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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bbttRbrVsKpdMVcT3RqvHpn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300960</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220058</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disparidade de G&#234;nero na Autoria Principal e S&#234;nior em Peri&#243;dicos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9450-6744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Goneli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Urel</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Carolina de Almeida Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frantz</surname>
            <given-names>Eliete Dalla Corte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8772-4770</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius de P&#225;dua Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Evelyn de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1893-3461</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dalben</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1878-2293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Cadilho da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9766-1504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;za Lucchesi Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando de Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro/EBSERH</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro/EBSERH, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Radiologia, Av. Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24230-322</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>960</fpage>
      <lpage>967</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar da import&#226;ncia das mulheres na pesquisa cl&#237;nica, n&#227;o existe uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de mulheres em posi&#231;&#245;es de autoria nos peri&#243;dicos de cardiologia da SBC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a fra&#231;&#227;o de mulheres autoras na International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) e nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizamos busca dos artigos originais dos ABC Cardiol, entre 2000 e 2019, e da IJCS, entre 2010 e 2019. Foi feito levantamento do n&#250;mero de primeiras e &#250;ltimas autoras e do total de artigos originais de 2010 a 2019. Calculamos as propor&#231;&#245;es totais de autorias femininas e comparamos o primeiro quinqu&#234;nio com o segundo. Para avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal das duas d&#233;cadas, analisamos apenas dados dos ABC Cardiol. Utilizamos o teste Qui-quadrado para analisar as diferen&#231;as dentro de cada revista e entre ambas. O <italic>software</italic> IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; foi utilizado nas an&#225;lises. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>De 2010 a 2019, foram publicados 1157 artigos originais nos ABC Cardiol e 398 na IJCS. Observamos que as mulheres t&#234;m maior predomin&#226;ncia como primeiras autoras na IJCS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ABC Cardiol, mas os homens predominam como &#250;ltimos autores em ambos. De 2010 a 2019, n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa na propor&#231;&#227;o de autorias femininas. Ao longo das d&#233;cadas analisadas para os ABC Cardiol, houve proje&#231;&#227;o de crescimento linear de autorias femininas, sendo que a inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta &#233; maior na proje&#231;&#227;o da primeira autoria que na autoria s&#234;nior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>H&#225; disparidade de g&#234;nero com menor representatividade feminina nas autorias dos artigos dos peri&#243;dicos cardiol&#243;gicos brasileiros analisados: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia e <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>. Acreditamos que a partir destes resultados mais esfor&#231;os devam ser implementados em busca de equidade de g&#234;nero na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica cardiol&#243;gica veiculada por estes peri&#243;dicos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas</kwd>
        <kwd>Autoria e Co-autoria de Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Disparidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Equidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As mulheres na medicina acad&#234;mica continuam tendo sub-representa&#231;&#227;o e enfrentam grandes desafios profissionais. Apesar do aumento progressivo na propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres graduadas em medicina, elas t&#234;m menor probabilidade de ascenderem a cargos de chefia dentro da medicina acad&#234;mica, menos chances de serem reconhecidas como especialistas e l&#237;deres, e menores chances de serem convidadas para apresenta&#231;&#245;es em confer&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas nacionais ou mesmo de receberem pr&#234;mios de prest&#237;gio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ouyang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> utilizaram um extenso banco de dados de publica&#231;&#245;es e conclu&#237;ram que, apesar de a representa&#231;&#227;o feminina nas pesquisas publicadas na &#225;rea da cardiologia ter aumentado nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas, h&#225; uma lacuna persistente na representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres na pesquisa em todos os n&#237;veis, seja como primeira autoria, autoras s&#234;niores e em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es. Outra observa&#231;&#227;o interessante de Asghar et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> foi que as autoras do sexo feminino t&#234;m maior probabilidade de ter uma mentora em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus colegas do sexo masculino. Estes autores conclu&#237;ram que as posi&#231;&#245;es de lideran&#231;a feminina provavelmente influenciam de modo positivo outras mulheres em seus departamentos e motivam o envolvimento com a pesquisa cient&#237;fica de modo mais intenso.</p>
      <p>Moraes, Kovacs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> tra&#231;aram um paralelo entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos destacando que, embora as mulheres representem metade da popula&#231;&#227;o, apenas um ter&#231;o dos cardiologistas s&#227;o mulheres, mesmo com as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares respondendo por cerca de 30% das causas de mortalidade em nosso pa&#237;s e por um ter&#231;o das mortes de mulheres no mundo. Segundo o relat&#243;rio da Elsevier intitulado <italic>The Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (A jornada do pesquisador atrav&#233;s de lentes de g&#234;nero), atualizado em novembro de 2020, a desigualdade de g&#234;nero pode ser observada em termos de resultados de publica&#231;&#245;es, cita&#231;&#245;es, bolsas concedidas e colabora&#231;&#245;es. Em todos os pa&#237;ses inclu&#237;dos no estudo, a porcentagem de mulheres que publicaram em peri&#243;dicos internacionais &#233; menor do que a de homens. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s cita&#231;&#245;es dos artigos, h&#225; ainda uma diferen&#231;a de g&#234;nero: trabalhos de autoria de mulheres s&#227;o citados com menos frequ&#234;ncia do que de homens. Quando avaliamos os estudos de graus mais elevados de impacto cient&#237;fico, que s&#227;o os estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs), Mehran et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">7</xref></sup> observaram que houve um aumento progressivo no n&#250;mero de mulheres que foram as primeiras autoras de ECRs de cardiologia no per&#237;odo de 2011 a 2020; passando de pouco mais de 20% dos artigos para 30% ao final da d&#233;cada. Os autores creditam este aumento &#224; defesa do empoderamento feminino e da representa&#231;&#227;o igualit&#225;ria dos g&#234;neros.</p>
      <p>Conforme a &#8220;Carta das Mulheres&#8221;, documento publicado por de Oliveira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia fomentar atividades voltadas para a consolida&#231;&#227;o da cardiologia entre as mulheres brasileiras, a fim de multiplicar as oportunidades do cuidado na perspectiva feminina, permitindo a integra&#231;&#227;o e a troca de experi&#234;ncias que amplifiquem a melhoria da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Lan&#231;ado em 1948, os ABC Cardiol &#233; um dos principais ve&#237;culos de divulga&#231;&#227;o das pesquisas cient&#237;ficas brasileiras na &#225;rea das ci&#234;ncias cardiovasculares. O <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic> (IJCS) &#233; um peri&#243;dico incorporado &#224; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia em 2015, que foi derivado da Revista Brasileira de Cardiologia, criada em 2010 pela Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Juntos, estes peri&#243;dicos publicam grande parte da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica na &#225;rea da cardiologia brasileira, em especial os produtos da p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>stricto sensu</italic>. A despeito da import&#226;ncia substancial das mulheres na presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de sa&#250;de e na realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa cl&#237;nica em todo o mundo, n&#227;o existe uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de mulheres que ocupam posi&#231;&#245;es de primeira autoria e autoria s&#234;nior nos peri&#243;dicos de cardiologia mantidos pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, ABC Cardiol e IJCS. A avalia&#231;&#227;o deste perfil e da sua varia&#231;&#227;o ao longo das &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas pode identificar disparidades autorais entre homens e mulheres em peri&#243;dicos nacionais na &#225;rea de cardiologia e pode permitir o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para redu&#231;&#227;o das barreiras &#224; representa&#231;&#227;o feminina na lideran&#231;a m&#233;dica, bem como na promo&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica na &#225;rea de cardiologia. O objetivo deste artigo &#233; avaliar o papel das mulheres como autoras de artigos cient&#237;ficos em cardiologia nos peri&#243;dicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para que estes dados possam ser a base para aumentar a inclus&#227;o das mulheres na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos um estudo de corte transversal, em que foi realizada busca bibliogr&#225;fica de todos os artigos originais publicados na revista ABC Cardiol entre os anos 2000 e 2019 e de todos os artigos originais publicados na <italic>IJCS</italic> entre os anos 2010 e 2019 nos sites das revistas mencionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A coleta de dados foi realizada entre dezembro de 2020 e fevereiro de 2021 nas bases de dados dos endere&#231;os eletr&#244;nicos correspondentes de cada revista. O g&#234;nero dos(as) autores(as) foi determinado pela inspe&#231;&#227;o do nome do(a) primeiro(a) autor(a) e do(a) &#250;ltimo(a) autor(a) (s&#234;nior). Em casos de incerteza do g&#234;nero, foi realizada a pesquisa do nome do(a) autor(a) em website da sua respectiva institui&#231;&#227;o ou em redes sociais.</p>
      <p>Em todas as etapas, dois ou mais pesquisadores atuaram de forma independente e as discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos</title>
        <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram usados para inclus&#227;o de artigos nesta revis&#227;o: 1) artigos originais, 2) publica&#231;&#245;es feitas entre 2000 e 2019 nos ABC Cardiol, 3) publica&#231;&#245;es feitas entre 2010-2019 na Revista IJCS. Os artigos foram exclu&#237;dos se fossem editoriais, minieditoriais, revis&#245;es ou artigos especiais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Os investigadores, depois da busca e exclus&#227;o dos artigos n&#227;o pertinentes, extra&#237;ram independentemente os dados dos estudos selecionados, de acordo com roteiro pr&#233;-estabelecido. Foram coletados o n&#250;mero de autoras mulheres dos artigos, o n&#250;mero de autores homens dos artigos, o n&#250;mero e identifica&#231;&#227;o de todas as mulheres primeiras autoras dos artigos, n&#250;mero e identifica&#231;&#227;o de todas as mulheres &#250;ltimas autoras dos artigos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados dados num&#233;ricos para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#250;meros absolutos de primeiras e &#250;ltimas autoras e do total de artigos originais nos peri&#243;dicos do ano 2010 at&#233; 2019 para os artigos dos ABC Cardiol e para os artigos do IJCS. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas ser&#227;o apresentadas atrav&#233;s de n&#250;meros absolutos e percentagens. A partir dos dados obtidos foram calculadas as propor&#231;&#245;es totais de autorias femininas de acordo com os peri&#243;dicos e comparada a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal dentro da d&#233;cada das autorias comparando o primeiro quinqu&#234;nio com o segundo. As propor&#231;&#245;es de autorias femininas e masculinas foram comparadas entre a primeira metade do per&#237;odo com a segunda metade. No caso dos dados dos ABC Cardiol foram analisadas duas d&#233;cadas (2000 a 2019); enquanto no IJCS foi analisado apenas o per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2019, pois o IJCS foi criado no ano 2010. Para analisar as diferen&#231;as de propor&#231;&#245;es das autorias dentro de cada revista e entre as duas revistas foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; vers&#227;o 21. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos bio&#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Foram utilizados apenas dados p&#250;blicos que est&#227;o depositados nos websites dos peri&#243;dicos cardiol&#243;gicos desta pesquisa, respeitando o item III da Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 510/2016 que define que as pesquisas que utilizam dados de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico n&#227;o necessitam de avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema CEP/CONEP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o n&#250;mero de artigos originais encontrados no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2019 para os ABC Cardiol e IJCS de acordo com a autoria e o g&#234;nero. Foram publicados no per&#237;odo 1157 artigos originais nos ABC Cardiol e 398 artigos originais no IJCS. Observamos uma predomin&#226;ncia de homens como primeiros autores de artigos nos ABC (666 autores homens; 58%) enquanto na IJCS h&#225; uma discreta predomin&#226;ncia de primeiras autoras mulheres (212 autoras mulheres; 53%). Esta diferen&#231;a entre os peri&#243;dicos &#233; estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) indicando que as mulheres t&#234;m maior predomin&#226;ncia como autoras no IJCS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ABC Cardiol.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero e percentual de artigos originais publicados nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia e <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic> de acordo com o g&#234;nero dos autores entre 2010 e 2019</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Artigos</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Total de artigos originais</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Primeira autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Primeira autoria masculina (%)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria masculina (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1157</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">491 (42%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">666 (58%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">284 (25%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">873 (75%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IJCS</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">398</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">212 (53%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">196 (47%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">163 (41%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">235 (59%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TOTAL</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1718</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">771 (45%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">947 (55%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">494 (29%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1224 (71%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia; IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>compara&#231;&#227;o entre &#250;ltima autoria masculina ABC x IJCS: p &lt; 0,001.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Ao analisar a autoria s&#234;nior dos artigos, observamos que os homens predominam como &#250;ltimos autores em ambos os peri&#243;dicos. Entretanto, a frequ&#234;ncia de homens como &#250;ltimos autores nos ABC Cardiol &#233; significativamente maior do que a frequ&#234;ncia de homens como &#250;ltimos autores no IJCS (873 autores nos ABC Cardiol - 75% x 235 autores no IJCS - 59%; valor de p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero das autorias do IJCS no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2019, dividindo a d&#233;cada em dois quinqu&#234;nios. Observamos que n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa na propor&#231;&#227;o de autorias femininas tanto na primeira posi&#231;&#227;o do artigo (55% no primeiro quinqu&#234;nio x 52% no segundo quinqu&#234;nio; p = 0,2) quanto na &#250;ltima posi&#231;&#227;o (42% no primeiro quinqu&#234;nio x 40% no segundo quinqu&#234;nio; p = 0,8).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero e percentual de artigos originais publicados nos <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic> de acordo com o g&#234;nero dos autores entre 2010 e 2019 divididos de acordo com os quinqu&#234;nios da d&#233;cada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Artigos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total de artigos originais</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeira autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeira autoria masculina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria masculina (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IJCS 2010-2014</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (55%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72 (45%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (58%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IJCS 2015-2019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">238</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">124 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">112 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96 (40%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">142 (60%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero das autorias dos ABC Cardiol no per&#237;odo de 2010 a 2019, dividindo a d&#233;cada em dois quinqu&#234;nios. Observamos que n&#227;o houve modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa na propor&#231;&#227;o de autorias femininas tanto na primeira posi&#231;&#227;o do artigo (42% no primeiro quinqu&#234;nio x 42% no segundo quinqu&#234;nio; p=1) quanto na &#250;ltima posi&#231;&#227;o (25% no primeiro quinqu&#234;nio x 24% no segundo quinqu&#234;nio; p = 0,8).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero e percentual de artigos originais publicados nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia de acordo com o g&#234;nero dos autores entre 2010 e 2019 divididos de acordo com os quinqu&#234;nios da d&#233;cada:</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Artigos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total de artigos originais</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeira autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeira autoria masculina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria masculina (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2010-2014</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">656</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">279 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">377 (58%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">163 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">493 (75%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2015-2019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">501</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">212 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">289 (58%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">380 (76%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero das autorias dos ABC Cardiol ao longo do tempo, considerando a d&#233;cada de 2000 a 2009 com 2010 &#224; 2019. Observamos um aumento significativo na propor&#231;&#227;o de autorias femininas tanto na primeira (33% na d&#233;cada de 2000 x 42% na d&#233;cada de 2010; p &lt; 0,0001) quanto na &#250;ltima posi&#231;&#227;o (20% na d&#233;cada de 2000 x 25% na d&#233;cada de 2010; p = 0,006).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>N&#250;mero e percentual de artigos originais publicados nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia de acordo com o g&#234;nero dos autores comparando a d&#233;cada de 2000 &#224; d&#233;cada de 2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Artigos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Total de artigos originais</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeira autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeira autoria masculina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria feminina (%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">&#218;ltima autoria masculina (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2000-2009</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1026</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">340 (33%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">686 (77%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">202 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">824 (80%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2010-2019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1157</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">491 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">666 (58%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">284 (25%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">873 (75%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> demonstram a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, ano a ano, das primeiras e &#250;ltimas autorias femininas, respectivamente, nos peri&#243;dicos analisados na d&#233;cada de 2010 - 2019. Ambas as Figuras apresentam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel ao longo do per&#237;odo analisado, sem estabelecer um perfil padr&#227;o das autorias femininas, independentemente da posi&#231;&#227;o em ambas os peri&#243;dicos da &#225;rea de cardiologia.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de primeiras autorias femininas entre 2010 e 2019 nos peri&#243;dicos IJCS e ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia; IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de &#250;ltimas autorias femininas entre 2010 e 2019 nos peri&#243;dicos IJCS e ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia; IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4</xref> representam a evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, ano a ano, da primeira e &#250;ltima autoria, respectivamente, ao longo das duas d&#233;cadas analisadas para os artigos publicados no peri&#243;dico ABC Cardiol. Observamos que h&#225; uma sazonalidade com rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de autorias femininas tanto na primeira (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) quanto na &#250;ltima posi&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>) de autores dos artigos originais publicados no per&#237;odo analisado sem configurar uma tend&#234;ncia clara de mudan&#231;a.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da propor&#231;&#227;o da primeira autoria feminina no per&#237;odo de 2000 e 2019, no peri&#243;dico ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o temporal da propor&#231;&#227;o da &#250;ltima autoria feminina no per&#237;odo de 2000 e 2019, no peri&#243;dico ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a diversidade de g&#234;nero nas publica&#231;&#245;es dos principais peri&#243;dicos das pesquisas brasileiras, na &#225;rea das ci&#234;ncias cardiovasculares, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Nossos achados demostraram uma disparidade de g&#234;nero na autoria dos artigos, tanto na primeira (45% de autoras) quanto na &#250;ltima posi&#231;&#227;o (29% de autoras), apontando uma representatividade minorit&#225;ria feminina. Contudo, mesmo que discreta, nossos resultados sugerem uma crescente participa&#231;&#227;o feminina nas principais posi&#231;&#245;es de autoria durante as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, obviamente aqu&#233;m da equidade de g&#234;nero desejada.</p>
      <p>O ambiente acad&#234;mico tem presenciado maior n&#250;mero de mulheres cientistas no Brasil nas mais variadas &#225;reas. Haja visto o censo de 2016 do Diret&#243;rio dos Grupos de Pesquisa no Brasil do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o qual mostra que cerca de 50% do total de pesquisadores &#233; do sexo feminino. Por&#233;m, a representatividade feminina diminui &#224; medida que a carreira cient&#237;fica avan&#231;a, principalmente em posi&#231;&#245;es de lideran&#231;a, atingindo 45% do total de l&#237;deres de grupos de pesquisa brasileiros. Fato corroborado pelo presente estudo que mostrou a sub-representa&#231;&#227;o feminina nas diferentes posi&#231;&#245;es de autoria, alcan&#231;ando &#237;ndices mais pr&#243;ximos da equidade de g&#234;nero na primeira autoria feminina (45% do total de artigos publicados no ABC Cardiol e IJCS) e uma disparidade mais evidente em posi&#231;&#245;es de lideran&#231;a, como na autoria s&#234;nior (apenas 29% do total de artigos publicados no ABC Cardiol e IJCS) das produ&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas brasileiras, na &#225;rea das ci&#234;ncias cardiovasculares, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Destacando-se ainda que o IJCS apresenta maior representatividade feminina, tanto na primeira quanto na &#250;ltima posi&#231;&#227;o de autoria, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ABC Cardiol no total de artigos originais publicados na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada. Os dados do nosso estudo se comparam favoravelmente com os apresentados no estudo de Mehran et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que encontraram no ano de 2019 a propor&#231;&#227;o de 30% dos artigos sobre estudos randomizados em cardiologia como tendo primeira autoria feminina.</p>
      <p>Dentre as principais causas da disparidade de g&#234;nero no desempenho acad&#234;mico est&#227;o o vi&#233;s impl&#237;cito e a amea&#231;a pelo estere&#243;tipo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Mulheres e outros grupos &#233;tnicos e sociais comumente n&#227;o se encaixam nas percep&#231;&#245;es das qualidades de cientistas de sucesso, desencadeando estere&#243;tipos culturais negativos, mesmo que sem consci&#234;ncia, de fraco desempenho cient&#237;fico, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a verdadeira capacidade. O impacto destas atitudes e julgamentos, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, acabam implicitamente influenciando ambientes acad&#234;micos, nos quais os homens geralmente predominam em posi&#231;&#245;es de prest&#237;gio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o importante trabalho desempenhado pelo Movimento <italic>Parent in Science</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parentinscience.com/">https://www.parentinscience.com/</ext-link>) destaca a maternidade como um dos fatores mais importantes para a subrepresentatividade das mulheres na ci&#234;ncia, contribuindo com redu&#231;&#245;es na produtividade de artigos cient&#237;ficos e dep&#243;sitos de patentes, por exemplo.</p>
      <p>Outro fato evidenciado no agravamento da disparidade de g&#234;nero no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 &#233; que as mulheres n&#227;o t&#234;m ocupado papeis de lideran&#231;a em ensaios cl&#237;nicos internacionais. Chatterjee, Werner<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> analisaram 1.548 estudos relacionados &#224; pandemia e conclu&#237;ram que apenas 27,8% deles foram liderados por mulheres, sendo menos de um ter&#231;o dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos sobre Covid-19 realizados por mulheres. Cabe ressaltar ainda que o levantamento realizado no Brasil durante o isolamento social relativo &#224; Covid-19 (abril e maio de 2020) enfatizou que mulheres com filhos tiveram a produtividade acad&#234;mica mais negativamente afetadas pela pandemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Diante deste fato, o presente estudo n&#227;o incluiu o per&#237;odo da pandemia na an&#225;lise (publica&#231;&#245;es de 2020 e 2021), acreditando que merece aten&#231;&#227;o diferenciada e ser&#225; foco de um estudo futuro do grupo, j&#225; em andamento.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, nos &#250;ltimos anos tem se promovido in&#250;meras iniciativas na tentativa de desencadear mudan&#231;as para amenizar a desigualdade de g&#234;nero na ci&#234;ncia brasileira. A exemplo da inclus&#227;o do per&#237;odo de licen&#231;a maternidade no Curr&#237;culo Lattes, tornando a sele&#231;&#227;o de pesquisadores com base nesta ferramenta mais inclusiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nesta interface, mesmo que longe do ideal, mostramos uma proje&#231;&#227;o linear crescente ao longo dos anos na representatividade feminina, principalmente na posi&#231;&#227;o de primeira autoria nas publica&#231;&#245;es do ABC. Em uma vis&#227;o otimista, possivelmente com impacto positivo das iniciativas mencionadas acima, podemos projetar uma participa&#231;&#227;o maior das mulheres nos cargos de lideran&#231;a e nas principais posi&#231;&#245;es de autoria das publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas.</p>
      <p>Este levantamento de dados sobre a ordem de autoria por g&#234;nero dos principais peri&#243;dicos das pesquisas brasileiras atualmente, na &#225;rea das ci&#234;ncias cardiovasculares, revelou a sub-representa&#231;&#227;o feminina na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica. Esperamos que o presente estudo estimule reflex&#245;es sobre o grande desafio pela busca da equidade de g&#234;neros em uma comunidade mais diversificada e inclusiva na ci&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es encontradas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi que a an&#225;lise n&#227;o levou em conta a idade dos autores ou o tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o. Isto pode ser importante tendo em vista que tem havido um aumento progressivo de mulheres m&#233;dicas. Isto faz com que haja uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de homens com mestrado e doutorado em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres m&#233;dicas, o que ainda &#233; mais cr&#237;tico com o fato de que no Brasil estes cursos est&#227;o ligados diretamente com a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a incapacidade de correlacionar a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de modo regional identificando &#225;reas do Brasil em que haja maior disparidade de g&#234;nero e que mere&#231;am maior estudo. Entretanto os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o &#250;nicos e pioneiros apontando a necessidade de a&#231;&#245;es que aumentem a inclus&#227;o das mulheres na autoria da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>H&#225; disparidade de g&#234;nero com menor representatividade feminina nas autorias dos artigos dos peri&#243;dicos cardiol&#243;gicos brasileiros analisados: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia e <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>. Acreditamos que a partir destes resultados mais esfor&#231;os devam ser implementados em busca de equidade de g&#234;nero na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica cardiol&#243;gica veiculada por estes peri&#243;dicos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, FAPERJ e Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha (FEC).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gender Disparity in First and Senior Authorship in Brazilian Cardiology Journals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9450-6744</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Goneli de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Urel</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Carolina de Almeida Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frantz</surname>
            <given-names>Eliete Dalla Corte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8772-4770</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius de P&#225;dua Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Evelyn de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1893-3461</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dalben</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1878-2293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Cadilho da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veloso</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9766-1504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;za Lucchesi Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando de Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro/EBSERH, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Radiologia Av. Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24230-322</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite the importance of women in clinical research, no assessment has been made of the fraction of women in a leadership positions in the Cardiology journals of the SBC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the fraction of female authors in the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) and the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (ABC Cardiol) over the last decades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We searched the original articles of the ABC Cardiol, from 2000 to 2019, and of the IJCS, from 2010 to 2019. We surveyed the number of first and senior female authors and the total number of original articles from 2010 to 2019. We calculated the total proportion of female authorship and compared the first quinquennium with the second. Only data from the ABC Cardiol were analyzed to assess the temporal evolution of the two decades. We used the chi-square test to assess the differences within each journal and between them. The IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; software was used in the analyses. The level of significance adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>From 2010 to 2019, 1,157 original articles were published in the ABC Cardiol and 398 in the IJCS. We observed that women are more prevalent as first authors in the IJCS compared to the ABC Cardiol, but men prevail as senior authors in both journals. From 2010 to 2019, there was no significant change in the proportion of female authorship. Throughout the decades analyzed for the ABC Cardiol, there was a projection of linear growth of female authorship, with the slope of the line being greater in the first authorship than in senior authorship.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>There is gender disparity, with lower female representativeness in authorship in the articles from the Brazilian Cardiology journals analyzed: <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. We believe that based on these results, more efforts should be implemented in the search for gender equity in the cardiology scientific production published by these journals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Scientific Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Authorship and Co-Authorship in Scientific Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Disparity</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Equity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Women in Academic Medicine are still underrepresented and face great professional challenges. Although the progressive growth in the proportion of women who graduated in Medicine, they are less likely to occupy leadership positions in Academic Medicine, have lower chances of being recognized as specialists and leaders, and have lower chances of being invited for presentations in national medical conferences or receiving prestige awards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ouyang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> used an extensive database of publications and concluded that although female representation in the research published in the area of Cardiology has increased in the last four decades, there is a persistent gap in women&#8217;s representation in research at all levels, whether as first authorship, senior authors and concerning the number of publications. Another interesting observation made by Asghar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> was that female authors are more likely to have a female mentor when compared with their male colleagues. These authors concluded that women in leadership positions might positively influence other women in their departments and motivate a more intense involvement with scientific research.</p>
        <p>Moraes, Kovacs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> traced a parallel between Brazil and the USA, noting that, although women represent half the population, only one-third of cardiologists are women, even with cardiovascular diseases comprising about 30 percent of the causes of death in Brazil and one-third of deaths among women worldwide. According to the report of Elsevier entitled <italic>The Researcher Journey Through a Gender Lens</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>, upgraded in November 2020, gender inequity can be observed in terms of publications, citations, scholarships awarded and collaborations. In all countries included in the study, the percentage of women who published in international journals is lower compared to men. There is still a gender difference in article citation: female authorship works are less often cited than those authored by men. When we assess higher scientific impact studies, i.e., randomized clinical trials (RCTs), Mehran et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> observed a progressive increase in the number of female first authors of cardiology RCTs from 2011 to 2020; going from 20 percent of the articles to 30 percent at the end of the decade. The authors credit this increase to defending female empowerment and equal gender representation.</p>
        <p>Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>, in their document named &#8220;Carta das Mulheres,&#8221; published by the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> (<italic>ABC Cardiol</italic>), recognize the importance of promoting practices aimed at the consolidation of Cardiology among Brazilian women to increase the opportunity of healthcare from the female standpoint, allowing for integration and exchange of experiences which improve daily clinical practice. Launched in 1948, the ABC Cardiol is one of the main vehicles for disseminating Brazilian scientific research in cardiovascular sciences. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) was incorporated by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology in 2015 and was preceded by the Revista Brasileira de Cardiologia, created in 2010 by the Society of Cardiology of the State of Rio de Janeiro (SOCERJ). Altogether these journals publish a great part of Brazilian scientific production in cardiology, especially the products of stricto sensu postgraduate programs. Despite the substantial importance of women for healthcare and clinical research worldwide, there is no assessment of the fraction of women in first author and senior author positions in the Cardiology journals kept by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, namely ABC Cardiol and IJCS. The assessment of this profile and its variation throughout the last two decades may allow for the identification of authorship disparities between men and women in Brazilian journals in the area of cardiology and enable the development of strategies aimed at reducing the barriers to female representativeness in medical leadership, as well as in the academic promotion in the area of cardiology. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of women as authors of cardiology scientific articles in the journals of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology so that these data can serve as the basis to increase women&#8217;s inclusion in cardiology scientific production.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We carried out a cross-sectional study, where a bibliographic search of all original articles published in the <italic>ABC Cardiol</italic> was performed between 2000 and 2019, and of all the original articles of the IJCS, between 2010 and 2019, in the websites of those journals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Data collection was carried out between December 2020 and February 2021 in the database of the websites of each journal. The gender of the authors was determined by the analysis of the first and senior authors&#8217; names. In cases of uncertainty regarding gender, we searched for the author&#8217;s name on the respective institution&#8217;s website or social media.</p>
        <p>In all stages, data were independently assessed by two or more researchers and discrepancies were resolved by consensus.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria for the selection of articles</title>
          <p>The following inclusion criteria were used for selecting articles in this review: 1) original articles, 2) publications made between 2000 and 2019 for the ABC, and 3) publications made between 2010-2019 in the IJCS. The articles were excluded if they were editorials, mini-editorials, reviews or special articles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>After searching and excluding the irrelevant articles, the researchers independently collected the data from the selected studies according to a predefined script. The number of female authors of the articles, the number of male authors of the articles, the number and identification of all women as first authors of the articles, and the number and identification of all women as senior authors of the articles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Numerical data were used to determine the absolute number of first and senior female authors and the total number of original journal articles from 2010 to 2019 for the ABC Cardiol and the IJCS. Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages. From the results obtained, the total proportions of female authorships were calculated according to the journals and the temporal evolution within the decade of the authorships by comparing the first quinquennium with the second.</p>
          <p>The proportions of female and male authorships were compared between the first half of the period and the second half.</p>
          <p>In the case of the data from ABC Cardiol, two decades (2000 to 2019) were analyzed, whereas, for the IJCS, only the period from 2010 to 2019 was analyzed because the IJCS was created in 2010. The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in proportions of authorships inside each journal and between both journals. Analyses were performed with IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; Statistics version 21. The level of significance adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bioethical aspects</title>
          <p>Only public data available on the websites of the cardiology journals were used in this research, in compliance with item 3 of CSN Resolution no. 510/2016, which states that research using public domain data does not require evaluation by the CEP/CONEP system.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> presents the number of original articles found between 2010 and 2019 for the ABC Cardiol and the IJCS according to authorship and gender. During that period, 1,157 original articles were published in the ABC Cardiol and 398 in the IJCS. We observed a predominance of male first authors in the ABC Cardiol (666 male authors; 58%), whereas, in the IJCS, there is a discrete predominance of female first authors (212 female authors; 53%). This difference between the journals is statistically significant (p = 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>), indicating that the predominance of women as first authors is greater in the IJCS compared to the ABC Cardiol.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number and percentage of original articles published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences according to author gender, from 2010 to 2019</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Articles</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Total of original articles</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">First female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">First male authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Senior female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Senior male authorship (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1,157</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">491 (42%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">666 (58%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">284 (25%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">873 (75%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IJCS</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">398</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">212 (53%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">196 (47%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">163 (41%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">235 (59%) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TOTAL</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1,718</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">771 (45%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">947 (55%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">494 (29%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1,224 (71%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia; IJC: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>comparison between senior male authorship ABC Cardiol vs. IJCS: p &lt; 0,001.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When we analyze senior authorship, we note that men prevail as senior authors in both journals. However, the number of men as senior authors in the ABC Cardiol is significantly higher than that of men as senior authors in the IJCS (873 authors in the ABC Cardiol - 75% vs. 235 authors in the IJCS - 59%; p value &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> compares authorship gender in the IJCS from 2010 to 2019 by dividing the decade into two quinquenniums. We observed that the was no significant change in the proportion of female authorship, both in the first position of the article (55% in the first quinquennium vs. 52% in the second; p = 0.2) and in a senior position (42% in the first quinquennium vs. 40% in the second; p = 0.8).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number and percentage of original articles published in the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences according to authorship gender from 2010 and 2019, divided according to the quinquenniums of the decade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Articles</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total of original articles</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First male authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Senior female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Last male authorship (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IJCS 2010-2014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (58%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IJCS 2015-2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">238</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">112 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">142 (60%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> compares authorship gender in the ABC Cardiol from 2010 to 2019, splitting the decade into two quinquennials. We observed no significant change in the proportion of female authorship both in the first position of the article (42% in the first quinquennium vs. 42% in the second; p=1) and in a senior position (25% in the first quinquennium vs. 24% in the second; p = 0.8).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number and percentage of original articles published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> according to the gender of the author from 2010 to 2019 divided according to the decade quinquenniums</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Articles</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total of original articles</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First male authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Senior female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Senior male authorship (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2010-2014</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">656</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">279 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">377 (58%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">163 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">493 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2015-2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">501</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">212 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">289 (58%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">121 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">380 (76%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> compares authorship gender in the ABC Cardiol over time, considering the decade from 2000 to 2009 to 2010 to 2019. We observed a significant increase in the proportion of female authorship both in first (33% in the 2000s vs. 42% in the 2010s; p &lt; 0.0001) and in a senior position (20% in the 2000s vs. 25% in the 2010s; p = 0.006).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Number and percentage of original articles published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> according to authorship gender comparing the 2000s with the 2010s</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Articles</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total of original articles</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First male authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Senior female authorship (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Senior male authorship (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2000-2009</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,026</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">340 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">686 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">202 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">824 (80%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ABC Cardiol 2010-2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,157</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">491 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">666 (58%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">284 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">873 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref> show the temporal evolution, year by year, of first and senior female authorships, respectively, in the journals analyzed from 2010 to 2019. Both Figures show a variable distribution throughout the period analyzed, without establishing a standard profile of female authorships, regardless of the position in both cardiology journals.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution of the proportion of the first female between 2010 and 2019 in the IJCS and ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia; IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution in the proportion of senior female authorship between 2010 and 2019 in the IJCS and ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia; IJCS: International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref> represent the temporal evolution, year by year, of first and senior authorship, respectively, throughout the two decades analyzed for the articles published in the ABC Cardiol journal. We observe a seasonality concerning the number of female authorships in the first (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>) and in the senior position (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>) of authors of original articles published in the analyzed period without configuring a clear change trend.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Temporal evolution of the proportion of first female authorship in the period 2000 and 2019, in the ABC Cardiol journal. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Evolution in the proportion of senior female authorship between 2000 and 2019 in the ABC Cardiol. ABC Cardiol: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0960-20058-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study aimed to investigate gender diversity in the publications of the main journals for Brazilian research in cardiovascular sciences in the last decades. Our findings showed gender disparity in article authorship, in first (45% of female authors) and senior positions (29% of female authors), indicating a minor female representation. However, our results suggest a discrete increase in female participation in main authorship positions during the last decades, which is obviously below the desired gender equality.</p>
        <p>The academic environment has witnessed a greater number of female scientists in Brazil in various fields, as demonstrated by the 2016 census of the Directory of Research Groups of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which shows that about 50% of the researchers are female. Nevertheless, female representation decreases as they advance in a scientific career, especially in leadership positions, reaching 45% of the total Brazilian research group leaders. This study corroborates this fact, as it showed female underrepresentation in the different authorship positions, reaching levels that are closer to gender equity in first female authorship (45% of the total articles published by the ABC Cardiol and the IJCS) and more evident disparity in leadership positions, as in senior authorship (only 29% of the total articles published by the ABC Cardiol and the IJCS) of Brazilian scientific production, in the field of cardiovascular sciences, over the last decades. We also highlight that the IJCS presents greater female representation, both in first and senior authorship, compared with the ABC Cardiol, considering the total number of original articles published in the last decade. Our data corroborate those found by Mehran et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> who showed in 2019 that women authored 30% of the articles on randomized trials in cardiology. Among the main causes of gender disparity in academic performance are implicit biases and stereotype threats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Women and other ethnic and social groups usually do not fit the perceptions of the qualities of successful scientists, triggering negative cultural stereotypes, even unintentionally, of weak scientific performance, which has no relation with true capacity. The impact of these attitudes and judgments, especially concerning gender, ends up implicitly influencing the academic environment, where men usually predominate in prestigious positions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, the important work developed by the Parent in Science movement<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (https://www.parentinscience.com/) indicates that motherhood is one of the main factors for the underrepresentation of women in science, accounting for a decrease in the production of scientific articles and deposit of patents, for instance. Another factor that exacerbates gender disparity in the COVID-19 pandemic context is that women have not occupied leadership roles in international clinical trials. Chatterjee, Werner<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> analyzed 1,548 related to the pandemic and concluded that only 27.8% of them were led by women, corresponding to less than one-third of the clinical trials on COVID-19 carried out by women. It is also important to point out that the survey done in Brazil during social isolation related to COVID-19 (April and May 2020) showed that women with children had their academic productivity more negatively affected by the pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thus, this study did not include the pandemic period in the analysis (publications from 2020 to 2021) because we believe that it deserves differentiated attention and will be the focus of a future study of the group, which is already in progress.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, over the last years, several initiatives have been promoted aimed at making changes that minimize gender disparity in Brazilian science. One example is the inclusion of the period corresponding to maternity leave in the Brazilian national resum&#233; database, &#8220;Curriculo Lattes,&#8221; which makes the selection of researchers based on this tool more inclusive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this interface, although far from ideal, we showed a growing linear projection in female representation over the years, especially in first-position authorship in the publications of ABC Cardiol. From an optimistic perspective, possibly with the positive impact of the initiatives abovementioned, we can project greater participation of women in leadership positions and the main authorship positions of scientific publications.</p>
        <p>This data survey on the order of authorship by gender in the main Brazilian research journals today in the cardiovascular sciences field showed an underrepresentation of women in scientific production. We hope this study stimulates reflections upon the big challenge in the search for gender equity for a more diverse community and a more inclusive science.</p>
        <p>Among the limitations found in carrying out this study was that the study did not consider</p>
        <p>the authors&#8217; ages and or graduation years. These data may be important since there has been a progressive increase in the number of female doctors. This could cause a greater proportion of men with master and doctorate degrees compared with female medical doctors, which is still more critical because, in Brazil, these courses have a direct connection with scientific production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Another limitation is that it was impossible to correlate the scientific production at a regional level, identifying the areas in Brazil where gender disparity is greater and should be studied more. However, the results from this study are the only first to point out the necessity of actions that increase women&#8217;s inclusion in cardiology scientific production authorship.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>There is gender disparity, with lower female representativeness in authorship in the articles from the Brazilian Cardiology journals analyzed: <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. We believe that from these results, more effort should be put into the search for gender equity in the scientific production on Cardiology published by these journals.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq FAPERJ and Funda&#231;&#227;o Euclides da Cunha (FEC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
