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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zGj3dg36WW3GKR4gHBKCbYt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220434</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220434</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desafios e Oportunidades para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1187-2392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mamede</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erasmus Medical Centre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rotterdam</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam , Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam &#8211; Holanda </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#237;lvia Mamede &#8226; Erasmus MC &#8211; Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam &#8211; Wytemaweg 80-Ae242 Rotterdam 3015 CN &#8211; Holanda E-mail: <email>s.mamede@erasmusmc.nl</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa Biom&#233;dica/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Projetos de Pesquisa</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa Emp&#237;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Coleta de Dados</kwd>
        <kwd>Promo&#231;&#227;o da Pesquisa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O ano era 1747. M&#233;dico de bordo do Salisbury, Dr. James Lindt, consternado com o elevado n&#250;mero de mortes por escorbuto entre os marinheiros, planejou e conduziu um estudo comparando diferentes abordagens terap&#234;uticas. Descrito em seu &#8220;Tratado sobre escorbuto&#8221;, publicado em Edimburgo em 1753, o estudo &#233; considerado o primeiro ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado da era moderna. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mas a hist&#243;ria vai muito mais longe. Obviamente sem os requisitos de um ensaio cl&#237;nico controlado, o experimento conduzido no reinado de Nabucodonosor nos anos 500 AC na Babil&#244;nia, &#233; citado como o primeiro registro de um estudo m&#233;dico que guiou uma decis&#227;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Uma dieta &#8220;herb&#237;vora&#8221; foi autorizada quando, contrariando o que achava o rei, mostrou mais benef&#237;cios do que sua preferida alternativa &#8220;carn&#237;vora&#8221;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O ano era 1926. &#201; lan&#231;ado o <italic>Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges</italic> (hoje <italic>Academic Medicine</italic> ), descrito &#224; &#233;poca por Fred Zapffe, seu editor, como &#8220;a &#250;nica publica&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica do seu tipo no mundo &#8211; um peri&#243;dico dedicado &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e pedagogia&#8221;. Tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas depois, surgiram os primeiros departamentos de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica em universidades americanas, onde muitos veem as origens da pesquisa na &#225;rea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Diante da longa hist&#243;ria da pesquisa cl&#237;nica, a pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica pode ser vista como rec&#233;m-nascida. Nos seus poucos anos de vida, seu desenvolvimento tem sido not&#225;vel. O n&#250;mero de peri&#243;dicos em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica multiplicou-se. O <italic>Science Citation Index</italic> traz 19 e a lista cresce a cada ano. Cresceu substancialmente o n&#250;mero de submiss&#245;es de artigos cient&#237;ficos a esses peri&#243;dicos. Por exemplo, nos primeiros 5 anos ap&#243;s sua funda&#231;&#227;o em 1996, <italic>Advances in Health Sciences Education</italic> recebeu um total de 78 submiss&#245;es. S&#243; no ano de 2019, o n&#250;mero de submiss&#245;es foi de 750. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m avan&#231;os mais dif&#237;ceis de quantificar. Parece haver uma mudan&#231;a de vis&#227;o em curso. Tempos atr&#225;s &#8211; e, na verdade, ainda hoje em muitos locais &#8211; as decis&#245;es educacionais nas escolas m&#233;dicas, por exemplo quanto &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo de ensino, eram tomadas com base na opini&#227;o de lideran&#231;as que detinham mais poder de persuas&#227;o, muitas vezes sob a influ&#234;ncia de modismos ou posi&#231;&#245;es pol&#237;ticas. N&#227;o se falava em evid&#234;ncias. Preponderava a vis&#227;o de que o senso comum bastava para orientar essas decis&#245;es. O passar dos anos e a evolu&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica v&#234;m deixando claro que as coisas n&#227;o s&#227;o assim. Ideias que pareciam razo&#225;veis ao senso comum e foram adotadas, &#224;s vezes em larga escala e para decis&#245;es t&#227;o importantes quanto exames de certifica&#231;&#227;o, foram abandonadas subsequentemente porque n&#227;o sobreviveram ao teste da pesquisa emp&#237;rica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isso &#233; um bom sinal. O abandono de ideias que v&#234;m a mostrar n&#227;o ter suporte emp&#237;rico ou a mudan&#231;a do foco da pesquisa ao longo do tempo s&#227;o sinais de vida da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica no campo. &#201; preciso que evid&#234;ncias se acumulem para que isso aconte&#231;a. Falo de evid&#234;ncias aqui no sentido amplo, como um ac&#250;mulo de informa&#231;&#245;es emp&#237;ricas sobre um determinado t&#243;pico, e n&#227;o simplesmente uma &#8220;prova&#8221; de que uma interven&#231;&#227;o &#8220;funcionou&#8221;. E uma mudan&#231;a de vis&#227;o no sentido de se pressupor que, assim como as decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, as decis&#245;es educacionais precisam de uma base emp&#237;rica, nesse sentido amplo, ainda que incipiente, abre portas para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Como promover esse desenvolvimento &#233; um tema recorrente de discuss&#227;o nos peri&#243;dicos na &#225;rea na literatura internacional. Como seria de esperar, h&#225; diferentes perspectivas, diferentes olhares sobre o problema. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A discuss&#227;o a seguir &#233; em parte orientada por essa literatura, mas representa uma posi&#231;&#227;o pessoal sobre condi&#231;&#245;es que me parecem mais importantes para promover o progresso cient&#237;fico em nosso campo e algumas ideias sobre como elas poderiam ser viabilizadas.</p>
    <p>Uma primeira condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica para progredir diz respeito ao prop&#243;sito e ao tipo de pesquisa que &#233; preciso priorizar. Universidades com departamentos de pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica consolidados destacam-se nas revis&#245;es da produtividade cient&#237;fica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses departamentos contam com pesquisadores e estudantes de doutorado dedicados ao campo da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, muitos oriundos de outras &#225;reas al&#233;m da medicina, o que permite articular teorias, modelos e m&#233;todos de pesquisa pr&#243;prios de diferentes disciplinas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> S&#227;o departamentos com uma estrutura de suporte &#224; pesquisa e longa tradi&#231;&#227;o de produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. Mas tais departamentos s&#227;o, acredito, a exce&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o a regra. Grande parte da pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica &#233; conduzida por professores de ci&#234;ncias b&#225;sicas ou cl&#237;nicas motivados pelo interesse em educa&#231;&#227;o e/ou em produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica para progress&#227;o acad&#234;mica. Esses professores t&#234;m um treinamento formal em pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o limitado, quando o t&#234;m, um dom&#237;nio restrito da literatura na &#225;rea e pouco tempo dispon&#237;vel para investir em suprir essas limita&#231;&#245;es. A tend&#234;ncia ent&#227;o &#233; realizar estudos pontuais, que acabam em si mesmos. Um professor que introduziu uma nova forma de ensinar um determinado t&#243;pico, por exemplo, quer investigar se o novo m&#233;todo &#8220;funcionou&#8221;. Tudo isso &#233; muito v&#225;lido, mas &#233; preciso que essa investiga&#231;&#227;o parta do estudo da literatura existente, tenha uma base te&#243;rica, esteja inserida numa estrutura conceitual. Isso &#233; fundamental n&#227;o s&#243; para evitar o desperd&#237;cio de esfor&#231;os ocorrido, por exemplo, quando se repete o que j&#225; foi feito, como para fazer avan&#231;ar o conhecimento no campo da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Descobertas que tenham um potencial de produzir mudan&#231;as raramente s&#227;o fruto de um estudo isolado. &#201; preciso uma s&#233;rie de estudos relacionados entre si, que &#8220;conversem&#8221; com estudos anteriores e construam sobre eles para que se possa avan&#231;ar na compreens&#227;o de um determinado tema. &#201; preciso articular estudos observacionais (por exemplo, a descri&#231;&#227;o de uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o educacional) e estudos que visam testar hip&#243;teses e modelos ou entender como e por que eles funcionam (ou n&#227;o) para ampliar nosso entendimento do processo de ensino-aprendizagem e direcionar n&#227;o s&#243; a pr&#225;tica, mas a pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essas s&#233;ries de estudos s&#227;o sempre resultado do esfor&#231;o coletivo de diversos grupos e centros ao longo dos tempos. Sempre vai haver quest&#245;es espec&#237;ficas locais que vale a pena investigar, mas visualizar como este estudo se insere nesse esfor&#231;o coletivo &#233; essencial para fazer com que ele de fato compense o esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Uma segunda condi&#231;&#227;o essencial &#233; o compromisso com a qualidade metodol&#243;gica da pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. E evito me referir &#224; &#8220;melhoria&#8221;, porque acho, como muitos, que h&#225; pesquisa de elevada qualidade na &#225;rea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, s&#227;o frequentes cr&#237;ticas &#224; qualidade metodol&#243;gica da pesquisa, usualmente baseadas no pressuposto de que ela utiliza m&#233;todos que seriam &#8220;inferiores&#8221; &#224;queles utilizados na pesquisa cl&#237;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Por exemplo, se ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados randomizados s&#227;o considerados o padr&#227;o ouro na pesquisa para avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, ent&#227;o dever&#237;amos estar conduzindo ensaios similares para avaliar a efetividade de um novo curso ou um novo programa. Essa posi&#231;&#227;o, a meu ver, n&#227;o reconhece que a pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica tem caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias que a diferenciam da pesquisa cl&#237;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Enquanto h&#225;, por exemplo, uma seguran&#231;a razo&#225;vel quanto ao uso da medica&#231;&#227;o (ou do placebo) em um ensaio cl&#237;nico, se (ou quanto, ou como) o &#8220;tratamento&#8221; foi administrado ao estudante &#233; algo basicamente imposs&#237;vel de controlar. N&#227;o se pode estandardizar as &#8220;doses&#8221; de um curso. Cada um deles consiste, na verdade, em v&#225;rios elementos, conduzidos por professores diversos, cada um deles com suas caracter&#237;sticas e capacidade pr&#243;prias. N&#227;o &#233; &#224; toa que tais experimentos de grande porte para avaliar curr&#237;culos inteiros, j&#225; foram denominados, numa par&#243;dia da sigla em ingl&#234;s RCT, &#8220; <italic>Results Confounded and Trivial</italic> &#8221;. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A complexidade inerente ao processo e, consequentemente, &#224; pesquisa educacional, n&#227;o implica que a pesquisa experimental n&#227;o tem lugar na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Na verdade, tem um lugar crucial. O conhecimento que temos hoje em muitas &#225;reas da educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica foi produzido ao longo dos anos pelo ac&#250;mulo de resultados de estudos experimentais de pequeno porte, constru&#237;dos sobre uma base te&#243;rica sobre aquele tema espec&#237;fico, muito bem controlados, conduzidos usualmente em condi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, replicados v&#225;rias vezes para uma varia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos fatores envolvidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O que &#233; fundamental, acredito, &#233; entender que alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica n&#227;o significa aderir a um determinado tipo de estudo, mas sim buscar m&#233;todos que melhor possibilitem examinar o fen&#244;meno em pauta e assumir o compromisso com o m&#225;ximo rigor em seu uso. &#201; muito prov&#225;vel que a investiga&#231;&#227;o de um fen&#244;meno complexo como costumam ser os fen&#244;menos educacionais demande uma combina&#231;&#227;o de diferentes m&#233;todos de pesquisa, muitas vezes pr&#243;prios de diferentes disciplinas. Sejam quais forem o desenho e m&#233;todo de pesquisa apropriados, precisamos encontrar maneiras de assegurar que eles obede&#231;am aos padr&#245;es mais elevados para p&#244;-los em pr&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Orientar os esfor&#231;os para conduzir esse tipo de pesquisa &#8211; uma pesquisa fundamentada em uma base te&#243;rica e orientada para sua amplia&#231;&#227;o e de elevada qualidade metodol&#243;gica - &#233; visto por muitos como crucial para o desenvolvimento cient&#237;fico do campo. N&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil viabilizar esse tipo de pesquisa. &#201; preciso dom&#237;nio substancial da literatura sobre um determinado tema para se apropriar de estruturas conceituais e identificar lacunas, quest&#245;es que demandam investigar. &#201; preciso dominar os desenhos e m&#233;todos de pesquisa que permitem abordar tais quest&#245;es. &#201; prov&#225;vel que apenas uns poucos dentre aqueles que se interessam pela pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica nas nossas faculdades venham a optar por dedicar o tempo e o esfor&#231;o que seriam necess&#225;rios para adquirirem tal dom&#237;nio. A articula&#231;&#227;o de duas linhas de a&#231;&#227;o pode, acredito, ajudar. A primeira seria dar a esses interessados em se dedicarem de forma mais intensa &#224; pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica a oportunidade de desenvolverem a expertise necess&#225;ria, formando, ao longo do tempo, um n&#250;cleo de pesquisadores que possa orientar, apoiar e assegurar a qualidade da pesquisa no seu contexto. A segunda seria ampliar o suporte dispon&#237;vel para o grupo bem maior de docentes que tem interesse em realizar pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o como principal objeto de sua atividade profissional.</p>
    <p>Relatos de experi&#234;ncias internacionais sugerem algumas iniciativas que podem ajudar nos dois sentidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma palavra-chave parece ser &#8220;coopera&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. A articula&#231;&#227;o com universidades que possuem programas acreditados de mestrado e doutorado em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, com uma produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica reconhecida, &#233; fundamental para viabilizar a forma&#231;&#227;o de professores que venham a se dedicar &#224; pesquisa na &#225;rea como atividade principal. Um treinamento formal mais avan&#231;ado &#233; necess&#225;rio para formar uma &#8220;massa cr&#237;tica de cientistas&#8221; que a experi&#234;ncia mostra ser um fator cr&#237;tico para o desenvolvimento do campo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> V&#225;rias universidades atualmente oferecem programas de boa qualidade, inclusive em formato h&#237;brido, que poderiam potencialmente ser viabilizados utilizando os esquemas usuais de suporte &#224; p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Em n&#237;vel local, a articula&#231;&#227;o com outras faculdades e centros na pr&#243;pria universidade pode ajudar a abrir a possibilidade de atrair profissionais de outras disciplinas, por exemplo, das faculdades de ci&#234;ncias sociais, com conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia, inclusive em rela&#231;&#227;o a m&#233;todos de pesquisa, carentes na pr&#243;pria institui&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A coopera&#231;&#227;o entre diversas institui&#231;&#245;es tanto em n&#237;vel local como internacional pode ajudar tamb&#233;m a ampliar a estrutura de suporte &#224; pesquisa, agregando esfor&#231;os e recursos, por exemplo, para a oferta de cursos de menor dura&#231;&#227;o para um amplo grupo de docentes. Para finalizar, a iniciativa louv&#225;vel deste suplemento dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) chama aten&#231;&#227;o para o papel que as sociedades m&#233;dicas podem exercer nesse processo. A credibilidade e a influ&#234;ncia na comunidade profissional e na sociedade as credenciam para isso. Iniciativas bem sucedidas existem em que uma sociedade m&#233;dica foi um parceiro importante no esfor&#231;o para alavancar a capacidade de pesquisa na &#225;rea. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Defender a import&#226;ncia da pesquisa em educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, fomentar a discuss&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para seu desenvolvimento e articular a coopera&#231;&#227;o entre diversas institui&#231;&#245;es que, tanto no contexto nacional como internacional, podem ampliar a capacidade de pesquisa existente e podem certamente contribuir para promover o progresso cient&#237;fico na &#225;rea.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Challenges and Opportunities for the Development of Medical Education Research</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1187-2392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mamede</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: S&#237;lvia Mamede &#8226; Erasmus MC &#8211; Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam &#8211; Wytemaweg 80-Ae242 Rotterdam 3015 CN &#8211; Netherlands E-mail: s.mamede@erasmusmc.nl</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Education, Medical/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomedical Research/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Research Design</kwd>
        <kwd>Empirical Research</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Collection</kwd>
        <kwd>Research Promotion</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The year was 1747. The doctor on board the Salisbury, Dr. James Lindt, upset with the high number of deaths by scurvy among the mariners, planned and conducted a study comparing different therapeutic approaches. Described in his &#8220;Treatise of the Scurvy&#8221;, published in Edinburgh in 1753, his study is considered to be the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> But the history goes even further. Clearly, without the requirements of a controlled clinical trial, the experiment, conducted during the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar in the years of 500 BC in Babylonia, is cited as the first record of a medical study that guided a public health decision. A &#8220;herbivorous&#8221; diet was authorized when, contradicting what the King believed, it showed more benefits than the preferred &#8220;carnivorous&#8221; alternative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The year was 1926. The <italic>Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges (known today as Academic Medicine) was launched described</italic> at that time by Fred Zapffe, its editor, as &#8220;the only scientific publication of its type in the world &#8211; a journal dedicated to medical education and pedagogy.&#8221; Three decades later, the first departments of medical education emerged in American universities, which many believe to be the origins of medical research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In view of the long history of clinical research, medical education research can be seen as newborn. In its few years of life, its development has been quite remarkable. The number of journals on medical education have multiplied. The <italic>Science Citation Index</italic> offers 19 publications, and the list continues to grow each year. The number of scientific article submissions to these journals has also increased significantly. For example, in the first 5 years since its foundation in 1996, <italic>Advances in Health Sciences Education</italic> had received a total of 78 submissions. In 2019 alone, the number of submissions reached 750.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>There have also been advances that are more difficult to quantify. There appears to be a change in mentality taking place. Some time ago &#8211; and, in fact, still today in many places &#8211; the educational decisions in medical schools, as regards the adoption of a teaching method, for example, were made based on the opinion of department heads who had greater power of persuasion, often under the influence of fads or political positions. No one spoke of evidence. The view that prevailed was that common sense was enough to guide decisions. Over the years, and with the evolution in medical education research, it has become clear that this is not true. Ideas that seemed reasonable and were adopted, often in large scale and for decisions as important as certification exams, were subsequently abandoned because they were unable to survive the test of empirical evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This is a good sign. The abandonment of ideas that are proven to have no empirical support, or the change in focus of research over time, are clear signs of the life of scientific production in the field. For this to occur, evidence has to &#8220;accumulate&#8221;. I speak of evidence here in the broader sense, an accumulation of empirical evidence about a specific topic, and not merely &#8220;proof&#8221; that a given intervention &#8220;worked&#8221;. It represents a change in mentality in the sense of assuming that, much like the clinical decision, the educational decisions also require an empirical basis, in this broader sense. Even if in its incipient stage, it opens doors to the development of research in education.</p>
      <p>How to promote this development is a recurring theme of debate in international medical journals. As expected, there are different perspectives, different views on the problem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The following discussion is partly guided by this literature, but it represents a personal position on the conditions that seem to me to be more important to promoting scientific progress in our field, along with some ideas about how this can be made possible.</p>
      <p>One first critical condition necessary to advance on the issue concerns the purpose and the type of research to which it is necessary to give priority. Universities with departments dedicated to medical education research have stood out in reviews of scientific production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These departments have researchers and doctoral students dedicated to the medical education field, many from areas outside of medicine, which gives space for the exchange of theories, models, and methods from different disciplines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These are departments with a strong research support structure and a long tradition of scientific production. But this type of department is clearly the exception and not the rule. Most medical education research is conducted by professors from basic sciences or from clinics who are motivated by their interests in education and/or scientific production for academic promotion. These professors have limited formal training in education research, when they have any; a limited acquaintance with of the literature in the area; and little time available to invest in overcoming these limitations. The tendency is, therefore, to conduct occasional studies about their own work. A professor who introduced a new way to teach a specific topic, for example, may wish to investigate if this new method &#8220;works&#8221;. All of this is quite valid, but it is important for this type of investigation to begin with the study of the existing literature, to have a theoretical basis, and to be inserted in a conceptual structure. This is essential not only to avoid wasting time and effort, for example, when a person repeats what has already been done, but also to advance knowledge in the medical education field. Discoveries that have the potential to produce changes are rarely the result of an isolated study. What is important is a series of interconnected studies that &#8220;talk&#8221; with previous studies and build upon them so that progress can be made in understanding a given theme. It is important to connect observational studies (for example, the description of a new educational intervention) and studies that seek to test hypotheses and models or understand how and why they work (or not) in order to expand our understanding of the teaching-learning process and direct not only the practice, but also research in education.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> These series of studies are always the result of a collective effort from a diversity of groups and centers over time. There will always be specific local questions that are worth investigating; however, comprehending how this study fits within the collective effort is essential to making it truly worth the effort.</p>
      <p>A second essential condition is that of commitment to the methodological quality of medical education research. And here I avoid referring to &#8220;improvements&#8221;, because I think, as many do, that there is high-quality research being conducted in the area.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, criticism of the research methodological quality is common, usually based on the assumption that it uses methods that would be &#8220;inferior&#8221; to those used in clinical research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> For instance, if randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard in research for the evaluation of a therapeutic intervention, then we should be conducting similar trials to evaluate the effectiveness of a new course or a new program. This position, from my point of view, does not recognize that medical education research has its own characteristics that differentiate it from clinical research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> While there is, for example, a reasonable degree of certainty about the use of a medicine (or a placebo) in a clinical trial, if (or how much, or how) the &#8220;treatment&#8221; was administered to the student is something basically impossible to control. The &#8220;doses&#8221; of the course cannot be standardized. Each course consists, in fact, of various elements, conducted by a wide range of teachers, each with his/her own characteristics and skills. It is not by accident that this type of large-scale experiment to evaluate full curricula have become known, in the parody of the acronym in English, as RCT - &#8220; <italic>Results Confounded and Trivial</italic> &#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The complexity inherent to the process and, consequently, to educational research, does not imply that experimental research has no place in medical education. In fact, it plays a crucial role. The knowledge we have today in many areas of medical education was produced over the years through the accumulation of small-scale experimental studies, built upon a theoretical foundation about that specific theme &#8211; highly controlled, usually conducted under laboratory conditions, and replicated many times to reach a systematic variation of the factors involved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> What is of utmost importance, I believe, is understanding that a high methodological quality does not mean adhering to a specific type of study, but rather to search for methods that are more appropriate to examine the phenomenon in question and to assume the responsibility with their careful application. It is highly probable that the investigation of a complex phenomenon, as educational phenomena commonly are, demands a combination of different research methods, often brought from different disciplines. Whatever the most appropriate study design and method may be, we need to ensure that they comply with the highest of standards when putting them into practice.</p>
      <p>Directing our efforts to conducting this type of research &#8211; research founded on a theoretical basis and oriented towards its expansion and with high level methodological quality &#8211; is seen by many as crucial to scientific development in the field. It is not easy to make this type of research possible. It requires a substantial mastery of the literature on a given theme so as to take advantage of the conceptual structures and identify gaps, questions that require investigation. It is important to master the study designs and methods that allow one to treat such questions. It is likely that only a few of those who are interested in medical education research within our universities will actually opt to dedicate the time and effort needed to acquire such mastery. Combining two lines of action can, I believe, help. The first would be to give researchers interested in dedicating themselves intensely to medical education research the opportunity to develop the necessary expertise, constructing, over time, a research group that can guide, support, and ensure the quality of the research in its context. The second would be to expand the support available to a much larger groups of faculty members who are interested in conducting research in the field of education, but not as the main focus of their professional work.</p>
      <p>Reports of international experiences suggest some initiatives that can help in both directions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A key word seems to be &#8220;cooperation&#8221;. Connecting with universities that have accredited Masters and Ph.D. programs in medical education, with a well-recognized scientific production, is essential in order to enable the education of teachers who choose to dedicate themselves to research in the area as their main professional activity. A formal, more advanced training is necessary to create a &#8220;critical mass of scientists&#8221;, whose experience has proven to be a critical factor in the development of the field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Many universities currently offer high-quality programs, even in hybrid formats, which can potentially be made possible using the existing schemes for post-graduation support. At the local level, the interaction with other colleges and research centers in the university itself can help to open the door to the possibility of attracting other professionals from other disciplines, such as from the social sciences, with knowledge and experience regarding research methods that may be lacking within one&#8217;s own faculty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The cooperation between several institutions, both at the local and international levels, can also help to expand the research support structure, adding efforts and resources, including shorter-term courses for a larger group of faculty members. To conclude, this laudable initiative of this supplement of the journal <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC Cardiol) calls attention to the role that medical societies can play in this process. The credibility and influence in the professional community and in society itself qualify these societies for this. Highly successful initiatives already exist in which a medical society became an important partner in the effort to boost research skills in the field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Defending the importance of medical education research, fostering the debate on strategies for its development, and formulating cooperation among a wide range of institutions, in both the national and the international contexts, can help expand existing research skills and clearly contribute to promoting scientific progress in the field.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
