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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">TNkGHJc5pJgfCwYNvGWVGCt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005017201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300912</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210750</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210750</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volume de Gordura Epic&#225;rdica est&#225; Associada com Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial, mas N&#227;o com Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Coronariana: Do ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8313-7429</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Karina P. M. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7217-6334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jesiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas R. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Fortunato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina , Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Social e Preventiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Medicina Social e Preventiva da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Epidemiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erasmus MC</institution>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Epidemiologia , Erasmus MC &#8211; Holanda </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erasmus MC</institution>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear , Erasmus MC &#8211; Holanda </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Epidemiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Epidemiologia Cl&#237;nica - Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health , Boston &#8211; EUA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Estat&#237;stica , Interno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label> 9 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Secretaria de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria , Universidade Federal do Cear&#225; , Fortaleza , CE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label> 10 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label> 11 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label> 12 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Luisa C. C. Brant &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Av. Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30112-010, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luisabrant@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Martins KPMP, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Brant LCC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Martins KPMP, Barreto SM, Bos D, Pedrosa J, Ara&#250;jo LF, Foppa M, Duncan BB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Martins KPMP, Barreto SM, Bos D, Pedrosa J, Ribeiro ALP, Brant LCC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Azevedo DRM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Barreto SM, Duncan BB, Ribeiro ALP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Martins KPMP, Brant LCC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barreto SM, Bos D, Pedrosa J, Azevedo DRM, Ara&#250;jo LF, Foppa M, Duncan BB, Ribeiro ALP, Brant LCC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>912</fpage>
      <lpage>920</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O aumento no volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica (VGE) est&#225; relacionado com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), independentemente de gordura visceral ou subcut&#226;nea. O mecanismo dessa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; claro. O escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (CC) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#227;o relacionados com eventos coronarianos, mas n&#227;o est&#225; bem esclarecido se o VGE est&#225; relacionado com esses marcadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE medido por m&#233;todo automatizado, fatores de risco cardiovasculares, escore de CC, e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. M&#233;todos: Em 470 participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto LSA-Brasil com medidas de VGE, escore de CC e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, realizamos modelos multivariados para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fatore de risco cardiovascular e VGE (vari&#225;vel resposta), e entre VGE (vari&#225;vel explicativa), e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ou escore de CC. Valor de p&lt;0,05 bilateral foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi 55 &#177; 8 anos, e 52,3% dos pacientes eram homens. O VGE m&#233;dio foi 111mL (86-144), e a preval&#234;ncia de escore de CC igual a zero foi 55%. Nas an&#225;lises multivariadas, um VGE mais alto relacionou-se com sexo feminino, idade mais avan&#231;ada, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e triglicer&#237;deos (p&lt;0,001 para todos). Um VGE mais alto foi associado com pior fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial: em compara&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro quartil, os valores de <italic>odds ratio</italic> para a amplitude de pulso basal foram (q2=1,22; IC95% 1,07-1,40; q3=1,50, IC95% 1,30-1,74; q4=1,50, IC95% 1,28-1,79) e para a raz&#227;o de tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica foram (q2=0,87; IC95% 0,81-0,95; q3=0,86, IC95% 0,79-0,94; q4=0,80, IC95% 0,73-0,89), mas n&#227;o com escore de CC maior que zero.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Um VGE mais alto associou-se com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, mas n&#227;o com escore de CC. Os resultados sugerem que o VGE esteja relacionado ao desenvolvimento de DAC por uma via diferente da via do CC, possivelmente pela piora da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e doen&#231;a microvascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Gordura Intra-Abdominal</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade Abdominal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A gordura visceral &#233; a deposi&#231;&#227;o ect&#243;pica de gordura mais estudada, e a adiposidade visceral aumentada est&#225; relacionada &#224; intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, independentemente do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A gordura epic&#225;rdica compartilha muitas das propriedades fisiopatol&#243;gicas dos outros dep&#243;sitos de gordura visceral, por&#233;m com efeitos potenciais adicionais sobre o processo ateroscler&#243;tico e inflamat&#243;rio coronariano. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pesquisadores do &#8220; <italic>The Framingham Heart Study</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> </sup> e do &#8220; <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> ( <italic>MESA</italic> ) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup> estudaram a associa&#231;&#227;o do volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica (VGE) com fatores de risco cardiovasculares, e identificaram que o VGE n&#227;o s&#243; se correlaciona com obesidade e dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos, como tamb&#233;m com a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o e Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC). Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica publicada em 2015, os autores descreveram nove estudos que avaliaram a capacidade do VGE em predizer eventos cardiovasculares maiores. Embora os achados n&#227;o sejam consistentes para todos os estudos, a maioria sugere que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do VGE est&#225; significativamente associada com desfechos cl&#237;nicos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes mostraram que deposi&#231;&#245;es de gordura epic&#225;rdicas est&#227;o associadas &#224; DAC, mas n&#227;o com escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano (CC), o qual avalia a calcifica&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coronarianas e se mostrou associado com o risco de eventos cardiovasculares futuros em grandes estudos prospectivos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Esses estudos sugeriram que o VGE poderia estar relacionado a outros mecanismos de forma&#231;&#227;o de placas diferentes de placas calcificadas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup> Nerlekar et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> demonstraram, em uma metan&#225;lise publicada em 2017, a associa&#231;&#227;o progressiva entre a presen&#231;a de gordura epic&#225;rdica e placas ateroscler&#243;ticas de alto risco, ou seja, aquelas com elevado teor lip&#237;dico, pouca calcifica&#231;&#227;o e uma fina capa fibr&#243;tica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Outro estudo demonstrou que um VGE elevado foi associado &#224; vulnerabilidade das placas nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e fatores de risco cardiovasculares e marcadores subcl&#237;nicos da aterosclerose &#8211; escore de CC e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular, ambos preditores de eventos cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> </sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Nossa amostra incluiu participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), que tem como objetivo estudar determinantes de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e diabetes em 15 105 adultos brasileiros. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade inclu&#237;ram: funcion&#225;rios ativos ou aposentados de cinco universidades e um instituto de pesquisa, com idade entre 35 e 74 anos, que se voluntariaram a participar do estudo. Outros detalhes do delineamento do estudo foram publicados previamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o do ELSA-Brasil em Minas Gerais (3115 participantes), foram realizadas tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica (TAP) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e tomografia computadorizada (TC) para avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de CC. O exame de TAP foi introduzido no decorrer da linha de base, resultando em 1535 testes v&#225;lidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Desses, 550 participantes foram aleatoriamente selecionados para reavalia&#231;&#227;o da TAP no mesmo dia da TC, e 546 realizaram o exame. Medidas do VGE foram realizadas em 501 participantes selecionados aleatoriamente com exames de TC e TAP v&#225;lidos usando o programa R Development Core Team software (2020) R. Trinta pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a problemas t&#233;cnicos nas an&#225;lises do VGE (n=4) e da TAP (n=26), e um paciente com medida do VGE considerada <italic>outlier</italic> foi exclu&#237;do, resultando em uma amostra final de 470 participantes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes e pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP 976/2006). Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes; TC: tomografia computadorizada; VGE: volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica; TAP: tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0912-10750-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas foram coletadas na linha de base do estudo e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas coletadas na segunda visita. Idade, sexo, ra&#231;a autorrelatada, escolaridade, atividade f&#237;sica, obesidade, obesidade central, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia, hipertrigliceridemia, e escore de risco Framingham para DAC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que estima a probabilidade de se desenvolver um evento coronariano em 10 anos, foram usados nas an&#225;lises. A coleta de dados seguiu o protocolo do ELSA-Brasil, cujos detalhes podem ser encontrados em outras publica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup> Atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliada usando o question&#225;rio internacional de atividade f&#237;sica, na vers&#227;o curta (IPAQ-SF, <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form</italic> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No IPAQ-SF, cada tipo de atividade &#233; ponderado por sua demanda de energia definida em MET (equivalente metab&#243;lico). O tempo gasto em atividade f&#237;sica por semana &#233; ent&#227;o convertido em MET-minuto (MET-min/semana). O participante &#233; considerado sedent&#225;rio se a soma de MET-min/semana for menor 600; moderadamente ativo se a soma for 600-3000 MET-min/semana, e ativo se a soma for maior 3000MET-min/semana. Quanto a tabagismo, os participantes foram classificados como fumantes ou n&#227;o fumantes e, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de &#225;lcool, os participantes foram classificados em n&#227;o usu&#225;rios, com consumo moderado, ou com consumo excessivo (homens com consumo &#8805; 210g &#225;lcool / semana e mulheres com consumo &#8805; 140 g &#225;lcool / semana). Hipertens&#227;o foi determinada por relato do paciente, por press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg ou uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. DM foi determinada por relato do paciente, uso de medicamento hipoglicemiante, glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, glicemia &#8805; 200 mg/dL ap&#243;s duas horas de sobrecarga oral de glicose, ou hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5%. O escore de risco Framingham para DAC foi usado como uma vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, e o risco cardiovascular estratificado em baixo (&lt;10%), intermedi&#225;rio (10-20%) e alto (&gt;20%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do VGE</title>
        <p>Foi realizada TC card&#237;aca sem contraste, sincronizada ao ECG, para avaliar CC e VGE, usando um tom&#243;grafo de 64 canais (Lightspeed, General Electric). As imagens foram adquiridas durante apneia respirat&#243;ria por 8-12 segundos. O VGE foi quantificado utilizando um m&#233;todo automatizado, validado, padronizado por Shahzad et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Em resumo, o m&#233;todo incluiu duas fases: (1) segmenta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o e (2) quantifica&#231;&#227;o do VGE em mL. A segmenta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o foi realizada usando o multi-atlas, e registrada utilizando o programa Elastix, descrito por Klein et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do VGE, adotou-se uma escala entre -30 e -200 unidades Hounsfield. Foi realizada uma calibra&#231;&#227;o manual para o presente estudo, usando o programa MeVisLab para a delimita&#231;&#227;o manual do peric&#225;rdio de 15 participantes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos pelo programa Elastic, e calibrados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o manual para avaliar o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica em 15 participantes do ELSA-Brasil.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0912-10750-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas do Escore de CC</title>
        <p>As imagens foram transferidas para a <italic>workstation</italic> (GE ADW 4,5) e ao servidor de imagens do ELSA-Brasil, em que o escore de CC foi calculado pelo m&#233;todo Agatston por um radiologista com 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia, cego quanto &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
        <p>O exame de TAP foi realizado por dois examinadores certificados, usando o aparelho Endo-PT2000 (Itamar Medical Ltd., Cesareia, Israel), no mesmo dia da TC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> </sup> Em resumo, o manguito foi colocado no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante do participante, 2 cm acima da fossa cubital, e as sondas posicionadas em cada dedo indicador. A amplitude de pulso basal (APB) foi medida por cinco minutos. O fluxo arterial foi interrompido em um lado por cinco minutos inflando o manguito &#224; press&#227;o suprassist&#243;lica. Ap&#243;s cinco minutos, realizou-se a defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito para induzir hiperemia reativa, e o sinal da TAP foi registrado por mais cinco minutos. O dedo contralateral foi usado para controle das altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas. Foram usadas duas vari&#225;veis da TAP: APB m&#233;dia, que reflete o t&#244;nus vascular basal e &#233; calculado por transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica dos valores m&#233;dios de APB de ambos os bra&#231;os, e a raz&#227;o TAP, que reflete a resposta &#224; hiperemia reativa. A raz&#227;o TAP &#233; a raz&#227;o entre a amplitude de pulso 90-120 segundos ap&#243;s defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito e a APB m&#233;dia. O resultado &#233; dividido pela raz&#227;o correspondente obtida do dedo controle e transformado ao seu logaritmo natural.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, de acordo com o resultado do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Devido ao desvio &#224; esquerda da distribui&#231;&#227;o do VGE, o logaritmo natural do VGE foi usado nas an&#225;lises em que o VGE foi a vari&#225;vel dependente (associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovasculares). Nas an&#225;lises em que o VGE foi a vari&#225;vel independente, foram constru&#237;dos quartis do VGE (associa&#231;&#227;o com medidas subcl&#237;nicas da aterosclerose: escore de CC e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial). O escore de CC foi dicotomizado em 0 ou &gt; 0, e as medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foram analisadas como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas em tr&#234;s etapas e por modelos adaptados &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de resposta: 1- avali&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o univariada e multivariada entre fatores de risco cardiovasculares e VGE por regress&#227;o linear; 2- avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o univariada e multivariada entre VGE e escore de CC por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica; e 3- avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o univariada e multivariada entre VGE e medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial por regress&#227;o linear.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis foram consideradas em quatro modelos multivariados definidos <italic>a priori</italic> , e mantidas se mostrassem associa&#231;&#227;o nas an&#225;lises univariadas, com p&lt;0,10, como a seguir: Modelo 1, ajustado para sexo e idade; Modelo 2: Modelo 1, mais ra&#231;a e escolaridade; Modelo 3: Modelo 2, mais atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e tabagismo; Modelo 4: Modelo 3, mais PAS, uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, DM, colesterol total/HDL, e triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        <p>O IMC e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos simultaneamente nos modelos 3 e 4, devido &#224; colinearidade com fator de infla&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia (FIV) pr&#243;ximo a 8. Quando ambos eram estatisticamente significativos, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura era inclu&#237;da, por ser uma medida de gordura ect&#243;pica, como o VGE. O escore de risco Framingham para DAC foi analisado separadamente, uma vez que esse j&#225; representa uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de DAC incorporando o efeito combinado de v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Um valor de p&lt;0,05 bilateral foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Devido aos n&#250;meros de vari&#225;veis no modelo, aplicou-se a corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni e um valor de p&lt;0,038 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa R Development Core Team (2020).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 55 &#177; 8 anos, e 52,3% eram homens. Quanto &#224; ra&#231;a, 50,9% eram brancos, 33,0% pardos, e 12,3% negros. Observou-se uma alta propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes sedent&#225;rios (59,2%) e de alto n&#237;vel educacional, o qual refletiu o tipo de trabalho dos participantes (servidores de universidades). O IMC m&#233;dio foi 26,9 &#177; 4,6 kg/m <sup>2</sup> e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura mediana foi 92 (84-101) cm. O VGE mediano foi 111 (IQ 86-144) mL. Um escore de CC igual a zero foi detectado em 261 (55,5%) participantes. A APB m&#233;dia foi 6,57 &#177; 0,62, e a raz&#227;o TAP m&#233;dia foi 0,42 &#177; 0,34.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes do estudo (N = 470)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">55 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo masculino %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">246 (52,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a*, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negra</td>
                <td align="center">58 (12,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">239 (50,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">155 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">10 (2,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">17 (3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">87 (18,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ensino m&#233;dio completo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">356 (75,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ensino superior</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Status de atividade f&#237;sica, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedent&#225;rios</td>
                <td align="center">278 (59,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderadamente ativos</td>
                <td align="center">172 (36,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ativos</td>
                <td align="center">20 (4,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Fumantes,</bold> %</td>
                <td align="center">34 (7,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool excessivo,</bold> %</td>
                <td align="center">48 (10,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>IMC,</bold> kg/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura,</bold> cm</td>
                <td align="center">91,8 (84,4 &#8211; 100,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Diabetes mellitus,</bold> %</td>
                <td align="center">81 (17,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Hipertens&#227;o,</bold> %</td>
                <td align="center">183 (38,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>PAS,</bold> mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Tratamento para hipertens&#227;o,</bold> %</td>
                <td align="center">159 (33,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol total/HDL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,84 &#177; 0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>Triglicer&#237;deos,</bold> mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">108 (79 &#8211; 155)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>ECC = 0&#8224;,</bold> %</td>
                <td align="center">261 (55,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>VGE,</bold> mL</td>
                <td align="center">111 (86 -144)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>APB</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">657 &#177; 0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Raz&#227;o TAP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,42 + 0,34</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*Treze pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por representarem uma amostra pequena (ra&#231;a amarela e ind&#237;gena), cinco participantes n&#227;o proveram os dados, e &#8224; um participante n&#227;o possu&#237;a dados. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; APB: amplitude de pulso basal; VGE: volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica; TAP: tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; ECC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e VGE</title>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e VGE est&#225; apresentada na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela Suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material> . Como o VGE foi transformado em seu logaritmo natural, um aumento de 0,1 no coeficiente de cada vari&#225;vel explicativa indica um aumento de 10,5% no VGE. Somente tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, e escolaridade n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com VGE. Considerando ra&#231;a/cor de pele, indiv&#237;duos da ra&#231;a negra e pardos apresentaram VGE significativamente mais baixo que indiv&#237;duos da ra&#231;a branca. Um aumento no VGE foi observado com a progress&#227;o de risco cardiovascular avaliado pelo escore de risco Framingham para DAC ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Figura Suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ), as seguintes covari&#225;veis mantiveram-se associadas com um VGE mais alto: sexo masculino, idade mais avan&#231;ada, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e triglicer&#237;deos. No modelo final, a ra&#231;a negra manteve-se associada a um VGE mais baixo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o linear da associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 2</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 3</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Modelo 4</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>&#946;</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 &#8211; 1,02) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 &#8211; 1,02) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,007 &#8211; 1,013) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 &#8211; 1,02) &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Sexo</bold> (refer&#234;ncia: homens)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,71 &#8211; 0,82) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,72 &#8211; 0,82) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,82 &#8211; 0,93) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,81 &#8211; 0,93) &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Ra&#231;a</bold> (refer&#234;ncia: branca)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negra</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,77 &#8211; 0,95)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,76 &#8211; 0,91) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,77 &#8211; 0,93) &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,86 -0,99)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,88 &#8211; 1,00)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,88 -1,00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 &#8211; 1,02) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,01 &#8211; 1,02) &#8224;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool excessivo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,97 &#8211; 1,17)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,95 &#8211; 1,15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,88 &#8211; 1,04)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,996 &#8211; 1,001)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tratamento para hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,92 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol Total/HDL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,95 &#8211; 1,02)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">,,,</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">(1,000 - 1,001)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>* p&lt;0,05, &#8224;p&lt; 0,001. &#946; coeficiente de regress&#227;o exponencial, IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e escore de CC</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e CC, a an&#225;lise log&#237;stica bruta revelou maiores chances de um escore de CC maior que zero entre indiv&#237;duos no terceiro e no quarto quartis do VGE. No entanto, essas associa&#231;&#245;es perderam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ) em todos os modelos considerados. A an&#225;lise univariada do escore de CC com fatores de risco cardiovascular est&#225; apresentada na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela Suplementar 2</inline-supplementary-material> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica da associa&#231;&#227;o entre quartis do volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica e presen&#231;a de c&#225;lcio coronariano</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Modelo 1</bold> (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,60 &#8211; 1,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,19</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,66 &#8211; 2,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,93 &#8211; 3,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Modelo 2</bold> (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,54 &#8211; 1,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,966</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,56 &#8211; 1,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,921</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,79 -2,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Modelo 3</bold> (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,50 &#8211; 1,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,41 &#8211; 1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,455</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,41 &#8211; 1 ,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Modelo 4</bold> (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,50 &#8211; 1,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,838</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,42 &#8211; 1,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,41 &#8211; 1,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,734</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR Odds Ratio IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. Primeiro quartil (22,8-86,2), segundo quartil (86,2-112), terceiro quartil (112-144), quarto quartil (144-331). Modelo 1: sexo, idade. Modelo 2: Modelo 1, mais ra&#231;a e escolaridade. Modelo 3: Model 2, mais n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e tabagismo. Modelo 4: Modelo 3, mais PAS, uso de anti-hipertensivos, DM, colesterol total / HDL e triglicer&#237;deos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
        <p>Na associa&#231;&#227;o univariada ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela Suplementar 3</inline-supplementary-material> ), observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de todos os quartis de VGE com as medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Tamb&#233;m identificamos um gradiente de dose resposta para os quartis de VGE e as medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial: a APB m&#233;dia foi progressivamente mais alta e a raz&#227;o TAP mais baixa &#8211; refletindo maior disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#8211; nos quartis de VGE mais altos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a associa&#231;&#227;o continuou estatisticamente significativa em todos os modelos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial (m&#233;dias) de acordo com o volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica estratificada em quartis; TAP: tonometria arterial perif&#233;rica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0912-10750-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica da associa&#231;&#227;o entre volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Amplitude de pulso basal</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o PAT</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Modelo 1 (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 (1,14 &#8211; 1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,79 &#8211; 0,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 (1,42 &#8211; 1,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 (0,76 &#8211; 0,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62 (1,40 &#8211; 1,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,71 &#8211; 0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Modelo 2 (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 (1,07 &#8211; 1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 (0,81 &#8211; 0,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54 (1,35 &#8211; 1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,77 &#8211; 0,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54 (1,33 &#8211; 1,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,73 &#8211; 0,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Modelo 3 (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 (1,06 &#8211; 1,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 (0,81 &#8211; 0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52 (1,32 &#8211; 1,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,78 &#8211; 0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49 (1,26 &#8211; 1,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,73 &#8211; 0,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Modelo 4 (refer&#234;ncia: primeiro quartil)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Segundo quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 (1,07 &#8211; 1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 (0,81 &#8211; 0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terceiro quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 (1,30 &#8211; 1,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,79 &#8211; 0,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quarto quartil</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 (1,28 &#8211; 1,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,73 &#8211; 0,89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR OR Odds Ratio IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a. Primeiro quartil (22,8-86,2), segundo quartil (86,2-112), terceiro quartil (112-144), quarto quartil (144-331). Modelo 1: sexo, idade. Modelo 2: Modelo 1, mais ra&#231;a e escolaridade. Modelo 3: Model 2, mais n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, e tabagismo. Modelo 4: Modelo 3, mais PAS, uso de anti-hipertensivos, DM, colesterol total / HDL e triglicer&#237;deos.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo avaliou o VGE por meio de um m&#233;todo automatizado e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovasculares e marcadores subcl&#237;nicos da aterosclerose &#8211; escore de CC e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em 470 participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Os principais achados foram: 1) associa&#231;&#227;o do VGE com a maioria dos fatores de risco na an&#225;lise multivariada, um VGE mais alto foi encontrado para: sexo masculino, idade mais avan&#231;ada, ra&#231;a branca, e n&#237;veis mais altos de triglicer&#237;deos e de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; 2) VGE n&#227;o foi associado com a presen&#231;a de CC nos modelos multivariados; 3) VGE aumentado foi associado com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nos modelos multivariados, de maneira dose-resposta. Nossos achados geram a hip&#243;tese de que deposi&#231;&#245;es de gordura epic&#225;rdica podem estar associados &#224; DAC por uma via distinta &#224; de placas calcificadas, e potencialmente relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, doen&#231;a microvascular, e poss&#237;vel predomin&#226;ncia de placas lip&#237;dicas n&#227;o calcificadas.</p>
      <p>Primeiramente, o valor mediano de VGE foi 111 (86-144) mL, foi compar&#225;vel aos resultados observados por Bos et al. 101 (80-130), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e no <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> (108 &#177; 40) mL, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sugerindo que, embora a transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional esteja em um est&#225;gio ligeiramente atrasado no Brasil, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pa&#237;ses europeus e nos EUA, deposi&#231;&#245;es de gordura ect&#243;pica parecem estar presentes de maneira similar. Bos et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> utilizando o mesmo m&#233;todo automatizado descrito por Shahzad et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE, presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o nos leitos vasculares e fatores de risco cardiovasculares, em uma an&#225;lise transversal. Os autores observaram que um aumento no VGE associou-se com um aumento no volume de calcifica&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa, mas somente em homens [diferen&#231;a no volume de calcifica&#231;&#227;o com aumento de um desvio padr&#227;o do VGE: 0,12 (IC95%: 0,04; 0,19) e 0,14 (IC95%: 0,06; 0,22), respectivamente]. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> N&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e escore de CC ap&#243;s ajuste quanto aos fatores de risco. O perfil distinto das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas pode explicar as diferen&#231;as, uma vez que um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres, com idade mais avan&#231;ada, foi avaliado por Bos et al. Quanto aos resultados, n&#227;o realizamos uma an&#225;lise estratificada por sexo, devido ao nosso menor tamanho amostral.</p>
      <p>Em uma publica&#231;&#227;o mais recente de Lee et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> do Framingham Heart Study, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e CC foi avaliada longitudinalmente <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> em 1732 participantes do <italic>Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts</italic> (49,6% homens, idade m&#233;dia 49,9 anos), acompanhados por 6,1 anos. O estudo avaliou 1024 participantes com escore de CC basal igual a zero, e 708 participantes com escore de CC basal maior que zero. N&#227;o observamos associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento no VGE e a progress&#227;o do escore de CC ap&#243;s ajuste quanto ao IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e tecido adiposo visceral, ou entre CC incidente e VGE ap&#243;s ajuste quanto as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o relatada aqui tamb&#233;m foi descrita em uma metan&#225;lise recente publicada por Mancio et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que demonstrou que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e CC n&#227;o foi mantida em modelos multivariados, mas um VGE mais alto permaneceu associado com estenose obstrutiva ou estenose coron&#225;ria importante, e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A hip&#243;tese dos autores &#233; a de que o VGE esteja associado com DAC por outros mecanismos e formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o que se diferem do efeito das placas calcificadas. Outra hip&#243;tese poss&#237;vel &#233; a de que o mecanismo de associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e DAC possa expressar diferentes momentos na hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a, sendo mais precoce em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; express&#227;o de c&#225;lcio coronariano. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para melhor entender o mecanismo pelo qual a gordura epic&#225;rdica e a DAC possa estar relacionado, n&#243;s investigamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre VGE e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Encontramos que um VGE mais alto foi fortemente associado com comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, mesmo em modelos multivariados. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e VGE mais alto foi demonstrada em estudos pr&#233;vios. Contudo, enquanto todos esses estudos tenham utilizado dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (DMF), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> </sup> o m&#233;todo usado para avaliar fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial no ELSA-MG foi TAP. A DMF difere-se da TAP nos vasos em que a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; avaliada &#8211; enquanto a DMF a avalia na art&#233;ria braquial &#8211; um vaso condutor &#8211; a TAP a avaliar na microvasculatura. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> </sup> Considerando que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; um preditor de eventos cardiovasculares, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> </sup> nossos resultados apoiam a hip&#243;tese de que um VGE mais alto esteja relacionado com DAC por vias diferentes da forma&#231;&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas calcificadas, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, doen&#231;a microvascular, e placas lip&#237;dicas n&#227;o calcificadas. Devido &#224; proximidade da gordura epic&#225;rdica &#224;s art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, os tecidos de gordura epic&#225;rdica podem exercer efeitos par&#225;crinas sobre os vasos, em que mediadores inflamat&#243;rios produzidos pela gordura epic&#225;rdica atuam sobre os vasos, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Dada a possibilidade de nossos resultados representarem um epifen&#244;meno, desenvolvemos modelos na tentativa de minimizar esse efeito ajustando-se quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Este &#233; um estudo transversal que n&#227;o permite infer&#234;ncias sobre causalidade. No entanto, este estudo foi inclu&#237;do em um estudo coorte, e o acompanhamento dos participantes quanto a eventos cardiovasculares maiores seria poss&#237;vel em outras publica&#231;&#245;es. O tamanho da amostra n&#227;o permitiu an&#225;lise de subgrupos estratificados por sexo ou obesidade, uma vez que os indiv&#237;duos representam parte da amostra da grande coorte do estudo ELSA. Ainda, somente a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular foi estudada, e sua avalia&#231;&#227;o em outros leitos arteriais poderia complementar nossos achados. No entanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular correlaciona-se mais fortemente com fatores de risco cardiovasculares metab&#243;licos <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> </sup> &#8211; os quais, por sua vez, est&#227;o mais intimamente relacionados a fen&#243;tipos de obesidade &#8211; em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial avaliada nos vasos condutores. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s n&#227;o utilizamos o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o ouro para avaliar fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, por esse ser um m&#233;todo invasivo. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o contrabalanceadas pelos pontos fortes de nosso estudo: n&#243;s usamos um m&#233;todo automatizado para avaliar VGE, o que pode facilitar seu uso em grande escala, e n&#243;s tivemos um perfil cardiovascular abrangente dos indiv&#237;duos, avaliado por m&#233;todos padr&#245;es. Ainda, n&#243;s seremos capazes de acompanhar longitudinalmente esses indiv&#237;duos, o que trar&#225; novas perspectivas da rela&#231;&#227;o do VGE com DAC. Finalmente, n&#243;s val&#237;amos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VGE, CC e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, na tentativa de melhor compreender a associa&#231;&#227;o do VGE com diferentes mecanismos envolvidos na DAC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, um VGE mais elevado foi associado com fatores de risco cardiovasculares e piores medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Al&#233;m disso, o VGE n&#227;o foi associado com CC em modelos multivariados. Nossos resultados geram a hip&#243;tese de que VGE elevado pode estar associado com DAC por uma via diferente do CC, que pode estar associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, doen&#231;a microvascular, e predomin&#226;ncia de placas n&#227;o calcificadas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a equipe e os participantes do ELSA-Brasil por suas importantes contribui&#231;&#245;es, e ao <italic>European Population Imaging Infrastructure</italic> (pertencente &#224; Euro-BioImaging) no Erasmus MC ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.populationimaging.eu">www.populationimaging.eu</ext-link> ), pela an&#225;lise quantitativa do volume de gordura epic&#225;rdica.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Karina P. M. P. Martins pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11906/2021-0750-suplementary-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epicardial Fat Volume Is Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction, but not with Coronary Calcification: From the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Karina P. M. P.</given-names>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Sandhi M.</given-names>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7217-6334</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jesiana</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <given-names>Douglas R. M.</given-names>
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            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Fortunato</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce B.</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
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            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz P.</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
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            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Social e Preventiva da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Epidemiologia, Erasmus MC &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Radiologia e Medicina Nuclear, Erasmus MC &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Epidemiologia Cl&#237;nica - Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Interno, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de Comunit&#225;ria, Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luisa C. C. Brant &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Av. Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30112-010, Santa Efig&#234;nia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luisabrant@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Martins KPMP, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Brant LCC; Acquisition of data: Martins KPMP, Barreto SM, Bos D, Pedrosa J, Ara&#250;jo LF, Foppa M, Duncan BB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Martins KPMP, Barreto SM, Bos D, Pedrosa J, Ribeiro ALP, Brant LCC; Statistical analysis: Azevedo DRM; Obtaining financing: Barreto SM, Duncan BB, Ribeiro ALP; Writing of the manuscript: Martins KPMP, Brant LCC; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Barreto SM, Bos D, Pedrosa J, Azevedo DRM, Ara&#250;jo LF, Foppa M, Duncan BB, Ribeiro ALP, Brant LCC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The increase in epicardial fat volume (EFV) is related to coronary artery disease (CAD), independent of visceral or subcutaneous fat. The mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and endothelial dysfunction are related to coronary events, but whether EFV is related to these markers needs further clarification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between automatically measured EFV, cardiovascular risk factors, CAC, and endothelial function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In 470 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) with measures of EFV, CAC score and endothelial function, we performed multivariable models to evaluate the relation between cardiovascular risk factors and EFV (response variable), and between EFV (explanatory variable) and endothelial function variables or CAC score. Two-sided p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Mean age was 55 &#177; 8 years, 52.3% of patients were men. Mean EFV was 111mL (IQ 86-144), and the prevalence of CAC score=0 was 55%. In the multivariable analyses, increased EFV was related to female sex, older age, waist circumference, and triglycerides (p&lt;0.001 for all). Higher EFV was associated with worse endothelial function: as compared with the first quartile, the odds ratio for basal pulse amplitude were (q2=1.22, 95%CI 1.07-1.40; q3=1.50, 95%CI 1.30-1.74; q4=1.50, 95%CI 1.28-1.79) and for peripheral arterial tonometry ratio were (q2=0.87, 95%CI 0.81-0.95; q3=0.86, 95%CI 0.79-0.94; q4=0.80, 95%CI 0.73-0.89), but not with CAC score&gt;0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Higher EFV was associated with impaired endothelial function, but not with CAC. The results suggest that EFV is related to the development of CAD through a pathway different from the CAC pathway, possibly through aggravation of endothelial dysfunction and microvascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Intra-Abdominal Fat</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade Abdominal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Visceral fat is the most studied ectopic fat deposit, and increased visceral adiposity is related to glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases, independent of body mass index (BMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Epicardial fat shares many of the pathophysiological properties of other visceral fat deposits, but with additional potential effects on the coronary inflammatory and atherosclerotic process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>Researchers from &#8220;The Framingham Heart Study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> </sup>and the &#8220;Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> </sup>studied the association of epicardial fat volume (EFV) with cardiovascular risk factors and identified that EFV not only correlates with obesity and metabolic disorders, but also with the presence of hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD). In a systematic review published in 2015, the authors described nine studies that evaluated the capacity of EFV to predict major cardiovascular events. Although the findings are not consistent for all studies, the majority suggest that EFV quantification is significantly associated with clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies have shown that epicardial fat deposits are associated with CAD but not with coronary artery calcium (CAC) score, which evaluates the calcification in coronary arteries and has been shown in large prospective studies to be associated with the risk of future cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>These studies suggested that EFV could be related to other mechanisms of plaque formation different from calcified plaques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> </sup>Nerlekar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>demonstrated, in a meta-analysis published in 2017, the progressive association between the presence of epicardial fat and high-risk atherosclerotic plaques, which are those with high lipid content, little calcification and a thin fibrotic cap.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Another study demonstrated that higher EFV was associated with vulnerability of plaques in the coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our objective was to evaluate the association between EFV with cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis &#8211; CAC and microvascular endothelial function, both predictors of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>Our sample included participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), which aims to study the determinants of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 15,105 Brazilian adults. The eligibility criteria included active or retired employees of five universities and one research institute, aged 35 to 74 years, who volunteered to participate. Further details of the study design were published elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>In the Investigation Center of ELSA-Brasil in Minas Gerais (3,115 participants), endothelial function assessment through peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), and computed tomography (CT) for CAC evaluation were performed. The PAT exam was introduced partway through the baseline, resulting in 1,535 valid examinations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Of these, 550 participants were randomly selected for reassessment of PAT on the same day of the CT, and 546 attended. EFV measurements were done in 501 randomly selected participants with valid CT scans and PAT using R Development Core Team software (2020) R. Thirty patients were excluded due to technical problems in the EFV analyses (n=4) and in PAT analyses (n=26) and one patient who had an EFV measurement considered outlier was excluded, leaving a final sample of 470 participants ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>ELSA-Brasil was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the participating institutions and the National Research Ethics Committee (CONEP 976/2006). All participants signed an informed consent form.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of Participants. CT: computed tomography; PAT: peripheral arterial tonometry; EFV: epicardial fat volume.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0912-10750-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>Demographic variables were collected during the study baseline and clinical characteristics in the second visit. Age, sex, self-reported race, schooling, physical activity, obesity, central obesity, smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and the <italic>Framingham risk score for CAD,</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>which estimates the probability of developing a coronary event in 10 years, were used in the analyses. Data collection followed the ELSA-Brasil protocol, whose details can be found elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup>Physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-SF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>in which each type of activity is weighed by its energy requirements defined in MET (metabolic equivalent of task). The physical activity time per week is then converted to MET minutes (MET-min/week). The participant is considered sedentary if the sum of MET-min/week is &lt;600; moderately active if 600-3000 MET-min/week and active if &gt; 3000 MET-min/week. Participants were classified as current smokers or non-smokers and, regarding alcohol use, they were classified as non-users, non-heavy drinkers or heavy (men with consumption &#8805;210g alcohol/week and women with consumption &#8805;140g alcohol/week) drinkers. Hypertension was determined by patient report, systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805;90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications. DM was determined by participant report, use of antidiabetic medication, or fasting glycemia &#8805; 126 mg/dL, or glucose level &#8805; 200 mg/dL after two hour of oral glucose overload, or glycated hemoglobin &#8805; 6.5%. The Framingham risk score for CAD was used as a categorical variable, stratified into low (&lt;10%), intermediate (10-20%) and high (&gt;20%) cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of EFV</title>
          <p>We performed non-contrast enhanced, ECG-triggered cardiac CT scans to assess CAC and EFV, using a 64-slice CT scanner (Lightspeed, General Electric). Images were acquired during respiratory apnea for 8-12 seconds. EFV was quantified using a standardized, validated and fully automated method described by Shahzad et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>In brief, this method included two phases: (1) heart segmentation, (2) quantification of EFV in mL. The segmentation of the heart was performed using multi-atlas segmentation and registration using the Elastix software described by Klein et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>For the EFV quantification a window width range of -30 to -200 Hounsfield units was used. A manual calibration was carried out for the present study, using MeVisLab software for manual delimitation of the pericardial sac of 15 participants, as shown in ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). The results were compared to those obtained by Elastix software and calibrated.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Manual calibration to assess epicardial fat volume in 15 participants of the ELSA-Brasil.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0912-10750-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CAC score measures</title>
          <p>The images were transferred to a GE ADW 4.5 workstation and to the Imaging Server of the ELSA-Brasil, where CAC score was calculated by the Agatston method by a radiologist with 10 years of experience, blinded for clinical information.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endothelial function measures</title>
          <p>PAT exam was performed by two certified examiners using the Endo-PAT2000 (Itamar Medical Ltd., Caesarea, Israel) on the same day of the CT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> </sup>Briefly, the cuff was placed in the participant&#8217;s nondominant arm, 2 cm above the cubital fossa, and PAT probes on each index finger. Baseline pulse amplitude (BPA) was measured for five minutes. Arterial flow was interrupted on one side for five minutes by inflating the cuff at suprasystolic pressure. After five minutes, the cuff was deflated to induce reactive hyperemia, and the PAT signal was recorded for another five minutes. The contralateral finger was used to control for systemic changes. Two variables from PAT were used: mean BPA, which reflects the basal vascular tone and is calculated by logarithmically transforming the mean BPA values of both arms, and the PAT ratio, which reflects the response to reactive hyperemia. PAT ratio is the ratio of pulse amplitude 90 to 120 seconds after cuff release to the mean BPA. This result is divided by the corresponding ratio from the control finger and transformed to its natural logarithm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages, continuous variables as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to the result of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Due to the right-skewed distribution of EFV, the natural logarithm of EFV was used in the analyses in which EFV was the dependent variable (association with cardiovascular risk factors). In analyses in which EFV was the independent variable, quartiles of EFV were constructed (association with subclinical measures of atherosclerosis: CAC score and endothelial function). CAC score was dichotomized at 0 or &gt;0, and endothelial function measurements were analyzed as continuous variables.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed in three steps and through models adapted to the distribution of the response variables: 1- evaluation of the univariable and multivariable association between cardiovascular risk factors and EFV through linear regression; 2- evaluation of the univariable and multivariable association between EFV and CAC score through logistic regression; and 3- evaluation of the univariable and multivariable association between EFV and measures of endothelial function through linear regression.</p>
          <p>The variables were considered in four multivariable models determined <italic>a priori</italic> and retained if they showed association in the univariable analyses with p &lt;0.10, as follows: Model 1, adjusted for sex and age; Model 2: Model 1, plus race, and schooling; Model 3: Model 2 plus physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, and smoking; Model 4: Model 3 plus SBP, antihypertensive use, DM, total cholesterol/HDL, and triglycerides.</p>
          <p>BMI and waist circumference were not included simultaneously in models 3 or 4, due to a collinearity with a variance inflation factor (VIF) close to 8. If both were statistically significant, waist circumference was included, because it is a measure of ectopic fat, like EFV. The <italic>Framingham risk score for CAD</italic> was analyzed separately because it already represents an assessment of CAD risk, incorporating the combined effect of several cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
          <p>Two-sided p &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Due to the numbers of variables in the model, Bonferroni correction was performed and a p&lt;0.0038 was considered statistically significant. All analyzes were performed using R Development Core Team software (2020).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of participants. Mean age was 55 &#177; 8 years, with 52.3% men. For race, 50.9% were white, 33.0% were mixed and 12.3% were black. A high proportion of sedentary (59.2%) and highly educated participants were observed, the latter reflecting the work of participants (university employees). Mean BMI was 26.9 &#177; 4.6 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>and median waist circumference was 92 (84-101) cm. Median EFV was 111 (86-144) mL. A CAC=0 was detected in 261 (55.5%) participants. Mean BPA was 6.57 &#177; 0.62 and mean PAT ratio was 0.42 &#177; 0.34.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of study participants (n = 470)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Characteristcs</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>Age,</bold> y</td>
                  <td align="center">55 &#177; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Sex,</bold> men %</td>
                  <td align="center">246 (52.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Race*,</bold> %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (12.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (50.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Educational level,</bold> %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete elementary school</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete elementary school</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (3.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (18.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>University degree</td>
                  <td align="center">356 (75.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Physical activity status,</bold> %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (59.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderately active</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (36.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (4.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Smoking,</bold> %</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (7.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Excessive drinker,</bold> %</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (10.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>BMI,</bold> kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Waist circunference,</bold> cm</td>
                  <td align="center">91.8 (84.4 &#8211; 100.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Diabetes mellitus,</bold> %</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (17.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Hypertension,</bold> %</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (38.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>SBP,</bold> mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#177; 16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Hypertension treatment,</bold> %</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (33.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total/HDL cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">3.84 &#177; 0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tryglicerides,</bold> mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (79 &#8211; 155)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>CAC = 0</bold><sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>, %</td>
                  <td align="center">261 (55.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>EFV,</bold> mL</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (86 -144)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BPA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">657 &#177; 0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAT ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.42 + 0.34</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* We excluded 13 participants (yellow and indigenous), as they represented a small sample; five participants did not provide the data, and &#8224;1 participant did not have data. BMI: body mass index; BPA: baseline pulse; CAC: coronary calcium score; HDL: high density lipoproteins; EFV: epicardial fat volume; BPA: baseline pulse amplitude; PAT: peripheral arterial tonometry; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between cardiovascular risk factors and EFV</title>
          <p>The univariable association between cardiovascular risk factors and EFV is shown in Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . As the variable EFV was transformed to its natural logarithm, the increase of 0.1 in the coefficient of each explanatory variable indicates a 10.5% increase in EFV. Only smoking, physical activity and schooling were not statistically associated with EFV. Regarding race/skin color, black and mixed individuals showed significantly lower EFV than white individuals. An increase in EFV was observed with the progression of cardiovascular risk assessed by the Framingham Risk Score for CAD ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplementary Figure 1</inline-supplementary-material> ).</p>
          <p>In the multivariable analysis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ), the following covariates remained associated with a higher EFV: male sex, olderfat volume age, waist circumference, and triglycerides. In the final model, black race remained associated with lower EFV.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Linear regression models of the association between cardiovascular risk factors and epicardial fat volume</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Model 1</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Model 2</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Model 3</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Model 4</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>&#946;</th>
                    <th>IC 95%</th>
                    <th>&#946;</th>
                    <th>IC 95%</th>
                    <th>&#946;</th>
                    <th>IC 95%</th>
                    <th>&#946;</th>
                    <th>IC 95%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.01 &#8211; 1.02) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.01 &#8211; 1.02) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.007 &#8211; 1.013) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.01 &#8211; 1.02) &#8224;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Sex</bold> (reference men)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.71 &#8211; 0.82) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.72 &#8211; 0.82) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.82 &#8211; 0.93) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.81 &#8211; 0.93) &#8224;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Race</bold> (reference white)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">0,85</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.77 &#8211; 0.95)*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.76 &#8211; 0.91) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.77 &#8211; 0.93) &#8224;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brown</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.86 -0.99)*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.88 &#8211; 1.00)*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.88 -1.00)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Waist circuference</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.01 &#8211; 1.02) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.01 &#8211; 1.02) &#8224;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Excessive drinker</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.97 &#8211; 1.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.95 &#8211; 1.15)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes Mellitus</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.88 &#8211; 1.04)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SBP</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.996 &#8211; 1.001)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension treatment</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.92 &#8211; 1.06)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total/HDL Cholesterol</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.95 &#8211; 1.02)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Tryglicerides</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">...</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">(1.000 - 1.001)*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>* p&lt;0.05, &#8224;p&lt; 0.001. &#946; exponential regression coefficient. CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HDL: high density lipoproteins.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between EFV and CAC</title>
          <p>Regarding the association between EFV and CAC, the crude logistic analysis revealed increased chances of CAC&gt;0 among people in the third and fourth quartiles of EFV. However, these associations lost statistical significance in the multivariable analysis ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ) in all the models considered. The univariable analysis of CAC with cardiovascular risk factors is shown in <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplementary Table 2</inline-supplementary-material> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Logistic regression models of the association between quartiles of epicardial fat volume and presence of coronary calcium</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>CI 95%</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Model 1 (reference first quartile)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.60 &#8211; 1.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.823</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.66 &#8211; 2.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.565</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.93 &#8211; 3.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.082</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Model 2 (reference first quartile)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.54 &#8211; 1.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.966</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.56 &#8211; 1.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.921</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.79 -2.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.221</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Model 3 (reference first quartile)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.50 &#8211; 1.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.776</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.41 &#8211; 1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.455</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.41 &#8211; 1 .52)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.709</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Model 4 (reference first quartile)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.50 &#8211; 1.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.838</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.42 &#8211; 1.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">(0.41 &#8211; 1.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.734</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>OR Odds Ratio CI confidence interval. First quartile (22.8-86.2), Second quartile (86.2-112), Third quartile (112-144), Fourth quartile (144-331). Model 1: sex, age. Model 2: Model 1, plus race and schooling. Model 3: Model 2, plus physical activity level, BMI, waist circumference and smoking. Model 4: Model 3, plus SBP, antihypertensive use, DM, total cholesterol / HDL and triglycerides.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between EFV and endothelial function</title>
          <p>In the univariable association ( <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplementary Table 3</inline-supplementary-material> ), we observed a statistically significant association of all quartiles of EFV with endothelial function measures. We also noticed a dose response gradient for EFV quartiles and measures of endothelial function: the mean BPA was progressively higher and PAT ratio lower &#8211; reflecting more impaired endothelial function &#8211; in the higher EFV quartiles ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). In the multivariable analysis, the association remained statistically significant in all models ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Endothelial function measures (mean) according to the epicardial fat volume stratified in quartiles. PAT: peripheral arterial tonometry.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0912-10750-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Logistic regression models of the association between epicardial fat volume and endothelial function</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Basal Pulse Amplitude</th>
                    <th>PAT ratio</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR (CI 95%)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>OR (CI95%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Model 1</bold> (reference first quartile)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31 (1.14 &#8211; 1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.79 &#8211; 0.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.63 (1.42 &#8211; 1.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83 (0.76 &#8211; 0.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.62 (1.40 &#8211; 1.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 (0.71 &#8211; 0.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Model 2</bold> (reference first quartile)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22 (1.07 &#8211; 1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 (0.81 &#8211; 0.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.54 (1.35 &#8211; 1.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.77 &#8211; 0.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.54 (1.33 &#8211; 1.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 (0.73 &#8211; 0.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Model 3</bold> (reference first quartile)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22 (1.06 &#8211; 1.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88 (0.81 &#8211; 0.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.52 (1.32 &#8211; 1.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 (0.78 &#8211; 0.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49 (1.26 &#8211; 1.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80 (0.73 &#8211; 0.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Model 4</bold> (reference first quartile)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Second quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22 (1.07 &#8211; 1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 (0.81 &#8211; 0.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Third quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 (1.30 &#8211; 1.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.79 &#8211; 0.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fourth quartile</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 (1.28 &#8211; 1.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80 (0.73 &#8211; 0.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>OR Odds Ratio CI confidence interval. First quartile (22.8-86.2), Second quartile (86.2-112), Third quartile (112-144), Fourth quartile (144-331). Model 1: sex, age. Model 2: Model 1, plus race and schooling. Model 3: Model 2, plus degree of physical activity, BMI, waist circumference and smoking. Model 4: Model 3, plus SBP, antihypertensive use, DM, total cholesterol / HDL and triglyceride.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study evaluated EFV by an automated method its association with cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical markers of atherosclerosis &#8211; CAC score and endothelial function in 470 participants of the ELSA-Brasil. The main findings of the present study were: 1) Association of EFV with most cardiovascular risk factors. In the multivariable analysis, higher EFV was seen for: male sex, older age, white race, and higher triglycerides and waist circumference; 2) EFV was not associated with the presence of CAC in multivariable models; 3) Increased EFV was associated with endothelial dysfunction in multivariable models, in a dose-response manner. Our findings generate the hypothesis that epicardial fat deposits may be linked to CAD through a distinct pathway from calcified plaques, but rather potentially related to endothelial dysfunction, microvascular disease and possibly predominantly lipidic non-calcified plaques.</p>
        <p>First, median EFV was 111 (IQ 86-144) mL, which is comparable to the results observed by Bos et al. (101 mL, IQ 80-130),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>and in the Framingham Heart Study (108 &#177; 40) mL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>suggesting that, although nutritional transition is in a slightly delayed stage in Brazil, comparing to European countries and the US, ectopic fat deposits appear to be present in a similar manner. Bos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>using the same fully automated method described by Shahzad et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>evaluated the association between EFV, the presence of calcification in vessel beds and cardiovascular risk factors, in a cross-sectional analysis. The authors observed that an increase in EFV was associated with an increase in the volume of coronary and external carotid artery calcification, but only in men (difference in calcification volume with increase of one standard deviation of EFV: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.04, 0.19] and 0.14 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.22], respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>We did not find an association between EFV and CAC score after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. The distinct profile of the populations studied may explain the differences, since older and more women were evaluated by Bos et al. Regarding the results, we did not perform an analysis stratified by sex due to our smaller sample size.</p>
        <p>In a more recent publication by Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>from the Framingham Heart Study, the association between EFV and CAC was assessed longitudinally<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>in 1,732 participants of the Offspring and Third Generation Cohorts (49.6% men, mean age 49.9 years), who were followed for 6.1 years. The study evaluated 1,024 participants with baseline CAC score =0 and 708 participants with baseline CAC score &gt; 0. No association was observed between the increase in EFV and the progression of CAC score after adjustment for BMI, waist circumference and visceral adipose tissue, nor between incident CAC and EFV, what corroborates our findings of no association between higher EFV and CAC after adjusting for clinical variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>The absence of association reported here was also described in a recent meta-analysis published by Mancio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>which demonstrated that the association between EFV and CAC was not maintained in multivariable models, but higher EFV remained associated with obstructive or significant coronary stenosis, and major adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>The authors hypothesize that EFV is associated with CAD through other mechanisms and forms of presentation that differ from the burden of calcified plaques. Another possible hypothesis is that the mechanism of association between EFV and CAD may express different moments in the natural history of the disease, being earlier as compared to CAC expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In order to better understand the mechanism by which epicardial fat and CAD may be related, we further investigated the association of EFV with microvascular endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>We found that higher EFV was strongly associated with impaired microvascular function, even in multivariable models. The association between impaired endothelial function and higher EFV has been demonstrated in other studies. However, while all these studies have used flow-mediated dilation (FMD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> </sup>the method used to evaluate endothelial function in ELSA-MG was PAT. FMD differs from PAT in the vessels in which endothelial function is evaluated: while FMD evaluates it in the brachial artery - a conduit vessel - PAT assesses the microvasculature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> </sup>Considering that endothelial dysfunction is a predictor of cardiovascular events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> </sup>our results support the hypothesis that higher EFV is related to CAD by different pathways from the formation of calcified atherosclerotic plaques, including endothelial dysfunction, microvascular disease, and lipid-rich non calcified plaques. Due to the proximity of epicardial fat to the coronary arteries, the epicardial fat tissues may exert vasocrine effects on the vessels, when inflammatory mediators produced by epicardial fat act on the vessels, leading to endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Given the possibility of our results represent an epiphenomenon, we performed models that tried to minimize this effect by adjusting for confounding variables.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. It is a cross-sectional study that precludes inferences about causality. However, this study is included in a cohort study, and the follow-up of participants for major adverse cardiovascular events will be possible in further publications. The sample size did not permit analysis of subgroups stratified by sex or obesity status as it represents a subsample of the large ELSA cohort. Furthermore, only microvascular endothelial function was studied and its evaluation in other arterial beds could complement our findings. However, microvascular endothelial function more strongly correlates with metabolic cardiovascular risk factors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> </sup>&#8211; which, in turn, are more closely related to obesity phenotypes &#8211; as compared with endothelial function evaluated at conduit vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>In addition, we did not use the gold standard method to evaluate endothelial function because it is an invasive method. These limitations are counterbalanced by the strengths of our study: we used an automated method to evaluate EFV, which may facilitate its use on a large scale, and we had a comprehensive cardiovascular profile of the individuals, assessed by standardized methods. In addition, we will be able to longitudinally follow these individuals, which may bring further perspectives of the relation of EFV with CAD. Lastly, we evaluated the relationship between EFV, CAC and endothelial function, in attempt to better understand the association of EFV with the different mechanisms involved in CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the present study, higher EFV was associated with cardiovascular risk factors and worse measures of endothelial function. In addition, EFV was not associated with CAC in multivariable models. Taken together, our results generate the hypothesis that higher EFV may be associated with CAD through a different pathway from CAC, potentially related to endothelial dysfunction, microvascular disease and predominance of non-calcified plaques.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors thank the staff and participants of ELSA-Brasil for their important contributions. We thank the European Population Imaging Infrastructure (a node of Euro-BioImaging) at Erasmus MC ( <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.populationimaging.eu/">www.populationimaging.eu</ext-link> ), for quantitative analysis of the epicardial fat volume.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Karina P. M. P. Martins, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11906/2021-0750-suplementary-material.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
