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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yLHWMQLBGXtDKwVjFDjkdbs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300999</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210906</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210906</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Caseosa do Anel Mitral: Diagn&#243;stico P&#243;s-Transplante Card&#237;aco</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9769-3170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Jord&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Bitencourt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gelape</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Hernane Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasileiro</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Jord&#227;o Chaves</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP <postal-code>31270-901</postal-code>, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>bruno.jordao07@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>999</fpage>
      <lpage>1001</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinose</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral &#233; uma les&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o neopl&#225;sica, considerada uma variante da calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral que deve ser suspeitada quando massas card&#237;acas s&#227;o detectadas por ecocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax ou outros estudos radiol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A maioria dos paciente &#233; assintom&#225;tica, mas j&#225; foram descritos sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia mitral, emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e bloqueios atrioventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico &#233; confirmado pelo exame anatomopatol&#243;gico e o progn&#243;stico &#233; bom. Aqui, apresentamos um caso de calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral diagnosticado ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise patol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 35 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (classe III da New York Heart Association) secund&#225;ria a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica foi admitido em um hospital universit&#225;rio p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio para transplante card&#237;aco. Ele vinha tendo interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. Ao exame f&#237;sico, apresentava edema de membros inferiores, deslocamento lateral do batimento apical, ritmo card&#237;aco irregular, presen&#231;a de terceira bulha e sopro sist&#243;lico e mesodiast&#243;lico precoce no &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o. A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou les&#227;o hiperdensa localizada no cora&#231;&#227;o junto &#224; v&#225;lvula mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado tr&#234;s anos antes do transplante card&#237;aco revelou aumento dos &#225;trios direito e esquerdo, biopr&#243;tese mitral normal e insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico realizado dois meses antes do transplante mostrou aumento de &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos, insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral bioprot&#233;tica moderada e insufici&#234;ncia e estenose valvar a&#243;rtica moderada (dados n&#227;o mostrados). N&#227;o foram observadas les&#245;es calcificadas ao redor do anel valvar mitral em nenhum dos dois ecocardiogramas.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax &#8211; vista p&#243;steroanterior. Cora&#231;&#227;o aumentado. Junto &#224; valva mitral, h&#225; uma les&#227;o oval hiperdensa (setas vermelhas) medindo cerca de 3,5cm x 2,0cm. O sinal de dupla densidade (seta azul) e a eleva&#231;&#227;o do br&#244;nquio esquerdo (seta amarela) indicam aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo. O recesso costodiafragm&#225;tico esquerdo est&#225; obliterado (seta preta), e uma linha calcificada &#233; observada no hemit&#243;rax esquerdo, aparentemente ao longo da pleura (seta branca).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax &#8211; vista lateral. A les&#227;o card&#237;aca hiperdensa (setas vermelhas) e a linha pleural calcificada (setas brancas) s&#227;o vis&#237;veis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Aos 15 anos, o paciente passou por uma troca valvar mitral por biopr&#243;tese para tratamento da doen&#231;a valvar mitral reum&#225;tica, necessitando de duas reopera&#231;&#245;es subsequentes (aos 21 e 23 anos). Nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s anos, apesar da terapia m&#233;dica otimizada, sua fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca se deteriorou continuamente. N&#227;o havia outras comorbidades em sua hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa.</p>
      <p>Os achados laboratoriais mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (creatinina s&#233;rica de 3,0 mg/dL e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada de 25,7 mL/min/1,73m&#178;). O eletrocardiograma revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      <p>A principal hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica foi insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada causada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar da biopr&#243;tese mitral. Para uma massa card&#237;aca visualizada na radiografia, algumas possibilidades foram consideradas: calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, mixoma calcificado, outras neoplasias ou pseudoneoplasias card&#237;acas, abscesso card&#237;aco, tuberculose, tumor amorfo calcificado ou vegeta&#231;&#245;es valvares calcificadas. O diagn&#243;stico preciso &#233; obviamente essencial para o tratamento adequado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo e diagn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Dada a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva, o paciente foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco. Durante os primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio do paciente, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica grave e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda sugeriram rejei&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do enxerto. Apesar da interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para disfun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do enxerto, o paciente veio a &#243;bito tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o explantado pesava 515 gramas e media 10,5 x 9,5 x 8,0 cm. Todas as quatro c&#226;maras estavam significativamente dilatadas. Uma valva bioprot&#233;tica estava presente no orif&#237;cio atrioventricular esquerdo; as outras tr&#234;s valvas eram nativas, incluindo uma valva a&#243;rtica mista esten&#243;tica e regurgitante, mostrando fus&#227;o e encurtamento dos folhetos, altamente sugestivos de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica. Na por&#231;&#227;o anterior do mioc&#225;rdio, na jun&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular esquerda, havia uma massa oval, amarelo-acinzentada, medindo 3,3 x 2,3 cm, com bordas bem definidas e regulares e calcifica&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica fina. Ap&#243;s o cora&#231;&#227;o ter sido seccionado, observou-se o vazamento de uma pequena quantidade de conte&#250;do pastoso (semelhante ao caseum) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Microscopicamente, a les&#227;o estava envolta por tecido fibr&#243;tico com dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio, infiltrado leve de c&#233;lulas mononucleares e c&#233;lulas gigantes multinucleadas perif&#233;ricas. No centro da les&#227;o havia abundante material amorfo e basof&#237;lico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Todos esses achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral (CCAM). No mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo havia poucos e pequenos agregados de macr&#243;fagos e linf&#243;citos, sugestivos de n&#243;dulos de Aschoff.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vis&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica da les&#227;o. Cora&#231;&#227;o explantado com les&#227;o de borda parcialmente regular medindo 3,3 x 2,3 cm (setas brancas). O conte&#250;do da les&#227;o tem aspecto pastoso e semelhante a giz, e foi minimamente descolado durante a sec&#231;&#227;o do esp&#233;cime card&#237;aco. &#201; circundado por uma c&#225;psula fibr&#243;tica sem continuidade com a cavidade ventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vis&#227;o microsc&#243;pica da les&#227;o &#8211; Hematoxilina &amp; eosina, aumento de 200x. O tecido fibr&#243;tico da c&#225;psula (C) &#233; mostrado &#224; esquerda, com dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio (setas pretas). Amplo material amorfo e basof&#237;lico &#233; visto &#224; direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral (CAM) &#233; uma les&#227;o cr&#244;nico-degenerativa que acomete principalmente indiv&#237;duos idosos, e principalmente mulheres e pacientes com doen&#231;a em est&#225;gio terminal ou anormalidades no metabolismo do c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Geralmente assintom&#225;tica, a CAM &#233; comumente identificada atrav&#233;s do ecocardiograma. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral (CCAM) &#233; uma variante rara da CAM, representada por uma massa intramioc&#225;rdica redonda contendo abundante material pastoso ou espesso, constitu&#237;do por &#225;cidos graxos, colesterol e c&#225;lcio;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> raramente a les&#227;o parece surgir do folheto da valva mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m geralmente assintom&#225;tica e mais prevalente em idosos, pode-se suspeitar de CCAM pelo ecocardiograma, que mostra uma massa com bordas distintas e &#225;rea ecolucente central, sugestiva de liquefa&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o do anel mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No presente caso, n&#227;o houve suspeita cl&#237;nica de CCAM.</p>
      <p>Nos exames de ecocardiografia, a CCAM &#233; vista em 0,04% a 0,07% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em 0,06% dos pacientes com CAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sua etiopatogenia &#233; amplamente desconhecida. Consideramos a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica concomitante em nosso paciente como mera coincid&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Na maioria dos pacientes, a les&#227;o &#233; clinicamente assintom&#225;tica. Quando presentes, os sinais e sintomas mais comuns est&#227;o relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No presente caso, &#233; dif&#237;cil atribuir as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#224; CCAM, pois muitas delas poderiam ser claramente explicadas pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada pela doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Nos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, um ecocardiograma incidental pode levantar a suspeita. Em nosso paciente, dois ecocardiogramas n&#227;o foram capazes de detectar a les&#227;o. Em alguns pacientes, o diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito na aut&#243;psia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ou em um cora&#231;&#227;o explantado, como observado neste caso.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de calcifica&#231;&#227;o caseosa do anel mitral &#233; estabelecido pelo exame anatomopatol&#243;gico. Macroscopicamente, a CCAM &#233; uma les&#227;o arredondada com bordas distintas e uma &#225;rea central contendo material caseoso, variando em tamanho de 1,5 a 4,0 cm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em geral, &#233; encontrado ao redor do anel mitral. Histologicamente,a les&#227;o cont&#233;m uma camada fibrosa de tecido conjuntivo com dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio, c&#233;lulas mononucleares inflamat&#243;rias e c&#233;lulas gigantes multinucleadas circundando um material amorfo abundante.</p>
      <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais mais importantes incluem mixoma card&#237;aco, geralmente m&#243;vel, pedunculado e localizado ao longo do septo interatrial, abscessos e pseudoaneurismas, cujo conte&#250;do, embora pastoso, carece de dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio e tumor amorfo card&#237;aco calcificado, uma les&#227;o constitu&#237;da por tecido fibroso colagenoso denso com n&#243;dulos de c&#225;lcio, sem constituinte pastoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A abordagem terap&#234;utica, em geral conservadora, &#233; pautada pelas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, a cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; indicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de ser uma interven&#231;&#227;o curativa, o procedimento cir&#250;rgico &#233; o melhor m&#233;todo de obten&#231;&#227;o de amostras para o diagn&#243;stico morfol&#243;gico. &#192;s vezes, a les&#227;o regride espontaneamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O progn&#243;stico, geralmente bom, depende do tamanho da les&#227;o, sua localiza&#231;&#227;o e padr&#227;o de crescimento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kronzon</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Winwer</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sterile, caseous mitral anular abscess</article-title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caseous Calcification of the Mitral Annulus: A Post-Heart Transplant Diagnosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9769-3170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Jord&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Bitencourt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gelape</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Hernane Rabelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasileiro</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Jord&#227;o Chaves</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code <postal-code>31270-901</postal-code>, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>bruno.jordao07@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcinosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Caseous calcified mitral annulus is a non-neoplastic cardiac lesion considered to be a variant of mitral annular calcification that should be suspected when heart masses are detected by echocardiogram, chest x-ray or other radiologic studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The majority of the patients is asymptomatic, but signs and symptoms of mitral regurgitation, systemic embolization and atrioventricular blocks have been described.&#179; The diagnosis is confirmed by anatomopathologic examination. The prognosis is good. Here, we present a caseous calcification of the mitral annulus case diagnosed after the pathologic analysis of explanted heart.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 35-year-old man with diagnosis of heart failure (stage III by New York Heart Association Classification) secondary to rheumatic heart disease was admitted at a tertiary public University Hospital for heart transplantation. He had been having recurrent hospitalizations due to chronic heart failure. Physical examination showed edema of the lower limbs, lateral dislocation of apex heartbeat, irregular heart rhythm, presence of the third heart sound, and early systolic and mid-diastolic murmur at the apex of the heart. The chest x-ray revealed a hyperdense lesion localized at the heart next to the mitral valve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>). Transthoracic echocardiogram done 3 years before heart transplantation disclosed both right and left atria enlarged, mitral byoprothesis unremarkable and aortic valve regurgitation. Transthoracic echocardiogram performed 2 months before transplantation showed enlargement of both atria and ventricles, moderate bioprosthetic mitral valve insufficiency and moderate aortic valve insufficiency and stenosis (data not shown). In both echocardiograms no calcified lesion was seen around mitral valve annulus.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography &#8211; posteroanterior view. Enlarged heart. Next to the mitral valve, there is an ovulated hyperdense lesion (red arrows) measuring about 3,5cm x 2,0cm. The double density sign (blue arrow) and elevation of the left bronchus (yellow arrow) indicate left atrial enlargement. The left costodiaphragmatic recess is obliterated (black arrow), and a calcified line is noted at the left hemithorax seemingly along the pleura (white arrow).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography &#8211; lateral view. The hyperdense heart lesion (red arrows) and the calcified pleural line (white arrows) are visible.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>At the age of 15, the patient went through a bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement to treat the rheumatic mitral valve disease, requiring two subsequent reoperations (age 21 and 23). For the last three years, despite optimal medical therapy, his heart function had continually deteriorated. There were no other comorbidities in his past medical history.</p>
        <p>Laboratory findings showed a reduced kidney function (serum creatinine of 3,0 mg/dL and estimated glomerular filtration rate of 25.7 mL/min/1.73m&#178;). Electrocardiogram was remarkable for atrial fibrillation.</p>
        <p>The main diagnostic hypothesis was advanced heart failure caused by bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction. For a heart mass visualized on the x-ray, some possibilities were considered: mitral annular calcification, calcified myxoma, other cardiac neoplasms or pseudoneoplasms, cardiac abscess, tuberculosis, calcified amorphous tumor or calcified valvar vegetations. The precise diagnosis is obviously essential for the appropriate treatment.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Management and diagnosis</title>
          <p>Given the progressive cardiac failure, the patient went through heart transplantation. During the patient's first postoperative days, severe hemodynamic instability and acute heart failure suggested primary graft rejection. Despite pharmacological intervention for primary graft dysfunction, the patient died after three days of heart transplantation.</p>
          <p>The explanted heart weighed 515 grams and measured 10.5 x 9.5 x 8.0 cm. All for chambers were significantly dilated. A bioprosthetic valve was present on the left atrioventricular orifice; the other three valves were native, including a mixed stenotic and regurgitant aortic valve showing fusion and shortening of the leaflets, highly suggestive of rheumatic heart disease. On the anterior portion of the myocardium, at the left atrioventricular junction, there was a gray-yellow, oval mass of 3.3 x 2.3 cm, with well-demarcated and regular borders and thin peripheric calcification. After cutting, a small amount of pasty content (similar to caseum) leaked (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). Microscopically, the lesion was involved by a fibrotic tissue with calcium deposits, mild mononuclear cell infiltration, and peripheral multinucleated giant cells. In the center of the lesion, there was abundant amorphous and basophilic material (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). All these findings are consistent with caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (CCMA). In the left ventricle myocardium, there were a few and small macrophage and lymphocyte aggregates suggestive of Aschoff nodules.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Macroscopic view of the lesion. Explanted heart with a partially regular border lesion of 3,3 x 2,3 cm (white arrows). The lesion content has a pasty and chalky aspect and was minimally detached during the cutting of the specimen heart. It is involved by a fibrotic capsule without continuity with the ventricle cavity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Microscopic view of the lesion &#8211; hematoxylin and eosin, magnification of 200x. On the left, there is the fibrotic tissue of the capsule (C) with calcium deposits (black arrows). A wide amorphous and basophilic material is seen on the right half.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0999-10906-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Calcification of mitral annulus (CMA) is a chronic degenerative lesion that affects mainly older people, especially women and patients with end-stage disease or abnormalities in calcium metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Usually asymptomatic, CMA is commonly recognized by echocardiography. Caseous calcification of mitral annulus (CCMA) is a rarely CMA variant represented by a round intramyocardial mass containing abundant pasty or putty-like material composed by fatty acids, cholesterol and calcium;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> rarely, the lesion appears to arise from de mitral valve leaflet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Also generally asymptomatic and more prevalent in the elderly, CCMA can be suspected by echocardiography, which shows a mass with distinct borders and a central echolucent area suggestive of liquefaction in the annular mitral region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the current case, CCMA was not clinically suspected.</p>
        <p>In echocardiography examinations, CCMA is seen in 0.04% to 0.07% of the general population and in 0.06% of CMA patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Its ethiopatogenesis is largely unknown. We consider the concomitant rheumatic disease in our patient as merely coincidental.</p>
        <p>In most patients, the lesion is clinically asymptomatic. When present, the most common signs and symptoms relate to mitral insufficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the current case, it is difficult to attribute the clinical manifestations to the CCMA, since many of them could be clearly explained by heart failure due to rheumatic disease and atrial fibrillation. In the asymptomatic patients, an incidental echocardiogram may arise the suspicion. In our patient, two echocardiograms were not able to detect the lesion. In some patients, the diagnosis is made at autopsy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> or in an explanted heart, as occurred in this case.</p>
        <p>Caseous calcification of mitral annulus&#8217; diagnosis is established by anatomopathological examination. Macroscopically, CCMA is a round lesion with distinct borders and a central area containing caseous material, ranging from 1.5 to 4.0 cm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In general, it is found around mitral annulus. Histologically, the lesion contains a fibrous layer of connective tissue with calcium deposits, inflammatory mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells surrounding an abundant amorphous material.</p>
        <p>The most important differential diagnoses include cardiac myxoma, which is usually mobile, pedunculated and located along interatrial septum, abscess and pseudoaneurysms, whose content, although pasty, lacks calcium deposits, and cardiac calcified amorphous tumor, a lesion composed of dense collagenous fibrous tissue with calcium nodules, without pasty constituent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The therapeutic approach, in general conservative, is guided by the clinical repercussions. In patients with mitral regurgitation, cardiac surgery is indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Besides being a curative intervention, surgery is the method to obtain sample for morphological diagnosis. Sometimes, the lesion regress spontaneously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The prognosis, usually good, depends on its size, location and growth pattern.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
