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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kQbTwV5VCBZYDHPMQb4qCvm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001200022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220446</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220446</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia de Metodologia Ativa de Aprendizagem do ECG no Internato em Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-7720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cristina Am&#233;lia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Uninassau</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade Boa Viagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Universit&#225;rio Maur&#237;cio de Nassau ( Uninassau ) - Curso de Medicina, Unidade Boa Viagem , Recife , PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro M&#233;dico-Hospitalar da Pol&#237;cia Militar de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Coordena&#231;&#227;o do Internato M&#233;dico</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Uninassau</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro M&#233;dico-Hospitalar da Pol&#237;cia Militar de Pernambuco - Coordena&#231;&#227;o do Internato M&#233;dico , Uninassau - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Recife , PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Geral de Areias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de-PE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Geral de Areias / Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de-PE , Recife , PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcia Cristina Am&#233;lia da Silva &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio, 125, apto 1901. CEP 50610-000, Madalena, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marciacristinasilva5@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>22</fpage>
      <lpage>26</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Estudos t&#234;m mostrado uma baixa acur&#225;cia de m&#233;dicos urgentistas em interpretar o eletrocardiograma (ECG) em quadros cardiol&#243;gicos graves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um m&#233;todo de aprendizagem do ECG no internato de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e conhecer a percep&#231;&#227;o dos internos quanto ao aprendizado antes e ap&#243;s a metodologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foi utilizado um banco de dados com os resultados do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste de ECG das turmas de internato em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica de 2017 a 2022. Foi enviado um question&#225;rio qualitativo com perguntas para autoavalia&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o do aprendizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 227 estudantes, 161 (70,9%) do sexo feminino, com idade de 26,4 &#177; 4,2 anos. A m&#233;dia do pr&#233;-teste foi 3,75 &#177; 2,0 pontos e do p&#243;s-teste 8,48 &#177; 1,5 pontos, diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, mesmo ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo, idade e per&#237;odo do curso (p &lt; 0,001 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es). Sessenta e nove (30%) dos alunos responderam ao question&#225;rio qualitativo. Os tr&#234;s sentimentos predominantes anteriores ao aprendizado foram desespero, medo e inseguran&#231;a. Ap&#243;s o Clube, os sentimentos predominantes foram seguran&#231;a, tranquilidade e confian&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foi baixo o n&#237;vel de conhecimento pr&#233;vio do ECG entre os egressos do internato m&#233;dico e a metodologia proposta foi eficaz em melhorar o grau de conhecimento do ECG, independente da idade, sexo ou per&#237;odo do curso. E foi poss&#237;vel transformar as cren&#231;as negativas quanto &#224; aprendizagem do ECG e torn&#225;-la significativa e leve. Um olhar mais incisivo nos cursos de medicina para o aprendizado do ECG de forma mais pr&#225;tica e contextualizada, pode melhorar este cen&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias cardiol&#243;gicas correspondem a at&#233; 10% dos atendimentos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e &#233; o segundo motivo mais comum pelo qual um adulto procura a emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica nos Estados Unidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, a import&#226;ncia do conhecimento da eletrocardiografia na urg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica &#233; inquestion&#225;vel. Estudos t&#234;m mostrado uma baixa acur&#225;cia de m&#233;dicos urgentistas em interpretar o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de doen&#231;as graves como infarto, arritmias ventriculares e bloqueios atrioventriculares avan&#231;ados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> E muitos egressos do curso m&#233;dico referem-se como inseguros no atendimento a pacientes cardiol&#243;gicos com o conte&#250;do aprendido na gradua&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, faltam estudos que avaliem a efic&#225;cia de metodologias no ensino do ECG nesta etapa da forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, o ciclo pr&#225;tico do internato, que antecede a sua forma&#231;&#227;o como m&#233;dicos. Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar a efic&#225;cia de um m&#233;todo de ensino do ECG no internato de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica a estudantes do 9&#186; ao 12&#186; per&#237;odo, de um centro universit&#225;rio privado, usando uma t&#233;cnica inovadora, de metodologia ativa, j&#225; descrita anteriormente e conhecer a autoavalia&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes quanto ao seu conhecimento antes e ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional quantitativo, do tipo antes e depois, dos resultados das avalia&#231;&#245;es dos internos em cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e an&#225;lise qualitativa da percep&#231;&#227;o dos internos sobre o antes e depois.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudantes do 9&#186; ao 12&#186; per&#237;odo de medicina do centro universit&#225;rio privado da cidade de Recife, PE, Brasil. Sele&#231;&#227;o e tamanho amostral por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Per&#237;odo do Estudo</title>
        <p>Mar&#231;o 2017 a maio 2022.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metodologia do Clube do ECG</title>
        <p>O rod&#237;zio de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica da institui&#231;&#227;o tem a dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas e &#233; realizado em 3 centros de m&#233;dio porte. Como parte do conte&#250;do te&#243;rico do rod&#237;zio est&#225; o Clube do ECG, que permeia as 12 semanas, com encontros semanais de 2 horas.O preceptor respons&#225;vel pela condu&#231;&#227;o do Clube de ECG &#233; o coordenador local do rod&#237;zio nas duas Institui&#231;&#245;es e ambos s&#227;o cardiologistas de forma&#231;&#227;o, seguindo a mesma metodologia de ensino do ECG.</p>
        <p>A metodologia utilizada para o ensino do ECG foi descrita em publica&#231;&#227;o da Revista da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Ensino M&#233;dico <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e consiste em 8 encontros assim distribu&#237;dos: 2 aulas expositivas dialogadas que apresentam o mnem&#244;nico REFASA ou RIFEMOS, como atualmente o chamamos. Inicialmente, o mnem&#244;nico era o REFASA, isto &#233;, Ritmo, Eixo, Frequ&#234;ncia, Altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas de P, Pri e QRS, S do ST e T. O &#250;ltimo A do mnem&#244;nico era para &#8220;Altera&#231;&#245;es outras&#8221; e inclu&#237;a a an&#225;lise de altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas outras, como onda Q. Atualmente usamos o RIFEMOS, pois invertemos a ordem de an&#225;lise do eixo para depois da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s percep&#231;&#227;o dos internos de que era mais importante ver a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para defini&#231;&#227;o das taquiarritmias supraventriculares. No RIFEMOS, o RI = ritmo, F = frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, E = eixo card&#237;aco, MO = an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica das ondas P, Pri e QRS, S = segmento ST e onda T. Ap&#243;s compreenderem o m&#233;todo, os internos foram divididos em 6 pequenos grupos e a cada semana, um grupo foi respons&#225;vel por apresentar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero de tra&#231;ados enviado na semana anterior para todo o grupo, usando o mnem&#244;nico. A preceptoria deu o contexto cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de cada tra&#231;ado e corrigiu poss&#237;veis entendimentos equivocados. Todos deveriam estar com os tra&#231;ados impressos em tamanho A4 e foram questionados a participarem ativamente das d&#250;vidas. Cada clube de ECG foi identificado como Clube 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 e correspondia a um tema espec&#237;fico, assim especificados: 1 = dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular; 2 = sobrecargas de c&#226;maras; 3 = dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular; 4 = altera&#231;&#245;es do ST-T; 5 = taquiarritmias supraventriculares regulares; 6 = taquiarritmias supraventriculares irregulares e taquicardia ventricular.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado o banco de dados com as notas dos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste dos internos de medicina de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica de duas das tr&#234;s institui&#231;&#245;es onde os internos realizam o seu treinamento de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica. O pr&#233;-teste foi constitu&#237;do de quest&#245;es de casos cl&#237;nicos de cardiologia de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia, cujo diagn&#243;stico do ECG &#233; a base para a conduta cl&#237;nica. Foi aplicado na segunda semana do rod&#237;zio e reaplicado como p&#243;s-teste na &#250;ltima semana. A nota obtida no p&#243;s-teste foi utilizada como parte da nota te&#243;rica do rod&#237;zio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metodologia da pesquisa</title>
        <p>Na etapa retrospectiva, foi realizada busca no banco de dados dos resultados do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste das turmas de 2017 a 2022, al&#233;m das informa&#231;&#245;es como idade, sexo e per&#237;odo em que cursou cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica.</p>
        <p>Na etapa prospectiva, foi enviado question&#225;rio qualitativo para todos os participantes com as seguintes perguntas:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Voc&#234; considera que o aprendizado do Clube de ECG foi: &#250;til, necess&#225;rio, desnecess&#225;rio para o rod&#237;zio e sua pr&#225;tica, in&#250;til para sua pr&#225;tica, atrapalhou seu aprendizado de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, contribuiu com seu aprendizado de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, desmistificou o seu aprendizado de ECG, contribuiu com suas cren&#231;as de que ECG &#233; dif&#237;cil, fez o ECG ser mais f&#225;cil e simples.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descreva com uma frase o que voc&#234; sentia antes do Clube ao receber um ECG nas m&#227;os.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descreva com uma frase o que voc&#234; sente hoje ao receber um ECG nas m&#227;os.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados quantitativos</title>
        <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram resumidos atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Os dados num&#233;ricos foram resumidos atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, por terem os dados distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (teste de Shapiro). Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-testes foi feita usando o teste T de Student para amostras pareadas. Em todos os testes foi adotado o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (valor de p) de 0,05 com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Stata 12.0 (Stata, College Station, Texas, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise qualitativa</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise qualitativa foi atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de conte&#250;do do discurso sobre a percep&#231;&#227;o do aprendizado do ECG.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise quantitativa foram inclu&#237;dos todos os alunos que rodaram a cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica no per&#237;odo do estudo, um total de 227 estudantes, dos quais 161 (70,9%) era do sexo feminino e a m&#233;dia de idade de 26,4 &#177; 4,2 anos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pesquisados.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;stica dos pesquisados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (m&#237;nimo &#8211; m&#225;ximo)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22 &#8211; 44 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; 24 anos</td>
                <td align="center">76 (33,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>De 25 a 29 anos</td>
                <td align="center">110 (48,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 anos e mais</td>
                <td align="center">41 (18,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Per&#237;odo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nono</td>
                <td align="center">51 (23,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cimo</td>
                <td align="center">60 (26,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cimo primeiro</td>
                <td align="center">70 (30,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cimo segundo</td>
                <td align="center">43 (18,9%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As notas do pr&#233;-teste foram em 84,5% (192) abaixo de 6,0 pontos, com m&#233;dia geral de 3,75 &#177; 2,0 pontos. As m&#233;dias do pr&#233;-teste n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas quanto ao sexo, idade ou per&#237;odo que cursava o interno ao participar do Clube de ECG.</p>
      <p>As notas dos p&#243;s-testes foram 68,5% (155) acima de 8,0 pontos e 84% (190) acima de 7,0 pontos. O incremento m&#233;dio &#224; nota do pr&#233;-teste foi de 4,73 pontos (IC 95% 4,46 &#8211; 4,99), n&#227;o havendo tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nos resultados quanto ao sexo, idade ou per&#237;odo que cursava o interno ao participar do Clube de ECG.</p>
      <p>A diferen&#231;a entre as notas do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-testes foi estatisticamente significativa, mesmo ap&#243;s estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo, idade e per&#237;odo do curso (p &lt; 0,001 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es). E o ganho m&#233;dio de nota no p&#243;s-teste foi semelhante para todos os participantes, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quando comparados por sexo, idade ou per&#237;odo cursado. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os resultados das compara&#231;&#245;es das notas do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste de todos os participantes e estratifica&#231;&#227;o por idade, sexo e per&#237;odo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das notas pr&#233; e p&#243;s teste ECG</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>Pr&#233;-teste (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                <th>P&#243;s-teste (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                <th>Ganho m&#233;dio de nota no p&#243;s-teste (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Geral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,75 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,48 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,73 (4,46 &#8211; 4,99)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">3,76 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,53 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,77 (4,45 &#8211; 5,09)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">3,73 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,37 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,63 (4,16 &#8211; 5,10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">0,865</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; 24 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3,68 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,55 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,87 (4,48 &#8211; 5,26)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>De 25 a 29 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3,80 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,58 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,79 (4,36 &#8211; 5,21)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30 anos e mais</td>
                <td align="center">3,75 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,07 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,32 (3,72 &#8211; 4,92)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">0,924</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Per&#237;odo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nono</td>
                <td align="center">3,53 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,45 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,91 (4,29 &#8211; 5,54)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cimo</td>
                <td align="center">3,73 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,33 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,59 (4,13 &#8211; 5,07)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cimo primeiro</td>
                <td align="center">3,77 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,56 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,79 (4,30 &#8211; 5,27)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cimo segundo</td>
                <td align="center">4,02 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,60 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,58 (3,98 &#8211; 5,19)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>p-valor</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,686</td>
                <td align="center">0,767</td>
                <td align="center">0,807</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dos 227 participantes, 69 (30,5%) responderam ao question&#225;rio da pesquisa qualitativa. A m&#233;dia de idade dos respondedores foi de 25,6 &#177; 3,5 anos e 49 (71%) era do sexo feminino. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as caracter&#237;sticas idade e sexo entre respondedores e a amostra total do estudo, bem como quanto &#224;s m&#233;dias do pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste (3,28 &#177; 1,8 e 8,45 &#177; 2,2, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>Na pergunta fechada &#8220; <italic>Voc&#234; considera que o aprendizado do Clube de ECG foi</italic> &#8221; 60 (86,9%) responderam que foi &#250;til, 55 (79,7%) que contribuiu com o aprendizado de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica, 61 (88,4%) que tornou o aprendizado do ECG mais f&#225;cil e simples e 64 (92,7%) que o m&#233;todo desmistificou o aprendizado do ECG.</p>
      <p>Na pergunta aberta <italic>&#8220;Descreva com uma frase o que voc&#234; sentia antes do clube ao receber um ECG nas m&#227;os&#8221;</italic> , os tr&#234;s sentimentos predominantes foram desespero, medo e inseguran&#231;a. J&#225; na segunda pergunta aberta <italic>&#8220;Descreva com uma frase o que voc&#234; sente hoje ao receber um ECG nas m&#227;os&#8221;</italic> , os sentimentos predominantes foram seguran&#231;a, tranquilidade e confian&#231;a. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> , as categorias extra&#237;das dos discursos dos internos nas quest&#245;es abertas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Categorias ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do discurso dos alunos sobre sua percep&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; aprendizagem do ECG antes e depois do Clube</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Antes do Clube</th>
                <th>Ap&#243;s o Clube</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Desespero</td>
                <td align="center">Confian&#231;a</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eu sentia p&#226;nico de n&#227;o saber interpretar</td>
                <td align="center">Mais tranquilidade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medo de errar</td>
                <td align="center">Ainda preciso aprender muito, mas me sinto confiante</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Afli&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Descobri que sei ver um ECG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nervosismo e falta de seguran&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Maior seguran&#231;a para interpreta&#231;&#227;o e racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico do paciente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desespero e tristeza</td>
                <td align="center">Entusiasmo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medo e preocupa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Eu perdi o medo do ECG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o entendia ECG</td>
                <td align="center">Mais seguro para diagnosticar as principais altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG em ambiente de UTI e emerg&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terror</td>
                <td align="center">Feliz em poder discutir sobre ECG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG &#233; dif&#237;cil</td>
                <td align="center">ECG &#233; f&#225;cil</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nunca vou aprender</td>
                <td align="center">Seguran&#231;a para ler o ECG e identificar altera&#231;&#245;es</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Incompet&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">Consigo interpretar com clareza o ECG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inseguran&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">Mais seguro</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Me sentia incapaz e perdida</td>
                <td align="center">Eu fico animada para interpretar, o desafio passou a ser muito bom!</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desespero e ang&#250;stia</td>
                <td align="center">Me sinto menos angustiado e que hoje estou conseguindo entender o que n&#227;o est&#225; certo no ECG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Me sentia incapaz e perdida</td>
                <td align="center">Mais seguran&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ficava nervoso, pois n&#227;o conseguia interpret&#225;-lo</td>
                <td align="center">Me sinto capaz de analisar e identificar altera&#231;&#245;es importantes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o me sentia preparado para ser m&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center">Al&#237;vio de poder laudar um ECG e assim salvar vidas!</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ECG: eletrocardiograma; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pesquisa mostrou um baixo conhecimento de ECG pelos estudantes, independentemente de ser o seu primeiro contato com o internato (estudantes do 9&#186; per&#237;odo) ou j&#225; estarem pr&#243;ximos &#224; formatura (12&#186; per&#237;odo), com m&#233;dia abaixo de 5,0 para ambos os grupos (3,53 versus 4,02 pontos). Este achado corrobora os achados de pesquisa realizada na UNIFESO em 2003 <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> com estudantes do 8&#186; per&#237;odo de medicina desta universidade, per&#237;odo que antecede a entrada no ciclo do internato m&#233;dico. Nenhum estudo brasileiro ou internacional avaliou estudantes no ciclo do internato quanto ao seu grau de conhecimento em ECG.</p>
      <p>O resultado de aprendizagem demonstrado pela metodologia RIFEMOS na m&#233;dia do p&#243;s-teste (8,48 &#177; 1,5 pontos), com incremento m&#233;dio significativo e independente da idade ou per&#237;odo do aluno, de 4,73 pontos (IC 95% 4,46 &#8211; 4,99) demonstra qu&#227;o importante &#233; considerar a inser&#231;&#227;o deste modelo de aprendizagem no internato, quando o aluno tem uma perspectiva cl&#237;nica-assistencial mais desenvolvida do que durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o. Nenhum estudo foi encontrado na literatura nacional ou internacional que tenha realizado compara&#231;&#227;o semelhante, em internos de medicina.</p>
      <p>Considerar os sentimentos dos alunos quanto ao exame e torn&#225;-los conscientes destes sentimentos, foi o primeiro passo para que a realidade deles fosse modificada por eles mesmos. Assim, foi poss&#237;vel faz&#234;-los acreditar e gostar de estudar ECG, tornando-se independentes para a aprendizagem permanente e por toda a vida. A modifica&#231;&#227;o de percep&#231;&#227;o dos alunos ap&#243;s o Clube de ECG foi evidente em todas as falas. A combina&#231;&#227;o de aprendizagem baseada em casos reais de ECG com problemas cl&#237;nicos comuns nas emerg&#234;ncias trouxe para a realidade do rod&#237;zio de cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e de sua pr&#225;tica futura como urgentistas a motiva&#231;&#227;o extr&#237;nseca para o aprendizado. O resultado do pr&#233;-teste ativou a motiva&#231;&#227;o interna de cada um. Este resultado &#233; semelhante ao encontrado por Zhao et al. no ensino da interpreta&#231;&#227;o e abordagem de doen&#231;as da tireoide, com estudantes do 4&#186; ano e residentes de cl&#237;nica na China. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Segundo os autores, este modelo de aprendizagem aumenta a motiva&#231;&#227;o para aprender, compreens&#227;o, intera&#231;&#227;o aluno-professor, resultados no exame final, habilidades de comunica&#231;&#227;o, habilidades de pensamento cl&#237;nico, habilidades de autoaprendizagem, habilidades de trabalho em equipe e absor&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento. Habilidades estas extremamente necess&#225;rias para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica, notadamente na emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>O paradigma quanto &#224; aprendizagem do ECG vem de longa data e permeia a forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de muitos dos atuais docentes e cardiologistas das escolas m&#233;dicas. Entretanto, se faz necess&#225;ria a desmistifica&#231;&#227;o da aprendizagem deste m&#233;todo t&#227;o valioso e t&#227;o simples, de baixo custo e amplamente dispon&#237;vel nas emerg&#234;ncias. Portanto, &#233; urgente a revis&#227;o das escolas m&#233;dicas quanto &#224; metodologia aplicada no ensino na gradua&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo no internato.</p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo s&#227;o: a natureza observacional e retrospectiva do estudo quantitativo, a menor amostra para a an&#225;lise qualitativa e o fato de ter sido o estudo realizado em um &#250;nico centro universit&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Mais estudos na &#225;rea do ensino do ECG devem ser incentivados pelas sociedades acad&#234;micas e m&#233;dicas, visando ampliar o conhecimento dos egressos dos cursos m&#233;dicos neste exame t&#227;o essencial nas urg&#234;ncias e emerg&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta pesquisa demonstrou baixo n&#237;vel de aprendizado do ECG entre os egressos do internato m&#233;dico e a efic&#225;cia da metodologia proposta quanto ao aprendizado da interpreta&#231;&#227;o do ECG, independente da idade, sexo ou per&#237;odo do curso. E que &#233; poss&#237;vel, em pouco tempo, com metodologia simples, modificar as cren&#231;as dos alunos quanto ao ECG e converter isto em aprendizagem s&#243;lida, contextualizada e &#250;til para a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>8. Zhao W, He L, Deng W, Zhu J, Su A, Zhang Y. The Effectiveness of the Combined Problem-based Learning (PBL) and Case-based Learning (CBL) Teaching Method in the Clinical Practical Teaching of Thyroid Disease. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):381. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02306-y.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Effectiveness of the Combined Problem-based Learning (PBL) and Case-based Learning (CBL) Teaching Method in the Clinical Practical Teaching of Thyroid Disease</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Educ</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">381</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12909-020-02306-y</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effectiveness of an Active Methodology for Learning ECG during the Internal Medicine Internship</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3118-7720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Cristina Am&#233;lia da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assun&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elisa Lucena Sales de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio Maur&#237;cio de Nassau (Uninassau) - Curso de Medicina, Unidade Boa Viagem, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro M&#233;dico-Hospitalar da Pol&#237;cia Militar de Pernambuco - Coordena&#231;&#227;o do Internato M&#233;dico, Uninassau - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Areias/Secretaria Estadual de Sa&#250;de-PE, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: M&#225;rcia Cristina Am&#233;lia da Silva &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; Bonif&#225;cio, 125, apto 1901. Postal Code 50610-000, Madalena, Recife, PE - Brazil E-mail: marciacristinasilva5@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Studies have shown a low accuracy of urgent care physicians in interpreting electrocardiogram (ECG) in severe cardiovascular conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of an ECG learning method in internal medicine internships and to know the perception of interns regarding learning before and after the methodology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study used a database with the results of an ECG pre- and post-test of the classes in the internal medicine internship from 2017 to 2022. A qualitative questionnaire was sent with questions for self-assessment of perception of learning.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The study included a total of 227 students, 161 of whom (70.9%) were female. The mean age was 26.4 &#177; 4.2 years old. The pre-test mean was 3.75 &#177; 2.0 points, and the post-test mean was 8.48 &#177; 1.5 points, showing a statistically significant difference, even after stratification by sex, age, and course period (p &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons). Sixty-nine (30%) of the students responded to the qualitative questionnaire. The three predominant feelings prior to learning were despair, fear, and insecurity. After the Club, the predominant feelings were security, tranquility, and confidence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The level of prior knowledge regarding ECG was low among students in the medical internship, and the proposed methodology was effective for learning ECG, regardless of age, sex, or course period. It was possible to transform negative beliefs regarding ECG learning and make learning meaningful and enjoyable. A more incisive look at medical courses for learning the ECG in a more practical and contextualized way can improve this scenario.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Problem-Based Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Education, Medical</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular urgencies and emergencies correspond to up to 10% of consultations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and they are the second most common reason for adults seeking emergency clinics in the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Therefore, the importance of knowledge of electrocardiography in clinical urgencies is unquestionable. Studies have shown a low accuracy of emergency physicians in interpreting electrocardiograms (ECG) of serious diseases, such as infarction, ventricular arrhythmias, and advanced atrioventricular blocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Many students who graduate from medical school report that they are insecure in caring for cardiac patients with the content learned during their course of studies. However, there is a lack of studies that evaluate the effectiveness of methodologies for teaching ECG at this stage of medical training, the practical cycle of internship, which precedes their training as doctors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of an ECG teaching method in the internal medicine internship for students from the ninth to the twelfth period, in a private university center, using an innovative technique, with active methodology, which has previously been described, and to know the self-assessment of students regarding their knowledge before and after the application of the technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study type</title>
          <p>This was a before-and-after quantitative observational study of the results of interns&#8217; evaluations in internal medicine, with qualitative analysis of the interns&#8217; perceptions before and after.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The study included students from the ninth to the twelfth period of medicine at a private university center in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, with sample size and selection by convenience.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study period</title>
          <p>March 2017 to May 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methodology of the ECG Club</title>
          <p>The institution&#8217;s internal medicine rotation lasts for 12 weeks, and it takes place in 3 medium-sized centers. The ECG Club is part of the theoretical content of the rotation, and it occurs throughout the 12 weeks, with weekly 2-hour meetings. The preceptor responsible for guiding the ECG Club is the local coordinator of the rotation, cardiologists, and the same methodology is followed.</p>
          <p>The methodology used for teaching ECG has been described in a publication in the <italic>Revista da Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Ensino M&#233;dico</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and it consists of 8 meetings distributed in the following manner: 2 lecture classes with dialogue that introduce the Portuguese mnemonic devices, REFASA or RIFEMOS, as we currently call it. Initially, the mnemonic was REFASA, which stood for rhythm, axis, heart rate, morphological changes of P, Pri and QRS, S, ST, and T. The last A of the mnemonic stood for &#8220;other changes&#8221; including analysis of other pathological changes, such as the Q wave. We currently use RIFEMOS, as we reversed the order of analysis with axis after heart rate, following the interns&#8217; perception that it was more important to see the heart rate for definition of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. In RIFEMOS, RI = rhythm, F = heart rate, E = cardiac axis, MO = morphological analysis of P, Pri, and QRS waves, S = ST segment and T wave. After understanding the method, the interns were divided into 6 small groups, and each week, 1 group was responsible for presenting the interpretation of a number of tracings sent during the previous week to the entire group, using the mnemonic. The preceptor provided the clinical context after the presentation of each tracing and corrected possible misunderstandings. All students were expected to have their tracings printed in A4 size, and they were encouraged to actively participate regarding their doubts. Each ECG Club meeting was identified as Club 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, corresponding to a specific theme, as follows: 1 = intraventricular conduction disorders; 2 = chamber overloads; 3 = atrioventricular conduction disorders; 4 = ST-T changes; 5 = regular supraventricular tachyarrhythmias; 6 = irregular supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and ventricular tachycardia.</p>
          <p>The study used the database with pre- and post-test scores of internal medicine interns from 2 of the 3 institutions where interns perform their internal medicine training. The pre-test consisted of questions from clinical cases of urgent and emergency cardiology, where ECG diagnosis is the basis for clinical management. It was applied in the second week of the rotation and reapplied as a post-test in the final week. The score obtained on the post-test was included as part of the theoretical grade for the rotation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Research methodology</title>
          <p>During the retrospective stage, a search was carried out in the database of the results of the pre- and post-tests of the classes from 2017 to 2022, in addition to information such as age, sex, and period when they were enrolled in internal medicine.</p>
          <p>During the prospective stage, a qualitative questionnaire was sent to all participants, with the following questions:</p>
          <p>Do you consider that the learning experience in the ECG Club: was useful, was necessary, was unnecessary for rotation and your practice, was useless for your practice, interfered with your learning of internal medicine, contributed to your learning of clinical medicine, demystified your learning of ECG, contributed to your belief that ECG is difficult, made ECG easier and simpler?</p>
          <p>In a single sentence, describe how you felt before the Club when receiving an ECG in your hands.</p>
          <p>In a single sentence, describe how you feel today when receiving an ECG in your hands.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis of quantitative data</title>
          <p>Categorical data were summarized using absolute and relative frequencies. Numerical data were summarized using mean and standard deviation, as the data had a normal distribution (Shapiro test). Comparison between pre- and post-test means was performed using Student&#8217;s T test for paired samples. In all tests, a significance level (p value) of 0.05 and 95% confidence interval (CI) were adopted. Data were analyzed using the Stata 12.0 program (Stata, College Station, Texas, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualitative analysis</title>
          <p>Qualitative analysis was performed using the technique of speech content analysis regarding the perception of ECG learning.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The quantitative analysis included all students who completed the internal medicine rotation during the study period, a total of 227 students, 161 of whom (70.9%) were female. The mean age was 26.4 &#177; 4.2 years old. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> exhibits the general characteristics of the research participants.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the study participants</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Number (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (minimum to maximum)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22 to 44 years</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age range</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24 years and younger</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (33.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>From 25 to 29 years</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (48.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 years and older</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (18.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Period</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ninth</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (23.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tenth</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (26.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eleventh</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (30.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Twelfth</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (18.9%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding pre-test scores, 84.5% (192) were below 6.0 points, with an overall average of 3.75 &#177; 2.0 points. The pre-test averages did not show statistically significant differences regarding sex, age, or period enrolled in the internship when participating in the ECG Club.</p>
        <p>Regarding post-test scores, 68.5% (155) were above 8.0 points, and 84% (190) were above 7.0 points. The average increment from the pre-test score was 4.73 points (95% CI 4.46 &#8211; 4.99), and there were no statistically significant differences in the results regarding sex, age, or period enrolled in the internship when participating in the ECG Club.</p>
        <p>The difference between pre- and post-test scores was statistically significant, even after stratification by sex, age, and course period (p &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons). The average post-test score gain was similar for all participants, with no statistically significant differences when comparing by sex, age, or course period. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> exhibits the results of the comparisons of pre- and post-test scores for all participants and stratification by age, sex, and course period.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of ECG pre- and post-test scores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>Pre-test (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                  <th>Post-test (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                  <th>Mean score gain on the post-test (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>General</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.75 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.48 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.73 (4.46 &#8211; 4.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">3.76 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.53 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.77 (4.45 &#8211; 5.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">3.73 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.37 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.63 (4.16 &#8211; 5.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p value</td>
                  <td align="center">0.865</td>
                  <td align="center">0.479</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age range</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24 years and younger</td>
                  <td align="center">3.68 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.55 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.87 (4.48 &#8211; 5.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>From 25 to 29 years</td>
                  <td align="center">3.80 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">8.58 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.79 (4.36 &#8211; 5.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30 years and older</td>
                  <td align="center">3.75 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">8.07 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.32 (3.72 &#8211; 4.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p value</td>
                  <td align="center">0.924</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                  <td align="center">0.346</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Period</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ninth</td>
                  <td align="center">3.53 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">8.45 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.91 (4.29 &#8211; 5.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tenth</td>
                  <td align="center">3.73 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">8.33 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.59 (4.13 &#8211; 5.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eleventh</td>
                  <td align="center">3.77 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.56 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.79 (4.30 &#8211; 5.27)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Twelfth</td>
                  <td align="center">4.02 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">8.60 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.58 (3.98 &#8211; 5.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.686</td>
                  <td align="center">0.767</td>
                  <td align="center">0.807</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CI: confidence interval; SD: standard deviation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Of the 227 participants, 69 (30.5%) responded to the qualitative research questionnaire. The mean age of respondents was 25.6 &#177; 3.5 years, and 49 (71%) were female. There were no statistically significant differences for the characteristics of age and sex between respondents and the total study sample, or between the pre- and post-test means (3.28 &#177; 1.8 and 8.45 &#177; 2.2, respectively).</p>
        <p>To the closed question (&#8220; <italic>Do you consider that the learning experience in the ECG Club</italic> &#8221;), 60 (86.9%) answered that it was useful, 55 (79.7%) that it contributed to the learning of internal medicine, 61 (88.4%) that it made learning ECG easier and simpler, and 64 (92.7%) that the method demystified ECG learning.</p>
        <p>For the open-ended question, &#8220; <italic>In a single sentence, describe how you felt before the Club when receiving an ECG in your hands</italic> &#8221;, the 3 predominant feelings were despair, fear, and insecurity. For the second open-ended question, &#8220; <italic>In a single sentence, describe how you feel today when receiving an ECG in your hands</italic> &#8221;, the predominant feelings were security, tranquility, and confidence. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> exhibits the categories extracted from the speeches of the interns in the open-ended questions.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Categories after analysis of students&#8217; speech about their perception of learning ECG before and after the Club</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Before the Club</th>
                  <th>After the Club</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Despair</td>
                  <td align="center">Confidence</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I felt panic about not knowing how to interpret it</td>
                  <td align="center">More tranquility</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fear of making a mistake</td>
                  <td align="center">I still have a lot to learn, but I feel confident</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Affliction</td>
                  <td align="center">I discovered that I know how to look at an ECG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nervousness and insecurity</td>
                  <td align="center">More security for interpretation and clinical reasoning for patients</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Despair and sadness</td>
                  <td align="center">Enthusiasm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fear and worry</td>
                  <td align="center">I overcame the fear of ECG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I didn&#8217;t understand ECG</td>
                  <td align="center">Greater security to diagnose the main ECG changes in the intensive care unit and emergency environment</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terror</td>
                  <td align="center">Happy to be able to discuss ECG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG is difficult</td>
                  <td align="center">ECG is easy</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I&#8217;m never going to learn</td>
                  <td align="center">Security to read ECG and identify changes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incompetence</td>
                  <td align="center">I can interpret ECG clearly</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insecurity</td>
                  <td align="center">More security</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I felt unable and lost</td>
                  <td align="center">I am excited to interpret. The challenge has become very good!</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Despair and anguish</td>
                  <td align="center">I feel less distressed and today I am able to understand what is not right on the ECG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I felt unable and lost</td>
                  <td align="center">More security in diagnosis and treatment</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I felt nervous because I couldn&#8217;t interpret it</td>
                  <td align="center">I feel able to analyze and identify important changes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I didn&#8217;t feel prepared to be a doctor</td>
                  <td align="center">Relief to be able to read an ECG and save lives!</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: electrocardiogram.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This research has shown a low level of knowledge of ECG by students, regardless of whether it was their first contact with the internship (students in the ninth period) or they were already close to graduating (twelfth period), with an average score below 5.0 for both groups (3.53 versus 4.02 points). This finding corroborates the findings of a study carried out in 2003 at UNIFESO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with students in the eighth period of medicine at the university, where this period precedes entry into the medical internship cycle. No Brazilian or international study has evaluated students in the internship cycle regarding their level of knowledge about ECG.</p>
        <p>The learning result demonstrated by the RIFEMOS methodology in the post-test average (8.48 &#177; 1.5 points), with a significant average increase, regardless of students&#8217; age or period, of 4.73 points (95% CI 4.46 to 4.99) demonstrates how important it is to consider the inclusion of this learning model in the internship, when students have a more developed clinical-care perspective than during undergraduate studies. No study was found in the Brazilian or international literature that performed a similar comparison in medical interns.</p>
        <p>Considering the students&#8217; feelings about the exam and making them aware of these feelings was the first step to making it possible for them to modify their own reality. Thus, it was possible to help them feel confident and enjoy studying ECG, promoting independence for permanent, lifelong learning. The change in students&#8217; perception after the ECG Club was evident in all speeches. The combination of learning based on real ECG cases with clinical problems common in emergencies brought the extrinsic motivation for learning to the reality of the internal medicine rotation and of their future practice as urgent care workers. The result of the pre-test activated each student&#8217;s internal motivation. This result is similar to that found by Zhao et al. in teaching the interpretation and approach of thyroid diseases, with fourth year students and clinical residents in China.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> According to the authors, this learning model increases motivation to learn, understanding, student-professor interaction, final exam results, communication skills, clinical thinking skills, self-learning skills, teamwork skills, and knowledge absorption. These skills are extremely necessary for medical practice, especially in clinical emergencies.</p>
        <p>The paradigm regarding ECG learning has existed for a long time, and it permeates the medical training of many of the current professors and cardiologists in medical schools. However, it is necessary to demystify the learning of this highly valuable, simple, and low-cost method, which is widely available in emergencies. Therefore, it is urgent to review medical schools regarding the methodology applied in teaching during undergraduate studies or even internships.</p>
        <p>The study limitations include the observational and retrospective nature of the quantitative study, the smaller sample size for the qualitative analysis, and the fact that the study was carried out in a single university center.</p>
        <p>More studies in the area of ECG teaching should be encouraged by academic and medical societies, with the aim of expanding the knowledge of students graduating from medical courses on this exam, which is highly essential in medical urgencies and emergencies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study found a low level of ECG learning among students in the medical internship, and it demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology regarding learning to interpret ECG, regardless of age, sex, or course period. It is possible, in a short time, with a simple methodology, to modify students&#8217; beliefs about ECG and convert them into learning that is solid, contextualized, and useful for medical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
