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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6LBrxmZwBqzgcwcCzgQQwzL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2023000100501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210550</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dissec&#231;&#227;o Espont&#226;nea da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria: Existem Diferen&#231;as entre Homens e Mulheres?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3011-5338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarado</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este estudo, Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alvarado T, Garc&#237;a-Guimaraes M, Alfonso F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8509-6184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Guimaraes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este estudo, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alvarado T, Garc&#237;a-Guimaraes M, Alfonso F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogales</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jimenez-Kockar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macaya</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alfonso</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de La Princesa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Madri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de La Princesa, Madri &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio del Mar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio del Mar, Barcelona &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Badajoz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Badajoz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Badajoz, Badajoz &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cl&#237;nico San Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Madri</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cl&#237;nico San Carlos, Madri &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Teresa Alvarado &#8226; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa &#8211; Calle Diego de Le&#243;n 62, 28006. Madrid. Espanha E-mail: <email>teresaalvaradoc@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>120</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210550</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Dissec&#231;&#227;o das Art&#233;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Diversidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Displasia Fibromuscular</kwd>
        <kwd>estudo Multic&#234;ntrico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (DEAC) &#233; uma causa pouco comum, mas cada vez mais reconhecida da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), que afeta principalmente as mulheres. &#201; a principal causa da SCA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; gravidez e em at&#233; um ter&#231;o das mulheres com &gt;50 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Devido ao perfil demogr&#225;fico &#250;nico e &#224; baixa preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, sua causa parece ser multifatorial, com contribui&#231;&#245;es de fatores gen&#233;ticos, influ&#234;ncias hormonais, arteriopatias herdadas ou adquiridas e doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A DEAC &#233; definida como uma separa&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (n&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica) das camadas da parede arterial coronariana. Dois importantes mecanismos poderiam explicar a fisiopatologia da DEAC. No primeiro, o evento prim&#225;rio &#233; uma hemorragia na m&#237;dia sem ruptura intimal; no segundo, o evento prim&#225;rio &#233; a forma&#231;&#227;o de um rompimento que leva a um retalho intimal. Essa ruptura inicial leva &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de um hematoma intramural ou um l&#250;men verdadeiro e falso que pode causar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nossa compreens&#227;o dessa doen&#231;a melhorou muito na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, como resultado dos esfor&#231;os internacionais de pesquisa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, como aproximadamente 90% dos casos afetam as mulheres, as caracter&#237;sticas da DEAC nos homens e as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas entre os sexos continuam pouco estabelecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Segundo dados anteriores, homens com DEAC t&#234;m fatores de predisposi&#231;&#227;o e precipita&#231;&#227;o diferentes das de mulheres. A presen&#231;a de displasia fibromuscular (DFM) e a associa&#231;&#227;o com dist&#250;rbios mentais parecem ser menos comuns em homens, enquanto que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso &#233; mais comumente observado como desencadeador da DEAC nesse grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar caracter&#237;sticas b&#225;sicas, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas, estrat&#233;gias de manejo e curso hospitalar entre homens e mulheres com DEAC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O Registro espanhol da DEAC (SR-SCAD) (NCT03607981) &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo de &#226;mbito nacional sobre DEAC realizado sob os ausp&#237;cios da Associa&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia Intervencionista da Sociedade Espanhola de Cardiologia. O protocolo espec&#237;fico, assim como o formul&#225;rio de relato de caso e o consentimento informado, foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do centro coordenador (Hospital Universit&#225;rio La Princesa, Madri), de acordo com a legisla&#231;&#227;o espanhola vigente. De junho de 2015 a abril de 2019, 344 pacientes consecutivos com DEAC (387 les&#245;es) foram inclu&#237;dos de 31 centros espanh&#243;is. Todos os angiogramas coronarianos foram cuidadosamente revisados em conjunto por 2 profissionais especializados no laborat&#243;rio central do centro coordenador, usando uma metodologia pr&#233;-definida para an&#225;lise da DEAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s cuidadosa revis&#227;o dos angiogramas e dos dados cl&#237;nicos, 26 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a um diagn&#243;stico alternativo mais prov&#225;vel. O tipo de DEAC foi caracterizado utilizando a classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica Saw.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As les&#245;es com apar&#234;ncia de duplo l&#250;men foram classificadas como Tipo 1. O Tipo 2 foi definido como uma mudan&#231;a abrupta no calibre arterial com demarca&#231;&#227;o clara do di&#226;metro normal para o estreitamento difuso. As les&#245;es com estreitamento focal, parecidas com les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas, foram classificadas como Tipo 3. Para a defini&#231;&#227;o de outros padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos, tais como a morfologia &#8220;inseto bast&#227;o&#8221; ou &#8220;rabanete&#8221;, seguiu a descri&#231;&#227;o inicial de Motreff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de outros achados angiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos de DEAC, tais como um padr&#227;o de &#8220;linha quebrada&#8221; tamb&#233;m foi sistematicamente avaliado. Finalmente, a an&#225;lise da tortuosidade coron&#225;ria foi realizada de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o da Cl&#237;nica Mayo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Na compara&#231;&#227;o, utilizaram-se os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, como requerido para dados categ&#243;ricos, e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Comparou-se um total de 39 homens e 279 mulheres com DEAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A idade foi semelhante em ambos os grupos e a maioria dos pacientes apresentava alguns fatores cl&#225;ssicos de risco cardiovascular. O consumo de drogas recreativas foi significativamente maior nos homens (26% vs 3%; p&lt;0,01) enquanto o hipotireoidismo foi mais comum nas mulheres (15% vs 3%; p=0,04). O estresse emocional e f&#237;sico eram os desencadeadores numericamente mais comuns nas mulheres e nos homens, respectivamente, mas sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava-se sob a forma de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Os homens apresentavam mais frequentemente arritmias ventriculares como sintoma inicial (8% vs 1,4%; p= 0,01) e tamb&#233;m durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (5% vs 0,4%; p&lt;0,01) do que as mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na detec&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es vasculares extracoronarianas (MVEs) ou DFM entre os homens e mulheres que se submetem &#224; triagem para essa patologia.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na DEAC: Caracter&#237;sticas basais e apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Homens (n=39)</th>
                <th>Mulheres (n=279)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">50&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">54&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alguns fatores de risco cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">32 (82%)</td>
                <td align="center">216 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (38%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">14 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (35%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Drogas recreativas</td>
                <td align="center">10 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotireoidismo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ansiedade</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estresse emocional</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso</td>
                <td align="center">7 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center">20 (51%)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">12 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmias ventriculares</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sintoma inicial</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Notavelmente, as caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas foram significativamente diferentes entre os sexos. Os homens eram mais propensos a apresentar leves anomalias coronarianas angiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com aterosclerose das coron&#225;rias associada em outros territ&#243;rios (15% vs 4%; p&lt;0,01), enquanto apresentavam menos frequentemente tortuosidade das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (36% vs 72%, p&lt;0,01). Al&#233;m disso, alguns padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos caracter&#237;sticos previamente descritos nesta entidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> tais como a morfologia &#8220;rabanete invertido&#8221; e a termina&#231;&#227;o da DEAC pouco antes da forma&#231;&#227;o do ramo lateral, foram mais frequentemente observados em homens. Por outro lado, a morfologia &#8220;inseto bast&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;linha quebrada&#8221; ocorreu principalmente em mulheres. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na DEAC: caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Homens (n=39)</th>
                <th>Mulheres (n=279)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IVUS/OCT</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ADA esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">16 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aterosclerose coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tortuosidade coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">14 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">201 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo 1 Saw</td>
                <td align="center">11 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo 2 Saw</td>
                <td align="center">22 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">172 (62%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morfologia &#8220;Rabanete&#8221;</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morfologia &#8220;Rabanete invertido&#8221;</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DEAC termina antes da forma&#231;&#227;o do ramo lateral</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morfologia &#8220;linha quebrada&#8221;</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (19%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morfologia &#8220;inseto bast&#227;o&#8221;</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IVUS: ultrassom intravascular; ADA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; OCT: tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica ; DEAC: dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Painel superior. (A-C) Vista angiogr&#225;fica cranial direita (A) e esquerda (C) em um homem de 45 anos, sem fatores de risco cardiovascular, admitido por NSTEMI. Observa-se les&#227;o extensa na ADA esquerda leve, caracter&#237;stica de DEAC com IMH tipo 2a (delimitada por linhas brancas tracejadas), que tamb&#233;m afeta o &#243;stio do segundo ramo diagonal (asterisco preto). O IMH come&#231;a e termina ap&#243;s a forma&#231;&#227;o de dois ramos septais (S). Na por&#231;&#227;o final do IMH h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de uma mudan&#231;a abrupta no calibre do vaso gerado pela compress&#227;o gerada pelo pr&#243;prio IMH e recupera&#231;&#227;o distal do calibre normal. Essa morfologia lembra uma cauda de rabanete (morfologia &#8220;rabanete&#8221;) (B) descrita nesta entidade. Considera-se tamb&#233;m a aus&#234;ncia de tortuosidade coron&#225;ria significativa nesse homem com DEAC. Painel inferior. (D-F) Proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas com angula&#231;&#227;o craniana de uma mulher de 65 anos, ex-fumante, com hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, admitida por IAMSSST, com dados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos de isquemia anterior. (D) Redu&#231;&#227;o do calibre na ADA esquerda leve e uma extensa les&#227;o no primeiro ramo diagonal (limitada por setas brancas) compat&#237;vel com IMH tipo 2a. Destaca a presen&#231;a de um segmento distal saud&#225;vel da ADA esquerda com tortuosidade significativa, enquanto o ramo diagonal afetado apresenta uma acentuada &#8220;retifica&#231;&#227;o&#8221; dos &#226;ngulos suaves na curvatura arterial, com um padr&#227;o de &#8220;linha quebrada&#8221; (linha amarela quebrada) tamb&#233;m descrito nessa patologia. Decidiu-se implantar diretamente um stent farmacol&#243;gico (E, asteriscos) com um bom resultado final (F, segmento delimitado por linhas amarelas), mas com uma discreta deteriora&#231;&#227;o no ramo diagonal, devido &#224; extens&#227;o do IMH. IMH: hematoma intramural; ADA: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior; IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; DEAC: dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20210550-10550-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O tratamento foi principalmente o manejo m&#233;dico conservador em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) foi usada como tratamento prim&#225;rio em 22% das mulheres e 23% dos homens. Os procedimentos mais comuns de ICP foram o implante de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (61% em mulheres e 67% em homens), a angioplastia simples com bal&#227;o (20% em mulheres e 22% em homens), e o implante de dispositivo biorreabsorv&#237;vel (13% em mulheres e 11% em homens) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). A taxa de sucesso da ICP foi alta em ambos os sexos (86% em mulheres e 100% em homens), sem diferen&#231;as entre eles. Tanto no manejo conservador quanto no intervencionista, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na incid&#234;ncia do desfecho cl&#237;nico combinado (incluindo morte hospitalar, reinfarto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de manejo, o tratamento na alta hospitalar tamb&#233;m foi similar em ambos os grupos, embora os betabloqueadores fossem mais comumente usados em mulheres (81% vs. 65%; p= 0,03).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na DEAC: estrat&#233;gias de manejo e curso hospitalar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Homens (n=39)</th>
                <th>Mulheres (n=279)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Presen&#231;a de MVEs (inclusive DFM)</td>
                <td align="center">2/8 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">29/85 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento conservador</td>
                <td align="center">30 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">217 (78%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento intervencionista</td>
                <td align="center">9 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">6 (67%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (61%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia com bal&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (20%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispositivo biorreabsorv&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Evento hospitalar adverso*</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>MVEs: malforma&#231;&#245;es vasculares extracoronarianas; DFM: displasia fibromuscular. *Inclui: morte, reinfarto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Considerando a escassez de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a DEAC em homens, este registro nacional prospectivo fornece novos dados interessantes que complementam as evid&#234;ncias anteriores. As descobertas mais importantes deste estudo s&#227;o as diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o a fatores precipitantes e achados angiogr&#225;ficos. O consumo de drogas recreativas e arritmias ventriculares foram encontrados com mais frequ&#234;ncia em homens. A maior preval&#234;ncia de hipotireoidismo nas mulheres &#233; provavelmente apenas um reflexo do fato de que o hipotireoidismo afeta predominantemente as mulheres. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos achados angiogr&#225;ficos, os homens frequentemente apresentavam irregularidades sugerindo a possibilidade de uma aterosclerose leve subjacente e significativamente menos tortuosidade coron&#225;ria do que as mulheres. Havia tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;as em certos padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos t&#237;picos dessa entidade. A morfologia &#8220;rabanete invertido&#8221; e a termina&#231;&#227;o da DEAC pouco antes da forma&#231;&#227;o de um ramo lateral eram mais comuns nos homens, enquanto a morfologia &#8220;inseto bast&#227;o&#8221; e da &#8220;linha quebrada&#8221; ocorria principalmente nas mulheres. Embora a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes examinados para MVEs em nosso registro fosse relativamente baixa (29% de todos os pacientes), n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na incid&#234;ncia de MVEs entre homens e mulheres com DEAC. &#201; importante ressaltar que a falta de um estudo sistem&#225;tico de triagem neste sentido nos homens pode se dever &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de que a DFM &#233; uma doen&#231;a que tamb&#233;m afeta principalmente as mulheres. Entretanto, Fahmy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sugeriram a import&#226;ncia do rastreamento sistem&#225;tico de MVEs em homens, semelhante ao que &#233; atualmente recomendado para as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De acordo com a literatura contempor&#226;nea, os eventos adversos eram pouco comuns em ambos os grupos, e os pacientes apresentavam um bom resultado intra-hospitalar, a maioria deles sob manejo conservador. Entretanto, a ICP &#224;s vezes &#233; necess&#225;ria, e parece ser uma boa op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes selecionados de alto risco, sem diferen&#231;as no curso hospitalar entre homens e mulheres. No entanto, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos maiores e seguimento mais longo para avaliar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as de resultados entre os sexos.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores comparando homens e mulheres com DEAC foram estudos retrospectivos de um &#250;nico centro envolvendo um n&#250;mero menor de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O trabalho atual &#233; o primeiro estudo prospectivo, nacional e multic&#234;ntrico sobre DEAC e inclui um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes (39 homens e 279 mulheres), com foco nas diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. Em alguns estudos comparativos entre os sexos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> os homens com DEAC eram mais jovens que as mulheres. No entanto, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; idade em nossa coorte. Como a DEAC n&#227;o &#233; uma doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, parece razo&#225;vel esperar uma idade semelhante para homens e mulheres. No entanto, ainda &#233; poss&#237;vel que o diagn&#243;stico de DEAC seja mais comumente negligenciado em homens mais velhos. Como em relat&#243;rios anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o abuso de drogas foi identificado como um gatilho para a DEAC em homens. No entanto, em contraposi&#231;&#227;o a estudos anteriores, em nosso estudo n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos estressores f&#237;sicos e emocionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sharma et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> sugeriram que os homens provavelmente apresentavam uma apar&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de duplo l&#250;men (71% DEAC Tipo 1 vs 21% DEAC Tipo 2). No entanto, em nosso estudo, consistentemente com dados anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a DEAC Tipo 2 foi o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico mais prevalecente em ambos os sexos. &#201; razo&#225;vel especular que homens com padr&#245;es de DEAC diferentes da cl&#225;ssica &#8220;dissec&#231;&#227;o&#8221; angiogr&#225;fica s&#227;o mais vezes subdiagnosticados. Motreff et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> descreveram padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos espec&#237;ficos em mulheres com DEAC. Pela primeira vez, descrevemos aqui esses padr&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficos em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo. Embora sejam desconhecidos os mecanismos subjacentes pelos quais essas morfologias angiogr&#225;ficas &#250;nicas s&#227;o geradas, a identifica&#231;&#227;o desses padr&#245;es interessantes pode ajudar no diagn&#243;stico diferencial e tamb&#233;m pode sugerir diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas potenciais entre homens e mulheres com DEAC.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo observacional devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, embora este seja um grande estudo prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico (o maior at&#233; hoje na Europa), a DEAC &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara, e alguns vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o podem ter ocorrido devido ao diagn&#243;stico negligenciado e ao tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra. Em segundo lugar, a porcentagem de pacientes examinados para MVEs foi baixa em nosso registro. Terceiro, as imagens intracoronarianas n&#227;o foram obtidas rotineiramente neste registro, apesar de seu valor diagn&#243;stico e capacidade de ajudar a entender as diferen&#231;as angiogr&#225;ficas entre sexos. Quarto, a DEAC &#233; provavelmente subdiagnosticada em homens idosos e tamb&#233;m naqueles em que a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da DEAC tem um padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico at&#237;pico. Finalmente, analisaram-se apenas os eventos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Embora este registro nacional projeta obter dados de seguimento cl&#237;nico a longo prazo, essa informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel atualmente.</p>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o das diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres com DEAC proporciona novos elementos para nossa compreens&#227;o da patologia dessa entidade cl&#237;nica &#250;nica e da DEAC em geral. Dever&#237;amos ter em mente que a DEAC &#233; uma doen&#231;a que tamb&#233;m afeta os homens e que ambos os sexos se beneficiam de um manejo inicialmente conservador com um excelente desfecho hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: Are There Differences between Men and Women?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3011-5338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alvarado</surname>
            <given-names>Teresa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work, Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8509-6184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Guimaraes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to this work, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn_ast1001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogales</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jimenez-Kockar</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macaya</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alfonso</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content, Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario del Mar, Barcelona &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Cl&#237;nico San Carlos, Madrid &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Teresa Alvarado &#8226; Hospital Universitario de la Princesa &#8211; Calle Diego de Le&#243;n 62, 28006. Madrid. Spain. E-mail: teresaalvaradoc@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Arteries Dissection</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Diversity</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibromuscular Dysplasia</kwd>
        <kwd>Multicenter Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent but increasingly recognized cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) that mainly affects women. It is the main cause of ACS during pregnancy and in up to one-third of women &gt; 50 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Owing to a unique demographic profile and a low prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, its cause appears to be multifactorial, with contributions from genetic factors, hormonal influences, inherited or acquired arteriopathies, and systemic inflammatory diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> SCAD is defined as a spontaneous &#8211; non-iatrogenic &#8211; separation of the coronary artery wall layers. Two main mechanisms could explain the pathophysiology of SCAD. In the first one, the primary event is hemorrhage within the media without intimal rupture; in the second mechanism, the primary event is the formation of a tear leading to an intimal flap. This initial disruption leads to the formation of an intramural hematoma or a true and false lumen that may cause myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Our understanding of this disease has increased greatly in the last decade as a result of international research efforts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, since ~90% of the cases affect women, the characteristics of SCAD in men and the potential clinical differences between sex remain poorly established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to previous data, men with SCAD have different predisposing and precipitating factors compared to women. The presence of fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and an association with mental disorders seem to be less frequent in men, while intense physical exercise is most commonly observed as a trigger of SCAD in this group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The aim of this study was to compare baseline characteristics, clinical presentation, angiographic features, management strategies, and hospital course between men and women with SCAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The Spanish SCAD Registry (SR-SCAD) (NCT03607981) is a prospective nation-wide multicenter study on SCAD performed under the auspices of the Association of Interventional Cardiology of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. The specific protocol, as well as the case report form and informed consent, were approved by the Ethics Committee of the coordinating center (Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid), according to current Spanish legislation. From June 2015 to April 2019, 344 consecutive patients with SCAD (387 lesions) were included from 31 Spanish centers. All coronary angiograms were carefully and jointly reviewed by two expert operators in a central core laboratory at the coordinating center using a predefined methodology for SCAD analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> After careful review of the angiograms and clinical data, 26 patients were excluded due to more likely alternative diagnoses. SCAD types were characterized using the Saw angiographic classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Lesions with a double-lumen appearance were classified as type 1. Type 2 lesions were defined as abrupt changes in arterial caliber with clear demarcation from normal diameter to diffuse narrowing. Lesions with focal narrowing, resembling atherosclerotic lesions, were classified as type 3. For the definition of other angiographic patterns such as the &#8220;stick insect&#8221; or &#8220;radish&#8221; morphologies, the initial description by Motreff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> was followed. The presence of other angiographic findings suggestive of SCAD, such as a &#8220;broken line&#8221; pattern, was also systematically evaluated. Finally, the analysis of coronary tortuosity was performed according to the Mayo Clinic definition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Continuous variables are expressed as means &#177; standard deviations, and categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. For comparison, chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests were used as required for categorical data, and the Student&#8217;s t-test was used for continuous variables.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 39 men and 279 women with SCAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>) were compared. Age was similar in both groups and most patients had some classic cardiovascular risk factors. Recreational drug consumption was significantly higher in men (26% vs 3%; p &lt; 0.01), while hypothyroidism was more common in women (15% vs 3%; p = 0.04). Emotional and physical stress triggers were numerically more frequent among women and men, respectively, but without statistically significant differences. Most patients presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Men more frequently had ventricular arrhythmias as the onset symptom (8% vs 1.4%; p = 0.01) and during hospitalization (5% vs 0.4%; p &lt; 0.01) when compared to women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). There were no differences in the detection of extracoronary vascular anomalies (EVA) or FMD between the men and women who underwent screening for this pathology.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sex differences in SCAD: baseline characteristics and clinical presentation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Men (n=39)</th>
                  <th>Women (n=279)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">50&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">54&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Some CV risk factor</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Hypertension</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (38%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Dyslipidemia</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (35%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Recreational drugs</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypothyroidism</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depression</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anxiety</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Emotional stress</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intense physical exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (51%)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventricular arrhythmias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Onset symptom</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Hospitalization</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CV: cardiovascular; NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Notably, angiographic characteristics were significantly different between sexes. Men were more likely to have mild angiographic coronary irregularities compatible with associated coronary atherosclerosis in other vascular territories (15% vs 4%; p &lt; 0.01), while they less frequently presented coronary tortuosity (36% vs 72%, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, some characteristic angiographic patterns previously described in this entity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (such as the &#8220;inverted radish&#8221; morphology and termination of the SCAD just before the origin of a side branch) were more frequently observed in men. Conversely, the &#8220;stick insect&#8221; and &#8220;broken line&#8221; morphologies mainly occurred in women. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sex differences in SCAD: angiographic features</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Men (n=39)</th>
                  <th>Women (n=279)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVUS/OCT</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary atherosclerosis</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary tortuosity</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saw type 1</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Saw type 2</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (62%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8220;Radish&#8221; morphology</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8220;Inverted radish&#8221; morphology</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCAD ends before the origin of lateral branch</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8220;Broken line&#8221; morphology</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8220;Stick insect&#8221; morphology</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; LAD: left anterior descending artery; OCT: optical coherence tomography; SCAD: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Upper panel. (A-C) Right (A) and left (C) cranial angiographic views in a 45-year-old man, with no cardiovascular risk factors, admitted for NSTEMI. A long lesion is seen in the mid-LAD, characteristic of a spontaneous coronary artery dissection type 2a IMH (delimited by dashed white lines) that also affects the ostium of the second diagonal branch (black asterisk). The IMH begins and ends after the origin of two septal branches (S). In the final portion of the hematoma, there is evidence of an abrupt change in vessel caliber due to the compression generated by the IMH itself and distal recovery of the normal caliber. This morphology is reminiscent of a radish root (&#8220;radish&#8221; morphology) (B) and is described in this entity. The absence of significant coronary tortuosity in this man with SCAD is also verified. Lower panel. (D-F) Angiographic projections with cranial angulation of a 65-year-old woman, ex-smoker, hypertensive and dyslipidemic, admitted for NSTEMI with electrocardiographic data suggestive of anterior ischemia. (D) Caliber reduction in the mid-LAD and a long lesion in the first diagonal branch (limited by white arrows) compatible with a type 2a IMH. We highlight the presence of a healthy distal segment of the LAD with significant tortuosity, while the affected diagonal branch presents a marked &#8220;rectification&#8221; of smooth angles in the arterial curvature, with a &#8220;broken line&#8221; pattern (broken yellow line), which is also described in this pathology. The direct implantation of a drug-eluting stent (E, asterisks) was the treatment of choice, with a good final result (F, segment delimited by yellow lines) but with discrete worsening in the diagonal branch due to extension of the IMH. IMH: intramural hematoma; LAD: left anterior descending coronary artery; NSTEMI: non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; SCAD: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-120-01-e20210550-10550-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Treatment was primarily conducted through conservative medical management in both groups. However, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was used as primary treatment in 22% of women and 23% of men. The most common PCI procedures were drug-eluting stent implantation (61% and 67% in women and men, respectively), plain balloon angioplasty (20% in women and 22% in men), and bioresorbable device implantation (13% in women and 11% in men) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The success rate of PCI was high in both sexes (86% and 100% in women and men, respectively), without differences between them. No sex differences were observed in the incidence of the combined clinical endpoint (which included hospital death, reinfarction, heart failure, and stroke) when considering both the conservative and interventional management options (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Regardless of the management strategy, treatment at discharge was also similar for both sexes, although beta-blockers were more commonly used in women (81% vs 65%; p = 0.03).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sex differences in SCAD: management strategies and hospital course</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Men (n=39)</th>
                  <th>Women (n=279)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presence of EVA (FMD included)</td>
                  <td align="center">2/8 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29/85 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conservative treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">217 (78%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interventional treatment</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Drug-eluting stent</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (61%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Balloon angioplasty</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (20%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Bioresorbable device</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adverse hospital event *</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>EVA: extracoronary vascular anomalies; FMD: fibromuscular dysplasia. * Includes: death, reinfarction, heart failure, and stroke.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Considering the scarcity of information on SCAD in men, this prospective nationwide registry provides interesting novel data that complements previous evidence. The most important findings of this study are the differences between men and women regarding precipitating factors and angiographic findings. Consumption of recreational drugs and ventricular arrhythmias were more frequently found in men. The higher prevalence of hypothyroidism among female participants is probably just a reflection of the fact that hypothyroidism predominantly affects women. Regarding angiographic findings, men often showed irregularities (suggesting the possibility of associated underlying mild atherosclerosis) and significantly less coronary tortuosity than women. There were also differences in certain angiographic patterns that are typical of this entity. The &#8220;inverted radish&#8221; morphology and the termination of the SCAD just before the origin of a side branch were more frequent in men, while the &#8220;stick insect&#8221; and &#8220;broken line&#8221; morphologies occurred mainly in women. Although the percentage of patients screened for EVA in our registry was relatively low (29% of all patients), no differences were found in the incidence of EVA between men and women with SCAD. Importantly, the lack of a systematic screening study in this regard with men could be due to the perception that FMD mostly affects women. However, Fahmy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> suggested the importance of systematic EVA screening in men, similar to what is currently recommended for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In line with contemporary literature, adverse events were infrequent in both groups and patients had good in-hospital outcomes, most of them under conservative management. Nevertheless, PCI is sometimes necessary and seems to be a good option for selected high-risk patients, with no differences in hospital course between men and women. However, larger studies and longer follow-up periods are still needed to assess potential differences in outcomes between sexes.</p>
        <p>Prior studies comparing men and women with SCAD were single-center retrospective studies involving a smaller number of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This work is the first prospective, nationwide, multicenter SCAD study including a larger number of patients (39 men and 279 women) and focused on sex differences. In some sex comparative studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>men with SCAD were younger than women. However, no age-related differences were found in our cohort. As SCAD is not an atherosclerotic disease, it seems reasonable to expect a similar age range for men and women. It is still possible that a SCAD diagnosis is more frequently overlooked in older men. As in prior reports,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> drug abuse was identified as a trigger for SCAD in men. However, in contrast to prior studies, no significant differences in physical and emotional stressors were seen in our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sharma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>suggested that men were more likely to present with a double-lumen angiographic appearance (71% type 1 SCAD vs 21% type 2 SCAD). Nevertheless, in our study as in prior reports,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> type 2 SCAD was the most prevalent angiographic pattern in both sexes. It is reasonable to speculate that men with SCAD patterns that are different from the classical angiographic &#8220;dissection&#8221; are more frequently underdiagnosed. Motreff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> described specific angiographic patterns in women with SCAD. For the first time, we described these angiographic patterns in relation to sex. Even though the underlying mechanisms by which these unique angiographic morphologies are generated remain unknown, the identification of these interesting patterns may help in the differential diagnosis and might also suggest potential pathophysiological differences between men and women with SCAD.</p>
        <p>Some limitations of this observational study should be acknowledged. First, although this is a large (the largest to date in Europe) prospective and multicenter study, SCAD is a rare condition, and some selection biases may have occurred due to overlooked diagnosis and a relatively small sample size. Second, the percentage of patients screened for EVA in our registry was low. Third, intracoronary imaging was not routinely obtained in this registry despite its diagnostic value and potential to help understand angiographic sex differences. Fourth, SCAD is probably underdiagnosed in older men and when its presentation has a non-classic angiographic pattern. Finally, only events that took place during hospitalization were analyzed. Although this nationwide registry aims to obtain long-term clinical follow-up data, this information is not currently available.</p>
        <p>The identification of differences between men and women with SCAD provides novel insights in our understanding of the pathology of this unique clinical entity and ACS in general. We should keep in mind that SCAD also affects men and both sexes benefit from initially conservative management, with an excellent hospital outcome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
