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1,17, &#966;=0,04</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;,990 (a)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&#967;</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>=7,74, &#966;=0,10</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>,019 (a)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,26, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">,613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0,26, &#966;=0,02</td>
                <td align="center">,640 (a)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>T.E.: tamanho do efeito calculado como phi (&#966;) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; (a) valor de p calculado com teste exato de Fisher. CV: cardiovascular; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVCi: AVC isqu&#234;mico agudo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de novos eventos cardiovasculares, durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o evento, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significantes para AVCi com maior preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino (2,5%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao masculino (0,3%).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>), as curvas de sobrevida masculina e feminina foram representadas durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o IAMCSST. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de sobrevida avaliada pelo teste de Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20211040-11040-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o IAMCSST, as mulheres tiveram uma taxa de mortalidade 2,7 vezes maior do que os homens.</p>
      <p>O conjunto final de an&#225;lise objetivou avaliar a resposta multivariada do g&#234;nero quando ajustada a diversas outras vari&#225;veis relevantes. Essas vari&#225;veis foram ent&#227;o analisadas para signific&#226;ncia marginal (p&lt;0,10) relacionada &#224; mortalidade no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Em seguida, todas as vari&#225;veis marginais significantes foram inclu&#237;das em um modelo multivariado, seguindo o m&#233;todo Enter. Quando ajustado para todas essas vari&#225;veis, o sexo feminino n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Assim, realizamos uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria tentando encontrar o modelo mais parcimonioso, ou seja, aquele com o n&#250;mero mais adequado de vari&#225;veis, visando manter uma alta capacidade preditiva. Seguindo um algoritmo de etapas, inclu&#237;mos na primeira etapa da regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox todas as vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,10 e, em seguida, iniciou-se um processo de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic>, removendo consecutivamente todas as vari&#225;veis sem relev&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Os resultados da etapa final (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>) mostraram maior chance de mortalidade para pacientes com mais de 75 anos; a classe Killip na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o revelou um risco aumentado estatisticamente significante de mortalidade para as classes II e IV e um risco aumentado marginalmente significante de mortalidade para a classe III. A LRA intra-hospitalar revelou associa&#231;&#227;o marginal com a mortalidade. Por fim, a chance de mortalidade tende a aumentar em 4% a cada dia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                <th colspan="3">Multivariada (sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic>) 15&#186; passo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="5" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,74</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (&gt; 75)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6,15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>4,25</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,67 &#8211; 10,77</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5,49</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVCi/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">1,57</td>
                <td align="center">p=,385</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,13</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,004</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe Killip na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7,14</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>8,80</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,72 &#8211; 28,41</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">2,24</td>
                <td align="center">p=,430</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5,88</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,99 &#8211; 34,80</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,051</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>15,23</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>9,60</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,86 &#8211; 48,59</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,007</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>10,37</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas-at&#233;-bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,01</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo do PMC-at&#233;- bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,01</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grau de fluxo TIMI pr&#233;-ICP</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>8,41</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,035</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">3,09</td>
                <td align="center">p=,357</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">4,83</td>
                <td align="center">p=,138</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia na alta hospitalar</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,09</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>iP2Y12</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,15</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">p=,089</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">p&gt;,990</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">p=,502</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preservada</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leve</td>
                <td align="center">1,84</td>
                <td align="center">p=,175</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,39</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,042</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grave</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>9,27</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe Killip intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>14,53</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>38,44</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>73,82</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es intra-hospitalares</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LRA</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5,74</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,47</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,00 - 6,13</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,051</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>11,55</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>4,57</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,42</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,010</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,07</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,04</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,01 &#8211; 1,08</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,030</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>HR: Hazard Ratio; IC95% CI: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; AVCi/AIT: AVC isqu&#234;mico agudo/ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; DM: diabetes mellitus; PCM: primeiro contato m&#233;dico; iP2Y12: inibidor de P2Y12; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRAs: bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina II; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A curva ROC apresentou uma capacidade preditiva muito alta, com &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC, <italic>Area Under the Curve</italic>) de 91,0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>). Essa &#225;rea (&#8220;modelo <italic>backward</italic>&#8221;) foi apenas ligeiramente inferior &#224; do &#8220;modelo Enter&#8221;, confirmando que a op&#231;&#227;o mais parcimoniosa foi a mais adequada.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da curva ROC para a capacidade do modelo preditivo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20211040-11040-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Finalmente, uma an&#225;lise utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>bootstrap</italic> de 1.000 amostras foi realizada para avaliar a validade do modelo. Uma amostra <italic>bootstrap</italic> &#233; obtida por amostragem com reposi&#231;&#227;o, nesse caso 1.000 vezes, visando avaliar a precis&#227;o das estimativas e sua respectiva signific&#226;ncia. Os resultados do <italic>bootstrap</italic> n&#227;o mostraram evid&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s significativo e confirmaram a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dos fatores de risco idade &gt;75 anos, Killip classe II ou III na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, LRA intra-hospitalar e dias de interna&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, isso descartou a an&#225;lise do impacto da classe Killip na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de <italic>bootstrap</italic> para o modelo final</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Vi&#233;s</th>
                <th>
                  <italic>EP</italic>
                </th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (&gt; 75a)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe Killip na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,049</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">2,07</td>
                <td align="center">p=,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LRA intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p=,014</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p&lt;,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>LRA: les&#227;o renal aguda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A mortalidade cardiovascular diminuiu nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, devido ao progresso na preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca; entretanto, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam sendo a principal causa de morte em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com maior mortalidade no sexo feminino, principalmente em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos realizados nesse contexto s&#227;o claros, isto &#233;, h&#225; uma maior taxa de mortalidade nas mulheres quando comparadas aos homens. No entanto, os autores n&#227;o s&#227;o un&#226;nimes em explicar esse achado, com tr&#234;s fatores principais que podem justificar a maior mortalidade em mulheres.</p>
      <p>Em primeiro lugar, as caracter&#237;sticas biol&#243;gicas e as diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas inerentes ao sexo feminino t&#234;m sido sugeridas para justificar a maior mortalidade em mulheres quando comparadas aos homens. Um dos fatores potenciais &#233; o estrog&#234;nio, conhecido como protetor do sistema cardiovascular, cujos valores diminuem significativamente em mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa. Al&#233;m disso, a fisiopatologia da DAC tem caracter&#237;sticas distintas nas mulheres, especificamente doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica menos difusa, sendo a dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo ou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mais frequente nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Entretanto, quando poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o s&#227;o levados em considera&#231;&#227;o, as conclus&#245;es permanecem controversas; h&#225; autores que identificam o sexo feminino como fator progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade, enquanto outros n&#227;o o fazem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em segundo lugar, o pior progn&#243;stico em mulheres tem sido atribu&#237;do ao pior perfil cardiovascular. Elas geralmente s&#227;o mais velhas, com maior frequ&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial, DRC ou acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por fim, a assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica desigual, como o maior tempo de isquemia devido ao atraso entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o, bem como a menor probabilidade de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido apontada como uma das causas do aumento da mortalidade em mulheres com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo demonstrou que, como descrito na literatura, mulheres com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST submetidas a ICP prim&#225;ria apresentam pior perfil cardiovascular quando comparadas aos homens. Elas s&#227;o frequentemente mais velhas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, com maior preval&#234;ncia de idade acima de 75 anos, t&#234;m mais diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres t&#234;m uma hist&#243;ria cardiovascular mais desfavor&#225;vel, com as mulheres apresentando maior preval&#234;ncia de DRC, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, as mulheres apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#237;picos, especificamente dor epig&#225;strica ou n&#225;usea, ao inv&#233;s da cl&#225;ssica dor tor&#225;cica, mais frequente no sexo masculino. Essas informa&#231;&#245;es foram descritas de forma robusta na literatura e podem afetar negativamente o diagn&#243;stico e a abordagem terap&#234;utica, o que pode contribuir para atrasos na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo necess&#225;rio para a reperfus&#227;o coronariana, as mulheres foram consecutivamente prejudicadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, apresentando maior tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e ICP, entre PCM e ECG ou PCM e ICP e, posteriormente, maior grau de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#250;nico momento em que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significantes entre os dois g&#234;neros foi entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o PCM, o que aponta para o fato de que a maior demora no atendimento das mulheres n&#227;o &#233; atribu&#237;da &#224; desvaloriza&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas pelos pacientes, mas, possivelmente, ao sistema de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Isso pode ser explicado, em parte, pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica at&#237;pica e maior dificuldade diagn&#243;stica ou por alguma desvaloriza&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia dessa patologia no sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O maior perfil de risco cardiovascular e a desigualdade quanto ao tempo de reperfus&#227;o podem explicar o fato de as mulheres apresentarem mais choque cardiog&#234;nico na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, representado por maior escore GRACE, mais choque cardiog&#234;nico e necessidade mais frequente de suporte hemodin&#226;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, nosso estudo n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significantes entre os dois g&#234;neros, seja na frequ&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a multiarterial ou doen&#231;a do tronco arterial comum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, durante a ICP, &#233; importante destacar a apresenta&#231;&#227;o com pior grau de fluxo TIMI (grau 0) e maior ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno <italic>Slow Flow/No Reflow</italic> em mulheres, outros fatores que podem contribuir para maior grau de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m mostramos que as mulheres t&#234;m maior probabilidade de evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel, ou seja, mais dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, classe Killip mais grave e desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-IAMCSST mais frequentes, como Les&#227;o Renal Aguda, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica implementada, de acordo com os resultados publicados, nosso estudo corroborou que as mulheres s&#227;o menos propensas a serem medicadas com terapia medicamentosa otimizada quando comparadas aos homens. As mulheres receberam heparina n&#227;o fracionada com menos frequ&#234;ncia na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e menos aspirina, inibidores de P2Y12, betabloqueador ou IECA na alta hospitalar, o que pode contribuir para um pior progn&#243;stico em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo feminino n&#227;o mostrou ser um fator progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade ap&#243;s IAMCSST; por outro lado, idade acima de 75 anos, maior classe Killip na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, LRA intra-hospitalar e dias de interna&#231;&#227;o foram identificados como fatores associados ao aumento do risco de mortalidade, com o modelo apresentando uma capacidade preditiva muito alta (AUC = 91,0% - p&lt;0,001), sendo importante ressaltar que todos esses fatores foram identificados com maior frequ&#234;ncia nas mulheres.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes: foi um estudo observacional, n&#227;o cego e n&#227;o-randomizado, podendo, portanto, estar sujeito a fatores de confus&#227;o que n&#227;o foram reconhecidos ou levados em considera&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise dos dados. Em segundo lugar, os dados s&#227;o derivados de um &#250;nico centro, o que limita sua aplicabilidade.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Como nosso estudo demonstra que o sexo feminino n&#227;o &#233; um fator progn&#243;stico independente para mortalidade ap&#243;s IAMCSST, podemos concluir que a maior mortalidade entre as mulheres n&#227;o se deve &#224; fragilidade biol&#243;gica relacionada ao sexo. Portanto, a maior mortalidade das mulheres pode ser explicada pelo fato de as mulheres serem mais velhas, apresentarem pior perfil cardiovascular, apresentarem maior disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, refletida pela classe Killip mais grave, maior grau de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica causada pelo maior tempo de reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, secund&#225;rio a atrasos do sistema, bem como uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de terapia m&#233;dica otimizada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      <fn id="fn3">
        <label/>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Filipe Vilela pela Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Differences between Genders &#8211; A Single Center Retrospective Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8010-6299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;tia Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work, Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work, Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Braga, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: C&#225;tia Costa Oliveira &#8226; Braga Hospital &#8211; Rua de 7 fontes Braga 4710-243 &#8211; Portugal E-mail: catiaandreiaoliveira@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have improved, women show higher mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess gender differences in presentation, management and in-hospital mortality, at 30-days, 6-months and 1-year after STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We retrospectively collected data from 809 consecutive patients treated with primary PCI and compared the females versus males at the local intervention cardiology database. The level of significance used was p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Women were older than man (69,1&#177;14,6 vs. 58,5&#177;12,7 years; p&lt;.001) with higher prevalence of age over 75 years (36.7% vs. 11.7%; p&lt;.001), diabetes (30,6% vs. 18,5%; p=.001), hypertension (60.5% vs. 45.9%; p=.001), chronic kidney disease (3.4% vs. 0.6%; p=.010) and acute ischemic stroke (6.8% vs. 3.0%; p=.021). At presentation, women had more atypical symptoms, less chest pain (p=.014) and were more frequently in cardiogenic shock (p=.011)). Women had longer time until reperfusion (p=.001) and were less likely to receive optimal medical therapy (p&lt;0.05). In-hospital mortality (p=.001), at 30-days (p&lt;.001), 6-months (p&lt;.001) and 1-year (16.4% vs. p&lt;.001) was higher in women. The multivariate analysis identified age over 75 years (HR=4.25; 95% CI[1.67-10.77];p=.002), Killip class II (HR=8.80; 95% CI[2.72-28.41];p&lt;.001), III (HR=5.88; 95% CI [0.99-34.80]; p=.051) and IV (HR=9.60; 95% CI[1.86-48.59];p=.007), Acute Kidney Injury (HR=2.47; 95% CI[1.00-6.13];p=.051) and days of hospitalization (HR=1.04; 95% CI[1.01-1.08];p=.030) but not female gender (HR=0.83; 95% CI[0.33-2.10];p=.690) as independent prognostic factors of mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Compared to men, women with STEMI undergoing primary PCI have higher mortality rates. Women admitted for STEMI have a worse risk profile, are treated with a higher reperfusion time related with system delays and are less likely to receive the recommended therapy. Female gender was not an independent prognostic factor for mortality in the studied population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Worldwide, coronary artery disease (CAD) is becoming the leading cause of death in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the last decades, cardiovascular mortality has decreased due to the improvement of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease.</p>
        <p>However, when compared to men, this decrease has been smaller in women, especially in younger women, under 55 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), there have been several studies that compared the differences between genders and concluded that women with STEMI have a higher risk of death and adverse events after PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>This can be attributed to the older age, the later and atypical clinical presentation, the higher prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, it has also been associated with the fact that women have less access to attempted revascularization therapy and optimized medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>It is still controversial whether the higher mortality rate in the female gender is totally justified by the presence of worse risk profile and inequalities in therapeutic management or if after adjusted analysis of possible confounding factors, the female gender remains an independent risk factor for worse prognostic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This work aims to study a sample of patients with STEMI successfully treated with primary PCI, having as its goal to compare the medical care and clinical outcomes, especially in-hospital mortality at 30-days, 6-months and 1-year after the STEMI, between men and women.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The present study is retrospective, fitting in an analytical and longitudinal observational study. The data were derived from an electronic health record database. The studied population included all patients diagnosed with STEMI admitted at Hospital de Braga, Portugal, for primary PCI, between 2013 and 2016. The total number of patients, between January 2013 and May 2016, comprised 834 individuals, of which 25 were excluded after the implementation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined below. The analysis of this study thus focused on 809 patients.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Inclusion Criteria:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>- Adults diagnosed with STEMI who underwent primary PCI. Patients with slow flow/ no reflow phenomenon were also included for statistical purposes.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exclusion Criteria:</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>- STEMI with more than 12 hours since symptom onset;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Patients with non-cardiac comorbidities responsible for an expected average life expectancy &lt;1 year, documented prior to the start of the treatment;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Patients whose computer records were impossible to check;</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics</title>
        <p>The rules of Ethical Conduct and Good Practice were taken into consideration, complying with the precepts of the Helsinki Declaration, the Human Rights and Biomedicine Convention and the guidelines of the Council for International Medical Sciences Organizations. The study was approved by the Committee on Ethics for Life Sciences and Health of Universidade do Minho and the Health Ethics Committee of Hospital de Braga.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25, with a significance level set at p&lt;0.05. The normality of the distributions was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The descriptive analysis of qualitative variables included the determination of absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
        <p>The chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) test and Fisher&#8217;s test were used to establish significant associations between nominal and ordinal variables. The former was used when no more than 20% of the contingency table cells had an expected frequency lower than 5; the last was used otherwise.</p>
        <p>Quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to data normality. The t-test for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test allowed us to look for differences in quantitative variables with and without normal distribution, respectively. Phi was calculated as the effect size for categorical variables&#8217; association. Hedges&#8217; g was the effect size calculated for continuous variables&#8217; association. The thresholds considered were 0.3 (small), 0.5 (moderate) and 0.8 (large).</p>
        <p>Differences in survival between genders during the first year after the event were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Log-rank test was used to evaluate the possible differences in the survival curves of the two groups. Multivariate Cox regression with a Backward selection was used to determine independent predictors of mortality during the first year after STEMI, after screening for univariate predictors (p&lt;.10). Finally, the predictive validity of the model was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the stability of the estimates was verified by conducting a 1,000 sample bootstrap.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 809 patients diagnosed with STEMI between January 2013 and May 2016, were included in the study. Men constituted the majority of the sample (78,1%; n=632). No differences were found regarding BMI or obesity. Women were significantly older, with a higher prevalence of age over 75 years and, when assessing cardiovascular risk factors, there was a significantly higher incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute ischemic stroke (AIS), Valvular disease, Diabetes mellitus and Hypertension (in women, when compared to men). However, the highest frequency of smokers was found in males (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gender differences</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age (years), mean&#177;SD</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">69.1&#177;14.6</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">58.5&#177;12.7</th>
                  <th>t=9.44, g=0.80</th>
                  <th>&lt;.001</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years), % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;75</td>
                  <td align="center">36.7 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.7 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=60.80, &#966;=0.27</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">t=1.26, g=0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2 (110)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.07, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.862</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=8.61, &#966;=0.10</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>.010</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHF</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.86, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.173 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIS/TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=5.34, &#966;=0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.57, &#966;=0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">.451</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.67, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.196</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.69, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.354 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valvular heart disease</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=4.55, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>.044</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.07, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.301</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.5 (110)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=12.52, &#966;=0.12</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8 (403)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=150.15, &#966;=0.44</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">48.0 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.0 (271)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.41, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.236</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5 (107)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.9 (289)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=11.75, &#966;=0.12</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33,2 mm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Main Symptom, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chest pain</td>
                  <td align="center">90.3 (158)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.6 (604)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=7.26, &#966;=0.10</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>&lt;.014</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac arrest</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.54, &#966;=0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">.591 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Epigastric pain</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=5.75, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">.027 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyspnea</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=4.35, &#966;=0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">.071 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syncope</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.90, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.207 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nausea</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=7.24, &#966;=0.10</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.047 (a)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GRACE score, mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">134.3&#177;36.3</td>
                  <td align="center">111.9&#177;30.4</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>t=7.42, g=0.70</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Killip class, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9 (131)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.7 (535)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=9.12, &#966;=0.11</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">14.9 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.80, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.86, &#966;=0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">.091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3.68, &#966;=0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">.055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=6.47, &#966;=0.09</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.011</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodynamic support, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=4.47, &#966;=0.07</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.035</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac arrest, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.25, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">.799</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Time (minutes), Mdn (P25-P75)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Symptom onset-to-FMC</td>
                  <td align="center">95.0 (49.0-180.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.5 (41.0-160.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Z=1.24, r=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.215</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FMC-to-ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5 (8.0-37.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 (7.0-25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Z=2.48, r=0.09</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.013</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Symptom onset-to-balloon</td>
                  <td align="center">264.0 (174.0-373.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">212.5 (153.0-333.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Z=3.23, r=0.11</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FMC-to-balloon</td>
                  <td align="center">135.0 (103.0-204.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">115.0 (86.0-159.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Z=4.48, r=0.16</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of vessels, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">55.2 (344)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.34, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.854</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 (182)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.57, &#966;=0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">.449</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.47, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">.495</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left main coronary disease, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.48, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIMI flow grade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pre-PCI, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">74.4 (131)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4 (417)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=4.09, &#966;=0.07</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.043</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.11, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8 (112)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=5.87, &#966;=0.09</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.015</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.01, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.916</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Post-PCI, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.12, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.582 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.77, &#966;=0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">.379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">95.4 (166)</td>
                  <td align="center">96.1 (599)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.20, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">.658</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Adverse Events, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac arrest</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.84, &#966;=0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIS</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3.58, &#966;=0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">.219 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Slow Flow/No Reflow</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=4.69, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.046</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ES: Effect size calculated as Hegde&#8217;s g for continuous variables and phi (&#966;) for categorical ones; (a) p-value calculated with Fisher&#8217;s exact test. SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CHF: chronic heart failure; AIS/TIA: acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PAD: <italic>peripheral artery disease</italic>. Results presented as Median (Mdn) (P25-P75) due to high skewness. M.W.: Mann-Whitney test Z score; r: M.W. effect size; FMC: first medical contact; ECG: electrocardiogram; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In relation to clinical presentation, chest pain was more frequently present in males, appearing in 95.6% of the men against 90.3% of the women. Women showed a higher frequency of atypical symptoms, such as epigastric pain or nausea, despite their very low prevalence of 3.4% and 1.1% for women and 0.9% and 0.0% for men, respectively. Women also had more cardiogenic shock and greater need for hemodynamic support when compared to men. The GRACE score, a cardiovascular risk stratification tool and predictor of mortality after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), was also significantly higher in females. On the other hand, Killip class 1, the best prognosis class, was found to be more associated with males (84.7%) than females (74.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>All the times (in minutes) inherent to the therapeutic management of patients, from symptom onset to coronary reperfusion, namely the time between the first medical contact (FMC) and the performance of the ECG, from symptom onset to coronary reperfusion, from the first medical contact to coronary reperfusion, were significantly higher in women, except for the time between symptom onset and the first medical contact (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>There were no significant differences between genders in relation to the number of affected vessels, either. TIMI grade 3 flow pre-PCI, which represents complete coronary obstruction, was more often identified in females (74.4%) when compared to males (66.4%) and TIMI flow grade 2 pre-PCI, which represents delayed flow but perfusion of entire artery, was more often identified in males (17.8%) than females (10.2%), with no significant associations post-PCI. The occurrence of adverse events during PCI was also evaluated and it was verified that the Slow Flow/No Reflow phenomenon, although infrequent, was associated with statistical significance to the female gender (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>In relation to the established pharmacological therapy at admission, the administration of unfractionated heparin was significantly less prevalent in females (85.4%) compared to males (90.0%). A similar result was found during PCI with less use of unfractionated heparin in females. At the time of discharge, the prescription of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, beta-blocker and ACEIs was significantly lower in women. On the other hand, VKA, glycemic control with insulin and oral antidiabetics were higher in females (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pharmacological therapy at admission, during PCI and at hospital discharge</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable %, (n)</th>
                  <th colspan="4">At admission</th>
                  <th colspan="4">During PCI</th>
                  <th colspan="4">At discharge</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female (n=177)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=632)</th>
                  <th>&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, E.S.</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Female (n=177)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=632)</th>
                  <th>&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, E.S.</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>Female (n=160)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=610)</th>
                  <th>&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, E.S.</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td align="center">96.6 (171)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.7 (624)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3.67, &#966;=0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">.094 (a)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.78, &#966;=0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">.115 (a)</td>
                  <td align="center">93.1 (149)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.2 (605)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=22.84, &#966;=0.17</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>&lt;.001</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>iP2Y12</td>
                  <td align="center">93.3 (165)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.3 (602)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.16, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.281</td>
                  <td align="center">6.67 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.43 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.38, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.240</td>
                  <td align="center">91.9 (147)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.2 (599)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=16.78, &#966;=0.15</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>&lt;.001</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LMWH</td>
                  <td align="center">14.6 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.83, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.212</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.01, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.157</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>UFH</td>
                  <td align="center">85.4 (129)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.0 (520)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=7.70, &#966;=0.10</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">87.7 (135)</td>
                  <td align="center">92.0 (530)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=5.70, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.017</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eptifibatide</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.03, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;.990</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abciximab</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">22.2 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.67, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.196</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tirofiban</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.6 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.00, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.316 (a)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NOAC</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=0.29, &#966;=0.02</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.706</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VKA</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">87.0 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.8 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=8.18, &#966;=0.10</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>.004</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">90.6 (145)</td>
                  <td align="center">95.1 (580)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=4.58, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.032</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEIs</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">88.1 (141)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.8 (578)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=9.01, &#966;=0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARBs</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3.64, &#966;=0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">.057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">97.5 (156)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.2 (605)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=3.10, &#966;=0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">.095 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>OAD</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">18.6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=5.03, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.025</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=33.64, &#966;=0.21</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>&lt;.001</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ES: Effect size calculated as phi (&#966;) for categorical variables; (a) p-value calculated with Fisher exact test. iP2Y12: P2Y12 inhibitor; LMWH: low molecular weight heparin; UFH: unfractionated heparin; NOAC: novel oral anticoagulants; VKA: vitamin k antagonist; ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers; OAD: oral antidiabetic drugs.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>During hospitalization (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>), it was found that women were more likely to have unfavorable clinical progression, represented by a more severe Killip class when compared to men, with nearly twice the women in Killip class II, with an even greater difference in relation to Killip class III and Killip class IV. On the other hand, Killip class I was again more frequently associated with males.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical characteristics and in-hospital complications</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Gender</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Statistic, E.S.</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female (n=177)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=632)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preserved</td>
                  <td align="center">39.8 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.2 (242)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.02, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 (164)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.11, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.740</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 (164)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.11, &#966;=0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">.740</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.72, &#966;=0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">.395</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin I, Mdn (P25-P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.8 (26.8-132.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9 (33.5-138.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Z=0.96, r=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.340</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Killip class, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">57.7 (101)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0 (490)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=29.06, &#966;=0.19</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3 (46)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=11.77, &#966;=0.12</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=10.56, &#966;=0.12</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>&lt;.001</bold> (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=5.10, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.024</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiovascular Events, % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Re-MI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.19, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;.990 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major bleeding</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.42, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;.990 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIS/TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.20, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">.339 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AKI</td>
                  <td align="center">11.4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=14.37, &#966;=0.13</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac arrest</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.29, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical complications</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.28, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;.990 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF</td>
                  <td align="center">30.7 (54)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4 (116)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=12.59, &#966;=0.13</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&#967;</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>=5.54, &#966;=0.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=2.26, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.212 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization days, Mdn (P25-P75)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 (4.5-7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (4.0-5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Z=4.34, r=0.15</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ES: Effect size calculated as phi (&#966;) for categorical variables; M.W.: Mann-Whitney test Z score; r: M.W. effect size; Results presented as Median (Mdn) (P25-P75) due to high skewness; (a) Fisher exact test. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; AIS/TIA: acute ischemic stroke/transitory ischemic attack; AKI: acute kidney injury; HF: heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The worse progression during hospitalization in women also resulted in the development of more frequent post-infarct complications, such as Acute Kidney Injury, Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation, with a median score of one more day of hospitalization than men.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the comparative analysis of gender mortality, in different periods of time, over the first year after the occurrence of STEMI. Female gender proved to be associated with higher mortality at all times, higher in-hospital mortality, within 30-days, after 6-month mortality and 1-year mortality.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortality and Cardiovascular Events during 1 year after STEMI</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Gender</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">&#967;<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>, E.S.</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female (n=177)</th>
                  <th>Male (n=632)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality, % (n)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=11.30, &#966;=0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 day</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=14.20, &#966;=0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 month</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=19.19, &#966;=0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 year</td>
                  <td align="center">16.4 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=17.92, &#966;=0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular Events</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.85, &#966;=0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">.174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=1.17, &#966;=0.04</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;.990 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIS</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=7.74, &#966;=0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">.019 (a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCI</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.26, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">.613</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup>=0.26, &#966;=0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">.640 (a)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ES: effect size calculated as phi (&#966;) for categorical variables; (a) p-value calculated with Fisher exact test. CV: cardiovascular; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; AIS: acute ischemic stroke; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding the occurrence of new cardiovascular events, during the first year after the event, significant differences were observed for AIS with higher prevalence of females (2.5%) compared to males (0.3%).</p>
        <p>In the survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>), the male and female survival curves were represented during the first year after STEMI. The survival distribution evaluated by the Log-rank test (Mantel-Cox) was significantly different between the two groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20211040-11040-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>After the STEMI, women had a 2.7-fold higher mortality rate than men.</p>
        <p>The final set of analysis intended to assess the multivariate response of gender when adjusted to several other relevant variables. These variables were then screened for marginal significance (p&lt;0.10) related to mortality over the first year after the occurrence of STEMI.</p>
        <p>Then, all marginal significant variables were included in a multivariate model following the Enter method. When adjusted for all these variables, female gender did not show any statistical significance. Hence, we performed an exploratory analysis attempting to find the most parsimonious model, i.e. with the optimal number of variables, aiming to maintain a high predictive capacity. By following a step algorithm, we included in the first step of the multivariate Cox regression all variables with p&lt;0.10 and then a backward selection process began, consecutively removing all variables without statistical relevance. The final step results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>) showed an increased chance of mortality for patients older than 75 years; the Killip class at admission revealed a statistically significant increased risk of mortality for classes II and IV and marginally significant increased risk of mortality for class III. In-hospital AKI revealed a marginal association with mortality. Finally, the chance of mortality tends to increase by 4% for each hospitalization day (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariate and Multivariate Cox regression analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Multivariate (Backward selection) 15<sup><bold>th</bold></sup> step</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.74</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (&gt; 75)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6.15</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4.25</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.67 &#8211; 10.77</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5.49</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIS/TIA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.57</td>
                  <td align="center">p=.385</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.13</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.004</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip class at admission</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7.14</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8.80</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.72 &#8211; 28.41</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">2.24</td>
                  <td align="center">p=.430</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5.88</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.99 &#8211; 34.80</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.051</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">15.23</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;.001</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9.60</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.86 &#8211; 48.59</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.007</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock at admission</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10.37</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Symptom onset-to-balloon time</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.01</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FMC-to-balloon time</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.01</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-PCI TIMI flow grade</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8.41</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.035</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.09</td>
                  <td align="center">p=.357</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.83</td>
                  <td align="center">p=.138</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Therapy at discharge</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirin</td>
                  <td>0.09</td>
                  <td>p&lt;.001</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>iP2Y12</td>
                  <td>0.15</td>
                  <td>p&lt;.001</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td>0.40</td>
                  <td>p=.089</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEIs</td>
                  <td>1.00</td>
                  <td>p&gt;.990</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARBs</td>
                  <td>0.05</td>
                  <td>p=.502</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preserved</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">1.84</td>
                  <td align="center">p=.175</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.39</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.042</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Severe</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9.27</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital Killip class</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>14.53</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>38.44</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>73.82</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital complications</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AKI</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5.74</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.47</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.00 - 6.13</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.051</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac arrest</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>11.55</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4.57</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.42</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.010</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization days</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.07</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,04</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.01 &#8211; 1.08</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.030</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HR: hazard ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AIS/TIA: acute ischemic stroke/transitory ischemic attack; DM: diabetes mellitus; FMC: first medical contact; iP2Y12: P2Y12 inhibitor; ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blockers; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AKI: acute kidney injury; HF: heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The ROC curve showed a very high predictive capacity, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 91.0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>). This area (&#8220;backward model&#8221;) was just slightly lower than the one of the &#8220;Enter model&#8221;, confirming that the most parsimonious option was more adequate.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve assessment for the predictive model capacity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20211040-11040-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Finally, a 1000 samples bootstrap analysis was performed to assess model validity. A bootstrap sample is obtained by sampling with replacement, in this case 1000 times, aiming to assess the precision of the estimates and their respective significance. Bootstrap results showed no evidence for significant bias and confirmed the statistical significance of the risk factors age &gt; 75, Killip class 2 or 3 at admission, in-hospital AKI and hospitalization days. Nevertheless, this dismissed the analysis of the impact of Killip class at admission<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bootstrap analysis for final model</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Bias</th>
                  <th>
                    <italic>SE</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (&gt; 75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Killip class at admission</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.049</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.266</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital AKI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p=.014</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization days</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p&lt;.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AKI: acute kidney injury.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular mortality has decreased in recent decades, due to the progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease; however, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in developed countries, with higher mortality in the female gender, mainly in patients with STEMI.</p>
        <p>Most of the studies carried out in this context are clear, i.e., there is a higher mortality rate in women when compared to men. However, the authors are not unanimous in explaining this finding, with three main factors that may justify the higher mortality in women.</p>
        <p>First, the biological characteristics and pathophysiological differences inherent to the female gender have been suggested to justify higher mortality in women when compared to men. One of the potential factors is estrogen, known as a protector of the cardiovascular system, whose values decrease significantly in postmenopausal women. In addition, the pathophysiology of CAD in women has distinct characteristics, namely less diffuse atherosclerotic disease, with spontaneous dissection of the coronary arteries, Takotsubo syndrome or endothelial dysfunction being more frequent in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nevertheless, when possible confounding factors are taken into account, the conclusions remain controversial; there are authors who identify the female gender as an independent prognostic factor for mortality, while others do not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Second, the worst prognosis in women has been attributed to the worse cardiovascular profile. Usually, they are older, with higher frequency of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, CKD or stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, the unequal medical care, such as the longer ischemia time due to the delay between symptom onset and reperfusion, as well as the lower probability of optimized secondary prevention medical therapy have also been identified as one of the causes for the increased mortality in women with STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study demonstrated that, as described in the literature, women diagnosed with STEMI undergoing primary PCI have a worse cardiovascular profile when compared to men. They are often older at presentation, with higher prevalence of age over 75 years, they have more diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Moreover, females have a more unfavorable cardiovascular history, with women having a higher prevalence of CKD, stroke and valvular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Regarding the clinical presentation, women had a higher frequency of atypical symptoms, namely epigastric pain or nausea, rather than the classic chest pain, more frequent in males. This information has been robustly described in literature and may negatively affect the diagnosis and therapeutic approach, which may contribute to delays in revascularization and more severe clinical presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the time required for coronary reperfusion, women were consecutively impaired in relation to men, showing longer time between the symptom onset and PCI, between FMC and ECG or FMC and PCI and, subsequently a higher degree of myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The only time in which there were no significant differences between the two genders, was between the onset of symptoms and FMC, which points to the fact that the greater delay in treating women is not attributed to the devaluation of symptoms by patients but, possibly, to the health system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>This may partly be explained by the atypical clinical presentation and greater diagnostic difficulty or by some devaluation of the prevalence of this pathology in the female gender.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The higher cardiovascular risk profile and the inequality regarding the time to reperfusion may explain the fact that women were more frequently in cardiogenic shock at presentation, represented by a higher GRACE score, more cardiogenic shock and the more frequent need for hemodynamic support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In relation to the angiographic characteristics, our study demonstrated no significant differences between the two genders, whether in the frequency of multivessel disease or common arterial trunk disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, during the PCI, it is important to highlight the presentation with worse TIMI flow grade (grade 0) and the higher occurrence of the Slow Flow/No Reflow phenomenon in women, other factors that may contribute to a higher degree of myocardial ischemia and worse prognosis.</p>
        <p>We also showed that women have a higher probability of unfavorable clinical progression, namely, more hospitalization days, more severe Killip class and the development of more frequent post-STEMI complications, such as Acute Kidney Injury, Heart Failure and Atrial Fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the implemented pharmacological therapy, in accordance with published results, our study corroborated that women are less likely to be medicated with optimized medical therapy when compared to men. Women received unfractionated heparin less frequently at admission and less aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, beta-blocker or ACEIs at discharge, which may contribute to a worse long-term prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>After the multivariate analysis, the female gender has not shown to be an independent prognostic factor for mortality after STEMI; on the other hand, age over 75 years, higher Killip class at admission, in-hospital AKI and days of hospitalization were identified as factors associated with increased risk of mortality, with the model showing a very high predictive capacity (AUC = 91.0% (p&lt;.001)), and it is important to emphasize that all of these factors were more frequently identified in women.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has some important limitations: it was an observational, unblinded and non-randomized study, and may therefore be subject to confounding factors that were not recognized or taken into account in the data analysis. Secondly, the data are derived from a single center, which limits their applicability.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Since our study demonstrate that the female gender is not an independent prognostic factor for mortality after STEMI, we can conclude that the higher mortality among women is not due to gender-related biological fragility. Therefore, the higher mortality of women can be explained by the fact that women were older, had a worse cardiovascular profile, had greater left ventricular dysfunction at admission reflected by more severe Killip class, a higher degree of myocardial ischemia caused by the longer coronary reperfusion time secondary to system delays, as well as a lower frequency of optimized medical therapy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Filipe Vilela, from Escola de Medicina da Universidade do Minho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
