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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RXFHWddQLnWg7hcjj4nXpcc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300958</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220798</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220798</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio &#8211; Um Olhar Profundo sobre o Tecido Mioc&#225;rdico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8812-2330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#237;lvia Aguiar Rosa</bold>, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua de Santa Marta, n.50 Lisbon <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal, E-mail: <email>silviaguiarosa@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>958</fpage>
      <lpage>959</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), independentemente da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria, est&#225; fortemente associada ao desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mau progn&#243;stico. Como as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientemente sens&#237;veis para predizer remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa ap&#243;s IAM, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios par&#226;metros mais precisos para identificar indiv&#237;duos em risco de progress&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, potencialmente permitindo uma terapia precoce e intensiva modificadora do progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Surgiram novos biomarcadores de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa, como as metaloproteinases de matriz (MMP) 2 MMP-2, MMP-6, MMP-9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> H&#225; uma crescente conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia do interst&#237;cio na fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas al&#233;m dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos. De fato, o interst&#237;cio card&#237;aco representa um ter&#231;o do volume total do mioc&#225;rdio. Cont&#233;m dois ter&#231;os do n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio, principalmente fibroblastos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os fibroblastos s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase intersticial, e a produ&#231;&#227;o de MMP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A expans&#227;o intersticial est&#225; associada a efeitos adversos na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em m&#250;ltiplas entidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A RMC &#233; hoje um importante m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. O mapeamento param&#233;trico &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de RMC que quantifica diretamente o tempo de relaxamento T1 de cada voxel dentro de uma imagem de RMC, construindo um mapa visual e permitindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva do tecido mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de T1 e o volume extracelular (VEC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno foi validada com bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ferhat Eyyupkoca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostraram que existe uma diferen&#231;a significativa nas caracter&#237;sticas dos tecidos entre pacientes com e sem remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa desde o per&#237;odo inicial ap&#243;s a fase aguda do IAM. Curiosamente, na RMC inicial, os volumes ventriculares esquerdos e a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foram semelhantes entre os pacientes com e sem remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia de marcadores adicionais, como o estudo do espa&#231;o extracelular, para predizer desfechos. O VEC e o volume da matriz (VMi) avaliados pela RMC foram significativamente diferentes no exame feito em duas semanas, e a magnitude da diferen&#231;a foi ainda maior ap&#243;s 6 meses refletindo a remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa. Embora o VEC tenha aumentado no acompanhamento em ambos os grupos, o &#237;ndice de volume da matriz aumentou apenas no grupo de remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa, destacando seu valor agregado no estudo abrangente do espa&#231;o extracelular comparado ao VEC. Al&#233;m disso, o modelo com o &#916;MVi teve um desempenho melhor do que o modelo &#916;ECV, mostrando melhor sensibilidade e especificidade para prever remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa.Por outro lado, o &#237;ndice de volume celular diminuiu em ambos os grupos de estudo sem diferen&#231;a entre eles. Um ponto forte deste trabalho &#233; a evid&#234;ncia da boa correla&#231;&#227;o entre MMP-2 e MVi, e VEC, o que contribui para fortalecer a associa&#231;&#227;o entre RMC e biomarcadores de fibrose e altera&#231;&#245;es teciduais mioc&#225;rdicas.</p>
    <p>Na era do aumento dos biomarcadores e par&#226;metros de imagem dispon&#237;veis, &#233; fundamental usar cuidadosamente todas as informa&#231;&#245;es para aplicar a abordagem mais eficiente para prever o progn&#243;stico na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Considerando a elevada incid&#234;ncia de IAM e o &#244;nus do desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para pacientes e sistemas de sa&#250;de, um modelo que antecipe a remodela&#231;&#227;o mal adaptativa pode influenciar a remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com a implementa&#231;&#227;o precoce de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas. Com a progressiva dissemina&#231;&#227;o da RMC e da t&#233;cnica de mapeamento, isso pode em breve assumir o papel de triagem para remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa ap&#243;s IAM. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do ABC, Ferhat Eyyupkoca et al. contribuem a aumentar a precis&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, adicionando MVi &#224; an&#225;lise de RMC, que &#233; f&#225;cil de obter a partir de sequ&#234;ncias de mapeamento usadas rotineiramente e pode ser facilmente adotada em unidades de RMC. Este par&#226;metro promissor precisa de valida&#231;&#227;o adicional em amostras maiores e popula&#231;&#245;es mais heterog&#234;neas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Compartimentos de Volume Extracelular e Matriz Metaloproteinase 2 na Remodela&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo ap&#243;s o Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognosis after Myocardial Infarction &#8211; A Deep Look into Myocardial Tissue</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8812-2330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Aguiar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#237;lvia Aguiar Rosa</bold>, Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Rua de Santa Marta, n.50 Lisbon <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal, E-mail: <email>silviaguiarosa@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (MI), regardless of primary percutaneous coronary intervention, is strongly associated with the development of heart failure and poor prognosis. Since demographic and clinical characteristics are not sufficiently sensitive to predict adverse remodeling after MI, more precise parameters are needed to identify individuals at risk of progression to ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, potentially allowing an early and intensive prognosis modifying therapy.</p>
      <p>New biomarkers of adverse cardiac remodeling have emerged, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 MMP-2, MMP-6, MMP-9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> There is an increasing awareness of the importance of interstitium in the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases beyond cardiac myocytes. In fact, the cardiac interstitium represents one-third of the total myocardial volume. It contains two-thirds of the total number of cells in the myocardium, mainly fibroblasts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fibroblasts are responsible for maintaining interstitial homeostasis, and the production of MMP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Interstitial expansion is associated with adverse effects on myocardial function in multiple entities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CMR is nowadays an important method to evaluate the myocardium. Parametric mapping is a CMR technique that directly quantifies the T1 relaxation time of each voxel within a CMR image, building a visual map and allowing a non-invasive evaluation of myocardial tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The correlation between T1 values and extracellular volume (ECV) with collagen volume fraction has been validated with myocardial biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ferhat Eyyupkoca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> showed that there is a significant difference in tissue characteristics between patients with and without adverse remodeling from the early period after the acute phase of MI. Interestingly, in the early CMR, left ventricular volumes and systolic function were similar between patients with and without adverse remodeling, emphasizing the importance of additional markers, as the study of extracellular space, for predicting outcomes. ECV and matrix volume (MVi) assessed by CMR were significantly different in the exam done at two weeks, and the magnitude of the difference was even higher after 6 months reflecting the adverse remodeling. Although ECV increased in the follow-up in both groups, the matrix volume index just increased in the adverse remodeling group, highlighting its added value in the comprehensive study of extracellular space compared to ECV. Furthermore, the model with &#916;MVi performed better than the &#916;ECV model, showing better sensibility and specificity to predict adverse remodeling. On the other hand, the cell volume index decreased in both study groups without difference among them. A strong point of this work is the evidence of the good correlation between MMP-2 and MVi, and ECV, which contributes to strengthening the association between CMR and biomarkers of fibrosis and myocardial tissue changes.</p>
      <p>In the era of increasing available biomarkers and imaging parameters, it is paramount to thoughtfully use all the information to apply the most efficient approach to predict prognosis in clinical practice. Considering the elevated incidence of MI and the onus of the development of heart failure for patients and health systems, a model that anticipates maladaptive remodeling can influence myocardial remodeling with the early implementation of pharmacological interventions. With the progressive widespread of CMR and mapping technique, this may soon assume the screening role for adverse remodeling after MI. In this issue of the Journal, Ferhat Eyyupkoca et al. contribute to increasing the accuracy of the evaluation of MI patients by adding MVi to CMR analysis, which is easy to obtain from routinely used mapping sequences and may be easily adopted at CMR units. This promising parameter needs further validation in bigger samples and more heterogeneous populations.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Relationship between Extracellular Volume Compartments and Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 in Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
