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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YL4gHbhFs6k3kTjRc9WWLBj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300921</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220763</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220763</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Refinando o Risco Cardiovascular: Olhando Abaixo da Superf&#237;cie do C&#225;lcio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Nurmohamed</surname>
            <given-names>Nick S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Cantlay</surname>
            <given-names>Catherine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Sidahmed</surname>
            <given-names>Alfateh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1500-0428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Choi</surname>
            <given-names>Andrew D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">The George Washington University School of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Washington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Amsterdam UMC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Amsterdam</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam &#8211; Holanda</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Amsterdam</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Amsterdam UMC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Vascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Amsterdam</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Vascular, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam &#8211; Holanda</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrew D. Choi</bold> &#8226; The George Washington University School of Medicine - Division of Cardiology and Department of Radiology - 2150 Pennsylvania Ave NW Suite 4-417, Washington, DC <postal-code>20037</postal-code> - EUA. Email: <email>adchoi@mfa.gwu.edu</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>921</fpage>
      <lpage>922</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Gordura Epic&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica iniciada por um influxo endotelial de part&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas, incluindo lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL), com subsequente ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial via recrutamento local de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esse processo local&#8211; desencadeado pela exposi&#231;&#227;o determinada pela idade a fatores de risco da DCVA gen&#233;ticos, ambientais e de estilo de vida&#8211; &#233; o primeiro passo de um processo que levar&#225; a um estado inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico cr&#244;nico e de baixo grau.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada do endot&#233;lio aos fatores de risco DCVA e este estado inflamat&#243;rio aumentar&#225; o n&#250;mero de placas vulner&#225;veis e pode eventualmente levar &#224; ruptura da placa resultando em eventos DCVA.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios esfor&#231;os t&#234;m se concentrado em medir a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e endotelial. Ridker et al. mostraram que os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) foram positivamente associados a eventos futuros de DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ensaios subsequentes, incluindo a justificativa para o uso de estatinas na preven&#231;&#227;o: um ensaio de interven&#231;&#227;o avaliando a rosuvastatina (JUPITER), provaram a exist&#234;ncia de um importante componente de inflama&#231;&#227;o residual segment&#225;vel (posteriormente denominado inflamassoma NLRP3) atrav&#233;s do tratamento com rosuvastatina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Na imagem, os pesquisadores do Framingham Heart Study foram os primeiros a mostrar que os volumes de gordura peric&#225;rdica e visceral de tomografias computadorizadas sem contraste estavam associados a n&#237;veis aumentados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios como PCR e IL-6 como fatores de risco independentes para DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Usando angiografia por TC coron&#225;ria (ATCC), descobriu-se que a medi&#231;&#227;o da densidade do tecido adiposo pericoron&#225;rio (DTAP) - semelhante &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o da gordura perivascular - forneceu valor discriminat&#243;rio adicional para prever eventos de DCVA, independentemente das caracter&#237;sticas da placa inflamat&#243;ria de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Arquivos de Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Martins et al. testaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CAC) em 470 participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) que realizaram tomografia computadorizada sem contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica foi avaliado usando um m&#233;todo totalmente autom&#225;tico e validado antes da calibra&#231;&#227;o manual usando o MeVisLab,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> enquanto a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada por tonometria de art&#233;ria perif&#233;rica. Em uma coorte relativamente jovem com idade m&#233;dia de 55 anos, os autores descobriram que o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica estava associado a m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco, incluindo idade avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e triglicer&#237;deos. O principal achado deste estudo foi que o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica n&#227;o foi associado com CAC, mas com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em an&#225;lises multivari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Esses achados, exclusivos da coorte brasileira estudada, contribuem de forma incremental para o entendimento de que os dep&#243;sitos de tecido adiposo extravascular (peric&#225;rdico) e a inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial intravascular e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o. Em particular, a aus&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o profunda com CAC, que tamb&#233;m foi observada em v&#225;rios outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> sugere vias distintas de risco ateroscler&#243;tico e fundamenta a necessidade de olhar al&#233;m do escore de c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria do paciente, que representa um marcador de placa est&#225;vel. A pontua&#231;&#227;o CAC fornece uma estimativa aproximada da quantidade total de placa presente; ao contr&#225;rio da ATCC, ela n&#227;o pode detectar a carga de placas n&#227;o calcificadas nem distinguir a placa vulner&#225;vel das les&#245;es calcificadas de maior densidade e menor risco, que podem representar a estabilidade da placa do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e doen&#231;a microvascular por meio de imagens sem contraste &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia atraente, principalmente em regi&#245;es onde os m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos mais recentes n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. Tais m&#233;todos para medir a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial intravascular incluem tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons de estresse (TEP) para medir quantitativamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) com gadol&#237;nio para medir o &#237;ndice de reserva de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na aus&#234;ncia dessas t&#233;cnicas, bem como da DTAP derivada da ATCC, a medi&#231;&#227;o do volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica a partir de imagens de TC sem contraste pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco importantes sobre inflama&#231;&#227;o endotelial, disfun&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a de placa vulner&#225;vel, al&#233;m de analisar apenas CAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores est&#227;o de parab&#233;ns pelo estudo realizado. &#201; importante reconhecer, no entanto, as evidentes limita&#231;&#245;es do trabalho. Primeiro, dada a popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo relativamente jovem, 56% dos pacientes neste estudo n&#227;o apresentavam c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, questionando o poder da an&#225;lise para excluir uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica e o c&#225;lcio nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Em contraste com a an&#225;lise multivariada ajustada para v&#225;rios fatores de risco DCVA, a an&#225;lise univariada do presente estudo mostrou que pacientes com volume de gordura epic&#225;rdico acima da mediana apresentaram mais CAC. Embora as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sejam conflitantes, parece haver pelo menos uma associa&#231;&#227;o modesta entre o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica e o escore de c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria em estudos maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ainda assim, quando adicionado a um escore de risco composto por CAC, o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica melhorou significativamente a predi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva; em um estudo de Zhou et al. em 5.743 pacientes, confirmando o potencial do volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica al&#233;m da pontua&#231;&#227;o CAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, o m&#233;todo de tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica usado neste estudo &#233; uma medida substituta da (dis)fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#8211; em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o-ouro de vasorreatividade coronariana ap&#243;s acetilcolina intracoron&#225;ria &#8211; e tamb&#233;m &#233; afetado por fatores externos, como a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Portanto, permanece desconhecido se as altera&#231;&#245;es observadas na raz&#227;o da tonometria da art&#233;ria perif&#233;rica refletem disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ou apenas aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico em pacientes de alto risco. Por fim, o estudo n&#227;o correlaciona o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Coletivamente, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es e a pequena coorte, o estudo deve ser interpretado como promissor, intrigante, mas gerador de hip&#243;teses.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, a aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, multifatorial e complexa, cujas caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o podem ser capturadas em uma &#250;nica m&#233;trica. Seja usando imagens com contraste ou sem contraste, deve-se olhar abaixo da superf&#237;cie do c&#225;lcio - identificando inflama&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial resultando em componentes de placa de alto risco n&#227;o calcificados - para aumentar a precis&#227;o na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Volume de Gordura Epic&#225;rdica est&#225; Associada com Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial, mas N&#227;o com Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Coronariana: Do ELSA-Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Refining Cardiovascular Risk: Looking Beneath the Calcium Surface</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Nurmohamed</surname>
            <given-names>Nick S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Cantlay</surname>
            <given-names>Catherine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Sidahmed</surname>
            <given-names>Alfateh</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1500-0428</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Choi</surname>
            <given-names>Andrew D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Washington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Amsterdam</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Amsterdam</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Vascular, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrew D. Choi</bold> &#8226; The George Washington University School of Medicine - Division of Cardiology and Department of Radiology - 2150 Pennsylvania Ave NW Suite 4-417 Washington, DC <postal-code>20037</postal-code>, U.S.A. Email: <email>adchoi@mfa.gwu.edu</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Epicardial Fat</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Calcium</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a systemic disease initiated by an endothelial influx of lipid particles, including low-density lipoproteins (LDL), with subsequent endothelial activation via local recruitment of inflammatory cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This local process &#8211; elicited by age-determined exposure to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle ASCVD risk factors &#8211; is the first step of a process that will lead to a chronic, low-grade systemic inflammatory state.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Prolonged exposure of the endothelium to ASCVD risk factors and this inflammatory state will increase the number of vulnerable plaques and may eventually lead to plaque rupture resulting in ASCVD events.</p>
      <p>Multiple efforts have focused on measuring systemic and endothelial inflammation. Ridker et al. showed that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were positively associated with future ASCVD events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Subsequent trials, including the Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER), proved the existence of a targetable, important residual inflammation component (later denoted as the NLRP3 inflammasome) through treatment with rosuvastatin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> On the imaging side, investigators from the Framingham Heart Study, were the first to show that pericardial and visceral fat volumes from non-contrast CT scans were associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers such as CRP and IL-6 as independent risk factors for ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Using coronary CT angiography (CCTA), it was discovered that measurement of pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) density &#8211; resembling perivascular fat inflammation &#8211; provided additional discriminatory value for predicting ASCVD events, independent from inflammatory high-risk plaque features.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos de Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Martins and colleagues tested the relation between epicardial fat volume, endothelial function and coronary artery calcium (CAC) among 470 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) who underwent non-contrast CT imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Epicardial fat volume was assessed using a fully automatic, validated method before manual calibration using MeVisLab,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> while the endothelial function was assessed using peripheral artery tonometry. In a relatively young cohort with a mean age of 55, the authors found that epicardial fat volume was associated with multiple risk factors, including older age, male sex, waist circumference and triglycerides. The main finding of this study was that epicardial fat volume was not associated with CAC but with endothelial dysfunction in multivariable analyses.</p>
      <p>These findings, unique to the studied Brazilian cohort, add incrementally to an understanding that extravascular (pericardial) adipose tissue deposits and inflammation are associated with intravascular endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. In particular, the absence of a profound relationship with CAC, which was also observed in several other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> suggests distinct pathways of atherosclerotic risk and underlies the need to look beyond the patient&#8217;s coronary artery calcium score alone, which represents a marker of stable plaque. CAC scoring provides a rough estimate of the amount of total plaque present; unlike CCTA, it cannot detect non-calcified plaque burden nor distinguish vulnerable plaque from the highest density, lower risk calcified lesions, which may represent plaque stability from treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Identifying endothelial dysfunction and microvascular disease through non-contrast imaging is an attractive strategy, particularly in regions where newer non-invasive methods are unavailable. Such methods to measure intravascular endothelial dysfunction include stress positron emission tomography (PET) to quantitatively measure myocardial blood flow and gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to measure the myocardial perfusion reserve index.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in the absence of these techniques as well as the CCTA-derived PCAT, measurement of epicardial fat volume from non-contrast CT imaging could provide important additive risk-stratifying information on endothelial inflammation, dysfunction, and presence of vulnerable plaque beyond solely analyzing CAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors are to be congratulated on the performed study. It is important to recognize, however, the evident limitations of the work. First, given the relatively young study population, 56% of patients in this study had no coronary artery calcium present, questioning the power of the analysis to exclude a relationship between epicardial fat volume and coronary artery calcium. In contrast to the multivariate analysis adjusted for several ASCVD risk factors, the univariate analysis of the current study showed that patients with above-median epicardial fat volume did have more CAC. Although the available evidence is conflicting, there seems to be at least a modest association between epicardial fat volume and coronary artery calcium score in larger studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Still, when added to a risk score comprising CAC, epicardial fat volume significantly improved the prediction of obstructive coronary artery disease; in a study by Zhou et al. in 5743 patients, confirming the potential of epicardial fat volume beyond CAC scoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Second, the peripheral arterial tonometry method used in this study is a surrogate measure of endothelial (dys)function &#8211; as opposed to the gold standard of coronary vasoreactivity after intracoronary acetylcholine &#8211; and is also affected by external factors such as autonomic nervous system activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, it remains unknown whether the observed changes in peripheral artery tonometry ratio reflect endothelial dysfunction or merely increased sympathetic tonus in high-risk patients. Finally, the study does not correlate epicardial fat volume to clinical outcomes. Collectively, given the limitations and small cohort, the study should be interpreted as promising, intriguing, but hypothesis-generating.</p>
      <p>In summary, atherosclerosis is a systemic, multifactorial, complex disease whose characteristics cannot be captured in a single metric. Whether using contrast or non-contrast imaging, one must look beneath the calcium surface - identifying endothelial inflammation and dysfunction resulting in non-calcified high-risk plaque components - to enhance precision in ASCVD risk stratification.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Epicardial Fat Volume Is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction, but not with Coronary Calcification: From the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</p>
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