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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qLpZpsRHR69JQ7hmq7FjKKf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300968</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220807</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220807</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Primeiro Passo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8121-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paolo Blanco Villela</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / 8o. Andar. CEP <postal-code>21941-913</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>pbvillela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>968</fpage>
      <lpage>969</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Iniquidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Autoria</kwd>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>George Eliot e George Sand, romancistas do s&#233;culo XIX, eram pseud&#244;nimos de Mary Ann Evans e Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, respectivamente. Em comum, duas mulheres que para atingirem reconhecimento por seus textos, utilizavam nomes masculinos em suas obras, como bem relata Nodari em seu artigo publicado em 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Muito al&#233;m do conhecimento hist&#243;rico, analisar a disparidade de g&#234;nero na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica transcende a literatura e deve ser entendido como resultado de um processo de forma&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento da sociedade. &#201; inquestion&#225;vel o modelo patriarcal, branco e com privil&#233;gios financeiros que, aliados a uma vis&#227;o do &#8220;homem detentor da raz&#227;o e a mulher detentora da emo&#231;&#227;o&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ajudaram a construir o modelo de ci&#234;ncia que, de maneira equivocada, afastou as mulheres do campo cient&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>Pensar este modelo como algo pertencente ao passado n&#227;o &#233; adequado. Dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic&#237;lios (PNAD), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) de 2019, exp&#245;e uma realidade social que apresenta reflexos na forma&#231;&#227;o da cientista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As mulheres dispensam duas vezes mais tempo aos afazeres dom&#233;sticos por semana em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria (21,4 versus 11 horas), t&#234;m menor remunera&#231;&#227;o que seus pares do sexo masculino (77% da renda masculina), e naquelas com idade entre 25 e 49 anos que convivem no mesmo domic&#237;lio que uma crian&#231;a de at&#233; tr&#234;s anos, o percentual de inser&#231;&#227;o no mercado de trabalho &#233; menor que o dos homens na mesma situa&#231;&#227;o (59,6% versus 89,2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar do n&#250;mero crescente de mulheres na medicina e da forma&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria generalista mais jovem, a cardiologia ainda &#233; uma especialidade com predomin&#226;ncia masculina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em 2020, a rela&#231;&#227;o homem/mulher era 2,21, ao contr&#225;rio de outras especialidades como dermatologia, pediatria e endocrinologia, com rela&#231;&#245;es inferiores a 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Este padr&#227;o observado no Brasil tamb&#233;m &#233; encontrado nos Estado Unidos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e na Europa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> com baixa representatividade global feminina na cardiologia ou em posi&#231;&#245;es de lideran&#231;a dentro da especialidade.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a especializa&#231;&#227;o, o caminho segue em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o para a forma&#231;&#227;o docente com a consequente e natural lideran&#231;a em &#225;reas de pesquisa. Novamente, o cen&#225;rio n&#227;o sofre altera&#231;&#245;es e as mulheres representam 46% do corpo docente superior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Este dado &#233;, na pr&#225;tica, refletido no estudo de Oliveira-Ciabati et al., que demonstrou que mais de 60% da composi&#231;&#227;o docente da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#233; do sexo masculino, o que tamb&#233;m contribui para o aumento da disparidade de g&#234;nero nas publica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste contexto, o estudo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia &#233; fundamental para o entendimento do meio acad&#234;mico brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nele, os autores abordam de maneira bastante elucidativa a disparidade de g&#234;nero nas publica&#231;&#245;es das revistas Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) e International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS), de 2000 a 2019.</p>
    <p>Entre os 1555 artigos publicados nas revistas que representam as maiores fontes de estudos na cardiologia do pa&#237;s, os autores observaram que as mulheres apresentaram predomin&#226;ncia apenas na primeira autoria e apenas na revista IJCS (53%), enquanto homens predominaram na primeira autoria nos ABC Cardiol (58%) e como autores seniores em ambas (75% no ABC Cardiol e 59% no IJCS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> De maneira geral, sabe-se que a primeira autoria reflete o principal respons&#225;vel pelo artigo em quest&#227;o, enquanto o &#250;ltimo autor, ou s&#234;nior, reflete o l&#237;der da linha de pesquisa respons&#225;vel pelo trabalho mais abrangente, capaz de gerar outras publica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Outra observa&#231;&#227;o feita pelos autores refere-se &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da predomin&#226;ncia de g&#234;nero nos campos autorais. Apesar de estarem sub-representadas nas revistas, entre 2000 e 2019, no ABC Cardiol, houve aumento na primeira autoria feminina dos artigos, de 12% para 44%. Enquanto &#250;ltima autoria, e, portanto, autoras seniores, o aumento foi mais modesto, de 16% em 2000 para 27% em 2019, na mesma revista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre os fatores ressaltados pelos autores que podem contribuir para esta disparidade de g&#234;nero, est&#227;o a vis&#227;o estereotipada de que apenas o homem representa o cientista de sucesso, e a maternidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora o primeiro possa ser inconsciente e o segundo inerente ao g&#234;nero, ambos devem ser considerados na discuss&#227;o sobre disparidade nas publica&#231;&#245;es cientificas e nenhum dos dois, isoladamente &#233; consistente com os resultados observados.</p>
    <p>O padr&#227;o notado no estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> n&#227;o &#233; exclusivo das publica&#231;&#245;es nacionais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e pode ser observado tamb&#233;m em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados na cardiologia indexados no <italic>PubMed</italic> entre 2011 e 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e em diretrizes do Col&#233;gio Americano (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association &#8211; ACC/AHA), da Sociedade de Canadense (Canadian Cardiovascular Society &#8211; CCS), e da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (European Society of Cardiology &#8211; ESC), entre 2006 e 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em ambos os estudos que avaliaram as publica&#231;&#245;es mencionadas, a sub-representatividade das mulheres se mant&#233;m, seja na autoria principal, seja como l&#237;der de pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Por fim, a desigualdade de g&#234;nero encontrada nas publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas tem origem multifatorial e inter-rela&#231;&#245;es complexas, refletindo provavelmente o comportamento da sociedade. Iniquidades existentes anteriores &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o no ensino superior, desigualdades de renda e oportunidades devido &#224; estere&#243;tipos inconsistentes, maternidade, dupla jornada de trabalho e sexismo estrutural, s&#227;o apenas alguns entraves no sinuoso caminho da mulher at&#233; a autoria ou lideran&#231;a cient&#237;fica. Para mudar este cen&#225;rio, &#233; preciso reconhecer o problema, e desta forma, a contribui&#231;&#227;o do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> &#233; essencial. O caminho em dire&#231;&#227;o a equidade &#233; longo, mas o primeiro passo foi dado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Disparidade de G&#234;nero na Autoria Principal e S&#234;nior em Peri&#243;dicos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>9 Rai D, Kumar A, Waheed SH, Pandey R, Guerriero M, Kapoor A, et al. Gender Differences in International Cardiology Guideline Authorship: A Comparison of the US, Canadian, and European Cardiology Guidelines From 2006 to 2020. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022;11(5):e024249. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024249.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenorio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>ASE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Science Gender Gap: Are We in theRight Path?</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>151</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/ijcs.20220029</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Oliveira GMM, Tenorio M, Siqueira ASE. Science Gender Gap: Are We in theRight Path? Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2022; 35(2), 148-151. Doi: 10.36660/ijcs.20220029.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The First Step</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8121-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Paolo Blanco Villela</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 / 8o. Andar. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-913</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>pbvillela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Gender Inequality</kwd>
        <kwd>Authorship</kwd>
        <kwd>Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>George Eliot and George Sand, 19th-century novelists, were pen names for Mary Ann Evans and Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, respectively. In common, two women who, to achieve recognition for their texts, used male names in their works, as portrayed by Nodari in his article published in 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Far beyond historical knowledge, analyzing gender disparity in scientific production transcends literature and must be understood as the result of a process of formation and development of society. The patriarchal, white model with financial privileges is unquestionable, which, combined with a vision of the &#8220;man with reason and the woman with emotion&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> helped to build the model of science that, in a wrong way, kept women away from the scientific field.</p>
      <p>To think of this model as something belonging to the past is inadequate. Data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2019 exposes a social reality that reflects on the formation of the scientist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Women spend twice as much time on housework per week compared to men of the same age group (21.4 versus 11 hours), earn less than their male peers (77% of male income), and in those aged between 25 and 49 years old who live in the same household with a child up to three years old, the percentage of insertion in the labor market is lower than that of men in the same situation (59.6% versus 89.2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite the growing number of women in medicine and the younger generalist university education, cardiology is still a specialty with a male predominance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In 2020, the male/female ratio was 2.21, unlike other specialties such as dermatology, pediatrics and endocrinology, with ratios lower than 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This pattern observed in Brazil is also found in the United States<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and Europe,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with low global female representation in cardiology or leadership positions within the specialty.</p>
      <p>After the specialization, the path goes towards the postgraduate course for teacher training with the consequent and natural leadership in research areas. Again, the scenario does not change; women represent 46% of the superior faculty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This data is, in practice, reflected in the study by Oliveira-Ciabati et al., which showed that more than 60% of the professors at the University of S&#227;o Paulo are male, which also contributes to the increase in gender disparity in schools publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, the study published by <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> is fundamental for understanding the Brazilian academic environment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In it, the authors approach in a very elucidative way the gender disparity in the publications of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC Cardiol) and the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) from 2000 to 2019.</p>
      <p>Among the 1555 articles published in journals that represent the largest sources of studies in cardiology in the country, the authors observed that women predominated only in the first authorship and only in the IJCS journal (53%), while men predominated in the first authorship in the ABC Cardiol (58%) and as senior authors in both (75% in ABC Cardiol and 59% in IJCS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Generally, it is known that the first author reflects the main responsible for the article in question, while the last author, or senior, reflects the leader of the research line responsible for the most comprehensive work, capable of generating other publications.</p>
      <p>Another observation made by the authors refers to the temporal evolution of gender predominance in authorship fields. Despite being underrepresented in magazines, between 2000 and 2019, in ABC, there was an increase in the first female authorship of articles, from 12% to 44%. As the last author, and therefore senior authors, the increase was more modest, from 16% in 2000 to 27% in 2019, in the same jornal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the factors highlighted by the authors that may contribute to this gender disparity are the stereotyped view that only men represent the successful scientist and motherhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although the first may be unconscious and the second inherent to the genre, both must be considered in the discussion about the disparity in scientific publications and neither, in isolation, is consistent with the observed results.</p>
      <p>The pattern noted in the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> is not unique to national publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It can also be observed in randomized clinical trials in cardiology indexed in PubMed between 2011 and 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and in the American College of Cardiology/American Heart guidelines Association &#8211; ACC/AHA), the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), between 2006 and 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In both studies that evaluated the publications mentioned, the underrepresentation of women remains in the main authorship or as a research leader.</p>
      <p>Finally, the gender inequality found in scientific publications has a multifactorial origin and complex interrelationships, probably reflecting the behavior of society. Existing inequities prior to higher education training, inequalities in income and opportunities due to inconsistent stereotypes, motherhood, double shifts and structural sexism are just a few obstacles on women&#8217;s winding path to scientific authorship or leadership. To change this scenario, it is necessary to recognize the problem, and in this way, the contribution of the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> is essential. The path toward equity is long, but the first step has been taken.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Gender Disparity in First and Senior Authorship in Brazilian Cardiology Journals</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
