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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fgZ4jk6rTLyBkFmDrKGDJ8x</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001301002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210949</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210949</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volumosa Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Caseosa do Anel Mitral em Localiza&#231;&#227;o At&#237;pica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3096-8560</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Joana Laranjeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2812-2208</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Tondela</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Viseu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Tondela &#8211;Viseu, Viseu &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cuf Viseu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Viseu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cuf Viseu, Viseu &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joana Laranjeira Correia</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu: Hospital de S&#227;o Teot&#243;nio - Av. Rei Dom Duarte Viseu <postal-code>3504-509</postal-code>, Viseu &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>joanalaranjeira11166@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1002</fpage>
      <lpage>1005</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral (CAM) &#233; um processo fibr&#243;tico cr&#244;nico e degenerativo comumente observado da base da valva mitral, geralmente considerado um achado incidental. Embora inicialmente a CAM fosse considerada uma consequ&#234;ncia de um processo degenerativo relacionado &#224; idade, achados recentes sugerem outros mecanismos contributivos independentes, como aterosclerose e metabolismo anormal de c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo.</p>
        <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral (cCAM) &#233; uma variante raramente descrita da CAM, caracterizada por uma massa ovoide, focal, com calcifica&#231;&#245;es internas semelhantes a l&#237;quido caseoso e detritos.</p>
        <p>Diferenciar um cCAM de outras massas card&#237;acas aderidas ao anel mitral pode ser um desafio. Uma &#250;nica modalidade de imagem, como o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para um diagn&#243;stico claro. Portanto, uma abordagem de imagem multimodal &#233; necess&#225;ria, incluindo tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC).</p>
        <p>A CAM e a cCAM afetam tipicamente o anel mitral posterior, com poucos casos na literatura descrevendo o envolvimento do anel anterior. Apresentamos um caso raro de calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral anterior encontrado em uma RMC realizada para avaliar uma massa atrial esquerda identificada em um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Imagem Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 84 anos, com hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica conhecida de hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, foi encaminhada &#224; nossa unidade para realiza&#231;&#227;o de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) para posterior avalia&#231;&#227;o de massa em &#225;trio esquerdo evidenciada por ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, realizado no contexto de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      <p>A RMC revelou uma massa muito grande no sulco auriculoventricular &#226;ntero-lateral esquerdo, hipointensa em todas as sequ&#234;ncias r&#225;pidas spin-eco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) e n&#227;o exibiu perfus&#227;o ou evid&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o de contraste nas sequ&#234;ncias de realce precoce (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). A massa era ligeiramente mais escura que o mioc&#225;rdio nas sequ&#234;ncias cine (precess&#227;o livre em estado estacion&#225;rio). As sequ&#234;ncias de realce tardio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) mostraram uma pequena borda aprimorada em torno de um importante n&#250;cleo n&#227;o aprimorado.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens Fast Spin Echo (FSE) em cortes de eixo longo de 2 e 4 c&#226;meras. (A, B): T1 FSE mostrando uma massa hipointensa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio (seta). (C, D): T2 FSE com pulso de satura&#231;&#227;o de gordura mostrando quase aus&#234;ncia de sinal no local da massa.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens de perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem (A, C) e sequ&#234;ncia de realce precoce (B, D) nas incid&#234;ncias de eixo longo de 2 e 4 c&#226;meras, demonstrando aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o ou ac&#250;mulo de contraste na massa.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Padr&#245;es de realce tardio em diferentes planos: (A, C) - eixo curto; B - eixo longo de 2 c&#226;maras; D - corte basal transaxial. Todos mostram apenas uma pequena borda de realce na periferia da massa.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Com base na literatura existente, apesar da localiza&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica, as caracter&#237;sticas da massa na RMC poderiam ser compat&#237;veis com calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral (cCAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese, o paciente foi ent&#227;o submetido a uma tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca adicional (TC) (aquisi&#231;&#227;o prospectiva sem contraste, cobrindo todo o cora&#231;&#227;o), que evidenciou massa calcificada com menor atenua&#231;&#227;o na parte central (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), caracter&#237;sticas tipicamente encontradas na calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral anterior.</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens de TC card&#237;acas em planos axiais cont&#237;guos, mostrando grande massa calcificada com baixa atenua&#231;&#227;o central.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral (CAM) &#233; um processo fibr&#243;tico cr&#244;nico e degenerativo comumente observado da base da valva mitral, geralmente considerado um achado incidental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A CAM &#233; mais prevalente em idosos, principalmente em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de CAM varia de 5% a 42%, dependendo da modalidade de imagem utilizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A CAM &#233; definida como o ac&#250;mulo de c&#225;lcio ao longo do anel. Embora inicialmente a CAM fosse considerada uma consequ&#234;ncia de um processo degenerativo relacionado &#224; idade, achados recentes sugerem outros mecanismos contributivos independentes, como aterosclerose e metabolismo anormal de c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A CAM pode ocorrer em pacientes mais jovens com doen&#231;a renal avan&#231;ada ou outros dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos que resultam em metabolismo anormal do c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os fatores contribuintes incluem fatores relacionados &#224; idade, fatores de risco cardiovascular, aumento do estresse da v&#225;lvula mitral (hipertens&#227;o, estenose a&#243;rtica e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica), metabolismo anormal de c&#225;lcio-f&#243;sforo, dist&#250;rbios cong&#234;nitos (s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, s&#237;ndrome de Hurler) e sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O progn&#243;stico do CAM relaciona-se com a associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos adversos cardiovasculares e mortalidade e a disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral que pode causar. A CAM tem sido independentemente associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas e cardiovascular, com um risco aumentado de eventos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca incidente. Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o com AVC ocorre em m&#250;ltiplas coortes, parcialmente relacionada ao risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar progressiva. A CAM tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a um aumento da preval&#234;ncia de atrasos do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, incluindo bloqueio atrioventricular, bloqueio de ramo e atraso de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. A CAM geralmente tem pouco ou nenhum impacto na hemodin&#226;mica do influxo ventricular esquerdo ou na fun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral. Dados limitados sugerem que a CAM pode exacerbar a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, e raramente foi relatada associa&#231;&#227;o com estenose mitral. Por fim, a CAM pode ser um fator importante no desenvolvimento da endocardite da v&#225;lvula mitral, atuando como um nicho para infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cCAM &#233; uma variante raramente descrita de CAM, caracterizada por uma massa ovoide, focal, com calcifica&#231;&#245;es internas semelhantes a l&#237;quido caseoso e detritos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A terminologia de cCAM &#233; peculiar, pois o termo caseoso geralmente se refere a um tipo de necrose frequentemente encontrada na tuberculose. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum &#233; o achado incidental de uma massa intracard&#237;aca durante a imagem card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#233; de 0,6% em pacientes com CAM, e a preval&#234;ncia geral &#233; de at&#233; 0,07% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A cCAM tende a ocorrer em pacientes idosos e est&#225; associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cCAM pode mimetizar massas card&#237;acas como tumores (mais comumente mixoma), abscessos e vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Diferenciar uma cCAM de outras massas card&#237;acas aderidas ao anel mitral pode ser um desafio devido &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas de imagem vari&#225;veis, dependendo do seu est&#225;gio de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Uma &#250;nica modalidade de imagem, como a ecocardiografia, muitas vezes &#233; insuficiente para um diagn&#243;stico correto. Portanto, a abordagem de imagem multimodal &#233; obrigat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao elevado teor de c&#225;lcio, a CAM &#233; geralmente hipointensa na RMC. No entanto, os sais de c&#225;lcio e o fluido protein&#225;ceo na CAM caseosa podem gerar um sinal alto nas sequ&#234;ncias spin-eco ponderadas em T1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela I</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aspectos da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca encontrados nos casos relatados de calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Pr&#233;-contraste ponderado em T1</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;-contraste ponderado em T2</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">BSSFP pr&#233;-contraste</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Melhoria atrasada</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escuro</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Preto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Ligeiramente mais escuro que o mioc&#225;rdio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o perfundido</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Borda aprimorada em torno de um n&#250;cleo n&#227;o aprimorado</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BSSFP: precess&#227;o livre em estado estacion&#225;rio equilibrado. Adaptado de Monti el al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A CAM e a cCAM comumente afetam o anel mitral posterior, com poucos casos na literatura descrevendo o envolvimento do anel anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A cCAM pode levar &#224; doen&#231;a valvar mitral (regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou estenose) ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Neste caso cl&#237;nico, a condi&#231;&#227;o que motivou a abordagem diagn&#243;stica foi o acidente vascular cerebral. Os mecanismos postulados de emboliza&#231;&#227;o incluem emboliza&#231;&#227;o de pequenas partes calcificadas, ulcera&#231;&#227;o da superf&#237;cie complicada pela forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e subsequente emboliza&#231;&#227;o ou fistuliza&#231;&#227;o da necrose caseosa no l&#250;men do &#225;trio esquerdo ou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A maioria dos autores concorda que o tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; indicado em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com cCMA associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral, manifesta&#231;&#245;es emb&#243;licas ou quando &#233; imposs&#237;vel descartar a possibilidade de um tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a CAM &#233; uma desordem incompletamente compreendida com implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e progn&#243;sticas. Embora a presen&#231;a de cCAM possa representar um dilema diagn&#243;stico, a compreens&#227;o dessa entidade permite estabelecer um diagn&#243;stico preciso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bulky Mitral Annulus Caseous Calcification in an Atypical Location</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3096-8560</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Joana Laranjeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2812-2208</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Viseu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Tondela &#8211; Viseu, Viseu &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Viseu</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cuf Viseu, Viseu &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Joana Laranjeira Correia</bold> &#8226; Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu: Hospital de S&#227;o Teot&#243;nio - Av. Rei Dom Duarte Viseu <postal-code>3504-509</postal-code>, Viseu &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>joanalaranjeira11166@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a commonly observed chronic and degenerative fibrotic process of the base of the mitral valve, usually deemed as an incidental finding. Although initially, MAC was thought to be a consequence of an age-related degenerative process, recent findings suggest other independent contributive mechanisms, such as atherosclerosis and abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism.</p>
        <p>Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (cMAC) is a rarely described variant of MAC, characterized by an ovoid, focal mass with internal caseous fluid-like calcifications and debris.</p>
        <p>Differentiating a cMAC from other cardiac masses attached to the mitral annulus may be challenging. A single imaging modality, such as transthoracic echocardiography, may not be sufficient for a clear diagnosis. Therefore, a multimodal imaging approach is necessary, including cardiac tomography computerized imaging and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR).</p>
        <p>MAC and cMAC typically affect the posterior mitral annulus, with very few cases in the literature describing the involvement of the anterior annulus. We present a rare case of an anterior mitral annulus caseous calcification found in a CMR performed to evaluate a left atrial mass identified on a transthoracic echocardiogram.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Imaging Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>X-Ray Computed</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title/>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Clinical case</title>
          <p>An 84-year-old woman with a known medical history of hypertension and dyslipidemia was referred to our unit to perform a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) for further evaluation of a left atrial mass depicted by transthoracic echocardiography, which was performed in the context of hospitalization by an ischemic stroke.</p>
          <p>CMR revealed a very large mass on the left anterolateral auriculoventricular groove that was hypointense in all fast spin-echo sequences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>) and exhibited no perfusion or evidence of contrast uptake in early enhancement sequences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). The mass was slightly darker than the myocardium in the cine sequences (steady-state free precession). Delayed enhancement sequences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>) showed a small, enhanced border surrounding an important non-enhanced core.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fast spin echo (FSE) images in 2 and 4 chamber long axis views. (A, B): T1 FSE showing a hypointense mass relative to the myocardium (arrow). (C,D): T2 FSE with fat saturation pulse showing almost absence of signal in the mass location.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>First pass perfusion (A, C) and early enhancement sequence (B, D) images in 2 chamber and 4 chamber long axis views, demonstrating absence of perfusion or contrast accumulation in the mass.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Delayed enhancement patterns in different planes: (A, C) - short axis; B - 2 chamber long axis; D - transaxial basal slice. All show only a small rim of enhancement at the mass periphery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Based on the existing literature, although the atypical location, the mass characteristics on CMR could be compatible with caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (cMAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> To confirm this hypothesis, the patient was then submitted to an additional cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan (prospective acquisition without contrast, covering all heart), that showed a calcified mass with less attenuation in the central part (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>), features typically found on caseous calcification of the anterior mitral annulus.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac CT images in contiguous axial planes, showing a large calcified mass with low central attenuation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-1002-10949-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a commonly observed chronic and degenerative fibrotic process of the base of the mitral valve, usually deemed as an incidental finding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> MAC is more prevalent in the elderly, particularly in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The prevalence of MAC varies from 5% to 42%, depending on the imaging modality used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>MAC is defined as the accumulation of calcium along the annulus. Although initially, MAC was thought to be a consequence of an age-related degenerative process, recent findings suggest other independent contributive mechanisms, such as atherosclerosis and abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> MAC may occur in younger patients with advanced renal disease or other metabolic disorders that result in abnormal calcium metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The contributing factors include age-related factors, cardiovascular risk factors, increased mitral valve stress (hypertension, aortic stenosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), abnormal calcium-phosphorus metabolism, congenital disorders (Marfan syndrome, Hurler syndrome) and female sex.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prognosis of MAC relates to the association with cardiovascular adverse events and mortality and the mitral valve dysfunction it can cause. MAC has been independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, with an increased risk of coronary heart disease events and incident heart failure. Moreover, the association with stroke occurs in multiple cohorts, partially related to the risk of atrial fibrillation due to progressive valvular dysfunction. MAC is also associated with an increased prevalence of conduction system delays, including atrioventricular block, bundle branch block, and intraventricular conduction delay. MAC generally has little or no impact on left ventricular inflow hemodynamics or mitral valve function. Limited data suggest that MAC may exacerbate mitral regurgitation, and rarely association with mitral stenosis has been reported. Lastly, MAC may be an important factor in the development of mitral valve endocarditis by acting as a nidus for infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>cMAC is a rarely described variant of MAC, characterized by an ovoid, focal mass with internal caseous fluid-like calcifications and debris.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The terminology of cMAC is peculiar, as the term caseous usually refers to a type of necrosis often encountered in tuberculosis. The most common clinical presentation is the incidental finding of an intracardiac mass during cardiac imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The echocardiographic prevalence is 0.6% in patients with MAC, and the overall prevalence is up to 0.07% in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> cMAC tends to occur in older patients and is associated with hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>cMAC may mimic cardiac masses such as tumors (most commonly myxoma), abscesses and vegetations. Differentiating a cMAC from other cardiac masses attached to the mitral annulus may be challenging due to its variable imaging characteristics depending on its stage of evolution. A single imaging modality, such as echocardiography, is often insufficient for a correct diagnosis. Therefore, the multimodal image approach is mandatory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the elevated calcium content, MAC is generally hypointense on CMR. Nevertheless, the calcium salts and proteinaceous fluid in caseous MAC can generate a high signal on T1 weighted spin-echo sequences (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table I</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance appearances found in the reported cases of caseous calcification of the mitral annulus</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Pre-contrast T1-weighted</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre-contrast T2-weighted</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre-contrast BSSFP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First pass perfusion</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Delayed Enhancement</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dark</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Black</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Slightly darker than myocardium</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Not perfused</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Enhanced border surrounding a non-enhanced core</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>BSSFP: balanced steady state free precession. Adapted from from Monti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>MAC and cMAC commonly affect the posterior mitral annulus, with very few cases in the literature describing the involvement of the anterior annulus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> cMAC can lead to mitral valve disease (regurgitation or stenosis) or systemic embolization. In this clinical case, the condition that motivated the diagnostic approach was a stroke. The postulated mechanisms of embolization include embolization of small calcified parts, ulceration of the surface complicated by thrombus formation, and subsequent embolization or fistulization of the caseous necrosis in the lumen of the left atrium or left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Most authors agree that surgical treatment is indicated in symptomatic patients with cCMA associated with mitral valvular dysfunction, embolic manifestations, or when it is impossible to rule out the possibility of a tumor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, MAC is an incompletely understood disorder with clinical and prognostic implications. Although the presence of cMAC may pose a diagnostic dilemma, understanding this entity allows for establishing an accurate diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
