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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">j8DkqkXF3nmpbTCZpWzK6jk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300979</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220825</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220825</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alta Mortalidade por Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio na Am&#233;rica Latina e Caribe: Defendendo a Implementa&#231;&#227;o de Linha de Cuidado no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luisa C. C. Brant &#8226;</bold>, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. Alfredo Balena, 110. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>luisabrant@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>979</fpage>
      <lpage>980</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;ticas de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) &#233; a principal causa de morte no mundo, e enquanto em pa&#237;ses de alta renda (PAR) foram observados decl&#237;nios substanciais nas taxas de mortalidade por DIC nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o mesmo n&#227;o ocorreu em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda (PBMR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O evento final na cadeia da DIC &#233; o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), que pode ser classificado com base no eletrocardiograma em IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) &#8211; o primeiro apresentando maior letalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As taxas de mortalidade para ambas as apresenta&#231;&#245;es de IAM podem ser reduzidas pelo diagn&#243;stico e tratamento rapidamente institu&#237;dos e de acordo de acordo com as diretrizes atuais, incluindo terapia de reperfus&#227;o para IAMCSST. Nos PAR, como os EUA, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar para IAMCSST variou de 3,5% para indiv&#237;duos que receberam angioplastia coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria a 14,9% para aqueles que n&#227;o receberam reperfus&#227;o, enquanto em pa&#237;ses europeus, foi relatada mortalidade t&#227;o baixa quanto 2,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste n&#250;mero da Revista, o artigo &#8220;Mortalidade Hospitalar Por Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio na Am&#233;rica Latina e no Caribe: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise&#8221; traz dados contempor&#226;neos sobre a mortalidade hospitalar por IAM em LMIC da Am&#233;rica Latina e Caribe de 2000 a 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Utilizando metodologia apropriada, os autores realizaram uma metan&#225;lise de dados de 38 estudos, principalmente realizados no Brasil, Cuba e Argentina: 35 para IAMCSST com 28.878 indiv&#237;duos, e 9 para IAMSSST com 2.377 indiv&#237;duos. A an&#225;lise conjunta demonstrou que a mortalidade hospitalar por IAMCSST foi de 9,9% (IC 95%: 9,1&#8211;10,7), com heterogeneidade moderada a alta (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=74%). O Chile apresentou a menor mortalidade (8,5%; IC 95%: 5,3-13,5) e a Col&#244;mbia a maior (15%; IC 95%: 10,1-21,7), com o Brasil apresentando mortalidade de 9,6% (IC 95%: 8,3 &#8722;11,0); no entanto, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os pa&#237;ses (p=0,47). Para NSTEMI, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 7,2% (IC 95%: 5,5 &#8211; 9,3), tamb&#233;m com heterogeneidade moderada a alta (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 63%), explicada (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 0%) pela exclus&#227;o de um estudo &#8220;outlier&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os resultados descritos acima s&#227;o robustos porque a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por IAMCSST foi associada a fatores conhecidos que melhoram os desfechos, e que tamb&#233;m explicam (sujeito: fatores) em parte a heterogeneidade: maior taxa de reperfus&#227;o (coeficiente=-0,009, IC 95%: &#8722;0,013 a &#8722;0,006, p&lt;0,001) e avan&#231;os temporais no tratamento, com maior mortalidade em 2000-2009 em rela&#231;&#227;o a 2010-2020 (coeficiente=-0,14, IC 95%: &#8722;0,27 a &#8722;0,02, p=0,047).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, deve-se reconhecer que a mortalidade intra-hospitalar relatada &#233; provavelmente menor do que os n&#250;meros reais, pois os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram realizados em unidades de sa&#250;de mais organizadas, onde os pacientes podem ter tido melhor acesso ao tratamento do que a popula&#231;&#227;o total que apresentou IAM na regi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Ainda assim, as lacunas na mortalidade intra-hospitalar por IAMCSST entre PAR e Am&#233;rica Latina/Caribe refor&#231;am a possibilidade de reduzir a mortalidade por IAM em PBMR, proporcionando melhor acesso aos cuidados. Ao integrar e organizar estabelecimentos e profissionais de sa&#250;de em uma regi&#227;o, linhas de cuidado ao IAM trazem melhor acesso &#224; reperfus&#227;o, &#224;s medica&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias e aos cuidados intensivos, levando a melhores resultados e otimiza&#231;&#227;o de recursos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No contexto brasileiro, a DIC &#233; a primeira causa de mortalidade, respondendo por 12% de todas as mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As interna&#231;&#245;es por IAM aumentaram 54% de 2008 a 2019 em hospitais p&#250;blicos &#8211; com 12,9% de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em 2019 &#8211;, tornando o IAM um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que as disparidades no atendimento do indiv&#237;duo com IAM ocorrem dentro do pa&#237;s: em um registro de 4.782 pacientes de hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados selecionados, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 3,4%, mas maior em hospitais p&#250;blicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Mortalidade maior tamb&#233;m foi evidenciada em uma cidade brasileira na rede p&#250;blica (19,5%) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos hospitais privados (4,8%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a implementa&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado ao IAM no Brasil &#233; fundamental para reduzir a mortalidade por IAM, na perspectiva da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Em 2011, o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de lan&#231;ou a Portaria 2.994 para promover a organiza&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado ao IAM. Embora as experi&#234;ncias iniciais tenham reduzido com sucesso a mortalidade intra-hospitalar (4-6% das redu&#231;&#245;es absolutas), elas ficaram restritas a algumas &#225;reas geogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em 2021, os componentes pr&#233;-hospitalares da linha de cuidado tamb&#233;m foram regulamentados pela Portaria 2.777, que inclui o uso de telemedicina para an&#225;lise de ECG e suporte cl&#237;nico, al&#233;m de tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Muitos desafios para a implementa&#231;&#227;o da linha de cuidado ao IAM foram descritos, particularmente para PBMR. Esses desafios relacionam-se ao diagn&#243;stico tardio, &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de encaminhamento e/ou infraestrutura de sa&#250;de inadequadas, ao financiamento insuficiente e aos atrasos na procura de atendimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Suporte por telemedicina para diagn&#243;stico eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e atendimento cl&#237;nico, organiza&#231;&#227;o de centros de refer&#234;ncia, atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar aprimorado - incluindo tromb&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar - e campanhas p&#250;blicas sobre sintomas de IAM s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias para superar essas barreiras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente mostrou que a inclus&#227;o da telecardiologia como parte das linhas de cuidado ao IAM foi associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 37% na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o envolvimento de diferentes partes interessadas, incluindo formuladores de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de e profissionais de sa&#250;de pr&#233;-hospitalares e hospitalares, &#233; a outra parte essencial para uma estrat&#233;gia de implementa&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apoiando-se nos princ&#237;pios fundamentais do SUS de universalidade e equidade, a extens&#227;o da linha de cuidado ao IAM para todos os munic&#237;pios brasileiros urge se quisermos reduzir a mortalidade por IAM, principal causa de morte em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Mortalidade Hospitalar Por Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio na Am&#233;rica Latina e no Caribe: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High Mortality for Myocardial Infarction in Latin America and the Caribbean: Making the Case for Systems of Care Implementation in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Luisa C. C. Brant &#8226;</bold>, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. Alfredo Balena, 110. Postal Code <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>luisabrant@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health Policy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide, and while in high-income countries (HIC), substantial declines in mortality rates for IHD were observed in the last decades, the same did not occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The final event in the chain of IHD is myocardial infarction (MI), which can be classified based on the electrocardiogram in ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), and non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) - the first having higher lethality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Mortality rates for both MI presentations can be reduced by timely diagnosis and treatment according to current guidelines, including reperfusion therapy for STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In HIC, such as the US, STEMI in-hospital mortality varied from 3.5% for individuals receiving primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty to 14.9% for those receiving no reperfusion, while in European countries, mortality as low as 2.5% has been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the Journal, the article &#8220;Hospital Mortality from Myocardial Infarction in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis&#8221; brings a welcome addition regarding MI in-hospital mortality in LMIC from Latin America and the Caribbean from 2000 to 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Using sound methodology, the authors made a meta-analysis of data from 38 studies, mostly conducted in Brazil, Cuba, and Argentina: 35 for STEMI with 28,878 individuals, and 9 for NSTEMI with 2,377 individuals. Pooled analysis demonstrated that in-hospital mortality for STEMI was 9.9% (95%CI: 9.1&#8211;10.7), with moderate to high heterogeneity (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=74%). Chile had the lowest mortality (8.5%; 95%CI: 5.3-13.5), and Colombia the highest (15%; 95%CI: 10.1-21.7), with Brazil showing a mortality of 9.6% (95%CI: 8.3-11.0); however, no statistical difference was found among countries (p=0.47). For NSTEMI, in-hospital mortality was 7.2% (95% CI: 5.5 &#8211; 9.3), also with moderate to high heterogeneity (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup> = 63%), explained (<italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup>=0%) by the exclusion of one outlier study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The results above described are robust because mortality reduction for STEMI was associated with known factors that improve outcomes, which also partly explained the heterogeneity: higher reperfusion rate (coefficient=-0.009, 95% CI: &#8722;0.013 to &#8722;0.006, p&lt;0.001) and temporal advances in treatment, with higher mortality in 2000-2009 compared to 2010-2020 (coefficient=-0.14, 95% CI: &#8722;0.27 to &#8722;0.02, p=0.047).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, it should be acknowledged that the in-hospital mortality reported is probably lower than the actual numbers, as included studies were conducted in more organized health facilities, where patients may have had better access to treatment than the total MI population of the region.</p>
      <p>Still, the gaps in STEMI in-hospital mortality between HIC and Latin America/Caribbean reinforces the possibility of reducing MI mortality in LMIC by providing better access to care. By integrating and organizing health facilities and providers in a region, MI care systems bring better access to reperfusion, evidence-based medication, and intensive care, leading to improved outcomes and optimizing resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the Brazilian context, IHD is the first cause of mortality, accounting for 12% of all deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Hospitalizations due to MI rose 54% from 2008 to 2019 in public hospitals - with 12.9% in-hospital mortality in 2019, making MI a major public health issue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Of note, disparities in MI care occur within the country: in a registry of 4782 patients from selected public and private hospitals, in-hospital mortality was 3.4%, but higher in public hospitals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Higher mortality was also shown in a Brazilian city in public (19.5%) compared to private hospitals (4.8%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As such, implementing the MI system of care in Brazil from the public health perspective is fundamental to reduce MI mortality. In 2011, the Ministry of Health launched the ordinance 2.994 to promote the organizations of MI systems of care. While initial experiences have successfully reduced in-hospital mortality (4-6% of absolute reduce), they have been restricted to some geographical areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In 2021, pre-hospital components of the system were also regulated in the ordinance 2.777, which includes the use of telemedicine for the use of telemedicine for ECG analysis and clinical support, and pre-hospital thrombolysis.</p>
      <p>Many challenges for implementing the MI systems of care have been described. They relate to late diagnosis, inadequate referral strategies and/or health infrastructure, insufficient funding, and delays in seeking care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Telemedicine support for ECG diagnosis and clinical care, organization of referral hubs, enhanced pre-hospital care &#8211; including pre-hospital thrombolysis &#8211; and public campaigns about MI symptoms are strategies to overcome these barriers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A recent meta-analysis showed that including telecardiology as part of MI systems of care was associated with a 37% reduction in mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Moreover, the involvement of different stakeholders, including health policymakers and pre-hospital and hospital healthcare providers, is another essential part of a successful implementation strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Laying in the fundamental principles of SUS of universality and equity, the extension of the MI system of care across every Brazilian municipality urges if we want to reduce mortality by MI, the number one cause of death in our country.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Hospital Mortality from Myocardial Infarction in Latin America and the Caribbean: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
