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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TgfgTWb9JKFhDmWwg3Nfkrm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300929</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220790</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220790</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Limiar de Desfibrila&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes com Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica: H&#225; Benef&#237;cios ou N&#227;o Vale o Risco?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0479-7945</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alkmim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Renascentista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pouso Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Renascentista, Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Vale do Sapuca&#237;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pouso Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Vale do Sapuca&#237; (UNIV&#193;S), Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira</bold> &#8226; Rua Salvador dos Santos Nora, 25/102. CEP <postal-code>37.553-628</postal-code>, Santa Dorot&#233;ia, Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brasil, E-mail: <email>ricardo.alkmim@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>929</fpage>
      <lpage>930</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrochoque</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) &#233; a melhor op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para prevenir a morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca para v&#225;rios grupos de pacientes de alto risco. Basicamente, o CDI pode reconhecer e interromper a taquicardia ventricular (TV) e a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) por meio de estimula&#231;&#227;o anti-taquicardia (ATP) ou terapia de choque. O limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF) &#233; a energia de choque m&#237;nima necess&#225;ria para interromper a FV.</p>
    <p>Historicamente, o teste da fun&#231;&#227;o do CDI via indu&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;rmino da FV era considerado obrigat&#243;rio para garantir que o CDI pudesse detectar e interromper adequadamente o evento arr&#237;tmico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rias s&#233;ries identificaram fatores de risco associados a necessidade de alta energia de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o que podem afetar o desempenho do CDI: baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo em regi&#227;o septal, polaridade do choque cat&#243;dico, idade avan&#231;ada, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, classe funcional mais elevada (NYHA), uso de amiodarona e outros f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por isso, o LDF fazia parte do protocolo de implante em ensaios cl&#237;nicos cl&#225;ssicos de CDI e tamb&#233;m foi amplamente incorporado &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>No entanto, a indu&#231;&#227;o de uma arritmia potencialmente fatal para determinar o LDF pode n&#227;o ser isenta de riscos, afetando a morbidade e mortalidade. As complica&#231;&#245;es podem estar relacionadas &#224; pr&#243;pria indu&#231;&#227;o da FV e sua dura&#231;&#227;o, aos efeitos da seda&#231;&#227;o profunda necess&#225;ria para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste e aos efeitos adversos de choques adicionais necess&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas ou relativas ao LDF, como estenose a&#243;rtica grave, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana cr&#237;tica, choque cardiog&#234;nico e trombo intracard&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste contexto hist&#243;rico e considerando o aprimoramento da tecnologia [a capacidade de detec&#231;&#227;o provou ser confi&#225;vel, e a energia necess&#225;ria para interromper a FV geralmente &#233; baixa (&lt; 15 J)], a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o desempenho e o sucesso do LDF na morbidade e mortalidade a curto e longo prazo foi questionada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os dados do SCD-HeFT n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre o LDF e a mortalidade a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em duas s&#233;ries de pacientes submetidos a implante de CDI associado a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, o LDF tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi associado a aumento de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O impacto do LDF na mortalidade em pacientes submetidos a troca de gerador de CDI ou upgrade de sistema foi avaliado no Registro REPLACE, n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o entre LDF e mortalidade subsequente de 6 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo MODALITY n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a na interrup&#231;&#227;o da arritmia ventricular entre elerodos de mola &#250;nica ou dupla (o aumento do risco de falha de choque foi associado &#224; polaridade cat&#243;dica da mola do ventr&#237;culo direito).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No estudo SIMPLE, os investigadores randomizaram 2.500 pacientes submetidos a implante inicial de CDI do lado esquerdo para indica&#231;&#227;o de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria com ou sem realiza&#231;&#227;o do LDF. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no desfecho secund&#225;rio de mortalidade total entre os grupos (3,0 vs. 2,2%, p = 0,17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O estudo NORDIC ICD foi projetado para determinar se n&#227;o realizar LDF foi n&#227;o-inferior a realizar o LDF para o desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia do primeiro choque em encerrar todos os epis&#243;dios verdadeiros de TV ou FV durante o acompanhamento e, como no estudo SIMPLE, a mortalidade total foi o endpoint secund&#225;rio pr&#233;-definido. Neste estudo, 1.077 pacientes foram randomizados para implantes de CDI do lado esquerdo com ou sem LDF. A mortalidade total n&#227;o diferiu entre os dois grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Duas metan&#225;lises subsequentes demonstraram achados de mortalidade semelhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do LDF no momento do implante do CDI n&#227;o afeta a mortalidade total subsequente.</p>
    <p>Existem situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas em que o LDF continua sendo uma considera&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica razo&#225;vel. Estas incluem implantes do lado direito, mal funcionamento de eletrodos, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares heredit&#225;rias e cong&#234;nitas e CDI subcut&#226;neo. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante notar que os estudos que avaliaram o impacto do LDF n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC).</p>
    <p>Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> investigaram o uso de LDF em pacientes com CCC, com foco em &#243;bitos relacionados ao CDI e eventos arr&#237;tmicos e tratamento durante o seguimento de longo prazo. Os autores avaliaram retrospectivamente 133 pacientes que receberam CDI principalmente para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 61 (DP, 13), e 72% eram homens. A FEVE inicial foi de 40 (DP, 15%), e o escore de Rassi m&#233;dio foi de 10 (DP, 4). Nenhuma morte ocorreu durante o LDF, e nenhuma falha do CDI foi documentada. Houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre escore de Rassi mais elevado e LDF mais alto (ANOVA = 0,007). O tempo m&#233;dio para o primeiro choque foi de 474 (DP, 628) dias, embora o choque tenha sido necess&#225;rio apenas para 28 (35%) pacientes com TV, pois a maioria dos casos se resolveu espontaneamente ou por ATP. Ap&#243;s um seguimento cl&#237;nico m&#233;dio de 1.728 (DP, 1.189) dias, ocorreram 43 &#243;bitos, principalmente relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva e sepse.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; frequentemente negligenciada em pa&#237;ses onde a doen&#231;a &#233; end&#234;mica devido &#224;s in&#250;meras limita&#231;&#245;es para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas robustas que possam mudar o padr&#227;o de tratamento para melhor. Todas as novas informa&#231;&#245;es devem ser valorizadas e divulgadas, pois pa&#237;ses como o Brasil devem ainda lidar com esses pacientes por muito tempo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Teste de Limiar de Desfibrila&#231;&#227;o e Seguimento a Longo Prazo de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Cr&#244;nica da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Defibrillation Threshold in Patients with Chronic Chagas&#8217; Heart Disease: Are There Benefits or not Worth the Risk?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0479-7945</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alkmim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pouso Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Renascentista, Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pouso Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Vale do Sapuca&#237; (UNIV&#193;S), Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Alkmim Teixeira</bold> &#8226; Rua Salvador dos Santos Nora, 25/102. Postal Code <postal-code>37.553-628</postal-code>, Santa Dorot&#233;ia, Pouso Alegre, MG &#8211; Brazil, E-mail: <email>ricardo.alkmim@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>Electroshock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the best therapeutic option to prevent sudden cardiac death for several high-risk groups of patients. Basically, the ICD can recognize and stop ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) by triggering anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP) or shock therapy. The defibrillation threshold (DT) is the minimum shock energy required to terminate VF.</p>
      <p>Historically, testing the ICD function via induction and termination of VF was considered mandatory to ensure that the ICD could properly detect and stop the arrhythmic event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Multiple series have identified clinical risk factors for elevated defibrillation energy requirements that could affect ICD performance: low left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), septal lead placement, cathodal shock polarity, older age, presence of congestive heart failure, higher NYHA functional class and usage of amiodarone and other antiarrhythmic drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Because of that, DT was included as part of the implant protocol in the classic ICD trials and has also been widely incorporated into clinical practice.</p>
      <p>However, the induction of a potentially fatal arrhythmia to determine the DT may not be risk-free, affecting morbidity and mortality. Complications can be related to the VF induction itself and its duration, to effects from deep sedation needed to perform the test and to adverse effects of additional necessary shocks. Furthermore, some clinical situations are either absolute or relative contraindications to DT, such as severe aortic stenosis, critical coronary artery disease, cardiogenic shock, and intracardiac thrombus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this historical context and considering the technology improvement [the detection capability proved to be reliable, and the energy requirements to terminate VF is generally low (&lt; 15 J)], the relationship between the performance and the success of DT to short- and long-term morbidity and mortality was questioned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Data from SCD-HeFT showed no correlation between DT and long-term mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In two separate series of patients undergoing initial cardiac resynchronization therapy ICD implantation, DT was also not associated with an increase in mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The impact of DT on subsequent mortality in patients undergoing ICD generator replacement or upgrade was evaluated in the REPLACE Registry, and there was no association between DT and subsequent mortality at 6 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The MODALITY trial demonstrated no difference in ventricular arrhythmia termination between single- and dual-coil leads (increased risk of shock failure was associated with right ventricular coil cathodal polarity).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the SIMPLE trial, investigators randomized 2500 patients undergoing an initial implant of a left-sided ICD for either primary or secondary prevention indication to DT or no DT. There was no statistically significant difference in the secondary endpoint of total mortality between the groups (3.0 vs. 2.2%, p = 0.17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The NORDIC ICD trial was designed to determine if no DT was non-inferior to DT for the primary endpoint of first shock efficacy in terminating all true episodes of VT or VF during follow-up, and as in the SIMPLE trial, total mortality was a pre-defined secondary endpoint. In this trial, 1077 patients were randomized to left-sided ICD implants with or without DT. Total mortality did not differ between the two groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Two subsequent meta-analyses demonstrated similar mortality findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Thus, the performance of DT at the time of ICD implant does not affect subsequent total mortality.</p>
      <p>There are specific situations where DT remains a reasonable clinical consideration. These include right-sided implants, lead advisories and malfunction, inherited and congenital cardiovascular disease, and subcutaneous ICD. It is also important to note that those studies evaluating the impact of DT did not include chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) patients.</p>
      <p>Campos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> investigated the use of DT in CCC patients, focusing on deaths related to ICD and arrhythmic events and treatment during long-term follow-up. The authors retrospectively evaluated 133 patients who received an ICD mainly for secondary prevention. The mean patient age was 61 (SD, 13), and 72% were men. The baseline LVEF was 40 (SD, 15%), and the mean Rassi score was 10 (SD, 4). No deaths occurred during DT, and no ICD failures were documented. There was a relationship between higher baseline Rassi scores and higher DT scores (ANOVA = 0.007). The mean time to first shock was 474 (SD, 628) days, although shock was only necessary for 28 (35%) patients with VT since most cases resolved spontaneously or through ATP. After a mean clinical follow-up of 1728 (SD, 1189) days, 43 deaths occurred, mainly related to progressive heart failure and sepsis. Based on that results, the authors concluded that a routine DT might not be necessary for CCC patients who receive an ICD for secondary prevention.</p>
      <p>Chagas disease is often neglected in countries where the disease is endemic due to the numerous limitations for developing robust research that can change the standard of treatment for the better. All new information must be valued and disseminated since countries like Brazil must deal with these patients for a long time.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Defibrillation Threshold Testing and Long-term Follow-up in Chagas Disease</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
