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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TCjYFMSmztWCWdGHjpNXzFF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210772</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobrevida em 10 Anos de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com FEVE 40-59%: Uma Classifica&#231;&#227;o Fenot&#237;pica Vi&#225;vel?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Danzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0223-2713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petzold</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Petracco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tscheika</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magedanz</surname>
            <given-names>Ellen Hettwer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3958-8521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petersen</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Celia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9940-0829</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Belyavskiy</surname>
            <given-names>Evgeny</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2117-542X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chieza</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Lourega</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Luterana do Brasil</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Canoas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Charit&#233; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Berlin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Charit&#233; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Claudio Danzmann &#8226; Avenida Ipiranga, 6690/402. CEP 96610-000, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luiz.danzmann@gmail.com.</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210772</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Os limites da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com FEVE levemente reduzida (ICFElr) t&#234;m sido questionados, j&#225; que evid&#234;ncias demonstram que alguns medicamentos utilizados para IC com FEVE &lt;40% (ICFEr) demonstram efic&#225;cia tamb&#233;m em popula&#231;&#245;es com FEVE &lt; 60%. Objetivo do estudo foi comparar a sobrevida total e cardiovascular de pacientes com IC com FEVE 40-59% com paciente com ICFEr e IC com FEVE &#8805; 60%. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com IC descompensada que preencheram os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de Framingham na admiss&#227;o hospitalar entre 2009 e 2011. Os pacientes foram divididos em ICFEr, IC com FEVE 40-59% e IC com FEVE &#8805; 60%. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi usado para detectar a sobrevida geral e cardiovascular em 10 anos. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt;0,05. Foram inclu&#237;dos 400 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 69 &#177; 14 anos. A sobrevida cardiovascular nos pacientes com IC e FEVE 40-59% n&#227;o foi diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com ICFEr [Hazard Ratio (HR) ajustado 0,86 &#8211; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) 95% 0,61-1,22; Ptrend = NS], mas foi estatisticamente diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos com FEVE &#8805; 60% (HR ajustado = 0,64 - IC95% 0,44-0,94; Ptrend = 0,023). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de sobrevida de 10 anos entre diferentes grupos de FEVE. O grupo de pacientes com IC e FEVE &#8805; 60% teve maior sobrevida cardiovascular que os outros grupos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome, cujo manejo baseia-se na classifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). As diretrizes recentes<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> prop&#245;em o seguinte modelo de fen&#243;tipos: IC com FEVE reduzida (&lt;40%) (ICFEr), IC com FEVE levemente reduzida (40-49%) (ICFElr) e IC com FEVE preservada (&#8805; 50%) (ICFEp). No entanto, o limite superior para o fen&#243;tipo ICFEIr ainda &#233; discutido no contexto de quais s&#227;o os crit&#233;rios adequados de normalidade para a FEVE.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An&#225;lises de ensaios cl&#237;nicos sugerem os pacientes com ICFElr t&#234;m beneficio semelhante com os tratamentos comprovadamente eficazes para ICFEr.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>A an&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada do estudo PARAGON-HF<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> descreve redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com FEVE &gt; 45% e &#8804; 57% com sacubitril-valsartan, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que um limite superior mais alto para ICFElr poderia ser adequado para a previs&#227;o de resultados.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; comparar a sobrevida total e cardiovascular de pacientes com IC com FEVE 40-59% com a da popula&#231;&#227;o com ICFEr e com IC com FEVE &#8805; 60% em um per&#237;odo de 10 anos de seguimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo de seguimento de uma coorte, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com &gt; 18 anos com diagn&#243;stico de IC por crit&#233;rios de Framingham, confirmados por ecocardiograma, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2011 e acompanhados por 10 anos. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos de FEVE: ICFEr, IC com FEVE 40-59% e IC com FEVE &#8805; 60%.</p>
      <p>Para rastrear a sobrevida do paciente, efetivou-se busca nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ou por contato telef&#244;nico. Para aqueles com inconsist&#234;ncia dos dados, foi realizada busca no Registro Civil do Estado.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos avaliados foram: sobrevida total e a sobrevida livre de desfechos cardiovasculares (infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, acidente vascular cerebral e arritmias) durante o tempo de acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: para comparar as caracter&#237;sticas quantitativas basais, utilizou-se o teste ANOVA, e o teste de Kaplan-Meier foi realizado para avaliar a sobrevida. O teste de log-rank foi usado para determinar as diferen&#231;as nas distribui&#231;&#245;es de sobreviv&#234;ncia, seguido por regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivariada, ajustada para idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Foi obtido um valor de <italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> (HR) com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. P &lt;0,05 foi considerado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Da popula&#231;&#227;o inicial de 423 pacientes provenientes da regi&#227;o metropolitana de Porto Alegre, 400 foram inclu&#237;dos (133 com FEVE&lt;40, 145 com FEVE 40-59% e 122 com FEVE&#8805;60%). 60,1% apresentavam classe funcional III/IV da New York Heart Association.</p>
      <p>Dos pacientes acompanhados, 324 (81%) pacientes morreram. A taxa de sobrevida foi de 32,8% em 5 anos. Nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa foi demonstrada entre os grupos de IC estratificados por FEVE &lt; 40%, FEVE 40-59% e FEVE &#8805; 60% e a mortalidade total ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva de Kaplan-Meier para morte por todas as causas. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20210772-10772-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, observa-se que os pacientes com ICFEr tiveram uma sobrevida mediana de 4,5 anos, seguidos por IC com FEVE 40-59% (5,7 anos) e por IC com FEVE &#8805; 60% (8,8 anos).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada ajustada para idade, hipertens&#227;o, DM, DAC, IMC, DPOC e DRC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida cardiovascular, o grupo ICFE 40-59% somente foi estatisticamente diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o com ICFE &#8805; 60% (HR ajustado = 0,64 - IC 95% 0,44-0,94, Ptrend = 0,023) ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> , <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> e <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Mortalidade geral e cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Mortalidade Geral</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mortalidade Cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Grupos</td>
                <td align="center">HR n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                <td align="center">HR ajustado*</td>
                <td align="center">HR n&#227;o ajustado</td>
                <td align="center">HR ajustado*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE 40-59%</td>
                <td align="center">0,89(0,69-0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,68-1,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,62-1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,61-1,22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE &#8805; 60%</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,61-1,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,59-1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 (0,48-0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,44-0,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p de tend&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">0,125</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>* Estimativa obtida por regress&#227;o de Cox adaptada aos seguintes atributos: idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HR: hazard ratio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva de Kaplan-Meier para morte por causas cardiovasculares. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20210772-10772-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a significativa na sobrevida entre o fen&#243;tipo ICFE 40-59% e os outros grupos de FEVE. Esse resultado reproduz os de outros estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes internados por IC, os quais n&#227;o demostraram a FEVE como marcador de sobrevida total.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> A sobrevida cardiovascular foi significativamente maior no grupo FEVE &#8805; 60% que nos outros grupos de FEVE, o que corrobora resultados de registros com popula&#231;&#245;es semelhantes.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria das caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com FEVE de 40-59% teve distribui&#231;&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos, mas houve maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC nos ICFEr e com FEVE 40-59% em compara&#231;&#227;o com FEVE &#8805; 60% (43,8% x 53,5% x 64,4%, respectivamente; Ptrend = 0,004). Este fato j&#225; foi associado &#224; menor sobrevida cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#245;es com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A baixa taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es modificadoras de progn&#243;stico para IC retratam o s&#233;rio problema da aplica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, as diferen&#231;as observadas entre os grupos em nosso estudo s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s observadas em um recente registro europeu.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por fim, a plausibilidade da ideia de redimensionar o ponto de corte da FEVE da ICFElr para cima tamb&#233;m pode ser refor&#231;ada pelos dados do recente estudo EMPEROR-Preserved<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> que demonstrou a efic&#225;cia da empagliflozina versus placebo para redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos de morte cardiovascular e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FEVE&gt;40%, mas com maior tamanho de efeito no subgrupo com FEVE at&#233; 60%, ainda que o P de intera&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos tenha sido n&#227;o significativo. Esse resultado configura um alinhamento epidemiol&#243;gico com os nossos dados e dos outros estudos j&#225; mencionados.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do seguimento de 10 anos da nossa coorte de pacientes com IC demonstrou que a sobrevida geral dos pacientes com FEVE 40-59% n&#227;o diferiu dos dois outros grupos e, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida cardiovascular, foi significativamente menor que a de pacientes com FEVE&#8805;60%. Esses dados sugerem plausibilidade epidemiol&#243;gica para a rediscuss&#227;o sobre limites de FEVE para o fen&#243;tipo ICFElr.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Fernanda Lourega Chieza pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 19638919.1.0000.5336. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn_ast1" fn-type="other">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2021-0772_CC_material-suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ten-Year Survival of Heart Failure Patients with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction of 40-59%: A Potential Phenotypic Classification?</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5774-2780</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Danzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role> Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0223-2713</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petzold</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Petracco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tscheika</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magedanz</surname>
            <given-names>Ellen Hettwer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role> Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3958-8521</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Petersen</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Celia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9940-0829</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Belyavskiy</surname>
            <given-names>Evgeny</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2117-542X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chieza</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Lourega</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role> Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Charit&#233; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin &#8211; Germany</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luiz Claudio Danzmann &#8226; Avenida Ipiranga, 6690/402. Postal Code 96610-000, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: luiz.danzmann@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Definitions of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) cut-off values for HF with mildly reduced LVEF (HFmrEF) have been a subject of debate, in the face of evidence that some drugs used in the treatment of HF with LFEV &lt; 40% (HFrEF) are also effective in patients with LVEF &lt; 60%. The aim of this study was to compare overall survival and cardiovascular survival in HF patients with LVEF of 40-59% in patients with HFrEF and HF with LVEF &#8805; 60%. Patients with decompensated HF who met the Framingham diagnostic criteria at hospital admission between 2009 and 2011 were included. Patients were divided into HFrEF, HF with LVEF 40-59%, and HF with LVEF &#8805; 60%. The Kaplan-Meier was used to determine ten-year overall survival and cardiovascular survival. The statistical significance was established at p&lt;0.05. A total of 400 patients were included, with a mean age of 69 &#177; 14 years. Cardiovascular survival in patients with HF and LVEF of 40-59% was not significantly different than in patients with HFrEF (adjusted Hazard Ratio [HR] 0.86; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.61-1.22, Ptrend = NS), but was statistically different compared with patients with LVEF &#8805; 60% (adjusted HR of 0.64; 95% CI 0.44-0.94, Ptrend = 0.023). No difference was found in 10-year survival between the LVEF groups. Patients with HF and LVEF &#8805; 60% had significantly higher cardiovascular survival compared with the other groups.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The management of heart failure (HF) patients is based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) classification. Recent guidelines<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup>suggest the following phenotypes of HF: HF with reduced LVEF (&lt;40%) (HFrEF), HF with mildly reduced LVEF (40-49%) (HFmrEF), HF with preserved LVEF (&#8805;50%) (HFpEF). However, the upper limit for HFmrEF is still a matter of debate regarding the most appropriate criteria of normality for LVEF.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Clinical studies have suggested that patients with HFmrEF have similar benefits from therapies shown to be effective for HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup>Prespecified analysis of the PARAGON-HF<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>study reveals a reduction in clinical outcomes in patients with LVEF &gt; 45% and &#8804; 57% with sacubitril/valsartan, reinforcing the hypothesis that a higher upper limit for HFmrEF could be more adequate for result prediction.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of the present study was to compare overall and cardiovascular survival between HF patients with LVEF of 40-59% and HF patients with LVEF &#8805; 60% in a 10-year follow-up period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a cohort study of adult patients (&gt;18 years old) with diagnosis of HF according to the Framingham criteria, confirmed by echocardiogram between January 2009 and December 2011, who were followed for 10 years. The study population was divided into three groups &#8211; HFrEF, HF with LVEF 40-59% and HF with LVEF &#8805; 60%.</p>
        <p>Patient survival was assessed by review of medical records or by telephone contact. In case of data inconsistency, a search in the civil registration system was made.</p>
        <p>The following outcomes were evaluated during the follow-up period: overall survival and survival free of cardiovascular outcomes (acute myocardial infarction, rehospitalization for HF, stroke, and arrhythmias).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Comparisons of quantitative characteristics at baseline were made using the ANOVA test, and the Kaplan-Meier test was used for survival analysis. The log-rank test was used to determine differences in survival distribution, followed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression, adjusted for age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease (CAD), body mass index (BMI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic renal disease (CRD). Hazard ratio (HR) values and respective 95% confidence interval (CI) was determined, and a p&lt;0.05 was defined as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the initial sample of 423 patients from the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, 400 were included (133 with LVEF&lt;40, 145 with LVEF 40-59% and 122 with LVEF &#8805;60%); 60.1% had New York Heart Association functional class III/IV. A total of 324 (81%) died. The five-year survival rate was 32.8%. No statistically significant association was found between the LVEF groups and overall mortality ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curve for all-cause mortality. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20210772-10772-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with HFrEF had a median survival of 4.5 years, patients with LVEF of 40-59% had a median survival of 5.7 years, and patients with LVEF &#8805; 60% had a median survival of 8.8 years.</p>
        <p>Univariate and multivariate analysis adjusted for age, hypertension, DM, CAD, BMI, CPOD and CRD was performed. Regarding cardiovascular survival, statistically difference was observed between the LVEF 40-59% and LVEF &#8805; 60% groups only (adjusted HR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.44-0.94, Ptrend = 0.023) ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> , <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> and <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Overall and cardiovascular mortality</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Overall mortality</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Cardiovascular mortality</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Groups</td>
                  <td align="center">HR (not adjusted)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR (adjusted)*</td>
                  <td align="center">HR (not adjusted)</td>
                  <td align="center">HR (adjusted)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF 40-59%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.69-0.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.68-1.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 (0.62-1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 (0.61-1.22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF &#8805; 60%</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.61-1.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78 (0.59-1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68 (0.48-0.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 (0.44-0.94)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tendency p value</td>
                  <td align="center">0.125</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*Cox regression adjusted for age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, body mass index, chornic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic renal disease. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HR: hazard ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier curve for cardiovascular mortality. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20210772-10772-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results did not show significant differences in survival between the groups of patients categorized by LVEF. This result reproduces findings from other studies on populations of patients hospitalized for HF, which also did not describe LVEF as a marker of overall survival.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>Cardiovascular survival was significantly higher in the group of patients with LVEF &#8805; 60% compared with the other LVEF groups, which corroborates previous studies with similar populations.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most characteristics of patients with LVEF 40-59% showed intermediate distribution as compared with the other groups. However, the prevalence of CAD in patients with HFrEF and LVEF 40-59% was higher compared with patients with LVEF &#8805; 60% (43.8% x 53.5% x 64.4, respectively; Ptrend = 0.004). This fact had already been associated with lower cardiovascular survival in populations with HF and systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The low rate of prescription of prognostic-modifiers drugs for HF reflects a serious difficulty in applying guideline recommendations in clinical practice.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>Nevertheless, the differences detected between the groups in our study are similar to those reported in a recent European registry.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, the plausibility of the idea of raising the cut-off values of LVEF in HFrEF is also supported by results of the recent EMPEROR-Preserved study<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>that showed greater efficacy of empagliflozin over placebo in reducing the outcomes of cardiovascular death and/or hospitalization in patients with LVEF&gt;40%. The effect was greater in the subgroup of patients with LVEF&lt;60%, even though the interaction p between the groups was not statistically significant. This result configures an epidemiological alignment with our findings and results of previously mentioned studies.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Results of the 10-year follow-up of our cohort of HF patients demonstrated that, in patients with LVEF 40-59%, the overall survival was not different from that in the other two LVEF groups, and cardiovascular survival was significantly lower than in patients with LVEF &#8805;60%. These data suggest epidemiological plausibility for redefinition of the LVEF cutoffs for HFmrEF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fernanda Lourega Chieza, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 19638919.1.0000.5336. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2023/12001/2021-0772_CC_material-suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
