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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zYY7NQ3RypKKxsK9SrJQpdn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001200014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220419</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220419</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ensino do Racioc&#237;nio Cl&#237;nico Orientado pela Teoria dos Scripts de Doen&#231;as</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2416-8380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de C&#225;ssia Vaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados,An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6466-1287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Eug&#234;nio Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2684-0142</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano , Campus Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Alfenas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano &#8211; Alfenas, Alfenas , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliana de C&#225;ssia Vaz Oliveira &#8226; Rua S&#227;o Miguel, 97. CEP 31710-350, Itapo&#227;, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jucvazo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O ensino do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico (RC) pode ser facilitado por estrat&#233;gias educacionais orientadas pela teoria dos <italic>scripts</italic> de doen&#231;as (SD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar o efeito de uma estrat&#233;gia educacional guiada pela teoria dos SD na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica (AD) da dor tor&#225;cica (DT) em estudantes de medicina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo experimental em 3 fases, com 18 estudantes do 3&#186; ano concluindo a fase 3, visto que as fases 1 e 2 tiveram 27 alunos. Na fase 1, cada participante resolveu 8 casos cl&#237;nicos (6 de DT e 2 distratores). Na fase 2,os participantes foram divididos em 2 grupos, que treinaram distintamente 3 dos diagn&#243;sticos de DT da fase 1.Na fase 3, ap&#243;s uma semana, cada participante resolveu 8 novos casos, com os mesmos diagn&#243;sticos da fase 1.O tempo de resolu&#231;&#227;o dos casos (TRC) e a AD foram avaliados. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Na fase 3, foram observadas melhora da AD e redu&#231;&#227;o do TRC para os diagn&#243;sticos treinados em ambos os grupos, n&#227;o ocorrendo transfer&#234;ncia de aprendizagem. Para esses diagn&#243;sticos, os escores de AD nas fases 1 e 3 foram: grupo 1 = 1,00, IIQ [0,00-1,00] <italic>versus</italic> 2,00, IIQ [2,00-2,50]; p = 0,017 e grupo 2 = 1,00, IIQ [0,66-1,17] <italic>versus</italic> 3,00, IIQ [1,33-3,00]; p = 0,006. O TRC em segundos foram: Grupo 1: 485, IIQ [450-583] versus 318, IIQ [284-418]; p = 0,027 e grupo 2: 655, IIQ [543-740] <italic>versus</italic> 408, IIQ [337-569]; p = 0,010.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A estrat&#233;gia parece contribuir para melhora da AD e pode ser considerada para o ensino do RC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Resolu&#231;&#227;o de Problemas</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomada de Decis&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes de Medicina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico (RC) &#233; um dos elementos determinantes da compet&#234;ncia profissional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel controlar a variabilidade de casos cl&#237;nicos que os alunos defrontar&#227;o e os m&#233;todos de ensino do RC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Acredita-se que os estudantes deveriam aprender a distinguir mais de 700 tipos de doen&#231;as. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O RC depende do n&#237;vel de conhecimentos espec&#237;ficos organizados como <italic>scripts</italic> de doen&#231;as (SD) na mem&#243;ria de longo prazo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os SD constituem um sistema de conceitos que organizam os conhecimentos em rela&#231;&#227;o a um diagn&#243;stico. Frente a um caso cl&#237;nico, os SD s&#227;o ativados procurando-se relacion&#225;-los ao caso atual. Para diagn&#243;sticos rotineiros, o processo ocorre automaticamente, com boa acur&#225;cia e pouco esfor&#231;o cognitivo. Frente a doen&#231;as incomuns, haver&#225; maior esfor&#231;o mental, pois as informa&#231;&#245;es ser&#227;o avaliadas individualmente. A expertise diagn&#243;stica se relaciona &#224; variabilidade e qualidade dos SD adquiridos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o dos SD ocorre em est&#225;gios. Inicialmente os estudantes aprendem os conhecimentos espec&#237;ficos das doen&#231;as. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ao iniciarem as atividades assistenciais, passam a relacionar as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ao conhecimento biom&#233;dico, que com a pr&#225;tica ser&#225; &#8220;encapsulado&#8221; em padr&#245;es organizados como SD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias para o desenvolvimento dos SD v&#234;m sendo estudadas como: a reflex&#227;o estruturada (RE), a autoexplica&#231;&#227;o, os <italic>scripts</italic> de concord&#226;ncia, estudo de casos exemplos, dentre outras. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos sobre a efic&#225;cia destas interven&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o limitados e ainda n&#227;o h&#225; uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o para o ensino do RC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma vez que estrat&#233;gias guiadas pela teoria dos SD contribuem para o desenvolvimento do RC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> este estudo avaliou uma metodologia que procurou mimetizar os est&#225;gios do desenvolvimento dos SD. Foi testado ainda se o treinamento para doen&#231;as que comungam apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas melhoraria a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica (AD) para doen&#231;as n&#227;o treinadas com a mesma manifesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo experimental com 3 fases ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Foram convidados alunos do 5&#186; per&#237;odo de Medicina da UNIFENAS-BH (80 alunos), no 2&#176; semestre de 2017, ao final do bloco de Pediatria, antes de iniciarem os blocos de Cardiologia, Pneumologia e Gastroenterologia. Estes estudantes foram escolhidos por ainda n&#227;o terem sido expostos aos conhecimentos das doen&#231;as que fariam parte do estudo. Foram inclu&#237;dos os que assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), participaram em todas as fases do estudo e que n&#227;o haviam cursado o 5&#186; per&#237;odo. Foi assegurado-lhes o sigilo das informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desenho do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores. Nota: TCLE: Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; RGE: refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico; PER: pericardite; HZ: herpes-z&#243;ster; TEP: embolia pulmonar; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; DA: dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0014-20419-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Metodologia instrucional</title>
        <p>Com o objetivo de reproduzir os est&#225;gios de desenvolvimento dos SD, postulou-se que os estudantes deveriam inicialmente entrar em contato com os conhecimentos espec&#237;ficos das doen&#231;as que fariam parte do estudo: epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e proped&#234;utica. Posteriormente, atrav&#233;s da RE, contrastariam suas caracter&#237;sticas discriminat&#243;rias, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A seguir, praticariam exerc&#237;cios de identifica&#231;&#227;o, associa&#231;&#227;o e categoriza&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as. Por fim, organizariam os conceitos estudados em mapas mentais (MM). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Instrumentos</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados 2 conjuntos de 8 casos cl&#237;nicos, um para fase 1 e outro para a fase 3. Os casos foram apresentados em brochuras em sequ&#234;ncia vari&#225;vel para evitar o v&#237;cio de apresenta&#231;&#227;o. O material continha instru&#231;&#245;es e um caso exemplo. Os casos abordavam 6 diagn&#243;sticos de dor tor&#225;cica (DT) e continham aproximadamente 250 palavras informando a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico e proped&#234;utica para as seguintes doen&#231;as: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (DA), refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico (RGE), pericardite (PER), herpes-z&#243;ster (HZ) e embolia pulmonar (TEP). Os casos foram elaborados a partir de casos reais e validados por 3 especialistas. Foram inseridos 2 diagn&#243;sticos que n&#227;o fizeram parte do estudo para reduzir o efeito de repeti&#231;&#227;o da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (pielonefrite e meningite na fase 1; sinusite e s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica na fase 3).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Autoavalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos participantes</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s assinar o TCLE e responder ao question&#225;rio sociodemogr&#225;fico, os participantes realizaram a autoavalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as do estudo atrav&#233;s de uma escala de 5 pontos, na qual 1 = nunca estudei ou vi pacientes com esta doen&#231;a e 5 = estudei ou vi frequentemente pacientes com esta doen&#231;a. Nesse instrumento, as doen&#231;as do estudo estavam listadas em meio a outras, para evitar associa&#231;&#227;o aos diagn&#243;sticos que seriam utilizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fase 1 (avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial)</title>
          <p>Nesta fase, ap&#243;s leitura de cada caso, os alunos forneceram 1 diagn&#243;stico principal e 2 diferenciais de forma livre. Antes de iniciar a resolu&#231;&#227;o de cada caso, foram instru&#237;dos a anotar os n&#250;meros que constavam em um cron&#244;metro projetado &#224; frente na sala e, ao t&#233;rmino anotar novamente os n&#250;meros do cron&#244;metro. Assim, foram aferidos os tempos de resolu&#231;&#227;o dos casos (TRC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fase 2 (treinamento)</title>
          <p>Os alunos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2), selecionando-se sucessivamente o primeiro e &#250;ltimo aluno da lista de presen&#231;a. Os grupos foram alocados em salas separadas, onde o G1 treinou os diagn&#243;sticos de PER, TEP e HZ, e o G2 de IM, DA e RGE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo individual (dura&#231;&#227;o: 60 minutos)</title>
          <p>Inicialmente os alunos foram expostos aos componentes dos SD dos diagn&#243;sticos que seriam treinados (epidemiologia, fisiopatologia, manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais), atrav&#233;s do estudo individual de uma apostila confeccionada pelos pesquisadores a partir de um livro de medicina interna. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reflex&#227;o estruturada (dura&#231;&#227;o: 60 minutos)</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o estudo individual, os alunos compararam as doen&#231;as estudadas atrav&#233;s da RE. Para isto, receberam um quadro onde deveriam identificar os fatores discriminat&#243;rios destas doen&#231;as, utilizando as informa&#231;&#245;es da apostila que podia ser consultada. Os alunos foram instru&#237;dos a preencher o quadro no sentido horizontal favorecendo a compara&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4">
              <label>Quadro 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exerc&#237;cio de Reflex&#227;o Estruturada</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Fatores definidores e Discriminat&#243;rios</th>
                    <th>Doen&#231;a 1</th>
                    <th>Doen&#231;a 2</th>
                    <th>Doen&#231;a 3</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Epidemiologia</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exame f&#237;sico</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fisiopatologia</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exames complementares</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exerc&#237;cios de identifica&#231;&#227;o e associa&#231;&#227;o (dura&#231;&#227;o: 60 minutos)</title>
          <p>Posteriormente, os estudantes receberam um material que apresentava aleatoriamente os elementos dos SD dos diagn&#243;sticos estudados. Foram orientados a sinalizar em um espa&#231;o reservado a qual(ais) diagn&#243;stico(s) cada dado se relacionava. Propositalmente, foram inseridos dados que n&#227;o pertenciam &#224;s doen&#231;as estudadas ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Quadro 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5">
              <label>Quadro 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Exerc&#237;cios de identifica&#231;&#227;o e associa&#231;&#227;o referente &#224; epidemiologia para as doen&#231;as: tromboembolismo, herpes-z&#243;ster e pericardite</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Comum no paciente internado</td>
                    <td align="left">[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td align="left"> </td>
                    <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica</td>
                    <td align="left">[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o com envelhecimento</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Exposi&#231;&#227;o ao sol</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Doen&#231;a benigna</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Comum ap&#243;s cirurgia ortop&#233;dica</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Contato com &#225;guas de rio</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>AIDS</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Causa de grande morbidade</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sofrimento por dor</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Anticoncepcional</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Doen&#231;a autolimitada</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Viagens prolongadas</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Causa de morte na interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>N&#227;o &#233; comum a recorr&#234;ncia</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Comum em adultos jovens</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Obesidade</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Pode ocorrer por doen&#231;a n&#227;o viral</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unha encravada</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Complica pacientes com c&#226;ncer</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Comum em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o com infec&#231;&#227;o viral</td>
                    <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores. Nota: Os estudantes foram orientados a escrever &#224; frente de cada dado, a(s) letra(s) correspondente(s) &#224; doen&#231;a com as quais se relacionam. Neste caso: T: tromboembolismo; H: herpes-z&#243;ster; P: pericardite.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mapas Mentais (dura&#231;&#227;o: 60 minutos)</title>
          <p>Nesta fase os estudantes constru&#237;ram os MM das doen&#231;as treinadas. No centro do mapa foi colocado o diagn&#243;stico, e partindo deste, foram desenvolvidos ramos correspondentes aos elementos dos SD. Em cada ramo, havia uma &#225;rea onde os alunos deveriam descrever as caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao diagn&#243;stico ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Mapa mental para o diagn&#243;stico do tromboembolismo pulmonar.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Fonte: Elaborada pelos autores.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0014-20419-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o na resolu&#231;&#227;o de casos cl&#237;nicos (dura&#231;&#227;o: 60 minutos)</title>
          <p>Por fim, os estudantes revisaram as vinhetas da fase 1, fornecendo novamente os diagn&#243;sticos principais e diferenciais. Os materiais de estudo podiam ser consultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fase 3 (avalia&#231;&#227;o tardia)</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 1 semana os participantes resolveram 8 novos casos, com os diagn&#243;sticos da fase 1 e 2 novos distratores. Ap&#243;s a leitura de cada vinheta forneceram 1 diagn&#243;stico principal e 2 diferenciais. O TRC foi aferido pelo mesmo procedimento da fase 1.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UNIFENAS, com parecer n&#250;mero: 1.877.200 (CAAE: 60865316.8.0000.5143).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontua&#231;&#227;o das respostas</title>
        <p>Para mensurar a AD, os diagn&#243;sticos principais fornecidos nas fases 1 e 3 foram listados e pontuados independentemente por 3 cl&#237;nicos. Foi utilizado um sistema de 3 pontos no qual: 1 ponto foi atribu&#237;do se o diagn&#243;stico estivesse correto; 0,5 se o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o fosse citado, mas um constituinte fosse mencionado (ex. isquemia em um caso de IM) e 0 para o diagn&#243;stico errado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para cada participante, a m&#233;dia das pontua&#231;&#245;es em cada diagn&#243;stico foi computada obtendo-se 2 vari&#225;veis: a AD nas fases 1 e 3. Como os grupos trabalharam diagn&#243;sticos diferentes, procedeu-se a an&#225;lise por blocos de doen&#231;as: bloco 1 (HZ, TEP, PER); bloco 2 (IM, RGE, DA); bloco 3 (HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em n&#250;meros e percentuais. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados, utilizou-se o Teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Uma vez que a normalidade dos dados n&#227;o foi confirmada, os testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes e de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas foram utilizados. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos participantes quanto &#224; idade e &#224; autoavalia&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento pr&#233;vio foi realizada pelo teste de Mann-Whitney; quanto ao sexo, pelo teste exato de Fisher. Para avaliar o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o em cada grupo foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. A efic&#225;cia da estrat&#233;gia proposta nas pontua&#231;&#245;es entre as fases foi avaliada pelo teste de Wilcoxon. Os resultados foram considerados significativos para uma probabilidade de signific&#226;ncia &lt; 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, 27 alunos foram volunt&#225;rios no estudo. Na fase 2, 13 alunos foram alocados no G1 e 14 no G2. Para a fase 3, retornaram 18 alunos, que constitu&#237;ram o grupo considerado para an&#225;lise dos dados, 7 do G1 e 11 do G2. A mediana da idade em anos era semelhante entre os grupos: G1 = 21, IIQ [20-26] <italic>versus</italic> G2 = 21, IIQ [20-60]; p = 0,96. O G1 incluiu 5 mulheres (71,4%) e o G2, 6 (60%); p = 1,00. As medianas da autoavalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento pr&#233;vio n&#227;o diferiram entre grupos: G1 = 2,67, IIQ [1,83-3,00] e G2 = 3,00, IIQ [2,50-3,67]; p = 0,24.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica na fase 1</title>
          <p>N&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a entre as medianas das pontua&#231;&#245;es obtidas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a cada um dos blocos de doen&#231;as na fase 1 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise comparativa da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica entre os grupos 1 e 2, por fase e bloco de doen&#231;as</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blocos de doen&#231;as e fase</th>
                    <th>Grupo 1 (n=7)</th>
                    <th>Grupo 2 (n=11)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Fase 1</th>
                    <th>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</th>
                    <th>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 1</bold> HZ, TEP, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,00-1,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,00-1,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,961</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 2</bold> IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,33-1,83]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,66-1,17]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,747</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 3</bold> HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,83 [1,00-2,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,66 [1,00-3,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,819</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Fase 3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 1</bold> HZ, TEP, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">2,00 [2,00-2,50]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,00-1,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 2</bold> IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [1,00-2,83]</td>
                    <td align="center">3,00 [1,33-3,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 3</bold> HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">3,00 [2,00-4,83]</td>
                    <td align="center">4,00 [1,33-4,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,791</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Fonte: dados do estudo. Nota: Base de dados: 18 alunos; p: teste de Mann-Whitney; Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas: mediana [intervalo interquartil]; n: n&#250;mero de alunos; HZ: herpes-z&#243;ster; TEP: embolia pulmonar; PER: pericardite; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; RGE: refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico; DA: disseca&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica; varia&#231;&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o: bloco 1 e 2 (0 a 3); bloco 3 (0 a 6).</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica na fase 3</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra que foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre grupos quanto &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o da AD obtida na fase 3. O G1, que treinou as doen&#231;as do bloco 1, obteve pontua&#231;&#227;o maior para estes casos na fase 3, comparado ao G2. O inverso ocorreu no G2 que treinou as doen&#231;as do bloco 2. No bloco 3 n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre grupos.</p>
          <p>Analisada a AD entre as fases 1 e 3 por grupo e bloco de doen&#231;as ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ), observa-se no G1 que a mediana para os diagn&#243;sticos do bloco 1 &#233; maior na fase 3, sem diferen&#231;a para o bloco 2. No G2, a mediana para os diagn&#243;sticos do bloco 2 &#233; maior na fase 3, sem diferen&#231;a para o bloco 1.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise comparativa da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica entre as fases 1 e 3, por grupo e bloco de doen&#231;as</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blocos de doen&#231;as por Grupo</th>
                    <th>Fase 1</th>
                    <th>Fase 3</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Fase 1</th>
                    <th>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</th>
                    <th>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Grupo 1 (n=7)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 1</bold> HZ, TEP, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,00-1,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">2,00 [2,00-2,50]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 2</bold> IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,33-1,83]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [1,00-2,83]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,450</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 3</bold> HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,83 [1,00-2,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">3,00 [2,00-4,83]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Grupo 2 (n=11)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 1</bold> HZ, TEP, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,00-1,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,00-1,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,854</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 2</bold> IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,00 [0,66-1,17]</td>
                    <td align="center">3,00 [1,33-3,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 3</bold> HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1,66 [1,00-3,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">4,00 [1,33-4,00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Fonte: dados do estudo. Base de dados: 18 alunos; p: teste de Wilcoxon; vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas: mediana [intervalo interquartil]; n: n&#250;mero de alunos; HZ: herpes-z&#243;ster; TEP: embolia pulmonar; PER: pericardite; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; RGE: refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico; DA: dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica; varia&#231;&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o: bloco 1 e 2 (0 a 3); bloco 3 (0 a 6).</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tempo de resolu&#231;&#227;o dos casos</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> demonstra que, no G1, que treinou os casos do bloco 1, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do TRC de todos os blocos na fase 3. J&#225; no G2, que treinou os casos do bloco 2, ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o do TRC dos blocos 2 e 3 na fase 3.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3">
              <label>Tabela 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tempo gasto na resolu&#231;&#227;o dos casos entre as fases do estudo, por grupo e bloco de doen&#231;as</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blocos de doen&#231;as por Grupo</th>
                    <th>Fase 1</th>
                    <th>Fase 3</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Grupo 1 (n=6)</th>
                    <th>Tempo em segundos</th>
                    <th>Tempo em segundos</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 1</bold> HZ, TEP, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">485 [450 - 583]</td>
                    <td align="center">318 [284-418]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 2</bold> IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">558 [400 -1.067]</td>
                    <td align="center">495 [181-646]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 3</bold> HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1.059 [874 -1.744]</td>
                    <td align="center">812 [466-1.064]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Grupo 2 (n=11)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Tempo em segundos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Tempo em segundos</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 1</bold> HZ, TEP, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">501 [485-588]</td>
                    <td align="center">421 [290-576]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,328</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 2</bold> IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">655 [543-740]</td>
                    <td align="center">408 [337-569]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Bloco 3</bold> HZ, TEP, PER, IM, RGE, DA</td>
                    <td align="center">1.131 [1.020-1.317]</td>
                    <td align="center">872 [698-1.062]</td>
                    <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Fonte: dados do estudo. Base de dados: 17 alunos (1 caso sem informa&#231;&#227;o); p: teste de Wilcoxon; vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas: mediana em segundos [intervalo interquartil]; n: n&#250;mero de alunos; HZ: herpes-z&#243;ster; TEP: embolia pulmonar; PER: pericardite; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; RGE: refluxo gastroesof&#225;gico; DA: dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo avaliou o efeito de uma abordagem instrucional orientada pela teoria dos SD na AD para casos de DT em estudantes de medicina. Os resultados confirmaram que a metodologia melhorou a AD dos estudantes e diminuiu o TRC, sugerindo aquisi&#231;&#227;o da representa&#231;&#227;o mental (RM) para as doen&#231;as treinadas, em conformidade com a teoria dos SD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, a transfer&#234;ncia da aprendizagem (TA) a um grupo de doen&#231;as n&#227;o treinadas com a mesma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica n&#227;o foi confirmada.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos se orientaram pela teoria dos SD, no entanto este &#233; um dos primeiros a mimetizar os est&#225;gios do seu desenvolvimento. Moghadami et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> compararam o ensino do RC, orientado pelos SD ao ensino tradicional em estudantes do 4&#186; ano. O grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s a leitura de um caso cl&#237;nico, foi orientado a identificar a RM do problema e comparar os componentes dos SD para 3 diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, enquanto o grupo controle assistiu uma aula expositiva sobre as doen&#231;as do estudo e discutiram em pequenos grupos. A atividade durou 7 horas e foi constatado que ambos os grupos melhoraram a AD, mas o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o superou o controle.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, os participantes eram menos experientes, estavam no in&#237;cio do 3&#186; ano e n&#227;o haviam iniciado o ciclo cl&#237;nico. Provavelmente para estes alunos seria dif&#237;cil identificar a RM de um problema, por exigir habilidade de infer&#234;ncia e, portanto, maior conhecimento sobre as doen&#231;as. Talvez em uma fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica, uma metodologia que orientasse as opera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas para a elabora&#231;&#227;o dos SD fosse mais adequada e uma guiada para a RM dos problemas poderia ser implementada nos anos subsequentes. Estas quest&#245;es poder&#227;o ser avaliadas em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Em outro estudo orientado pela teoria dos SD, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 15 estudantes de medicina do 4&#176; ano e 12 do 6&#186; ano participaram de uma aula sobre a teoria dos SD. Posteriormente, os alunos do 4&#186; ano, ap&#243;s a leitura de casos cl&#237;nicos que comungavam diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais, informaram as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (CC) comuns e discriminat&#243;rias de cada caso. Aos estudantes do 6&#186; ano foi solicitado informar 2 diagn&#243;sticos, as CC dos diagn&#243;sticos e o grau de predi&#231;&#227;o das CC informadas. Os estudantes receberam <italic>feedback</italic> durante a atividade, que durou 3 horas.</p>
      <p>Os resultados demonstraram que houve melhora da habilidade dos alunos do 6&#186; ano para identificar novas CC das doen&#231;as, sem melhora na AD e do reconhecimento das CC discriminat&#243;rias. Entre os estudantes do 4&#186; ano, a atividade n&#227;o demonstrou benef&#237;cio. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Diferente do nosso estudo, a atividade foi direcionada para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das CC das doen&#231;as, com melhora na AD nos alunos mais avan&#231;ados. Talvez para estudantes menos experientes, uma metodologia que forne&#231;a mais suporte, como a desenvolvida em nosso trabalho, teria mais impacto. Estas considera&#231;&#245;es poder&#227;o ser avaliadas em futuros estudos.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos n&#227;o guiados pela teoria dos SD obtiveram resultados satisfat&#243;rios, como o realizado por Diemers et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que desenvolveram um curso de RC com dura&#231;&#227;o de 10 semanas. Neste, os estudantes explicavam em voz alta a fisiopatologia, enquanto analisavam 4 casos (2 do curso e 2 de transfer&#234;ncia). Semelhante aos nossos achados, foi observada melhoria na AD dos alunos, com redu&#231;&#227;o do TRC, mas a aprendizagem n&#227;o foi transferida a casos n&#227;o treinados. Uma vantagem da estrat&#233;gia proposta no presente estudo &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 5 horas, exequ&#237;vel em ambientes educacionais.</p>
      <p>Keemink et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> investigaram a TA de RC em um curso baseado em casos cl&#237;nicos. Ap&#243;s explicarem em voz alta a fisiopatologia, os fatores predisponentes, as CC, a proped&#234;utica e o manejo de 15 doen&#231;as (5 do curso), os estudantes analisaram 12 vinhetas cl&#237;nicas, 4 com diagn&#243;sticos treinados no curso. Semelhante aos nossos dados, houve melhora da AD apenas para as doen&#231;as treinadas. O debate sobre a TA de um contexto a outro n&#227;o &#233; novo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Por TA entende-se o uso das habilidades aprendidas a uma nova situa&#231;&#227;o, que necessita da recontextualiza&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, um dos &#250;ltimos est&#225;gios do aprendizado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como mencionando, o RC ocorre pelo reconhecimento dos SD, que cont&#234;m as CC discriminat&#243;rias das doen&#231;as. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos sobre transfer&#234;ncia anal&#243;gica sugerem que as CC possuem elementos superficiais e profundos. Os elementos profundos se relacionam &#224;s regras que determinam um diagn&#243;stico e os superficiais &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Para a TA &#233; necess&#225;rio a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos elementos profundos, entretanto, s&#227;o os superficiais os mais percept&#237;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Este fato pode ter impedido, em nosso estudo, a TA para as doen&#231;as n&#227;o treinadas, pois apesar de comungarem as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, os diagn&#243;sticos possu&#237;am CC distintas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; epidemiologia, fisiopatologia e proped&#234;utica. Portanto, o aluno n&#227;o foi capaz de chegar a um diagn&#243;stico correto, pois n&#227;o tinha dispon&#237;vel os conhecimentos espec&#237;ficos (profundos) destas doen&#231;as. Em medicina n&#227;o existe uma habilidade geral para a solu&#231;&#227;o de todas as tarefas, pois possuem conte&#250;dos espec&#237;ficos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, para reproduzir os est&#225;gios do desenvolvimento dos SD, foram utilizadas estrat&#233;gias educacionais sugeridas para o ensino do RC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A RE baseia-se na aprendizagem experiencial que envolve: percep&#231;&#227;o, descri&#231;&#227;o, an&#225;lise e s&#237;ntese. Requer a intencionalidade do estudante na procura de evid&#234;ncias que apoiem seu aprendizado. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No ensino do RC, a RE favorece a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas das doen&#231;as contribuindo para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da RM destas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Outra estrat&#233;gia utilizada foi o treino cognitivo, que tinha por objetivo o exerc&#237;cio de algumas habilidades do pensamento, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> como a aten&#231;&#227;o, percep&#231;&#227;o, codifica&#231;&#227;o, mem&#243;ria, racioc&#237;nio e criatividade. Resultados favor&#225;veis como esta metodologia j&#225; foram relatados para habilidades cir&#250;rgicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Este &#233; um dos primeiros estudos a utilizar esta metodologia no ensino do RC, &#225;rea que merece novas investiga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Ao final, os estudantes constru&#237;ram MM dos diagn&#243;sticos treinados, que facilitam a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de como as informa&#231;&#245;es se relacionam, melhorando a memoriza&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Kalyanasundaram et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstraram que MM melhoram a recorda&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es uma semana ap&#243;s uma atividade instrucional. Os MM foram pouco testados no ensino do RC, mas acreditamos que possa ter favorecido a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da RM das doen&#231;as, uma vez que sua constru&#231;&#227;o considerou os componentes dos SD.</p>
      <p>Esse estudo ressalta a import&#226;ncia de uma atividade estruturada para o desenvolvimento do RC. Os resultados s&#227;o encorajadores, j&#225; que a literatura enfatiza a necessidade do contato real com pacientes para aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos SD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nossos resultados demonstraram que, mesmo antes de iniciarem as atividades cl&#237;nicas, os estudantes beneficiam-se de um programa de RC, que pode servir como ponte para o in&#237;cio do ciclo cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>A metodologia proposta demonstrou resultados satisfat&#243;rios para o ensino do RC e permitiu o exerc&#237;cio de diagn&#243;sticos variados e a manipula&#231;&#227;o dos componentes dos SD, fato relevante para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de SD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A atividade apresenta dura&#231;&#227;o adequada para ambientes educacionais e sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o a plataformas computacionais contribuiria para maior intera&#231;&#227;o e <italic>feedback</italic> . Iniciativas neste sentido vem sendo desenvolvidas como a Clinical Key, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> NEJM Healer <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e Paciente 360. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente trabalho possui limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de estudo &#250;nico neste formato, com pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes ao final. Como foi planejado inici&#225;-lo antes dos blocos de especialidades, as atividades concorreram com as provas finais de Pediatria que antecedem estes blocos, fato que contribuiu para perda amostral. Desse modo, sua replica&#231;&#227;o com maior n&#250;mero de participantes contribuiria para a confirma&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. O m&#233;todo foi testado para o diagn&#243;stico da DT, sendo necess&#225;rio avaliar seu uso em outras condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar a contribui&#231;&#227;o de cada estrat&#233;gia empregada isoladamente. Pode-se argumentar que a melhoria do desempenho se deve a um efeito geral do esfor&#231;o investido na atividade, em vez de um resultado espec&#237;fico atribu&#237;do &#224; metodologia. Embora os estudantes tenham dedicado esfor&#231;o &#224; atividade, o que importa &#233; que houve aquisi&#231;&#227;o da habilidade para a qual foram treinados e que o formato pode ser mais atraente em rela&#231;&#227;o a m&#233;todos tradicionais comumente utilizados. Trabalhar com casos cl&#237;nicos &#233; representativo da pr&#225;tica futura dos alunos e pode favorecer o desenvolvimento do RC. Estimulante foi o <italic>feedback</italic> recebido pelos estudantes solicitando novas sess&#245;es para outros diagn&#243;sticos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abordagem instrucional proposta melhorou a AD dos estudantes para o diagn&#243;stico da DT. No entanto, a melhoria ocorreu apenas para as doen&#231;as treinadas, n&#227;o sendo observado a TA. A estrat&#233;gia &#233; de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o e pode ser considerada para o desenvolvimento do RC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Ao Mestrado em Ensino em Sa&#250;de da Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano, pelo apoio recebido para a condu&#231;&#227;o deste estudo e por acreditar e incentivar a pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de. Agradecimento especial aos estudantes da UNIFENAS-BH por colaborarem no desenvolvimento do trabalho.</p>
    </ack>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teaching of Clinical Reasoning Guided by Illness Script Theory</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2416-8380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana de C&#225;ssia Vaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6466-1287</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marinho</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Eug&#234;nio Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2684-0142</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano, Campus Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano &#8211; Alfenas, Alfenas, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Juliana de C&#225;ssia Vaz Oliveira &#8226; Rua S&#227;o Miguel, 97. Postal Code 31710-350, Itapo&#227;, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jucvazo@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Teaching of clinical reasoning (CR) can be facilitated by educational strategies guided by illness script theory.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of an educational strategy guided by illness script theory on the diagnostic accuracy of chest pain in medical students.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Experimental study in 3 phases, with 18 third-year medical students completing phase 3. Phases 1 and 2 had 27 students. In phase 1, each participant solved 8 clinical cases (6 of chest pain and 2 distractors). In phase 2, participants were divided into 2 groups, which distinctly trained 3 of the chest pain diagnoses from phase 1. In phase 3, after 1 week, each participant solved 8 new cases, with the same diagnoses as phase 1. Case resolution time and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated. The significance level adopted for statistical analysis was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In phase 3, both groups showed improved diagnostic accuracy and reduced case resolution time for the trained diagnoses, with no transfer of learning. For these diagnoses, the diagnostic accuracy scores in phases 1 and 3 were: group 1 = 1.00, IQR [0.00 to 1.00] versus 2.00, IQR [2.00 to 2.50], p = 0.017 and group 2 = 1.00, IQR [0.66 to 1.17] versus 3.00, IQR [1.33 to 3.00], p = 0.006. Case resolution times in seconds were: group 1: 485, IQR [450 to 583] versus 318, IQR [284 to 418], p = 0.027 and group 2: 655, IQR [543 to 740] versus 408, IQR [337 to 569], p = 0.010.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The proposed strategy seems to contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy, and it may be considered for teaching CR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Education,Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Decision Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Decision Making</kwd>
        <kwd>Students, Medical</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Clinical reasoning (CR) is a determining element of professional competence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> During the undergraduate course, it is not possible to control the variability of clinical cases that students will face or the teaching methods of CR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is believed that students should learn to distinguish more than 700 types of illnesses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CR depends on the level of specific knowledge organized as illness scripts in long-term memory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Illness scripts are a system of concepts that organize knowledge in relation to a diagnosis. Faced with a clinical case, illness scripts are activated in an attempt to relate them to the current case. For routine diagnoses, the process occurs automatically, with good accuracy and little cognitive effort. Faced with uncommon diseases, there will be greater mental effort, as the information will be evaluated individually. Diagnostic expertise is related to the variability and quality of illness scripts acquired.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The formation of illness scripts occurs in stages. Initially, students learn specific knowledge about illnesses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> When initiating care activities, they begin to relate clinical manifestations to biomedical knowledge, which will with practice be &#8220;encapsulated&#8221; in patterns organized as illness scripts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Strategies for the development of illness scripts have been studied, such as structured reflection, self-explanation, agreement scripts, study of example cases, and others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Studies on the effectiveness of these interventions are limited, and there is still no standardization for teaching CR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given that strategies guided by illness script theory contribute to the development of CR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> this study evaluated a methodology that sought to imitate the stages of illness script development. The study also tested whether training for illnesses that share clinical presentations would improve diagnostic accuracy for illnesses with the same manifestation that were not trained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was an experimental study with 3 phases ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Students from the fifth period of Medicine at the UNIFENAS University in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (80 students) were invited in the second semester of 2017, at the end of the Pediatrics unit, before starting the Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Gastroenterology units. These students were chosen because they had not yet been exposed to knowledge of the illnesses that would be part of the study. The study included students who signed the free and informed consent form, who participated in all phases of the study, and who had not completed the fifth period. They were guaranteed confidentiality of information.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study design.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Designed by the authors. Note: AD: aortic dissection; FICF: free and informed consent form; GER: gastroesophageal reflux; HZ: herpes zoster; MI: myocardial infarction; PER: pericarditis; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0014-20419-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Instructional methodology</title>
          <p>With the objective of reproducing the stages of development of illness scripts, it was postulated that students should initially be exposed to the specific knowledge of the illnesses that would be part of the study: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and clinical workup. Subsequently, through structured reflection, they would contrast their discriminatory characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Afterwards, they would practice exercises to identify, associate, and categorize the illnesses. Finally, they would organize the concepts studied into mind maps.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instruments</title>
          <p>The study used 2 sets of 8 clinical cases, one for phase 1 and another for phase 3. The cases were presented in brochures in a variable sequence to avoid presentation bias. The material contained instructions and an example case. The cases addressed 6 diagnoses of chest pain, containing approximately 250 words that informed the clinical history, physical examination, and clinical workup for the following diseases: myocardial infarction (MI), aortic dissection (AD), gastroesophageal reflux (GER), pericarditis (PER), herpes zoster (HZ), and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). The cases were elaborated based on real cases, and they were validated by 3 experts. Two diagnoses that were not part of the study were inserted to reduce the effect of recurrence of clinical presentation (pyelonephritis and meningitis in phase 1; sinusitis and nephrotic syndrome in phase 3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedures</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Participants&#8217; self-assessment of prior knowledge</title>
            <p>After signing the free and informed consent form and answering the sociodemographic questionnaire, participants completed a self-assessment of their knowledge of the illnesses in the study using a 5-point scale, in which 1 = I have never studied or seen patients with this illness and 5 = I have studied or frequently seen patients with this illness. In this instrument, the illnesses in the study were listed among others, to avoid association with the diagnoses that would be used.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Phase 1 (initial assessment)</title>
            <p>In this phase, after reading each case, the students freely provided 1 main diagnosis and 2 differential diagnoses. Before beginning to solve each case, they were instructed to write down the numbers that appeared on a stopwatch projected at the front of the room and, at the end, write down the numbers on the stopwatch again. In this manner, case resolution times (CRT) were measured.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Phase 2 (training)</title>
            <p>Students were randomly divided into group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), sequentially selecting the first and last student from the attendance list. The groups were allocated in separate rooms, where G1 trained diagnoses of PER, PTE, and HZ, and G2 trained MI, AD, and GER.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Individual study (duration: 60 minutes)</title>
            <p>Initially, students were exposed to the components of the illness scripts for the diagnoses that would be trained (epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical and laboratory manifestations), through individual study of a handout prepared by the researchers based on an internal medicine book.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Structured reflection (duration: 60 minutes)</title>
            <p>Following individual study, the students compared the studied illnesses using structured reflection. To do this, they received a chart where they had to identify the discriminatory factors of these illnesses, using the information from the handout, which could be consulted. The students were instructed to fill in the table horizontally, favoring comparison of the illnesses ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Chart 1</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t4001">
                <label>Chart 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Structured reflection exercise</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Defining and discriminatory factors</th>
                      <th>Illness 1</th>
                      <th>Illness 2</th>
                      <th>Illness 3</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Epidemiology</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Clinical history</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Physical examination</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Physiopathology</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Complementary exams</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <attrib>Source: Designed by the authors.</attrib>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Identification and association exercises (duration: 60 minutes)</title>
            <p>Subsequently, the students received material that randomly presented the elements of the illness scripts of the diagnoses studied. They were instructed to indicate, in a reserved space, to which diagnosis(es) each piece of data was related. Intentionally, data that did not belong to the illnesses studied were included ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Chart 2</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t5001">
                <label>Chart 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Identification and association exercises referring to the epidemiology for the illnesses thromboembolism, herpes zoster, and pericarditis</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Common in hospitalized patients</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Related to aging</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Exposure to the sun</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Benign illness</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Common after orthopedic surgery</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Contact with water from a river</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>AIDS</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Cause of great morbidity</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Suffering from pain</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Contraceptive use</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Self-limited disease</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Extended travel</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Cause of death on admission</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Recurrence is not common</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Common in young adults</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Obesity</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Stroke</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>May occur do to non-viral illness</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Ingrown nail</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Complication in patients with cancer</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Common during the postoperative period</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                      <td>Related to viral infection</td>
                      <td>[___, ___,___]</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <attrib>Source: Designed by the authors. Note: Students were instructed to write, in front of each piece of data, the letter(s) corresponding to the illness(es) to which they relate. In this case: H: herpes zoster; P: pericarditis; T: thromboembolism.</attrib>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Mind maps (duration: 60 minutes)</title>
            <p>In this phase, students constructed mind maps for the trained illnesses. In the center of the map, the diagnosis was placed, and, from that point, branches corresponding to the elements of the illness scripts were developed. In each branch, there was an area where students should describe the characteristics related to the diagnosis ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Mind map for diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism.</title>
                </caption>
                <attrib>Source: Designed by the authors.</attrib>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-5suppl1-0014-20419-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Application to the resolution of clinical cases (duration: 60 minutes)</title>
            <p>Finally, the students reviewed the vignettes from phase 1, again providing the main and differential diagnoses. The study materials could be consulted.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Phase 3 (late assessment)</title>
            <p>After 1 week, participants resolved 8 new cases, with the diagnoses from phase 1 and 2 new distractors. After reading each vignette, they provided 1 main diagnosis and 2 differential diagnoses. The CRT was measured using the same procedure as phase 1.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of UNIFENAS, under opinion number: 1.877.200 (CAAE: 60865316.8.0000.5143).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Scoring of the answers</title>
          <p>To measure diagnostic accuracy, the main diagnoses provided in phases 1 and 3 were listed and scored independently by 3 clinicians. A 3-point system assigned scores as follows: 1 point for correct diagnosis; 0.5 points if the diagnosis was not listed, but a component was mentioned (e.g., ischemia in a case of MI); and 0 points for incorrect diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For each participant, the average score for each diagnosis was calculated, obtaining 2 variables: diagnostic accuracy in phases 1 and 3. As the groups worked on different diagnoses, analysis was carried out by blocks of illnesses: block 1 (HZ, PTE, and PER), block 2 (MI, GER, and AD), and block 3 (HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, and AD). Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables without normal distribution are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). To verify the normality of the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. Since the normality of the data was not confirmed, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests for independent samples and the Wilcoxon tests for paired samples were used. Comparison of participants in terms of age and self-assessment of prior knowledge was performed using the Mann-Whitney test; comparison in terms of sex used Fisher&#8217;s exact test. To assess the effect of the intervention in each group, the Mann-Whitney test was used. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy in relation to the scores between the phases was evaluated using the Wilcoxon test. Results with probability of significance &lt; 5% were considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 17.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sociodemographic characteristics</title>
          <p>Initially, 27 students volunteered in the study. In phase 2, 13 students were allocated to G1 and 14 to G2. For phase 3, 18 students returned, constituting the group considered for data analysis, with 7 students from G1 and 11 from G2. The median age in years was similar between the groups: G1 = 21, IQR [20 to 26] versus G2 = 21, IQR [20 to 60]; p = 0.96. G1 included 5 women (71.4%), and G2 included 6 (60%); p = 1.00. The medians for self-assessment of prior knowledge did not differ between groups: G1 = 2.67, IQR [1.83 to 3.00] and G2 = 3.00, IQR [2.50 to 3.67]; p = 0.24.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic accuracy in phase 1</title>
          <p>There was no difference between the median scores obtained between the groups in relation to each of the blocks of illnesses in phase 1 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Comparative analysis of diagnostic accuracy between groups 1 and 2, by phase and block of illnesses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blocks of illnesses and phase</th>
                    <th>Group 1 (n=7)</th>
                    <th>Group 2 (n=11)</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Phase 1</th>
                    <th>Diagnostic accuracy</th>
                    <th>Diagnostic accuracy</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 1</bold> HZ, PTE, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.00-1.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.00-1.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.961</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 2</bold> MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.33-1.83]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.66-1.17]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.747</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 3</bold> HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.83 [1.00-2.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.66 [1.00-3.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.819</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Phase 3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Diagnostic accuracy</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Diagnostic accuracy</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 1</bold> HZ, PTE, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 [2.00-2.50]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.00-1.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 2</bold> MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [1.00-2.83]</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00 [1.33-3.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 3</bold> HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00 [2.00-4.83]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.00 [1.33-4.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.791</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Study data. Note: Database: 18 students; p: Mann-Whitney test; numerical variables: median [interquartile range]; AD: aortic dissection; GER: gastroesophageal reflux; HZ: herpes zoster; MI: myocardial infarction; n: number of students; PER: pericarditis; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism; score variation: blocks 1 and 2 (0 to 3); block 3 (0 to 6).</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic accuracy in phase 3</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows that differences were observed between groups regarding the diagnostic accuracy score obtained in phase 3. G1, which trained the illnesses in block 1, obtained a higher score for these cases in phase 3, compared to G2. The opposite occurred in G2, which trained the diseases in block 2. For block 3, there was no difference between groups.</p>
          <p>When analyzing the diagnostic accuracy between phases 1 and 3 by group and block of illnesses ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ), in G1, the median for diagnoses in block 1 was higher in phase 3, with no difference in block 2. In G2, the median for diagnoses in block 2 was higher in phase 3, with no difference in block 1.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Comparative analysis of diagnostic accuracy between phases 1 and 3, by group and block of illnesses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blocks of illnesses by group</th>
                    <th>Phase 1</th>
                    <th>Phase 3</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Phase 1</th>
                    <th>Diagnostic accuracy</th>
                    <th>Diagnostic accuracy</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 1 (n=7)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 1</bold> HZ, PTE, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.00-1.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 [2.00-2.50]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 2</bold> MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.33-1.83]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [1.00-2.83]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.450</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 3</bold> HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.83 [1.00-2.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00 [2.00-4.83]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 2 (n=11)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Diagnostic accuracy</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Diagnostic accuracy</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 1</bold> HZ, PTE, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.00-1.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.00-1.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.854</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 2</bold> MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 [0.66-1.17]</td>
                    <td align="center">3.00 [1.33-3.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 3</bold> HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.66 [1.00-3.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.00 [1.33-4.00]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Study data. Note: Database: 18 students; p: Wilcoxon test; numerical variables: median [interquartile range]; AD: aortic dissection; GER: gastroesophageal reflux; HZ: herpes zoster; MI: myocardial infarction; n: number of students; PER: pericarditis; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism; score variation: blocks 1 and 2 (0 to 3); block 3 (0 to 6).</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case resolution time</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows that, in G1, which trained the cases in block 1, there was a reduction in the CRT for all blocks in phase 3. In G2, which trained the cases in block 2, there was a reduction in the CRT for blocks 2 and 3 in phase 3.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Time spent solving the cases between study phase, by group and block of illnesses</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blocks of illnesses by group</th>
                    <th>Phase 1</th>
                    <th>Phase 3</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Group 1 (n=6)</th>
                    <th>Time in seconds</th>
                    <th>Time in seconds</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 1</bold> HZ, PTE, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">485 [450-583]</td>
                    <td align="center">318 [284-418]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 2</bold> MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">558 [400-1,067]</td>
                    <td align="center">495 [181-646]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 3</bold> HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1,059 [874-1,744]</td>
                    <td align="center">812 [466-1,064]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 2 (n=11)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Time in seconds</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Time in seconds</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 1</bold> HZ, PTE, PER</td>
                    <td align="center">501 [485-588]</td>
                    <td align="center">421 [290-576]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.328</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 2</bold> MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">655 [543-740]</td>
                    <td align="center">408 [337-569]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Block 3</bold> HZ, PTE, PER, MI, GER, AD</td>
                    <td align="center">1,131 [1,020-1,317]</td>
                    <td align="center">872 [698-1,062]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <attrib>Source: Study data. Database: 17 students (1 case without information); p: Wilcoxon test; numerical variables: median in seconds [interquartile range]; AD: aortic dissection; GER: gastroesophageal reflux; HZ: herpes zoster; MI: myocardial infarction; n: number of students; PER: pericarditis; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study evaluated the effect of an instructional approach guided by illness script theory on diagnostic accuracy for cases of chest pain, in medical students. The results confirmed that the methodology improved the students&#8217; diagnostic accuracy and decreased the CRT, suggesting acquisition of mental representation for the illnesses trained, in accordance with illness script theory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, transfer of learning to a group of illnesses with the same clinical presentation that were not trained was not confirmed.</p>
        <p>Other studies have been guided by illness script theory; however, this is one of the first to imitate the stages of its development. Moghadami et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> compared the teaching of CR, guided by illness scripts, to the traditional teaching of fourth-year students. The intervention group, after reading a clinical case, was instructed to identify the mental representation of the problem and compare the components of the illness script for 3 differential diagnoses, while the control group attended a lecture on the illnesses in the study and had a small-group discussion. The activity lasted 7 hours, and they found that both groups improved diagnostic accuracy, but the intervention group outperformed the control.</p>
        <p>In our study, the participants were less experienced; they were in the beginning of the third year of studies, and they had not started the clinical cycle. It would probably be difficult for these students to identify the mental representation of a problem, as this requires inference abilities and, therefore, greater knowledge about illnesses. Perhaps, in a pre-clinical phase, a methodology that guides cognitive operations for the elaboration of the illness script would be more adequate, and one guided for mental representation of problems could be implemented in subsequent years. These questions may be evaluated in future studies.</p>
        <p>In another study guided by illness script theory,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> 15 fourth-year and 12 sixth-year medical students participated in a class on illness script theory. Subsequently, the fourth-year students, after reading clinical cases that shared differential diagnoses, informed the common and discriminatory clinical characteristics of each case. Sixth-year students were asked to inform 2 diagnoses, the clinical characteristics of the diagnoses, and the degree of prediction of the clinical characteristics informed. Students received feedback during the activity, which lasted 3 hours.</p>
        <p>The results showed that there was an improvement in the ability of sixth-year students to identify new clinical characteristics of the illnesses, with no improvement in diagnostic accuracy and recognition of discriminatory clinical characteristics. Among the fourth-year students, the activity did not demonstrate any benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Unlike our study, the activity was aimed at identifying the clinical characteristics of the diseases, with improved diagnostic accuracy in more advanced students. Perhaps, for less experienced students, a methodology that provides more support, such as the one developed in our study, would have more impact. These considerations may be evaluated in future studies.</p>
        <p>Other studies not guided by illness script theory obtained satisfactory results, such as the one carried out by Diemers et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> who developed a CR course that lasted 10 weeks. In this study, the students explained the pathophysiology aloud, while analyzing 4 cases (2 from the course and 2 from a transfer). Similar to our findings, an improvement in the students&#8217; diagnostic accuracy was observed, with a reduction in CRT, but the learning was not transferred to cases that were not trained. An advantage of the strategy proposed in the present study is the maximum duration of 5 hours, making it feasible in educational environments.</p>
        <p>Keemink et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> investigated the transfer of learning of CR in a course based on clinical cases. After explaining aloud the pathophysiology, predisposing factors, clinical characteristics, workup, and management of 15 diseases (5 from the course), the students analyzed 12 clinical vignettes, 4 with diagnoses trained in the course. Similar to our data, there was an improvement in diagnostic accuracy only for the illnesses that were trained. The debate about the transfer of learning from one context to another is not new.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Transfer of learning is understood to refer to the use of learned abilities to a new situation, which requires the recontextualization of knowledge. This is one of the final stages of learning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As mentioned, CR occurs through the recognition of illness scripts, which contain the discriminatory clinical characteristics of the diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Studies on analogical transfer suggest that clinical characteristics have both superficial and profound elements. The profound elements relate to the rules that determine a diagnosis, and the superficial elements to the clinical manifestations. For transfer of learning, it is necessary to identify the profound elements; however, the superficial ones are the most noticeable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In our study, this fact may have prevented the transfer of learning to illnesses that were not trained, because, although they share clinical manifestations, the diagnoses had different clinical characteristics in relation to epidemiology, pathophysiology, and workup. Therefore, the students were not able to arrive at a correct diagnosis, because the specific (in-depth) knowledge of these illnesses was not available. In Medicine, there is no general ability to solve all tasks, given that they have specific contents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To reproduce the stages of illness script development, this study used suggested educational strategies for teaching CR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Structured reflection is based on experiential learning that involves perception, description, analysis, and synthesis. It requires that students intentionally search for evidence that supports their learning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In teaching CR, structured reflection favors the comparison of disease characteristics, contributing to the acquisition of mental representation of them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Another strategy used was cognitive training, which aimed to exercise some thinking skills,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> such as attention, perception, coding, memory, reasoning, and creativity. Favorable results like this methodology have already been reported for surgical abilities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This is one of the first studies to use this methodology in teaching CR, an area that warrants further investigation.</p>
        <p>In the end, the students constructed mind maps of the trained diagnoses, which facilitate the visualization of how the information is related, improving memorization of the content.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Kalyanasundaram et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstrated that mind maps improve information recall 1 week after an instructional activity. Mind maps have been little tested in teaching of CR, but we believe that they may have favored the visualization of the mental representation of illnesses, since their construction considered the components of the illness script.</p>
        <p>This study highlights the importance of a structured activity for the development of CR. The results are encouraging, as the literature emphasizes the need for real contact with patients to acquire the illness script.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Our results have shown that, even before beginning clinical activities, students benefit from a CR program, which can serve as a bridge to the beginning of the clinical cycle.</p>
        <p>The proposed methodology showed satisfactory results for the teaching of CR. It also allowed exercise of varied diagnoses and manipulation of the components of the illness scripts, which is a relevant fact for the acquisition of an illness script network.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The activity has an appropriate duration for educational environments, and its incorporation into computing platforms would contribute to greater interaction and feedback. Initiatives with this aim have been developed, such as Clinical Key,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> NEJM Healer,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and Paciente 360.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study has some limitations. This is the only study in this format, with a small number of participants in the final phase. As the study was designed to start before the specialties units, the activities took place concurrently with the final exams in Pediatrics, which precede these units, and this contributed to sample loss. Thus, replication of this study with a greater number of participants would contribute to confirming the results. As the method was tested for the diagnosis of chest pain, it is necessary to evaluate its use for other conditions.</p>
        <p>It is not possible to identify the contribution of each strategy used in an isolated manner. It could be argued that the improvement in performance was due to an overall effect of the effort invested in the activity, rather than a specific result attributed to the methodology. Although students dedicated effort to the activity, what matters is that the skill for which they were trained was acquired and that the format may be more attractive in relation to commonly used traditional methods. Work with clinical cases is representative of students&#8217; future practice, and it may favor the development of CR. The feedback received from students was stimulating, as they requested new sessions for other diagnoses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The proposed instructional approach improved students&#8217; diagnostic accuracy for chest pain. However, the improvement occurred only for the illnesses trained, and transfer of learning was not observed. The strategy is easy to implement, and it can be considered for the development of CR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the Master&#8217;s Program in Health Teaching at the Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano University, for the support received to conduct this study and for believing in and encouraging research in health education. Special thanks to the students of UNIFENAS, Belo Horizonte for collaborating in the development of this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by uliana de C&#225;ssia Vaz Oliveira pela, from Universidade Jos&#233; do Ros&#225;rio Vellano, Campus Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
