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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FtjQW8ktDPyVcZyynzFNvSS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001200035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220423</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220423</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Virtual Case-Based Learning: Nova Estrat&#233;gia de Ensino e de Treinamento M&#233;dico Digital Humanizado em Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6014-5533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1837-8250</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9766-5305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2264-7396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carraro</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6348-9072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;sa Mariela Nascimento de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuganti</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9775-9811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesas</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zar Eumann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6378-3549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uemura</surname>
            <given-names>La&#233;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Active Metodologias Ativas de Ensino</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Paciente 360, Active Metodologias Ativas de Ensino , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , Universidade Estadual de Londrina , Londrina , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Manoel Fernandes Canesin &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Londrina/Active Metodologias Ativas de Ensino LTDA &#8211; Rua Borges Lagoa 1083, Sala 44. CEP 04038-032, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>manoel@canesin.med.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>Os autores Manoel Fernandes Canesin, Fabr&#237;cio Nogueira Furtado, Rodrigo Marques Gon&#231;alves, Diogo Cesar Carraro e Tha&#237;sa Mariela Nascimento de Oliveira trabalham na empresa <italic>Active Solutions</italic> , detentora dos direitos autorais da plataforma Paciente 360. O <italic>software</italic> &#233; utilizado em universidades dentro e fora do Brasil.</p>
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>42</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A consolida&#231;&#227;o de novos paradigmas educacionais exige a implanta&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias inovadoras com potencial de transformar estudantes em profissionais competentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Analisar o conhecimento e a satisfa&#231;&#227;o de estudantes antes e ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma nova metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico de modelo digital humanizado chamada <italic>Virtual Case-Based Learning</italic> (VCBL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo com an&#225;lise documental sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de estudantes de medicina. Dados obtidos da avalia&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento te&#243;rico e do instrumento de satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos alunos nos anos de 2018 e 2019 foram analisados, e a nova metodologia proposta VCBL foi comparada com a metodologia ativa de ensino tradicional, o <italic>Problem-Based Learning</italic> (PBL). As an&#225;lises descritivas e de associa&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas utilizando o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram analisados 167 documentos aplicados a estudantes de medicina. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento te&#243;rico, os alunos avaliados em 2018 obtiveram m&#233;dia 41,7%, comparados aos alunos de 2019 que alcan&#231;aram 73,3% (p&lt;0,001). Entre os estudantes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a metodologia de aprendizagem proposta, 76,0% pontuaram o valor m&#225;ximo para a quest&#227;o um, e 83,0% para a quest&#227;o n&#250;mero dois. Cerca de 70,0% dos estudantes classificaram positivamente o aprendizado adquirido ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o da plataforma Paciente 360; 78,0% responderam que se sentem preparados para o atendimento ambulatorial; e 94,0% pontuaram de forma positiva a metodologia empregada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Neste estudo inicial, os resultados indicaram que a nova ferramenta em metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico digital humanizado, o VCBL, pode auxiliar no aprimoramento do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, proporcionando conhecimento e satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Simula&#231;&#227;o por Computador</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes de Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Humaniza&#231;&#227;o da Assist&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ao longo dos anos, o <italic>Problem-Based Learning</italic> (PBL), ou aprendizagem baseada em problemas em portugu&#234;s, tem sido uma pr&#225;tica pedag&#243;gica empregada na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Este m&#233;todo de ensino-aprendizagem recomenda a realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividade guiada por meio de casos cl&#237;nicos problematizados, e tem por objetivo capacitar os estudantes para discutirem diagn&#243;sticos, condutas terap&#234;uticas e outros aspectos do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico enfrentados cotidianamente na profiss&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com os desafios atuais, sabe-se que a educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica tem experienciado r&#225;pidas mudan&#231;as em todo mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O maior desafio encontrado por docentes est&#225; em oportunizar e estimular os estudantes sobre a ess&#234;ncia que vai al&#233;m do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico desenvolvido em sala de aula e laborat&#243;rios, ou seja, o v&#237;nculo com o paciente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Inevitavelmente, nas depend&#234;ncias da universidade, os estudantes s&#227;o capazes de desenvolver a excel&#234;ncia cognitiva e cient&#237;fica. No entanto, o afeto e a humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado s&#243; s&#227;o experimentados quando imersos na pr&#225;tica real. Tradicionalmente, o contexto do atendimento e o contato f&#237;sico com o paciente t&#234;m sido oportunizados somente durante est&#225;gios ou internatos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, a consolida&#231;&#227;o de novos paradigmas educacionais exige a implanta&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias que transformem estudantes em profissionais competentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Essa busca permanente tem cooperado para o surgimento de metodologias ativas inovadoras de ensino, aprendizagem e avalia&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O m&#233;todo e as fases que comp&#245;em a simula&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica possuem um maior potencial educacional quando comparados aos m&#233;todos tradicionais de ensino, no que tange o desenvolvimento do conhecimento e o treinamento de habilidades espec&#237;ficas, devido &#224; oportunidade de vivenciar cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos simulados, pr&#243;ximos da realidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, por se tratar de uma proposta de ensino-aprendizagem presencial, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de manequins ou pacientes simulados, programas quantitativos e qualitativos de pesquisa s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para comprovar os resultados alcan&#231;ados nos diferentes contextos, para que possam ser replicados e sintetizados na ci&#234;ncia educacional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com base nos paradigmas educacionais e nas necessidades ainda n&#227;o contempladas, um modelo in&#233;dito de aprendizagem simulada muito pr&#243;ximo do real, denominado &#8220; <italic>Virtual Case-Based Learning</italic> (VCBL) <italic>&#8221;,</italic> foi desenvolvido e testado. O VCBL oferece uma solu&#231;&#227;o potencial para as limita&#231;&#245;es de simula&#231;&#245;es tradicionais, ao considerar o ensino h&#237;brido (presencial e remoto) para uma melhor experi&#234;ncia presencial com o paciente, sem comprometer a sua seguran&#231;a. Para isso, foi utilizada uma plataforma inovadora de ensino, criada para humanizar a intera&#231;&#227;o digital de aprendizagem. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento e a satisfa&#231;&#227;o de estudantes de medicina antes e ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um novo modelo humanizado de metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico chamado VCBL.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma pesquisa explorat&#243;ria, descritiva e de an&#225;lise documental. O estudo compreendeu o levantamento e o fichamento de dados referentes ao conhecimento te&#243;rico e de um instrumento de autoconfian&#231;a e satisfa&#231;&#227;o, aplicados em 167 estudantes do oitavo semestre de medicina em uma universidade p&#250;blica no sul do Brasil.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo foi dividida em dois per&#237;odos, 2018 e 2019. Os alunos que cursaram a disciplina de cardiologia em 2018 foram formados por meio do modelo PBL, utilizado h&#225; 20 anos na universidade avaliada (a primeira do Brasil a utilizar o m&#233;todo). Em 2019, o modelo de aprendizagem aplicado foi o VCBL, modelo criado como nova ferramenta de metodologia ativa de ensino. As etapas do protocolo e dos dois modelos de aprendizagem utilizados no estudo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma das etapas dos modelos de ensino e documento de an&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para os estudantes no oitavo semestre do curso de medicina em 2018, a disciplina de Cardiologia foi oferecida segundo m&#233;todo tradicional de PBL, como a seguir: 1) docente apresenta o caso cl&#237;nico a ser estudado; 2) os estudantes buscam na literatura o conte&#250;do necess&#225;rio e apresentam a resolu&#231;&#227;o do problema. Neste modelo, o docente estimula a tomada de decis&#227;o e o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico te&#243;rico entre os alunos do grupo, por meio da discuss&#227;o tutorial e aula expositiva. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para a condu&#231;&#227;o da problematiza&#231;&#227;o, conforme etapas descritas acima, a turma era dividida em grupos de 10 alunos por esta&#231;&#227;o. As discuss&#245;es nos pequenos grupos abordavam o material de apoio produzido no programa PowerPoint e o caso cl&#237;nico em forma de texto.</p>
        <p>Em 2019, o grupo de estudantes que passou por essa disciplina foi submetido a essa nova proposta de metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico, denominada <italic>VCBL</italic> . O m&#233;todo conta com uma plataforma virtual interativa de casos cl&#237;nicos humanizados, sendo os mesmos casos cl&#237;nicos discutidos no m&#233;todo PBL (insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia), entretanto, apresentados de maneira simulada interativa humanizada com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da plataforma Paciente 360.</p>
        <p>O VCBL compreende as mesmas etapas do PBL, adicionadas as intera&#231;&#245;es com a plataforma Paciente 360 de forma s&#237;ncrona (com apoio docente) ou ass&#237;ncrona (sem apoio docente), para a autorreflex&#227;o do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico humanizado.</p>
        <p>A fim de avaliar o conhecimento cognitivo dos estudantes em ambos os per&#237;odos, foi aplicada a mesma avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica de 25 quest&#245;es de m&#250;ltipla escolha. As quest&#245;es abordaram todo o conte&#250;do apresentando na disciplina de cardiologia ao longo do m&#243;dulo, a seguir: insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica e aguda, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica e aguda, arritmias, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia. Portanto, o tema, tempo para finaliza&#231;&#227;o, grau de dificuldade e etapa de discuss&#227;o de d&#250;vidas foram semelhantes entre os per&#237;odos estudados. Al&#233;m disso, os estudantes de 2019, ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica, responderam um instrumento de satisfa&#231;&#227;o sobre o m&#233;todo de ensino VCBL e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da plataforma Paciente 360.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ferramenta da metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico</title>
        <p>O VCBL foi aplicado por meio de uma plataforma digital de metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico, com simula&#231;&#227;o real&#237;stica de casos cl&#237;nicos. A plataforma apresenta casos cl&#237;nicos com pessoas reais, e permite ao estudante a intera&#231;&#227;o e tomada de decis&#227;o em todas as etapas de uma consulta m&#233;dica em diferentes temas e especialidades. Assim, a ferramenta proporciona, de forma humanizada, interativa e inovadora, a empatia e a afetividade para a aprendizagem de ensino m&#233;dico.</p>
        <p>A plataforma chamada Paciente 360 foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de auxiliar na melhoria da qualidade acad&#234;mica do ensino m&#233;dico e permitir melhor conex&#227;o acad&#234;mica com as novas gera&#231;&#245;es de alunos. &#201; utilizada desde 2019 em universidades dentro e fora do Brasil.</p>
        <p>No m&#243;dulo assincr&#244;nico, o aluno, de casa ou de qualquer outro local, sem ajuda de um professor ou tutor, pode atender pacientes com diferentes doen&#231;as simuladas, realizar a anamnese, o exame f&#237;sico completo, solicitar e analisar os resultados de exames laboratoriais e de imagem, dar o diagn&#243;stico e, ao final, escolher a conduta que melhor se aplica para o caso ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). O docente tutor d&#225; <italic>feedback</italic> de acertos e erros, e pode ainda, pelo m&#243;dulo sincr&#244;nico, apresentar o caso cl&#237;nico e realizar a discuss&#227;o de todas as etapas com grupos de alunos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Uso s&#237;ncrono e ass&#237;ncrono da ferramenta utilizada no Virtual Case-Based Learning (VCBL).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica foi composta por 25 quest&#245;es de m&#250;ltipla escolha e avaliou o conhecimento cognitivo dos estudantes no ano de 2018 e 2019.</p>
        <p>O instrumento de satisfa&#231;&#227;o e autoconfian&#231;a com a aprendizagem atual, aplicado em 2019, foi composto por cinco quest&#245;es <italic>likert</italic> , constru&#237;das pelos docentes da disciplina de cardiologia da mesma universidade.</p>
        <p>A satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a aprendizagem atual foi avaliada por meio de duas perguntas com pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 10: 1) &#8220;Em uma escala de 0 a 10, qual a chance de voc&#234; indicar o Paciente 360 para um amigo?&#8221;; e 2) &#8220;Em uma escala de 0 a 10, como voc&#234; classifica a metodologia de casos cl&#237;nicos interativos humanizados VCBL utilizada no atual m&#243;dulo de Cardiologia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; metodologia tradicional de casos cl&#237;nicos do PBL utilizada nos m&#243;dulos anteriores do mesmo per&#237;odo (nefrologia e pneumologia)?</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, tr&#234;s quest&#245;es classificavam como &#8220;pouco, satisfat&#243;rio, bom, muito bom e excelente&#8221; o ganho da autoconfian&#231;a: 3) &#8220;Como voc&#234; avalia seu aprendizado ap&#243;s o uso do Paciente 360?&#8221;; 4) &#8220;Voc&#234; se sente mais preparado para o atendimento ambulatorial?&#8221;; e 5) &#8220;Como voc&#234; avalia o conte&#250;do discutido?&#8221;.</p>
        <p>Para a coleta de dados, foi constru&#237;do um instrumento para a identifica&#231;&#227;o, organiza&#231;&#227;o e fichamento da pontua&#231;&#227;o individual da avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica aplicada em 2018 e 2019, e do instrumento de satisfa&#231;&#227;o aplicado somente em 2019. Utilizou-se as etapas propostas pela literatura, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> como a apura&#231;&#227;o e organiza&#231;&#227;o do material dispon&#237;vel, interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise cr&#237;tica dos documentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada por meio de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram calculadas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste t de Student ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o software <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Vers&#227;o 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Para todas as an&#225;lises, foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos da Universidade Estadual de Londrina foi consultado para a produ&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, e este foi liberado sem necessidade de uso do consentimento informado, pois todos os participantes foram informados sobre o objetivo da pesquisa e receberam garantia de anonimato.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisadas 87 avalia&#231;&#245;es te&#243;ricas formativas obrigat&#243;rias, referentes &#224; turma de cardiologia de 2018. Em 2019, 80 avalia&#231;&#245;es te&#243;ricas foram analisadas e, destes, 17,5% perderam o prazo de sete dias para preenchimento do instrumento sobre satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o modelo VCBL como metodologia ativa de ensino ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref> ). A compara&#231;&#227;o incluindo os alunos n&#227;o respondentes est&#227;o representados no material suplementar ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2022-0423-supplement-tabela-S1.pdf">Tabela S1</ext-link> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo segundo dados documentais e modelo de aprendizagem</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Turma</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de estudantes</th>
                <th>Modelo de aprendizagem</th>
                <th>Documento de an&#225;lise</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>2018</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">Problem-Based Learning</td>
                <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2019</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">Virtual Case-Based Learning</td>
                <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica Instrumento de satisfa&#231;&#227;o e autoconfian&#231;a com a aprendizagem atual</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia percentual da avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento te&#243;rico. Os alunos de 2018 obtiveram uma m&#233;dia 41,7%, variando de 20,0% a 60,0%, e os alunos de 2019 alcan&#231;aram a m&#233;dia 73,3%, com varia&#231;&#227;o de 44,0% a 92,0% (p &lt;0,001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do percentual m&#233;dio de acertos da avalia&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento te&#243;rico de alunos de medicina, 2018 e 2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto a satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a aprendizagem atual, 76,0% dos estudantes avaliaram com pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (9-10) a quest&#227;o um e 83,0% a quest&#227;o dois, conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a aprendizagem atual de alunos de medicina, 2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Cerca de 70,0% dos estudantes classificaram como &#8220;muito bom&#8221; o aprendizado adquirido ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o da plataforma Paciente 360; 78,0% julgaram como &#8220;bom&#8221; e &#8220;muito bom&#8221; o sentimento de estarem preparados para o atendimento ambulatorial; e 94,0% avaliaram como &#8220;muito bom&#8221; e &#8220;excelente&#8221; a abordagem do conte&#250;do, por meio da nova proposta de aprendizagem ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Autoconfian&#231;a na aprendizagem e avalia&#231;&#227;o da nova proposta de ensino de alunos de medicina, 2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ao ingressar no campo cl&#237;nico, os estudantes de medicina deparam-se com in&#250;meras condi&#231;&#245;es que exigem a aplica&#231;&#227;o integrada do conhecimento te&#243;rico e habilidades pr&#225;ticas, associada ao desenvolvimento da humaniza&#231;&#227;o e empatia com o paciente para a garantia de um cuidado integral. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Estudos corroboram <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que modelos tradicionais de ensino-aprendizagem n&#227;o t&#234;m atendido aos requisitos do ambiente contempor&#226;neo da realidade m&#233;dica, em que h&#225; uma lacuna entre a forma&#231;&#227;o e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica integral humanizada.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, a simula&#231;&#227;o real&#237;stica tem sido utilizada por v&#225;rias universidades, com o intuito de formar profissionais que contemplem as exig&#234;ncias do mercado de trabalho. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A maior parte delas com manequins de simula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o humanizados ou avatares. Autores de um estudo <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> recente revelaram uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste m&#233;todo, ao concluir que as fases da simula&#231;&#227;o real&#237;stica n&#227;o permitem ao estudante o desenvolvimento da empatia e a socializa&#231;&#227;o com paciente real, e propuseram que novos m&#233;todos sejam criados com esse objetivo.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apontou a viabilidade e efic&#225;cia do novo modelo proposto de aprendizagem simulada para que outras universidades de medicina possam replic&#225;-lo. Este m&#233;todo mostrou-se eficaz na avalia&#231;&#227;o formativa de conhecimento te&#243;rico da disciplina de cardiologia. A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia obtida pelos alunos de 2019 foi superior &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o dos alunos de 2018 em mais de 30,0%, mostrando que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem foi potencializado ap&#243;s a experi&#234;ncia com as etapas propostas pelo m&#233;todo VCBL.</p>
      <p>Tecnologias de simula&#231;&#227;o integrada est&#225; passando por um r&#225;pido desenvolvimento. O ensino m&#233;dico digital est&#225; desempenhando um papel cada vez mais importante no treinamento do conhecimento e habilidades cl&#237;nicas para estudantes de medicina. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Atualmente, nenhuma simula&#231;&#227;o retrata de forma realista todos os componentes fisiol&#243;gicos, mentais e comportamentais do atendimento ao paciente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por isso, o reconhecimento da autoconfian&#231;a e da satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos alunos ao participar de novas estrat&#233;gias contribui para o aperfei&#231;oamento destas.</p>
      <p>Todos os estudantes desta pesquisa indicariam a plataforma Paciente 360 para um amigo. Destes, 76,0% optaram pelas op&#231;&#245;es de maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es (9-10) do instrumento de satisfa&#231;&#227;o. Aproximadamente 90,0% dos indiv&#237;duos classificaram como &#8220;muito bom&#8221; e excelente&#8221; o aprendizado adquirido ap&#243;s utiliza&#231;&#227;o da plataforma, resultado no aprimoramento da autoconfian&#231;a dos estudantes.</p>
      <p>As etapas tr&#234;s e cinco ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ) da metodologia VCBL s&#227;o consideradas o &#8220;cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221; da nova proposta metodol&#243;gica. Ela utiliza a nova plataforma como ferramenta em metodologia ativa de ensino, focando em uma discuss&#227;o de casos cl&#237;nicos humanizados interativos inicialmente tutoreada pelo docente (s&#237;ncrona) e posteriormente realizada como refor&#231;o pelo aluno em formato de classe de aula invertida (ass&#237;ncrona), garantindo um aprendizado real&#237;stico mais profundo e em multietapas.</p>
      <p>Este <italic>software</italic> de aprendizagem interativa, possibilita o contato virtual, presencial ou remoto com um paciente simulado durante a anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, exames complementares e conduta. A realiza&#231;&#227;o virtual do exame f&#237;sico possibilita a simula&#231;&#227;o da inspe&#231;&#227;o, palpa&#231;&#227;o, percuss&#227;o e ausculta de todos os sistemas do corpo humano. Al&#233;m disto, durante a consulta m&#233;dica simulada, o estudante ser&#225; capaz de propor hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas, solicitar e obter resultados de exames, e planejar a conduta adequada para resolu&#231;&#227;o do caso. O docente, da mesma forma, pode utilizar a ferramenta de modo sincr&#244;nico para as etapas de discuss&#227;o tutorial em grupo.</p>
      <p>A autoconfian&#231;a &#233; considerada um indicador de proatividade nas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para o desfecho de sucesso. Por isso, o profissional deve se sentir capaz de atuar de forma adequada, caso contr&#225;rio, podem ocorrer atrasos desnecess&#225;rios no atendimento, aumento no n&#237;vel de ansiedade e no n&#250;mero de erros. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mais de 80,0% dos estudantes classificaram com maiores pontua&#231;&#245;es (9-10) a metodologia de ensino utilizada no m&#243;dulo estudado de cardiologia em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; metodologia utilizada nos m&#243;dulos anteriores. Aproximadamente 80,0% dos estudantes avaliaram como &#8220;bom&#8221; ou &#8220;muito bom&#8221; o sentimento de estarem preparados para o atendimento ambulatorial, e 94,0% pontuaram que a abordagem do conte&#250;do neste formato foi muito boa ou excelente.</p>
      <p>Os resultados desta pesquisa corroboram trabalhos cient&#237;ficos que utilizaram a proposta VCBL. O uso da estrat&#233;gia proporciona a imers&#227;o e aproxima&#231;&#227;o do p&#250;blico ao tema, e amplia o acesso &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de por meio de intera&#231;&#245;es reais e humanizadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s atividade piloto de pr&#225;tica de atendimento cl&#237;nico avaliando um paciente virtual referindo uma queixa cardiol&#243;gica, os alunos apresentaram 70,0% de rea&#231;&#245;es positivas no <italic>Net Promoter Score</italic> . Ambos os estudos afirmam que a plataforma Paciente 360 &#233; um modelo de ensino adequado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada e humanizada em cardiologia, pois promoveu alto grau de satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos participantes, percep&#231;&#227;o de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e prefer&#234;ncia pelo modelo digital de discuss&#227;o de casos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas devem ser abordadas para a correta interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados deste estudo. Os dados do ano de 2018 foram coletados retrospectivamente e, no per&#237;odo, o &#250;nico instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel era a avalia&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica. Em 2019, o mesmo m&#233;todo avaliativo foi utilizado, entretanto, com adi&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos de satisfa&#231;&#227;o e autoconfian&#231;a. Portanto, foi poss&#237;vel realizar an&#225;lises comparativas importantes e adicionar dados diferenciais ao m&#233;todo in&#233;dito VCBL. Ainda, embora n&#227;o haja uma medida direta de quanto o m&#233;todo tenha contribu&#237;do para o conhecimento, uma vez que as notas mais elevadas podem ser decorrentes de outros processos institucionais, o uso da plataforma proporcionou aos alunos um alto grau de satisfa&#231;&#227;o e a oportunidade de uma inser&#231;&#227;o simulada, real&#237;stica e humanizada em casos cl&#237;nicos, possivelmente respons&#225;vel pelo aumento do engajamento e interesse dos alunos na disciplina de cardiologia. Ainda assim, &#233; importante destacar que o termo humaniza&#231;&#227;o &#233; tratado de maneira poliss&#234;mica na literatura cient&#237;fica, e esta nova proposta estrat&#233;gica pedag&#243;gica pode ser utilizada com o prop&#243;sito de promover a humaniza&#231;&#227;o na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica brasileira.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo indicou melhora no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de estudantes de medicina ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo VCBL em compara&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo tradicional PBL, mesmo com as limita&#231;&#245;es apresentadas no estudo. Al&#233;m disto, foi demonstrada uma grande satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes ao utilizarem a nova ferramenta em metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico chamada plataforma Paciente 360. O <italic>software</italic> proporcionou uma aprendizagem humanizada, imersiva e realista.</p>
      <p>Embora sejam necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para creditar a efic&#225;cia da estrat&#233;gia de ensino e da ferramenta utilizada, espera-se que este modelo, embasado na metodologia ativa de ensino m&#233;dico voltada para a gera&#231;&#227;o X, Y e Z, possa fomentar em diferentes universidades a implanta&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo e a cria&#231;&#227;o de outros similares. Portanto, a fim de auxiliar na forma&#231;&#227;o de curr&#237;culos m&#233;dicos melhores e mais atualizados, os estudantes devem ter oportunidades ampliadas para experienciar o ensino simulado, interativo, digital e humanizado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor,<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2022-0423-supplement-tabela-S1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Learning: New Strategy for Humanized Digital Medical Education and Training in Cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6014-5533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1837-8250</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Nogueira</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9766-5305</contrib-id>
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          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuganti</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9775-9811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesas</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zar Eumann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6378-3549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Uemura</surname>
            <given-names>La&#233;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Paciente 360, Active Metodologias Ativas de Ensino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Manoel Fernandes Canesin &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Londrina/Active Metodologias Ativas de Ensino LTDA - Rua Borges Lagoa 1083, Sala 44. Postal Code 04038-032, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: manoel@canesin.med.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Conflicts of interest</p>
          <p>Manoel Fernandes Canesin, Fabr&#237;cio Nogueira Furtado, Rodrigo Marques Gon&#231;alves, Diogo Cesar Carraro and Tha&#237;sa Mariela Nascimento de Oliveira work at <italic>Active Solutions</italic> , which owns the authorship of the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The consolidation of new educational paradigms requires the implementation of innovative strategies to transform students into competent professionals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To assess knowledge and satisfaction of medical students before and after the use of a new humanized digital model of active learning, called virtual case-based learning (VCBL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This was a descriptive, documentary analysis of the teaching-learning process of medical students. Data obtained from theoretical knowledge assessment and satisfaction evaluation questionnaires applied in 2018 and 2019 were analyzed, and the new VCBL was compared with the traditional active methodology PBL (problem-based learning). Descriptive and association analyses were made using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 167 evaluation forms administered to medical students were analyzed. In the evaluation of theoretical knowledge, the 2018 and the 2019 student groups had a mean of 41.7% and 73.3%, respectively (p&lt;0.001). Among the students who responded to the satisfaction evaluation form, 76.0% gave the highest rating to question one, and 83.0% to question two. Nearly 70.0% of students positively evaluated knowledge acquisition with the Paciente 360 platform; 78.0% reported to feel prepared for working in outpatient care; and 94.0% positively evaluated the new method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In this initial study, the results indicate that the new active method for humanized digital medical education, the VCBL, can help in the betterment of the teaching-learning process, promoting knowledge and satisfaction by the students.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Computer Simulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Education, Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Students, Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Humanization of Assistance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Problem-based learning (PBL) is a pedagogical approach that has been used in medical education over the years. This teaching-learning method recommends activities guided by clinical cases as trigger problems, and is aimed at capacitating students to discuss diagnoses, therapeutic decisions, and other aspects of clinical reasoning faced by physicians in daily practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In consonance with current challenges, medical education has experienced rapid changes in all the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The biggest challenge for physicians has been to create opportunities and stimulate student&#8217;s interest for an essence that goes beyond clinical reasoning discussed in the classrooms or labs, that is, the bond with patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the university facilities, students can inevitably develop cognitive and scientific excellence. However, affection and humanization of care can only be experienced during actual practice. For example, opportunities of face-to-face consultations and physical contact with patients are only offered during internships.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, consolidation of new educational paradigms requires implementation of strategies that transform students into competent professionals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This continuous search has contributed to the emergence of innovating, active methodologies of teaching, learning and assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The method and the stages of clinical simulation have a greater educational potential as compared with conventional teaching methods, regarding the development of knowledge and training of specific abilities, due to the opportunities of experiencing reality-like, simulated clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, as it consists of an in-person teaching-learning proposal, including the use of manikins or simulated patients, clinical simulation requires quantitative and qualitative programs to confirm the results obtained in different contexts before replicating and synthesizing them in educational science.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Based on educational paradigms and unmet needs, an original model of simulation-based learning, named &#8220;virtual case-based learning (VCBL) <italic>&#8221;,</italic> was launched. VCBL offers a potential solution for limitations of conventional simulation-based methods, as it considers blended learning (in-person and online learning) for a better in-person experience with the patient, without compromising patient safety. For this purpose, an innovative learning platform was used, to humanize digital interaction of learning. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess knowledge and satisfaction of medical students before and after the implementation of the new humanized model of active learning method called VCBL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This investigation was an exploratory, descriptive, and documentary analysis. The study consisted of collecting and registering of data obtained from a theoretical knowledge assessment, and from an instrument for self-confidence and satisfaction evaluation, administered to 167 students in the eighth semester of medical school in a public university in the south of Brazil.</p>
          <p>The study population was divided into two periods, 2018 and 2019. In 2018, the students took the course of Cardiology through the PBL method, which has been used in the university for 20 years (the first university to use PBL in Brazil). In 2019, the VCBL was applied, which was proposed as a new active learning method. The steps of the study protocol and of the two learning models analyzed in the study are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of the learning models&#8217; steps and the document of analysis..</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>For the students in the eighth semester of the medical course in 2018, the course of Cardiology was offered following the traditional PBL method, as follows: 1) the teacher presents the clinical case; 2) the students search the content in the literature and present the problem solution. In this model, the teacher stimulates the decision-making process among the students by tutorial discussion and expository class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The students were divided into groups of 10 to work and solve the problem; discussions were made based on support materials created using PowerPoint, and the clinical case described in a text.</p>
          <p>In 2019, the group of students that took the discipline of Cardiology underwent this new proposal of active learning method, called VCBL. This VCBL model has an interactive virtual platform of humanized clinical cases, which were the same as those discussed in the PBL method (chronic coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia), but presented in a humanized interactive simulation, through the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform.</p>
          <p>The VCBL method has the same stages as the PBL method, in addition to synchronous interactions with the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform (with the teacher support) or asynchronous (without the teacher support) for self-reflection of humanized clinical thinking.</p>
          <p>To assess students&#8217; cognitive knowledge, a theoretical test with 25 multiple choice questions was administered to both groups (2018 and 2019). The questions addressed the topics covered in Cardiology over the semester, as follows: acute and chronic coronary disease, arrythmias, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Thus, the subject, the time to conclude the test, the difficulty level, and the stage for clarification of doubts were similar between the study periods. In addition, the students of 2019 completed an instrument of satisfaction about the VCBL method and the use of the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrument for the active approach to medical education</title>
          <p>The VCBL was applied through an online platform of active medical education, with realistic simulation of clinical cases. The platform presents clinical cases with real people and enables the student to interact and make decisions in all stages of a medical consultation in different subjects and specialties. Therefore, the instrument promotes empathy and affection for medical learning, in a humanized, interactive and innovative way.</p>
          <p>The <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform was developed aiming at improving academic quality of medical education and academic connection with the incoming generations of students. The platform has been used in universities in Brazil and other countries since 2019.</p>
          <p>In the asynchronous method, the students, from their homes or any other place, without the help from teachers or tutors, can assist patients with different simulated diseases, take medical history, perform physical examination, order and analyze laboratory and imaging tests, make the diagnosis and choose the best treatment for the case ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The teacher gives feedback on correct and incorrect decisions to the students; also, through the synchronous mode, the teacher can present the clinical case and promotes discussions about all steps among the students of the group.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Use of the synchronous and asynchronous modes of the virtual case-based learning (VCBL) method.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The theoretical exam was composed of 25 multiple-choice questions and evaluated cognitive knowledge of students in 2018 and 2019.</p>
          <p>The instrument that evaluated students&#8217; satisfaction and self-confidence with current learning, applied in 2019, was composed of five Likert-scale questions, constructed by teachers of Cardiology of the same university.</p>
          <p>Satisfaction with current learning was assessed by two 10-point Likert scale: 1) In a 0-10 point scale, what is the likelihood of recommending <italic>Paciente 360</italic> to a friend?&#8221;; and 2) In a 0-10 point scale, how do you classify the VCBL method for humanized, interactive clinical cases, currently used in the course of Cardiology, as compared with the traditional PBL method used in previous courses (Nephrology and Pneumology) during the same period?</p>
          <p>In addition, three questions evaluated the level of self-confidence (a little confident, slightly confident, somewhat confident, quite confident, extremely confident): 3) &#8220;How do you evaluate your learning progress with <italic>Paciente 360</italic> ?&#8221;; 4) &#8220;Do you feel more prepared for working in outpatient care?&#8221;; and 5) &#8220;How do you evaluate the topics discussed?&#8221;.</p>
          <p>For data collection, an instrument was constructed to identify, organize and register individual ratings obtained from the students in the theoretical test administered in 2018 and 2019, and in the questionnaire on satisfaction administered in 2019. The steps proposed in the literature were used,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> including the analysis and organization of the materials available, data interpretation and critical analysis of the documents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive analysis of data was made by absolute and relative frequencies of categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation of continuous variables.</p>
          <p>Comparisons between mean and continuous variables were analyzed by the Student&#8217;s t-test after the normal distribution of data was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
          <p>Analysis was made using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The human research ethics committee of the State University of Londrina was consulted for the development of the present study. The informed consent was waived, as all participants were informed about the objective of the study and had the guarantee of anonymity.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 87 theoretical, formative evaluations applied in 2018 were examined. For the 2019 group, 80 theoretical tests were analyzed, and 17.5% of the students missed the seven-day deadline to fill up the questionnaire about satisfaction with the use of the VCBL model as an active learning method ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Chart 1</xref> ). The comparison including the non-respondents is presented in supplementary material ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2022-0423-supplement-tabela-S1.pdf">Table S1</ext-link> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study population by instrument of evaluation and learning method</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Year</th>
                  <th>Number of students</th>
                  <th>Learning model</th>
                  <th>Evaluation instrument</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>2018</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">Problem Based Learning</td>
                  <td align="center">Theoretical evaluation</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2019</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">Virtual Case Based Learning</td>
                  <td align="center">Theoretical evaluation Evaluation instrument for satisfaction, self-confidence and learning progression</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> shows the comparison of theoretical knowledge evaluated. The 2018 students had a mean of 41.7% (20-60% variation) of correct answers, and the 2019 students had a mean of 73.3% (44.0-92.0% variation) (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of mean percentage of correct answers in the evaluation of theoretical knowledge between the 2018 and the 2019 medical student groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>With respect to satisfaction with current learning, 76.0% of the students gave the highest rating (9-10) to question number one, and 83.0% to question number two ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Satisfaction ratings to learning progression by medical students, 2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nearly 70.0% of the students felt &#8220;quite confident&#8221; about the learning acquired after using the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform; 78.0% felt &#8220;somewhat confident&#8221; or &#8220;quite confident&#8221; in working in the outpatient care; and 94.0% felt &#8220;quite confident&#8221; and &#8220;extremely confident&#8221; about the content approach through the new learning proposal ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Self-confidence about learning progression through the use of the new learning method proposed to medical students in 2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0035-20423-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>When entering the clinical field, medical students face several situations that require the integrated application of theoretical knowledge and practical abilities, associated with the development of humanization and empathy with patients to guarantee integral care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> have corroborated that traditional teaching-learning methods have not fulfilled the requirements of contemporary medical environment, with a gap between formal education and humanized, integrated practice.</p>
        <p>Today, realistic simulation has been used in many universities, in attempt to train professionals that meet the demand of current labor market.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Most methods are based on non-human simulation with manikins or avatars. A recent study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported a limitation of these methods, as the stages of realistic simulation do not enable students to develop empathy and to socialize with the real patients. The authors suggest the need for new methods to address these objectives.</p>
        <p>The present study demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of the new simulation model of learning proposed so that other universities can use it. This method was shown to be effective in the formative evaluation of theoretical learning in the discipline of Cardiology. Mean ratings obtained from the 2019 student group were more than 30.0% higher than those from the 2018 group, indicating that the teaching-learning process was potentiated by the steps proposed by the VCBL method.</p>
        <p>Integrated simulation technologies have been through rapid development. Digital medical education has played a more and more important role in the training of medical students in clinical knowledge and abilities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Today, there is no simulation method that depicts, in a realistic manner, all physiological, mental and behavioral components of patient care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, recognizing satisfaction and self-confidence of students in participating of new education strategies contribute to their improvement.</p>
        <p>All students who participated in this study would recommend the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform to a friend. Of all participants, 76.0% rated the highest scores (9-10) in the Likert scale for satisfaction. Approximately 90.0% of the individuals answered to feel &#8220;quite confident&#8221; or &#8220;extremely confident&#8221; about learning progression with the platform, resulting in higher level of self-confidence among students.</p>
        <p>Steps three and five ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) of the VCBL method are considered the &#8220;core&#8221; of the new methodology. In VCBL, the platform is used as a tool in the active methodology, focusing on discussion of humanized, interactive, clinical cases, first guided by teachers (synchronous mode), then held and reinforced by the students in an inverted class fashion (asynchronous), ensuring a more profound and multistage realistic learning.</p>
        <p>This interactive learning software allows virtual, face-to-face or remote contact with a simulated patient during medical history taking, physical examination, complementary tests and decision-making. Virtual physical examination allows simulation of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of all body systems. Besides, during simulated consultation, the student can suggest diagnostic hypotheses, order and obtain results of complementary tests and plan the most adequate treatment to the case. Likewise, the teacher can use this tool in the steps of tutorial discussion with their students in a synchronous mode.</p>
        <p>Self-confidence is considered an indicator of proactivity in clinical situations for a successful outcome. For this reason, professionals must feel confident to act in an assertive way, and avoid unnecessary delays in health care, and increased anxiety and errors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>More than 80.0% of the students rated the highest scores (9-10) the learning method used in the course of Cardiology as compared with the method used in previous courses. Nearly 80.0% of students answered to feel &#8220;somewhat confident&#8221; or &#8220;quite confident&#8221; in working in outpatient care, and 94.0% classified the content approach strategy in the VCBL as &#8220;very good&#8221; or &#8220;excellent.</p>
        <p>Results of the present study corroborate previous scientific studies in which VCBL was used. This strategy promotes the immersion and proximity of the public into the themes and expands the access to health education through real and humanized interactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In addition, 70.0% of students gave positive feedback in the Net Promoter Score to a pilot practical activity of clinical care in which a virtual patient, referred for cardiological symptoms. Both studies confirm that the <italic>Paciente 360</italic> platform is an appropriate teaching model for continuing and humanized medical education in cardiology, as the instrument promoted high degree of satisfaction, perception of knowledge acquisition, and preference for the digital model of clinical case discussion.</p>
        <p>Some methodological limitations should be addressed for correct interpretation of our results. Data from the year 2018 were collected retrospectively, and in this period, the only evaluation tool available was the theoretical assessment. In 2019, the same evaluation method was used, but with the addition of instruments on satisfaction and self-confidence. Therefore, we were able to perform comparative analyses and add differential items to this original, VCBL method. Also, although there is not a direct measure of the contribution of this method to knowledge, since the highest scores may be resultant from other institutional processes, there was a high degree of satisfaction with the platform, and the opportunity of a simulated, realistic and humanized immersion into the cases, possibly responsible for increased engagement and interest by the students. It is also important to mention that the word &#8220;humanization&#8221; has been considered as a polysemic term in scientific literature, and this new pedagogical strategy may be used with the aim of promoting humanization in Brazilian medical education.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study indicated an improvement in the teaching-learning process of medical students after the use of the VCBL model as compared with the traditional PBL method, even with limitations of the study. There was a high degree of satisfaction towards this new platform of active methodology of medical education called <italic>Paciente 360</italic> . This software promoted a humanized, immersive and realistic learning.</p>
        <p>Although further research is needed to confirm the efficacy of this learning strategy and tool, we expect that this model, based on active methodology of medical education to the X, Y and Z generations, may foster the implementation of the method and creation of similar ones in different universities. Thus, to help in the construction of better and updated medical curricula, the students should have expanded opportunities to experience a simulated, interactive, digital and humanized type of education.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2022-0423-supplement-tabela-S1.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
