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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YxDj9jRDKjMVcsP84zY8JzM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005017202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300923</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210770</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210770</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste de Limiar de Desfibrila&#231;&#227;o e Seguimento a Longo Prazo de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Cr&#244;nica da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Paulo Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Gouveia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Chaves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Corsino dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Hon&#243;rio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6963-3776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Licia Ribeiro Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arfelli</surname>
            <given-names>Elerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Adilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Anis</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , Ribeir&#227;o Preto , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Anis Rassi Heart Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Anis Rassi Heart Hospital , Goi&#226;nia , GO &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Schmidt &#8226; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Av Bandeirantes 3900 &#8211; Campus Universit&#225;rio. CEP 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rassi Jr A, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Campos MPC, Bernardes LFG, Melo JPC, Santos LC, Teixeira CHR, Scorzoni Filho A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pav&#227;o MLRC, Arfelli E, Scorzoni Filho A, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos MPC, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pav&#227;o MLRC, Arfelli E, Scorzoni Filho A, Rassi Jr A, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>923</fpage>
      <lpage>928</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) &#233; a causa mais comum de &#243;bito na cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas (CCDC). Visto que muitos pacientes com CCDC que s&#227;o candidatos a receber um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) atendem a crit&#233;rios que sugerem alto risco de apresentarem limiares de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o elevados, sugere-se realizar um teste de limite de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Investigamos o uso do teste de LDF em pacientes com CCDC, com enfoque nos &#243;bitos relacionados ao implante do CDI e na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e o tratamento oferecido durante o seguimento de longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#245;es retrospectivas de 133 pacientes com CCDC que receberam CDI, principalmente para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, escore de Rassi e dados do teste de LDF. Adotou-se p&lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi 61&#177;13 anos, e 72% da amostra era do sexo masculino. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o basal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi 40&#177;15%, e o escore de Rassi m&#233;dio foi 10&#177;4 pontos. N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos durante o teste de LDF, e n&#227;o foram documentadas falhas do CDI. Foi identificada rela&#231;&#227;o entre escore de Rassi basal mais elevado e LDFs mais elevados (ANOVA =0,007). O tempo m&#233;dio at&#233; o primeiro choque foi de 474&#177;628 dias, mas a aplica&#231;&#227;o de choque foi necess&#225;ria em apenas 28 (35%) pacientes com TV, visto que a maioria dos casos se resolveu espontaneamente ou atrav&#233;s da programa&#231;&#227;o de ATP. Ap&#243;s seguimento cl&#237;nico de 1728&#177;1189 dias, em m&#233;dia, ocorreram 43 &#243;bitos, relacionados principalmente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva e sepse.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Um teste de LDF de rotina pode n&#227;o ser necess&#225;rio para pacientes com CCDCs que receberam CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. LDFs elevados parecem ser incomuns e podem estar relacionados a escore de Rassi elevado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) por taquicardia ventricular (TV) ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) &#233; a causa mais comum de &#243;bito em pacientes com cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a de Chagas (CCDC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) tem sido amplamente utilizado e validado em cardiomiopatias isqu&#234;micas e dilatadas, tanto para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria quanto secund&#225;ria. O uso emp&#237;rico do CDI &#233; preconizado para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria na CCDC ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o de um evento de MSC ou de TV inst&#225;vel. Uma diretriz definitiva ainda est&#225; em discuss&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Visto que n&#227;o existem ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados especificamente sobre o uso de CDI na CCDC, embora alguns estejam em andamento, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> extrapolam-se as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas para cardiopatia dilatada, apesar de os pacientes com CCDC geralmente apresentarem peculiaridades que levam a apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e patol&#243;gicas mais graves. A ocorr&#234;ncia de MSC em pessoas jovens e assintom&#225;ticas <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#233; conhecida desde as observa&#231;&#245;es originais de Carlos Chagas sobre a doen&#231;a que leva seu nome. Al&#233;m disso, choques inadequados, tempestades el&#233;tricas e outras complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo parecem ser mais prevalentes em pacientes com CCDC, pois eles costumam ser mais jovens, t&#234;m um estilo de vida mais ativo e s&#227;o mais propensos a eventos arr&#237;tmicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, a CCDC representa um desafio &#250;nico quanto &#224; decis&#227;o de realizar ou n&#227;o um teste de limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF) antes de implantar o CDI. Nenhuma avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica do LDF foi relatada para essa entidade, e a maioria dos estudos nem mesmo comenta se essa avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada ou n&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Visto que a maioria dos pacientes com CCDC que s&#227;o candidatos a receber um CDI apresentam manifesta&#231;&#245;es arr&#237;tmicas graves, menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou direito e extensa substitui&#231;&#227;o fibr&#243;tica do mioc&#225;rdio operante, de acordo com a maioria dos escores existentes, os pacientes com CCDC seriam considerados como de alto risco de apresentar LDFs elevados e portanto necessitariam de um teste de LDF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, em pa&#237;ses de baixa renda, onde a necessidade de anestesia geral acarretaria maiores custos e procedimentos mais longos, poderia ser vantajoso evitar a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o do LDF.</p>
      <p>Com os modelos de CDI mais antigos, devido &#224; falta de dados sobre falhas de choque, o teste de LDF era considerado essencial. Esse procedimento n&#227;o era totalmente previs&#237;vel, devido &#224;s formas de onda monof&#225;sicas e ao design e ao posicionamento dos eletrodos, com alguns &#243;bitos e falhas de choque diretamente relacionados ao teste de LDF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Aprimoramentos no design dos eletrodos e nas formas de onda de choque levaram a testes de LDF mais seguros. Ao longo dos anos, tamb&#233;m houve preocupa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao impacto dos choques aplicados durante o teste de LDF na acelera&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e no aumento de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, ent&#227;o, at&#233; recentemente, havia acalorados debates sobre a necessidade de realizar testes de LDF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dois ensaios cl&#237;nicos publicados recentemente prestaram esclarecimentos sobre o uso disseminado do teste de LDF em outras doen&#231;as que n&#227;o a CCDC. O estudo SIMPLE ( <italic>Shockless IMPLant Evaluation</italic> ) foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado multic&#234;ntrico que objetivou avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do teste de LDF no momento do implante do CDI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Incluindo aproximadamente 2500 pacientes, o estudo concluiu que o teste n&#227;o afeta a mortalidade nem prev&#234; falhas de choque. O estudo NORDIC ICD ( <italic>NO Regular Defibrillation testing In Cardioverter defibrillator implantation</italic> ), com delineamento semelhante, avaliou 1077 pacientes e chegou &#224;s mesmas conclus&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo que avaliou o teste de LDF em CCDC demonstrou uma alta preval&#234;ncia de limiares elevados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Entretanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, esses pacientes tamb&#233;m responder&#227;o bem &#224; terapia de estimula&#231;&#227;o antitaquicardia ( <italic>anti-tachycardia pacing</italic> , ATP), com redu&#231;&#227;o da necessidade da aplica&#231;&#227;o de choques. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Dessa forma, investigamos o uso do teste de LDF em pacientes com CCDC, com foco nos &#243;bitos relacionados ao implante do CDI e na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e no tratamento oferecido durante o seguimento de longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva de pacientes com CCDC que receberam um CDI no Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto-USP, Brasil, entre 2001 e 2019. Todos os pacientes tiveram dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos para doen&#231;a de Chagas. Foram coletados dados demogr&#225;ficos (idade, g&#234;nero), cl&#237;nicos (indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI, classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> , dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, caracter&#237;sticas do ECG, medicamentos em uso no momento do implante do CDI) e escore de Rassi. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o (CAAE:52530116.8.0000.5440).</p>
      <p>Foi realizado um teste de LDF para todos os pacientes conforme o protocolo e os dados foram coletados. Durante os anos da coleta de dados, a rotina do teste de LDF foi alterada, devido ao aumento na experi&#234;ncia da equipe e a novas informa&#231;&#245;es na literatura sobre as consequ&#234;ncias do teste. Em geral, a provoca&#231;&#227;o da arritmia ventricular era obtida com um choque cronometrado durante o registro da onda T. Em dispositivos da St. Jude Medical, a indu&#231;&#227;o da arritmia foi obtida com estimula&#231;&#227;o por corrente cont&#237;nua. Em caso de falha ap&#243;s duas tentativas de indu&#231;&#227;o de arritmia, foi aplicada estimula&#231;&#227;o em rajada de 50 Hertz. Por fim, em caso de falha ap&#243;s mais duas tentativas, o teste de LDF foi finalizado e o dispositivo programado para fornecer a quantidade m&#225;xima de energia.</p>
      <p>Nos primeiros anos do estudo, o primeiro choque de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o interna era programado para fornecer 15 Joules, seguido de uma tentativa com 20 Joules. Se a desfibrila&#231;&#227;o fosse malsucedida, era aplicada desfibrila&#231;&#227;o interna com energia m&#225;xima e, se a arritmia persistisse ap&#243;s duas tentativas, era aplicado choque externo e, depois disso, o eletrodo era reposicionado. Nesse protocolo inicial, se a primeira tentativa com 15 Joules fosse bem-sucedida, era testado um choque de 10 Joules.</p>
      <p>Ao longo dos anos, a energia m&#225;xima fornecida pelos CDIs aumentou, e foi definida uma margem de seguran&#231;a de 10 Joules para o primeiro choque bem-sucedido durante o teste de LDF. Al&#233;m disso, estabeleceu-se que o primeiro choque do teste de LDF fosse programado para 20 Joules e, se bem-sucedido, o teste de LDF seria conclu&#237;do. Se fosse malsucedido, tentava-se uma carga de 25 Joules, seguida do reposicionamento do eletrodo. Um LDF elevado foi definido como &lt; 10J da margem de seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros do CDI foram coletados no momento do implante, os pacientes foram acompanhados a cada tr&#234;s a seis meses, e foram registrados a dura&#231;&#227;o e o tipo dos eventos arr&#237;tmicos, assim como a terapia oferecida e a sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, caso apresentassem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A normalidade dos dados foi examinada por histogramas e pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas como valores absolutos e percentuais e comparadas utilizando o teste qui-quadrado de tend&#234;ncia ou o teste exato de Fisher. Foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de um fator ( <italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA), seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Bonferroni, para comparar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de Rassi e os valores do teste de LDF. Utilizamos o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, EUA), e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 133 pacientes com CCDC que receberam um CDI. A m&#233;dia de idade foi 61&#177;13 anos, e 72% da amostra era do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi 40&#177;15%, e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico m&#233;dio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 61&#177;10 mm antes do implante. A escore de Rassi m&#233;dio foi de 10&#177;4 pontos. A grande maioria (120 pacientes &#8211; 90,2%) recebeu o dispositivo para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. TV documentada foi o motivo para o implante do CDI em aproximadamente metade da amostra, seguida de MSC abortada. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as principais indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para CDI em nossa amostra e um resumo dos dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> resume os dados demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais distribu&#237;dos de acordo com os tercis do escore de Rassi, demonstrando tend&#234;ncia para choques mais precoces &#224; medida que o tercil do escore de Rassi aumenta.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados basais demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais antes do implante do CDI nos 133 pacientes com cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica de doen&#231;a de Chagas inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">61&#177;13</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino &#8211; N(%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (72,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rassi score</td>
                <td align="center">10,2&#177;4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o sist&#234;mica &#8211; N(%)</td>
                <td align="center">46(34,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito &#8211; N(%)</td>
                <td align="center">11(8,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica &#8211; N(%)</td>
                <td align="center">22(16,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Classe funcional da NYHA &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>I</td>
                <td align="center">48(36,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>II</td>
                <td align="center">52(39,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>III</td>
                <td align="center">28(21,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IV</td>
                <td align="center">03(2,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N/D</td>
                <td align="center">02(1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Medicamentos &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA</td>
                <td align="center">84(63,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">100(75,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">75(56,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA</td>
                <td align="center">23(17,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">93(69,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anticoagulante oral</td>
                <td align="center">33(24,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ritmo no eletrocardiograma &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">104(78,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">8(6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcapasso</td>
                <td align="center">21(15,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE(%)</td>
                <td align="center">40&#177;15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">61&#177;10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">47&#177;9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o para CDI &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prim&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Taquicardia ventricular documentada</td>
                <td align="center">66 (49,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca abortada</td>
                <td align="center">28 (21,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">21 (15,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular documentada</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quase s&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palpita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,8)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; N/D: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; IECA: Inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: Bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos, laboratoriais e de seguimento de acordo com o tercil do escore de Rassi</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Tercil 1 do escore de Rassi (n=32)</th>
                <th>Tercil 2 do escore de Rassi (n=53)</th>
                <th>Tercil 3 do escore de Rassi (n=46)</th>
                <th>Anova valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">0,062 *</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de Rassi</td>
                <td align="center">4,97 &#177; 1,26</td>
                <td align="center">9,20 &#177; 1,19</td>
                <td align="center">14,93 &#177; 2,27</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Teste de choque (J)</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">20,5 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo at&#233; o primeiro choque (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">807 &#177; 964</td>
                <td align="center">410 &#177; 609</td>
                <td align="center">395 &#177; 412</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*: teste qui-quadrado de tend&#234;ncia. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o ocorreram &#243;bitos durante o procedimento de implante e o teste de LDF.</p>
      <p>No seguimento, o tempo m&#233;dio at&#233; o primeiro choque foi de 474&#177;628 dias. Cem pacientes receberam algum tratamento com CDI, 79 para TV e 21 para FV. O primeiro choque, definido em 20J, foi eficaz em 88 pacientes. Um valor menor foi obtido em 25% dos casos, e um valor maior foi necess&#225;rio em 12 (9%) pacientes. Foram identificados valores elevados no teste de LDF (&#8805;30J) em 4 (3%) pacientes. Alguns pacientes foram programados para receber valores t&#227;o baixos como 10J (1 paciente) ou t&#227;o elevados quanto 35J (1 paciente). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore de Rassi e os valores basais do teste de LDF, sugerindo que um escore mais elevado indicou LDFs mais elevados (ANOVA =0,007). Todos os pacientes classificados com LDF elevado apresentaram escore de Rassi &#8805;13 pontos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores do teste de limiar de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de acordo com tercis do escore de Rassi, demonstrando um aumento progressivo nos valores conforme o escore de Rassi aumenta (one-way ANOVA= 0,007) e p&#243;s-testes de Bonferroni nos quais a principal diferen&#231;a ocorre entre o terceiro tercil e os outros dois, que s&#227;o estatisticamente semelhantes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0923-10770-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos valores do teste de limite de desfibrila&#231;&#227;o (LDF) de acordo com o escore de Rassi. &#201; poss&#237;vel observar que os pacientes com LDF elevado apresentaram um escore de Rassi igual ou maior do que 13. Observa&#231;&#227;o: Um ponto pode representar mais do que um paciente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0923-10770-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foi necess&#225;ria a aplica&#231;&#227;o de choque em apenas 2 (35%) pacientes com TV, pois a maioria dos casos se resolveu espontaneamente ou atrav&#233;s de ATP programada para ser fornecida antes do choque, e em apenas 4 (14%) eventos de TV foram necess&#225;rios m&#250;ltiplos choques. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com FV, apenas 4 (19%) receberam mais de uma descarga. Ap&#243;s um seguimento cl&#237;nico de 1728&#177;1189 dias, em m&#233;dia, ocorreram 43 &#243;bitos, relacionados principalmente a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva e sepse. Nenhum &#243;bito p&#244;de ser atribu&#237;do a falhas do CDI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta dados sobre o uso sistem&#225;tico do teste de LDF especificamente em pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada comumente associada a MSC, a qual ocorre principalmente, mas n&#227;o exclusivamente, no contexto cl&#237;nico de FEVE baixa devido ao comprometimento fibr&#243;tico generalizado do cora&#231;&#227;o. V&#225;rios marcadores de LDF elevado estiveram presentes, mas cabe destacar que aproximadamente metade da popula&#231;&#227;o da amostra foi composta de pessoas abaixo dos 60 anos e que a maioria era do sexo masculino e apresentava FEVE baixa (&lt;40%). Portanto, nossa amostra pode ser definida como propensa a complica&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e LDF elevadosao serem aplicados escores existentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m &#233; relevante apontar que preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria foi o principal motivo para implante do CDI, pois ainda n&#227;o foram estabelecidas diretrizes para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na CCDC, e s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos randomizados prospectivos em pacientes com escores de Rassi elevados.</p>
      <p>Nosso protocolo para o teste de LDF evoluiu ao longo de duas d&#233;cadas, refletindo os avan&#231;os na tecnologia dos CDIs, conforme relatado anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Identificamos que apenas 3% da nossa amostra apresentava LDF elevado, resultado pr&#243;ximo ao dos valores mais baixos encontrados na literatura, entre 2,2 e 12%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esse achado original indica que, embora apresentem mioc&#225;rdio com fibrose extensa, os pacientes com CCDC podem n&#227;o representar uma popula&#231;&#227;o que necessite de muitos ajustes durante um procedimento de implante de CDI.</p>
      <p>Outra informa&#231;&#227;o relevante obtida a partir da nossa amostra &#233; que nenhum &#243;bito foi relacionado ao procedimento em pacientes com CCDC, corroborando os resultados de registros pr&#233;vios de outro pa&#237;ses relatando baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente, a qual declarou que &#8220;n&#227;o h&#225; relatos consistentes de &#243;bitos relacionados ao implante.&#8221; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m demonstram que TV foi a arritmia potencialmente letal predominante em pacientes com CCDC e que a ATP foi capaz de restaurar o ritmo card&#237;aco na maioria dos casos, uma caracter&#237;stica que est&#225; de acordo com relatos anteriores na popula&#231;&#227;o com CCDC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Isso refor&#231;a a ideia de que um protocolo de ATP bem estabelecido &#233; essencial para possibilitar a restaura&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco sem choques evit&#225;veis, especialmente quando se considera que a maioria dos pacientes com CCDC apresentam alta preval&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dio de tempestade el&#233;trica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso resultado original que identificou uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o escore de Rassi para mortalidade global e LDF pode sugerir que os pacientes com escore de Rassi elevado s&#227;o os que realmente precisam realizar o teste de LDF, mas uma defini&#231;&#227;o clara desse ponto requer mais evid&#234;ncias provenientes de um ensaio cl&#237;nico maior.</p>
      <p>&#201; tranquilizador relatar que o acompanhamento do nosso estudo demonstrou que n&#227;o foram observadas falhas no dispositivo, em conformidade com relatos pr&#233;vios independentes. Por fim, visto que os pacientes com CCDC que sobrevivem ao risco amea&#231;ador da MSC frequentemente evoluem para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva ou &#243;bito devido a outras complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, parece razo&#225;vel presumir que, mesmo com o aumento da fibrose e da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, os CDIs podem preservar a sua capacidade de prevenir MSC.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, embora seja uma das maiores dispon&#237;veis, a nossa amostra &#233; proveniente de um &#250;nico centro. Al&#233;m disso, as altera&#231;&#245;es no protocolo do teste de LDF de acordo com as inerentes melhorias t&#233;cnicas e avan&#231;os no conhecimento certamente influenciaram nossos resultados, mas isso n&#227;o pode ser controlado, devido a quest&#245;es &#233;ticas. Por fim, n&#227;o podemos traduzir nossos resultados para pacientes com CCDC que podem receber um CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossos dados indicam que o teste de LDF de rotina pode n&#227;o ser necess&#225;rio para pacientes com cardiomiopatia de doen&#231;a de Chagas que receberam CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. LDFs elevados parecem ser incomuns e podem estar relacionados a um escore de Rassi elevado. TV responsiva a ATP &#233; a forma mais comum de AV, e a maioria dos eventos de FV s&#227;o tratados adequadamente com um choque. Al&#233;m disso, considerando as limita&#231;&#245;es de recursos em pa&#237;ses onde a CCDC &#233; end&#234;mica, &#233; provavelmente mais custo-efetivo n&#227;o realizar o teste de LDF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tentori</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Escudero</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Implantable cardioverter defibrillators and Chagas&#8217; disease: results of the ICD Registry Latin America</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/eun325</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Ribeiro Cury Pavao ML, Arfelli E, Scorzoni-Filho A, Pavao RB, Pazin-Filho A, et al. Electrical Storm in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Predictors, Outcome, and Arrhythmic Characteristics in a Prospective Registry. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2020;6(10):1238-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.04.028</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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              <surname>Ribeiro Cury Pavao</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arfelli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scorzoni-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pavao</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
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              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Defibrillation Threshold Testing and Long-term Follow-up in Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Paulo Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Gouveia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Paulo Chaves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Corsino dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Hon&#243;rio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6963-3776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pav&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Licia Ribeiro Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arfelli</surname>
            <given-names>Elerson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scorzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Adilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Anis</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Anis Rassi Heart Hospital, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Schmidt &#8226; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Av Bandeirantes 3900 &#8211; Campus Universit&#225;rio. Postal Code 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: aschmidt@fmrp.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rassi Jr A, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Acquisition of data: Campos MPC, Bernardes LFG, Melo JPC, Santos LC, Teixeira CHR, Scorzoni Filho A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pav&#227;o MLRC, Arfelli E, Scorzoni Filho A, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Statistical analysis: Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Writing of the manuscript: Campos MPC, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Pav&#227;o MLRC, Arfelli E, Scorzoni Filho A, Rassi Jr A, Marin-Neto JA, Schmidt A</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Sudden cardiac death is the most common cause of death in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). Because most CCC patients who are candidates for implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) meet criteria for high defibrillation threshold values, a defibrillator threshold test (DTT) is suggested.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We investigated the use of DTT in CCC patients, focusing on deaths related to ICD and arrhythmic events, as well as treatment during long-term follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We retrospectively evaluated 133 CCC patients who received an ICD mainly for secondary prevention. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data, Rassi score, and DTT data were collected, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The mean patient age was 61 (SD, 13) years and 72% were men. The baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was 40 (SD, 15%) and the mean Rassi score was 10 (SD, 4). No deaths occurred during DTT and no ICD failures were documented. There was a relationship between higher baseline Rassi scores and higher DTT scores (ANOVA = 0.007). The mean time to first shock was 474 (SD, 628) days, although shock was only necessary for 28 (35%) patients with ventricular tachycardia, since most cases resolved spontaneously or through antitachycardia pacing. After a mean clinical follow-up of 1728 (SD, 1189) days, 43 deaths occurred, mainly related to progressive heart failure and sepsis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>A routine DTT may not be necessary for CCC patients who receive an ICD for secondary prevention. High DTT values seem to be unusual and may be related to high Rassi scores.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Tachycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Countershock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation is the most common cause of death in patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) have been extensively used and validated in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathies, both for primary and secondary prevention. ICDs are recommended for secondary prevention in CCC after recovery from SCD or an unstable VT event. Definitive guidelines have not yet been produced<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> since no specific randomized trials for ICD in CCC are available, although some are ongoing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Clinical guidelines for dilated cardiomyopathies have been inferred, although CCC usually involves peculiarities that lead to more severe clinical and pathological presentations. The occurrence of SCD in young and asymptomatic patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> has been known since Carlos Chagas&#8217; original observations of the disease. In addition, inappropriate shocks, electrical storms, and other device-related complications seem more prevalent in CCC patients, since they are usually younger, have a more active lifestyle, and have a higher propensity to arrhythmic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Hence, CCC presents a unique challenge regarding defibrillation threshold testing (DTT) before ICD implantation. No systematic evaluation of DTT has been published and most studies do not report whether it was performed or not.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Because most CCC patients who are ICD candidates have severe arrhythmic manifestations, low left and/or right ventricular ejection fraction, and extensive fibrotic replacement of working myocardium, CCC patients would be considered at risk of high defibrillation threshold values and would thus require DTT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, in low-income countries, where the need for general anesthesia would imply higher costs and longer procedures, avoiding DTT could be advantageous.</p>
        <p>Due to a lack of data on shock failures, DTT was considered essential for earlier ICD models. This procedure was not completely predictable due to monophasic waveforms and lead design and placement, with some deaths and shock failures directly attributable to the test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Refinements in lead design and shock waveforms led to safer DTT. Over the years, there have also been concerns that the shocks delivered during DTT accelerate ventricular dysfunction and cause more hospitalizations, so until recently, there was controversy about the need to perform DTTs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Two recently published trials clarified the appropriateness of DTT for diseases other than CCC. SIMPLE (Shockless IMPLant Evaluation) was a randomized multicenter trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DTT when implanting an ICD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> With a sample of nearly 2500 patients, the trial concluded that DTT neither would affect mortality nor predict shock failures. The NORDIC ICD (NO Regular Defibrillation testing In Cardioverter defibrillator implantation) trial, with a similar design, evaluated 1077 patients and reached the same conclusions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study that evaluated DTT in CCC showed a high prevalence of high threshold values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, in clinical practice, those patients also respond well to antitachycardia pacing, having less need for shocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Hence, we investigated the use of DTT in CCC patients, focusing on ICD-related deaths and arrhythmic events and treatment during long-term follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We conducted a retrospective evaluation of CCC patients who received an ICD at the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo&#8211;Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Brazil, between 2001 and 2019. All patients had two positive serological tests for Chagas disease. Demographic (age, sex), clinical (ICD indication, functional class, echocardiographic data, electrocardiogram characteristics, medications in use at ICD implantation), and Rassi score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> data were collected. The study was approved by our institution&#8217;s ethics committee (CAAE:52530116.8.0000.5440).</p>
        <p>DTT was performed for all patients per protocol and the data were collected. During the data collection period, the DTT routine changed due to greater team experience and new literature about its consequences. In general, ventricular arrhythmia was obtained with a timed shock during T-wave recording. Using St. Jude Medical devices, arrhythmia was induced with a continuous current. If arrhythmia could not be induced after two attempts, 50-Hertz burst pacing was applied. Finally, if 2 further attempts failed, DTT was finalized and the device was programmed for maximum energy.</p>
        <p>In the initial years of the study, the first internal defibrillation shock was programmed for 15 Joules, followed by 20 Joules. If defibrillation was unsuccessful, internal defibrillation at maximum energy was attempted, and if the arrhythmia persisted after 2 attempts, an external shock was delivered and the electrode was repositioned. In this initial protocol, if the 15-Joule attempt was successful, a 10-Joule shock was attempted.</p>
        <p>Over the years, the maximum energy delivered by ICDs was increased and a 10-Joule safety margin was determined for the first successful shock during DTT. It was also determined that the first DTT shock was programmed for 20 Joules and, if successful, the DTT test was terminated. If unsuccessful, a 25-Joule shock was attempted, followed by repositioning of the electrode. A high DTT value was defined as &lt; 10 Joules from the safety limit.</p>
        <p>ICD parameters were collected at the time of implantation, and patients were followed up every 3 to 6 months regarding the time and type of arrhythmic events, as well as the therapy received and its efficacy.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation) if normally distributed. Data normality was assessed using histograms and the Shapiro-Wilk test. Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute values and percentages and were compared using chi-square for trend or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) with Bonferroni adjustment was used as a post-test to compare the relationship between Rassi score and DTT values. We used IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and a significance level of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We included a total of 133 CCC patients who received an ICD. The mean age was 61 (SD, 13) years and 72% were men. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 40 (SD, 15%) and the mean left ventricle diastolic diameter was 61 (SD, 10 mm) before implantation. The mean Rassi score was 10 (SD, 4). The vast majority of patients (120, 90.2%) received the device for secondary prevention. Documented VT was the reason for implantation in nearly half of the sample, followed by aborted sudden cardiac death. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the main clinical indications for an ICD in our sample and a summary of the demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> summarizes the demographic and laboratory data according to Rassi tertiles, showing a trend toward earlier shocks with higher Rassi tertiles.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory data before implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation in 133 chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Age (years)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">61&#177;13</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male &#8211; N(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (72.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rassi score</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2&#177;4.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systemic Hypertension &#8211;N(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(34.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus &#8211; N(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11(8.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic Renal Failure &#8211; N(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22(16.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>NYHA Class &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">48(36.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">52(39.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">28(21.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">03(2.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">02(1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Medications &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI</td>
                  <td align="center">84(63.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">100(75.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics</td>
                  <td align="center">75(56.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">23(17.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarone</td>
                  <td align="center">93(69.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral anticoagulants</td>
                  <td align="center">33(24.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Electrocardiogram Rhythm &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus</td>
                  <td align="center">104(78.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">8(6.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker</td>
                  <td align="center">21(15.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40&#177;15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Ventricle End Diastolic Diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">61&#177;10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Atrium dimension (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47&#177;9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>ICD indication &#8211; N(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Primary</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (9.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Documented Ventricular Tachycardia</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (49.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aborted sudden cardiac death</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (21.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syncope</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (15.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Documented Ventricular Fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Near Syncope</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpitations</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>NYHA: New York Heart Association; N/A: not available; ACEI: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blockers; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF: Left ventricle ejection fraction.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of demographic, laboratory, and follow-up parameters according to Rassi tertile</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Rassi tertile 1 (n=32)</th>
                  <th>Rassi tertile 2 (n=53)</th>
                  <th>Rassi tertile 3 (n=46)</th>
                  <th>Anova p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.788</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.062 *</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rassi score</td>
                  <td align="center">4.97 &#177; 1.26</td>
                  <td align="center">9.20 &#177; 1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">14.93 &#177; 2.27</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">36 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.065</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shock Test (J)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">20.5 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to first shock (days)</td>
                  <td align="center">807 &#177; 964</td>
                  <td align="center">410 &#177; 609</td>
                  <td align="center">395 &#177; 412</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* = chi-square test for trend. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVDD: left ventricular end diastolic dimension.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>No deaths occurred during the implantation procedure or DTT.</p>
        <p>At follow-up, the mean time to the first shock was 474 (SD, 628) days. A total of 100 patients received some ICD treatment (79 for VT and 21 for ventricular fibrillation). The first shock, set at 20 Joules, was effective in 88 patients. A lower value was obtained in 25% of the cases and a higher value was necessary for 12 (9%) patients. High DTT values (&#8805; 30 Joules) were identified in 4 (3%) patients. Programming ranged from 10 (1 patient) to 35 Joules (1 patient). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> depicts the relationship between Rassi score and baseline DTT scores, showing the association between higher Rassi scores and a higher DTT scores (ANOVA = 0.007). All patients with high DTT scores had a Rassi score &#8805; 13 points ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defibrillation threshold test scores expressed as mean and standard deviation according to Rassi score tertiles, showing a progressive increase with higher Rassi scores (one-way ANOVA= 0.007) and Bonferroni post-tests, in which the main difference was between the third tertile, with the other two being statistically similar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0923-10770-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defibrillation threshold test score distribution according to Rassi score. As can be seen, patients with high scores had a Rassi score &#8805; 13. Note: Each point may represent more than one patient.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0923-10770-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Only 2 (35%) VT patients required a shock, with most cases resolving spontaneously or through antitachycardia pacing programmed before the shock; multiple shocks were required in only 4 (14%) VT events. Only 4 (19%) ventricular fibrillation patients received more than 1 shock. After a mean clinical follow-up of 1728 (SD, 1189) days, 43 deaths occurred, which were mainly related to progressive heart failure and sepsis. No deaths could be attributed to ICD failure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study presents data on the systematic use of DTT in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, which is commonly associated with SCD and occurs mostly (but not exclusively) in a clinical setting of low left ventricular ejection fraction due to widespread fibrotic remodeling of the heart. Various high DTT score markers were present, but it should be pointed out that nearly half of the sample was &lt; 60 years of age most were men with low left ventricular ejection fraction (&lt; 40%). Hence, our population may be defined as at risk of in-hospital complications and high DTT scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It is also relevant that secondary prevention was the main reason for ICD implantation, since no guidelines have yet been established for primary prevention in CCC, and prospective randomized studies are needed in patients with high Rassi scores.</p>
        <p>Our DTT protocol has evolved over two decades, reflecting the advancing technology of ICDs, as previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Only 3% of our sample had high DTT scores, close to the lowest values found in the literature (2.2 to 12%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This original finding indicates that although having an extensively fibrotic myocardium, CCC patients may not demand many adjustments during an ICD procedure.</p>
        <p>Another relevant finding in our cohort is that no deaths could be attributed to the procedure, corroborating the low incidence of procedure-related complications found in different countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> as well as the results of a recent systematic review that &#8220;implant-related deaths are not consistently reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our results also demonstrate that VT was the most predominant potentially lethal arrhythmia in CCC patients and that antitachycardia pacing successfully restored rhythm in most cases, which agrees with previous reports in populations with CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This reinforces the view that a well-established antitachycardia pacing protocol is essential for restoring rhythm without unnecessary shocks, especially since most CCC patients have a high prevalence of electrical storms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We identified a significant relationship between Rassi scores for overall mortality and DTT scores, which suggests that patients with high Rassi scores may actually need DTT; however, a larger trial is required to clarify this point.</p>
        <p>It is reassuring that our follow-up showed no device failures, which is in line with previous independent reports. Finally, since the clinical course of CCC patients who survive SCD frequently involves progressive severe heart failure or death due to other clinical complications, it seems reasonable to assume that even with increased LV fibrosis and dysfunction, ICDs may continue to prevent SCD.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. First, although it is one of the largest available, our sample is from a single center. In addition, our DTT protocol changed due to improved knowledge and technical advances, which certainly influenced our results but could not be controlled due to ethical concerns. Finally, our results cannot be translated to patients with CCC who receive an ICD for primary prevention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our data indicate that routine DTT may not be necessary for chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy patients who receive an ICD for secondary prevention. High DTT scores seem to be unusual and may be related to high Rassi scores. VT responsive to antitachycardia pacing is the most common form of ventricular arrhythmia and most ventricular fibrillation events are adequately treated with 1 shock. In addition, considering the limited resource in countries where CCC is endemic, it is probably cost-effective to skip DTT.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
