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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">PbmdvxJPHN5QLrxn3Ldf38m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005018201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300902</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210801</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acometimento do Ventr&#237;culo Direito na Cardiomiopatia por Dep&#243;sito de Glicog&#234;nio (PRKAG2): An&#225;lise Ecocardiogr&#225;fica Convencional e Avan&#231;ada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8920-5173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Junqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Wander Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakashima</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Pansanato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Natalia Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Felicio Rocho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Felicio Rocho &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena &#8226; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. CEP 30130-110, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jlbpena@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>902</fpage>
      <lpage>909</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 &#233; uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria autoss&#244;mica dominante rara, de in&#237;cio precoce. Objetivamos descrever os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) usando modalidades bi e tridimensionais (2D e 3D), incluindo &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nesta cardiomiopatia. Tamb&#233;m objetivamos demonstrar se esta t&#233;cnica poderia identificar altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD que pudessem distinguir quaisquer achados particulares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trinta pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 (R302Q e H401Q) geneticamente comprovada, 16 (53,3%) do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 39,1 &#177; 15,4 anos, foram submetidos a exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico completo. A vis&#227;o de 4 c&#226;maras com foco no VD foi adquirida para medi&#231;&#245;es 2D e 3D. Os testes t de Student ou Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney foram usados para comparar as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre 2 grupos, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Doze pacientes (40%) tiveram marca-passo implantado por 12,4 &#177; 9,9 anos. A espessura diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia da parede livre do VD foi de 7,9 &#177; 2,9 mm. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do VD (SL4VD), incluindo a parede livre e o septo interventricular, foi de -17,3% &#177; 6,7%, e o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD (SLPLVD) foi de &#8722;19,1% &#177; 8,5%. A raz&#227;o apical do SLPLVD mediu 0,63 &#177; 0,15. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) 3D m&#233;dia do VD foi de 42,6% &#177; 10,9% e abaixo dos limites normais em 56,7% dos pacientes. Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva ocorreu entre FE 3D do VD, SL4VD e SLPLVD, principalmente para pacientes sem marca-passo (p = 0,006).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O envolvimento do VD em PRKAG2 &#233; frequente e ocorre em diferentes graus. A ecocardiografia &#233; uma ferramenta valiosa na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades mioc&#225;rdicas do VD nesta condi&#231;&#227;o. O uso de SL4VD 2D, SLPLVD e FE 3D oferecem indicadores confi&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD nesta cardiomiopatia rara e desafiadora.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome PRKAG2/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Dep&#243;sito de Glicog&#234;nico/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O gene PRKAG2 foi inicialmente descrito em 2000 como parte ativa do metabolismo no processo de transcri&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na quinase ativada por AMP (AMPK).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em quase metade dos casos relatados, as altera&#231;&#245;es gen&#244;micas envolvendo esse gene s&#227;o devidas &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o Arg302Gln, que substitui a arginina por glutamina no c&#243;don 302, conhecido como R302Q. A literatura tamb&#233;m descreve 28 muta&#231;&#245;es adicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A muta&#231;&#227;o PRKAG2 resulta na perda da fun&#231;&#227;o da subunidade &#947;2 da AMPK e apresenta um defeito metab&#243;lico respons&#225;vel pela glicogenose. O principal fen&#243;tipo consiste em hipertrofia ventricular associada a anormalidades no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo s&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o PRKAG2 &#233; considerada uma doen&#231;a rara, embora esteja provavelmente subestimada, pois muitos casos s&#227;o diagnosticados inadequadamente, sendo muitas vezes classificados como cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica familiar. O padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a &#233; dominante, com penetr&#226;ncia completa e graus variados de express&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia ainda n&#227;o mencionados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia bi e tridimensional (2D e 3D) e os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ( <italic>strain</italic> / <italic>strain rate</italic> ) por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE) s&#227;o t&#233;cnicas relativamente recentes, por&#233;m j&#225; utilizadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Mais recentemente, essas t&#233;cnicas tamb&#233;m foram validadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso grupo de pesquisa recentemente publicou um estudo dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VE nesta mesma s&#233;rie de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia reconhecida do VD nas cardiomiopatias est&#225; mudando radicalmente, e isso afeta de forma significativa a fisiologia card&#237;aca, a hemodin&#226;mica e o desenvolvimento de sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Comparada &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar apresenta resist&#234;ncia vascular muito menor e maior distensibilidade da art&#233;ria pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Objetivamos descrever os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD utilizando ecocardiografia 2D e 3D e STE. Tamb&#233;m objetivamos identificar se esta t&#233;cnica poderia eventualmente detectar quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es particulares na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD na cardiomiopatia por dep&#243;sito de glicog&#234;nio quando comparada ao VE. Visto que existem poucas pesquisas associando os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD com a s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2, buscamos investigar a presen&#231;a de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que possam sugerir hipertrofia do VD associada &#224; cardiomiopatia por dep&#243;sito de glicog&#234;nio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e protocolo de estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional, cl&#237;nico, transversal, baseado em uma coorte de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 geneticamente comprovada. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com outras etiologias de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. A popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo consistiu em 30 pacientes de 5 fam&#237;lias com muta&#231;&#227;o no gene PRKAG2 (28 Arg302Gln e 2 His401Gln), detectados por meio de teste gen&#233;tico de sequenciamento Sanger. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico, com eletrocardiograma convencional de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma. O conselho de revis&#227;o institucional aprovou o protocolo e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado. Nosso estudo foi realizado seguindo as diretrizes das Boas Pr&#225;ticas Cl&#237;nicas e foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico completo, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) e da Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular (EACVI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Todos os estudos foram realizados utilizando um sistema ecocardiogr&#225;fico dispon&#237;vel comercialmente, m&#225;quina Vivid E9 (GE Healthcare, Horten, Noruega). O exame incluiu o modo M, medidas 2D, STE 2D de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e medidas 3D de acordo com as Diretrizes para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica do Cora&#231;&#227;o Direito em Adultos: um relat&#243;rio da ASE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A vis&#227;o de 4 c&#226;maras com foco no VD foi adquirida para medidas 2D e 3D, tendo-se o cuidado para obter a imagem que demonstrasse o di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo. Foram medidas as dimens&#245;es lineares 2D do VD, incluindo as dimens&#245;es basais, m&#233;dias e longitudinais do VD. A via de sa&#237;da do VD foi medida no final da di&#225;stole no corte paraesternal eixo longo. A espessura da parede do VD foi medida na di&#225;stole, a partir do corte subcostal, utilizando-se o modo M.</p>
        <p>A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) foi obtida pelo modo M, medida a partir do anel lateral tric&#250;spide.</p>
        <p>A veia cava inferior foi medida proximal &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o das veias hep&#225;ticas no final da expira&#231;&#227;o. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do VD (SL4VD) foi calculado pela m&#233;dia dos valores de todos os 6 segmentos do VD. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD (SLPLVD) foi obtida pela m&#233;dia dos 3 segmentos da parede livre do VD: basal, m&#233;dio e apical. Tamb&#233;m calculamos a raz&#227;o apical da parede livre do VD usando a equa&#231;&#227;o: [strain longitudinal de pico sist&#243;lico (SLPS) apical / (SLPS basal + mid-SLPS)]. Todos os dados foram revisados offline. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico 3D do VD foi realizado em todos os pacientes. Seis batimentos consecutivos controlados por eletrocardiograma foram adquiridos para gerar o volume completo do VD. O p&#243;s-processamento das imagens 3D em tempo real foi realizado no software TomTec 1.1, com o tra&#231;ado endoc&#225;rdico de todos os planos. Os volumes do VD foram calculados de forma semiautom&#225;tica ao longo de todo o ciclo card&#237;aco, a partir dos quais foram obtidos o volume diast&#243;lico final e o volume sist&#243;lico final e calculados o volume sist&#243;lico e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE). A reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador foi avaliada em uma subamostra de 9 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho amostral utilizado foi de conveni&#234;ncia devido &#224; raridade dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o se distribu&#237;das normalmente e mediana &#177; intervalo interquartil se distribu&#237;das anormalmente. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os testes t de Student ou Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney foram usados para comparar vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre 2 grupos usados para amostras independentes. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre 2 vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas.</p>
        <p>Os 30 casos foram atribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente n&#250;meros de 1 a 30 usando o software R. Para avaliar a consist&#234;ncia e reprodutibilidade, 2 observadores independentes selecionaram aleatoriamente 9 n&#250;meros para remensura&#231;&#227;o. A escolha do n&#250;mero de casos foi arbitr&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias e coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) foram obtidos. Seus intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) intra e interobservador foram ambos de 95%. As medidas intra e interobservador foram avaliadas pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Testes t de Student para amostras pareadas foram usados para comparar as diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software R vers&#227;o 3.5.2, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes do estudo. A maioria era do sexo masculino e mais da metade era assintom&#225;tica. A palpita&#231;&#227;o foi o sintoma cl&#237;nico mais frequente. S&#237;ndrome de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o e <italic>flutter</italic> foram os sinais prevalentes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Popula&#231;&#227;o, n = 30</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td>16 (53,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)*</td>
                <td align="center">39,1 &#177; 15,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) *</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 3,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)**</td>
                <td align="center">60,0 (53,0 &#8211; 63,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)**</td>
                <td align="center">120,0 (112,5 &#8211; 130,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)**</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 (70,0 &#8211; 80,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sinais e sintomas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">19 (63,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">16 (53,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marca-passo</td>
                <td align="center">12 (40%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">10 (33,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palpita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">7 (23,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Flutter</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Falta de ar</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">2 (6,7%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; bpm: batimentos por minuto; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Dados apresentados como * m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ** median (1&#186; &#8211; 3&#186; quartil).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . A qualidade da imagem 3D foi inadequada em 2 pacientes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD de 30 pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da PLVD (mm)**</td>
                <td>7,0 (6,0 &#8211; 9,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 &#177; 3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da cavidade basal do VD (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">37,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da cavidade m&#233;dia do VD (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 &#177; 6,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro longitudinal do VD (mm)**</td>
                <td align="center">49,0 (35,0 &#8211; 61,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da VSVD no PLAX (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 &#177; 4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VCI no final da expira&#231;&#227;o (mm)**</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 (16,0 &#8211; 19,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL4VD (%) **</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;18,8 (&#8211;14,0 &#8211; &#8211;20,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SLPLVD (%) **</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;20,3 (&#8211;16,6 &#8211; &#8211;25,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL basal da PLVD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;18,0 &#177; 5,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL m&#233;dia da PLVD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;21,8 &#177; 5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL apical da PLVD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;24,3 &#177; 7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o apical do VD*</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDF 3D do VD (mL) **</td>
                <td align="center">95,2 (76,2 &#8211; 129,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSF 3D do VD (mL) **</td>
                <td align="center">54,0 (44,8 &#8211; 69,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VS 3D do VD (mL) **</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 (30,4 &#8211; 59,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE 3D do VD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 10,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; PLAX: corte paraesternal eixo longo; PLVD: parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; SL4VD: strain longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; 3D: tridimensional; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VSVD: dia de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Dados apresentados como * m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ** median (1&#186; &#8211; 3&#186; quartil).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>&#201; importante relatar que, durante o ecocardiograma, apenas 1 paciente apresentou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Medida pelo corte subcostal em modo M, a espessura diast&#243;lica mediana da parede lateral do VD foi de 7,0 &#177; 3,0 mm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Apenas 3 pacientes apresentaram valores normais e, em 1 paciente, a medida chegou a 20 mm. Apenas 3 pacientes apresentaram valores de TAPSE abaixo de 17 mm.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medida da espessura diast&#243;lica final da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito. Imagem bidimensional subcostal da vis&#227;o de 4 c&#226;maras. Imagem em modo M indicando a espessura da parede no final da di&#225;stole (1,3 cm). VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0902-10801-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A por&#231;&#227;o anterior do eixo longo paraesternal da dimens&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VD no n&#237;vel proximal apresentou valores superiores ao normal em 23% dos pacientes, conforme relatado na literatura, exceto para a dimens&#227;o longitudinal. Esse valor sugere que o aumento da c&#226;mara do VD ocorreu na se&#231;&#227;o transversal.</p>
      <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide foi detectada em metade dos pacientes, mas apenas 4 apresentaram press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar acima dos limites normais, e o valor m&#225;ximo estimado atingiu 48 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A veia cava inferior estava dilatada em apenas 2 pacientes.</p>
      <p>Em 3 pacientes, o SL4VD estava significativamente reduzido, relacionado &#224; parede lateral mais espessada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise bidimensional do speckle tracking do ventr&#237;culo direito a partir de uma vis&#227;o de 4 c&#226;maras em corte apical. Os valores m&#233;dios de strain sist&#243;lico global e as curvas de tempo foram obtidos pelo rastreamento de uma regi&#227;o de interesse de 6 segmentos. Strain longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do ventr&#237;culo direito mediu -9,3%. GS: strain global; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0902-10801-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra os valores m&#233;dios de SLPLVD de cada segmento. Podemos observar que os valores basais de SLPLVD s&#227;o inferiores aos segmentos medial (p = 0,016) e apical (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>A FE do VD estava dentro dos limites normais em 13 pacientes e abaixo de 35% em 7 pacientes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>O conjunto de dados tridimensionais foi adquirido a partir de uma vis&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras com foco no VD. Em A, vis&#227;o multiplanar em eixo curto para verifica&#231;&#227;o das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas. Em B, podemos ver o modelo 3D do VD obtido com a curva de volume. VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VS: volume sist&#243;lico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0902-10801-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes com marca-passo eram significativamente mais velhos (p &lt; 0,001), e apresentavam maior propor&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem marca-passo (p = 0,018). O marca-passo foi implantado aos 38,1 &#177; 13 anos, e o tempo mediano de uso foi de 12,4 &#177; 9,9 anos.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com marca-passo apresentaram valores significativamente menores de FEVE 3D, encurtamento fracionado e strain circunferencial global 3D.</p>
      <p>Verificamos uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as medidas do segmento basal e m&#233;dio da SLPLVD entre os pacientes com e sem marca-passo, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD de pacientes sem e com marca-passo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Sem MP (n=18)</th>
                <th>Com MP (n=12)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da PLVD (mm)**</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (6,0 &#8211; 8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (6,5 &#8211; 9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,233 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">19,9 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,060 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da cavidade basal do VD (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">36,8 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">39,0 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,372 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da cavidade m&#233;dia do VD (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">31,1 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,973 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro longitudinal do VD (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">49,0 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,892 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro da VSVD no PLAX (mm)*</td>
                <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">29,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,088 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VCI no final da expira&#231;&#227;o (mm)**</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 (16,0 &#8211; 18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">18,0 (16,5 &#8211; 19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,440 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL4VD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;18,5 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;15,4 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,233 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SLPLVD (%) **</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;24,0 (-18,3 &#8211; &#8211;25,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;18,6 (-13,0 &#8211; &#8211;22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,187 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL basal da PLVD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;19,7 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;15,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,037<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL m&#233;dia da PLVD (%) **</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;26,0 (&#8211;18,5 &#8211; &#8211;26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;19,0 (&#8211;14,5 &#8211; &#8211;23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,039 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SL apical da PLVD (%) *</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;25,8 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;22,2 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,200 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Raz&#227;o apical do VD*</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,458 <sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VDF 3D do VD (mL)**</td>
                <td align="center">95,7 (84,9 &#8211; 119,0)</td>
                <td align="center">92,9 (69,2 &#8211; 149,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,746 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VSF 3D do VD (mL)**</td>
                <td align="center">56,0 (45,7 &#8211; 68,4)</td>
                <td align="center">51,5 (43,4 &#8211; 79,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,963 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VS 3D do VD (mL)**</td>
                <td align="center">45,1 (36,2 &#8211; 59,2)</td>
                <td align="center">30,6 (29,3 &#8211; 59,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,742 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE 3D do VD (%) **</td>
                <td align="center">48,5 (36,7 &#8211; 51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">37,5 (32,8 &#8211; 40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,259 <sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; MP: marca-passo; PLAX: corte paraesternal eixo longo; PLVD: parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; SL4VD: strain longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; 3D: tridimensional; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VSVD: dia de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Dados apresentados como * m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ** median (1&#186; &#8211; 3&#186; quartil). <sup><italic>T</italic></sup> Teste t de Student t e <sup><italic>W</italic></sup> teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No entanto, n&#227;o apareceram outras diferen&#231;as significativas entre os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do VD entre os pacientes com e sem marca-passo.</p>
      <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de <italic>strain</italic> e FE do VD foram avaliadas, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . Ocorreu uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre FE e SLPLVD (r = 0,65, p = 0,006), indicando que quanto maior o valor absoluto de SLPLVD, maiores os valores de EF. Considerando o SL4VD, a correla&#231;&#227;o foi menor em todos os pacientes e ausente nos pacientes com marca-passo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre FE 3D do VD e SL4VD e SLPLVD em todos os pacientes e naqueles sem e com marca-passo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                <th>Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>FE 3D VD</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Todos pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">SL4VD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,445</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SLPLVD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,594</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sem MP</td>
                <td align="center">SL4VD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,475</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SLPLVD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,654</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Com MP</td>
                <td align="center">SL4VD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,355</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">SLPLVD</td>
                <td align="center">r = 0,533</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; MP: marca-passo; r: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; SL4VD: strain longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do ventr&#237;culo direito; 3D: tridimensional; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m verificamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE e SLPLVD (menos de 50% e &#8722;18%, respectivamente) (r = 0,80, p = 0,05).</p>
      <p>A reprodutibilidade do <italic>strain</italic> e das medidas de 3D, bem como a CCI e o IC para variabilidade inter e intraobservador est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variabilidade dos dados intra e interobservador</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Intraobservador</th>
                <th colspan="2">Interobservador</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>M&#233;dia* (95% IC)</th>
                <th>CCI (95% IC)</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia* (95% IC)</th>
                <th>CCI (95% IC)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SL4VD</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (0,6; 1,5) <sup>NS</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,93; 1,00) <sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (2,0; 0,7) <sup>NS</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,74; 1,00)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SLPLVD</td>
                <td align="center">0,1 (2,4; 2,6) <sup>NS</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,65; 0,99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,4 (1,9; 2,7) <sup>NS</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,75; 0,99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE 3D</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (1,2; 3,9) <sup>NS</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,66; 0,99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,3 (2,5; 3,2) <sup>NS</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,61; 0,99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>*M&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as entre as medidas intraobservador (primeira e segunda medidas) e interobservador (observador 1 e observador 2 [dados do estudo coletados]). CCI: coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; SL4VD: strain longitudinal de 4 c&#226;maras do ventr&#237;culo direito; 3D: tridimensional. &#8224;Valor P &lt; 0,05; NS Valor P &#8805; 0,05. Todas as diferen&#231;as intra e interobservador apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, conforme avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es no gene PRKAG2 alteram a homeostase da AMPK, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de pacientes com a muta&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma oportunidade para avaliar as potenciais consequ&#234;ncias sist&#234;micas a longo prazo da ativa&#231;&#227;o da AMPK. Ao avaliar essas consequ&#234;ncias, novas linhas de pesquisa podem indicar vias metab&#243;licas envolvidas na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a levando ao reconhecimento parcial ou total do fen&#243;tipo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A s&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2 possui diferentes fen&#243;tipos card&#237;acos, que variam desde uma condi&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica at&#233; a morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, incluindo hipertrofia biventricular, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o, anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma grande coorte multic&#234;ntrica da Europa foi publicada recentemente relatando dados de 90 pacientes com variantes de PRKAG2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Este estudo mostrou que pacientes com variantes gen&#233;ticas de PRKAG2 apresentam progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, com alta taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo in&#237;cio juvenil de doen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o, IC avan&#231;ada e arritmias potencialmente letais.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do VD e do desempenho sist&#243;lico &#233; cada vez mais solicitada devido ao seu significado reconhec&#237;vel e progn&#243;stico, especialmente na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do VD e amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> At&#233; onde sabemos, esta pesquisa representa o maior estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico do VD em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com muta&#231;&#227;o PRKAG2. Visamos descrever os achados do VD nessa rara doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica e a ocorr&#234;ncia, incid&#234;ncia e grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O VD foi acometido na grande maioria dos pacientes. A hipertrofia do VD ocorreu em 90% dos pacientes, apresentou padr&#227;o regular, envolveu todas as por&#231;&#245;es da c&#226;mara e atingiu 20 mm em 1 caso. Esse achado &#233; semelhante a outras doen&#231;as infiltrativas ou gen&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Rosca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> relataram que pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica apresentaram aumento da espessura da parede do VD em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles, com aumento do risco calculado de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Avaliamos a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (SL4VD e SLPLVD), volumes do VD e FE desses pacientes. Verificamos que o SLPLVD dos segmentos basais apresentou valores inferiores aos dos segmentos m&#233;dio e apical. Entretanto, a raz&#227;o da parede livre do VD mostrou que as an&#225;lises de <italic>strain</italic> do VD n&#227;o apresentaram padr&#227;o de <italic>apical sparing</italic> , conforme descrito na amiloidose card&#237;aca sist&#234;mica de cadeia leve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Vale ressaltar que o SLPLVD foi vi&#225;vel em todos os pacientes.</p>
      <p>Verificamos que a FE do VD estava abaixo dos limites normais em mais da metade dos pacientes (56,7%) e, em 7 pacientes, a FE do VD estava abaixo de 35%. Esses valores n&#227;o foram afetados pelo marca-passo, podendo indicar um sinal diferencial desta doen&#231;a quando comparado a outros fen&#243;tipos hipertr&#243;ficos. Consideramos FE do VD &#8805; 45% como normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Alguns pacientes (17,2%) tamb&#233;m apresentavam FEVE reduzida, principalmente aqueles com marca-passo. Conforme relatado anteriormente, pacientes com marca-passo apresentaram valores significativamente mais baixos de FEVE 3D, encurtamento fracionado e <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial global 3D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma redu&#231;&#227;o da FE do VD ocorreu em uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes e provavelmente ser&#225; um sinal diferencial em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras cardiomiopatias hipertr&#243;ficas, como as doen&#231;as de Fabry e Danon.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; uma t&#233;cnica pr&#225;tica e n&#227;o invasiva para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mesmo pacientes assintom&#225;ticos apresentaram SL4VD e SLPLVD abaixo dos limites normais de refer&#234;ncia. Como a viabilidade da estimativa 3D do volume do VD tem sido comprovada nessa s&#237;ndrome, esse m&#233;todo pode ser aplicado de forma confi&#225;vel em diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia n&#227;o apresenta efeitos nocivos em pacientes com marca-passo e tem menor custo, maior portabilidade e maior facilidade de reaplica&#231;&#227;o do que a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Observamos que os &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, como TAPSE, n&#227;o eram indicadores confi&#225;veis para detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Em estudos anteriores, com outras doen&#231;as infiltrativas, esses indicadores mostraram menor sensibilidade para detectar altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas funcionais do que as an&#225;lises de STE 2D do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> &#201; interessante notar que, com o uso do Doppler, n&#227;o detectamos obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do VD em repouso. Um relato de caso recentemente publicado detectou uma obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da biventricular em um paciente com epis&#243;dio de s&#237;ncope. Testes gen&#233;ticos revelaram que o paciente era heterozigoto para muta&#231;&#227;o <italic>missense</italic> R302Q no gene PRKAG2, como na maioria dos nossos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Confirmamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o SLPLVD e a FE do VD, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Esses achados indicam que os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o um m&#233;todo r&#225;pido e amplamente dispon&#237;vel para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o, compar&#225;vel &#224; FE 3D em pacientes com a muta&#231;&#227;o PRKAG2. Al&#233;m disso, ocorreu uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva, associando redu&#231;&#245;es tanto da FEVE quanto da SLPLVD.</p>
      <p>Reconhecemos limita&#231;&#245;es no estudo, como um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de pacientes. O software para obten&#231;&#227;o de SL4VD e SLPLVD foi adaptado do software desenvolvido para medir o VE. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide foi detectada em metade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e o aumento da press&#227;o pulmonar sist&#243;lica ocorreu em 4 pacientes, que foi avaliada exclusivamente por esse m&#233;todo.</p>
      <p>S&#227;o recomendadas pesquisas adicionais usando esses crit&#233;rios prospectivamente e o uso de diferentes t&#233;cnicas de imagem para compara&#231;&#227;o para validar ainda mais nossos achados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O envolvimento do VD em PRKAG2 &#233; frequente e ocorre em diferentes graus. A ecocardiografia &#233; uma ferramenta valiosa na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades mioc&#225;rdicas do VD na cardiomiopatia PRKAG2. SL4VD 2D, SLPLVD e FE 3D s&#227;o indicadores confi&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD nesta doen&#231;a rara. Estudos longitudinais adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor entender a hist&#243;ria natural do envolvimento do VD e determinar seu impacto nos desfechos dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Fabricio Junqueira de Melo pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas -MG sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 98623018.9.0000.5134. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Right Ventricle Involvement by Glycogen Storage Cardiomyopathy (PRKAG2): Standard and Advanced Echocardiography Analyses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8920-5173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Junqueira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Wander Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakashima</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Pansanato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Natalia Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the dat and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Felicio Rocho &#8211; Ecocardiografia, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena &#8226; Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275. Postal code 30130-110, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jlbpena@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>PRKAG2 syndrome is a rare, early-onset autosomal dominant inherited disease. We aimed to describe the right ventricle (RV) echocardiographic findings using two and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) modalities including myocardial deformation indices in this cardiomyopathy. We also aimed to demonstrate whether this technique could identify changes in RV function that could distinguish any particular findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Thirty patients with genetically proven PRKAG2 (R302Q and H401Q), 16 (53.3%) males, mean age 39.1 &#177; 15.4 years, underwent complete echocardiography examination. RV-focused, 4-chamber view was acquired for 2D and 3D measurements. Student&#8217;s t or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare numerical variables between 2 groups, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Twelve patients (40%) had a pacemaker implanted for 12.4 &#177; 9.9 years. RV free wall mean diastolic thickness was 7.9 &#177; 2.9 mm. RV 4-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4LS), including the free wall and interventricular septum, was &#8211;17.3% &#177; 6.7%, and RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) was &#8722;19.1% &#177; 8.5%. The RVFWLS apical ratio measured 0.63 &#177; 0.15. Mean RV 3D ejection fraction (EF) was 42.6% &#177; 10.9% and below normal limits in 56.7% of patients. Positive correlation occurred between RV 3DEF, RV4LS, and RVFWLS, especially for patients without a pacemaker (p = 0.006).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>RV involvement in PRKAG2 syndrome is frequent, occurring in different degrees. Echocardiography is a valuable tool in detecting RV myocardial abnormalities in this condition. The use of 2D RV4LS, RVFWLS, and 3DEF offers reliable indicators of RV systolic dysfunction in this rare, challenging cardiomyopathy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>PRKAG2 Syndrome/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycogen Storage Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Familial</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The PRKAG2 gene was initially described in 2000 as an active part of metabolism in the transcription process of AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In nearly half of the reported cases, genomic changes involving this gene are due to the Arg302Gln mutation, which replaces arginine with glutamine at codon 302, known as R302Q. The literature also describes 28 additional mutations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The PRKAG2 mutation results in loss of function of the &#947;2 subunit of AMPK and features a metabolic defect responsible for glycogen metabolic disease. The main phenotype consists of ventricular hypertrophy associated with abnormalities in the cardiac conduction system, including ventricular pre-excitation syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PRKAG2 mutation is considered a rare disease, although it is probably underestimated, because many cases are improperly diagnosed, often being labeled as familial sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The inheritance pattern is dominant, with complete penetrance and varying degrees of expression and prevalence still unmentioned in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) echocardiography and myocardial deformation indices (strain/strain rate) by speckle tracking (STE) are relatively recent techniques, yet they are already used for assessing left ventricle (LV) function. More recently, these techniques have also been validated for assessing right ventricle (RV) function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our research group recently published a study of the LV echocardiography findings in this same series of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The recognized importance of the RV in cardiomyopathies is radically changing, and this significantly affects cardiac physiology, hemodynamics, and the development of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Compared to systemic circulation, pulmonary circulation has a much lower vascular resistance and greater pulmonary artery distensibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We aim to describe the RV echocardiographic findings using 2D and 3D echocardiography and STE. We also aim to identify if this technique could eventually detect any particular changes in RV function in glycogen storage cardiomyopathy when compared to LV. As little research exists associating RV echocardiographic findings with PRKAG2 syndrome, we seek to investigate the presence of echocardiographic parameters that could suggest RV hypertrophy associated with glycogen deposit cardiomyopathy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and study protocol</title>
          <p>This is an observational, clinical, transversal study, based on a cohort of patients with genetically proven PRKAG2 syndrome. Patients with other hypertrophic cardiomyopathy etiologies were excluded. The target population consisted of 30 patients from 5 families with PRKAG2 gene mutation (28 Arg302Gln and 2 His401Gln), detected utilizing Sanger sequential genetic testing. All patients underwent clinical examination, with a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. The institutional review board approved the protocol and all patients signed a written informed consent form. Our study was performed following the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice and was approved by the local ethics committees.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>All patients underwent a complete transthoracic echocardiography examination, following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> All studies were performed using a commercially available echocardiographic system, Vivid E9 machine (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway). The examination included M-mode, 2D measurements, 2D STE of longitudinal strain, and 3D measurements according to The Guidelines for the Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Adults: a report from the ASE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The RV-focused, 4-chamber view was acquired for 2D and 3D measurements, and care was taken to obtain the image demonstrating the maximum diameter. RV 2D linear dimensions were measured, including RV basal, mid-cavity, and longitudinal dimensions. The RV outflow tract was measured at end-diastole in the parasternal long-axis view. RV wall thickness was measured in diastole, from the subcostal view, using M-mode imaging.</p>
          <p>Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was obtained by M-mode, measured from the tricuspid lateral annulus.</p>
          <p>Inferior vena cava was measured proximal to the junction of the hepatic veins at end-expiration. RV 4-chamber longitudinal strain (RV4LS) was calculated by averaging values of all 6 RV segments. RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) was obtained by averaging the 3 free wall RV segments: basal, mid, and apical. We also calculated the RVFW apical ratio using the equation: [apical peak systolic longitudinal strain (PSLS) / (basal PSLS + mid-PSLS)]. All data were reviewed offline. RV transthoracic 3D echocardiography was performed in all patients. Six electrocardiogram-gated consecutive beats were acquired to generate the full RV volume. Post-processing of real-time 3D images was performed using TomTec software 1.1, with the endocardial tracing of all planes. RV volumes were semi-automatically computed throughout the entire cardiac cycle, from which end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume were obtained, and stroke volume and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility were assessed on a subsample of 9 randomly selected patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample sized used was a convenience sample due to the rarity of this condition. Categorical variables were presented by absolute and relative frequencies and numerical variables as mean &#177; standard deviation if normally distributed and median &#177; interquartile range if abnormally distributed. The normality of the numerical variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Student&#8217;s t or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare numerical variables between 2 groups used for independent samples. The association between categorical variables was assessed using Fisher&#8217;s exact test. Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between 2 numerical variables.</p>
          <p>The 30 cases were randomly assigned numbers from 1 to 30 using R software. To assess consistency and reproducibility, 2 independent observers randomly selected 9 numbers for remeasurement. The choice for the number of cases was arbitrary.</p>
          <p>Mean differences and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were obtained. Their intra- and interobserver confidence intervals (CI) were both 95%. Intra- and interobserver measurements were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Student t-tests for paired samples were used to compare mean differences.</p>
          <p>The analyses were performed using R software version 3.5.2, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients in the study. The majority were male, and more than half were asymptomatic. Palpitation was the most frequent clinical symptom. Pre-excitation syndrome, hypertension, and flutter were prevalent signs.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Population, n = 30</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (53.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)*</td>
                  <td align="center">39.1 &#177; 15.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) *</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 3.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart rate (bpm)**</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0 (53.0 &#8211; 63.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic (mmHg)**</td>
                  <td align="center">120.0 (112.5 &#8211; 130.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic (mmHg)**</td>
                  <td align="center">77.5 (70.0 &#8211; 80.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Signs and symptoms</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-excitation</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (63.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asymptomatic</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (53.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacemaker</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (33.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpitations</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Flutter</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shortness of breath</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presyncope</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6.7%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area: bpm: beats per minute. Data showed as * mean &#177; standard deviation, ** median (1st &#8211; 3rd quartile).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>RV echocardiographic parameters are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . The 3D image quality was inadequate in 2 patients.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic RV parameters of 30 patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Variable</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW thickness (mm)**</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (6.0 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8 &#177; 3.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV basal cavity diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">37.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV mid cavity diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 6.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV longitudinal diameter (mm)**</td>
                  <td align="center">49.0 (35.0 &#8211; 61.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVOT PLAX diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 &#177; 4.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVC at end-expiration (mm)**</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 (16.0 &#8211; 19.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV4LS (%) **</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18,8 (&#8211;14,0 &#8211; 20,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS (%) **</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;20.3 (&#8211;16.6 &#8211; 25.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW basal LS (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18.0 &#177; 5.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW mid LS (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;21.8 &#177; 5.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW apical LS (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;24.3 &#177; 7.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV apical ratio*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D EDV (mL) **</td>
                  <td align="center">95.2 (76.2 &#8211; 129.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D ESV (mL) **</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0 (44.8 &#8211; 69.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D SV (mL) **</td>
                  <td align="center">44.6 (30.4 &#8211; 59.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D EF (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 10.9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>EDV: end-diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; ESV: end-systolic volume; IVC: inferior vena cava; PLAX: parasternal long-axis; RV: right ventricle; RV4LS: right ventricle longitudinal strain; RVFW: right ventricle free wall; RVFWLS: right ventricle free wall longitudinal strain; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; SV: stroke volume; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; 3D: three-dimensional. Data showed as * mean &#177; standard deviation, ** median (1st &#8211; 3rd quartile).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It is important to report that, during the echocardiogram, only 1 patient presented atrial fibrillation. Measured by the subcostal view using M-mode, RV lateral wall median diastolic thickness was 7.0 &#177; 3.0 mm ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Only 3 patients presented normal values, and, in 1 patient, the measurement reached 20 mm. Only 3 patients showed TAPSE values below 17 mm.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measurement of end-diastolic right ventricle free wall thickness. Subcostal 2-dimensional image of the 4-chamber view. M-mode image indicating wall thickness at end-diastole (1.3 cm). LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0902-10801-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Parasternal long-axis anterior portion of RV outflow tract dimension at the proximal level presented higher values compared to normal in 23% of patients, as reported in the literature, except for the longitudinal dimension. This value suggests that the RV chamber increase occurred in the transverse section.</p>
        <p>Tricuspid regurgitation was detected in half of patients, but only 4 presented pulmonary artery systolic pressure above normal limits, and the maximum estimated value reached 48 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Inferior vena cava was dilated in only 2 patients.</p>
        <p>In 3 patients, RV4LS was significantly reduced, relating to more thickened lateral wall ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Two-dimensional speckle tracking analysis of the right ventricle from a focused apical 4-chamber view. The global average systolic strain values and time curves are obtained by tracking of a 6-segment region of interest. Right ventricle 4-chamber longitudinal strain measured 9.3%. GS: global strain; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0902-10801-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> also shows the mean RVFWLS values of each segment. We can observe that the RVFWLS basal values are lower than medial (p = 0.016) and apical segments (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>RVEF was within normal limits in 13 patients and below 35% in 7 patients ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The 3-dimensional dataset was acquired from an RV-focused apical 4-chamber view. In A, there is a multiplanar short-axis view to verify the endocardial borders. In B, we can see the RV 3-dimensional model obtained with the volume curve. EDV: end diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; ESV: end systolic volume; RV: right ventricle; SV: stroke volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0902-10801-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Patients with a pacemaker (PM) were significantly older (p &lt; 0.001), and they had a higher proportion of atrial fibrillation compared to patients without PM (p = 0.018). The pacemaker was implanted at 38.1 &#177; 13 years, and the median time of use was 12.4 &#177; 9.9 years.</p>
        <p>Patients with PM presented significantly lower values of 3D LVEF, fractional shortening, and 3D global circumferential strain.</p>
        <p>We detected a statistically significant difference between measurements of RVFWLS basal and mid-segment between patients with and without PM, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic RV parameters of patients without and with pacemaker</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Without PM (n=18)</th>
                  <th>With PM (n=12)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW thickness (mm)**</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (6.0 &#8211; 8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (6.5 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.233<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">19.9 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.060<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV basal cavity diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">36.8 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0 &#177; 7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.372<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV mid cavity diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">31.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">31.1 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.973<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV longitudinal diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">49.0 &#177; 15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.892<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVOT PLAX diameter (mm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">29.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.088<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVC at end-expiration (mm)**</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 (16.0 &#8211; 18.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.0 (16.5 &#8211; 19.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.440<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV4LS (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18.5 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;13.0 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.233<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS (%) **</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;24.0 (&#8211;18.3 &#8211; &#8211;25.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;18.6 (&#8211;13.0 &#8211; 22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.187<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW basal LS (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19.7 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;15.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW mid LS (%) **</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;26.0 (-18.5 &#8211; &#8211;26.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;19.0 (&#8211;14.5 &#8211; &#8211;23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFW apical LS (%) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;25.8 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;22.2 &#177; 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.200<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV apical ratio*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.458<sup>T</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D EDV (mL)**</td>
                  <td align="center">95.7 (84.9 &#8211; 119.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">92.9 (69.2 &#8211; 149.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.746<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D ESV (mL)**</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0 (45.7 &#8211; 68.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5 (43.4 &#8211; 79.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.963<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D SV (mL)**</td>
                  <td align="center">45.1 (36.2 &#8211; 59.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6 (29.3 &#8211; 59.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.742<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV 3D EF (%) **</td>
                  <td align="center">48.5 (36.7 &#8211; 51.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5 (32.8 &#8211; 40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.259<sup>W</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>EDV: end-diastolic volume; EF: ejection fraction; ESV: end-systolic volume; IVC: inferior vena cava; PLAX: parasternal long-axis; PM: pacemaker; RV: right ventricle; RV4LS: right ventricle longitudinal strain; RVFW: right ventricle free wall; RVFWLS: right ventricle free wall longitudinal strain; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; SV: stroke volume; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; 3D: three-dimensional. Data showed as * mean &#177; standard deviation, ** median (1st &#8211; 3rd quartile). T Student&#8217;s t and W Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for independent samples.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>However, no other significant differences appeared among the RV echocardiographic findings between patients with and without PM.</p>
        <p>The correlations between the strain variables and RVEF were assessed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . A positive correlation occurred between EF and RVFWLS (r = 0.65, p = 0.006), indicating that the higher the absolute value of RVFWLS, the higher the EF values. Considering RV4LS, correlation was lower in all patients and absent in patients with PM.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlations between 3D RV EF and RV4LS and RVFWLS in all patients and those without and with a pacemaker</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Group</th>
                  <th>Variable</th>
                  <th>3D RV EF</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">All patients</td>
                  <td align="center">RV4LS</td>
                  <td align="center">r = 0.445</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">RVFWLS</td>
                  <td align="center">r = 0.594</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Without PM</td>
                  <td align="center">RV4LS</td>
                  <td align="center">r = 0.475</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">RVFWLS</td>
                  <td align="center">r = 0.654</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">With PM</td>
                  <td align="center">RV4LS</td>
                  <td align="center">r = 0.355</td>
                  <td align="center">0.286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">RVFWLS</td>
                  <td align="center">r = 0.533</td>
                  <td align="center">0.091</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>EF: ejection fraction; PM: pacemaker; r: Spearman&#8217;s correlation coefficient; RV: right ventricle; RV4LS: right ventricle longitudinal strain; RVFWLS: right ventricle free wall longitudinal strain; 3D: three-dimensional.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We also found a positive correlation between the reduction of LVEF and RVFWLS (less than 50% and &#8722;18%, respectively) (r = 0.80, p = 0.05).</p>
        <p>The reproducibility of strain and 3D measurements, and the ICC and CI for inter- and intraobserver variability are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Intra- and interobserver data variability</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Intraobserver</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Interobserver</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Mean* (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>ICC (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Mean* (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>ICC (95% CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV4LS</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (0.6; 1.5)<sup>NS</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.93; 1.00)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (2.0; 0.7)<sup>NS</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 (0.74; 1.00)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RVFWLS</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1 (2.4; 2.6)<sup>NS</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.65; 0.99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 (1.9; 2.7)<sup>NS</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.75; 0.99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3D EF</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (1.2; 3.9)<sup>NS</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.66; 0.99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.3 (2.5; 3.2)<sup>NS</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.93 (0.61; 0.99)<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*Mean of differences between intraobserver measurements (first and second measurements) and interobserver (observer 1 and observer 2 [collected study data]). CI: confidence interval; EF: ejection fraction; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; RV4LS: right ventricle longitudinal strain; RVFWLS: right ventricle free wall longitudinal strain; 3D: three-dimensional.<sup><italic>&#8224;</italic></sup> P-value &lt; 0.05; NS P-value &#8805; 0.05. All intra- and interobserver differences showed normal distribution, as assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Mutations in the PRKAG2 gene alter AMPK homeostasis, and the echocardiographic assessment of patients with the mutation is an opportunity to assess the potential long-term systemic consequences of AMPK activation. By assessing these consequences, new lines of research could indicate metabolic pathways involved in the disease pathophysiology leading to partial or total phenotype recognition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> PRKAG2 syndrome has different cardiac phenotypes, ranging from an asymptomatic condition to sudden cardiac death, including biventricular hypertrophy, pre-excitation, atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, atrial flutter, and fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A large multicenter European cohort was recently published reporting data from 90 patients with PRKAG2 variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This study showed that patients with PRKAG2 genetic variants have a poor prognosis with a high rate of complications, including juvenile onset of conduction disease, advanced HF, and potentially lethal arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>Evaluation of RV size and systolic performance is increasingly in demand due to its recognizable significance and prognosis, especially in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, and amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> To the best of our knowledge, this research represents the largest RV echocardiographic study in a population with PRKAG2 mutation. We aimed to describe the RV findings in this rare genetic disorder and the occurrence of dysfunction, incidence, and degree of dysfunction.</p>
        <p>The RV was affected in the great majority of patients. RV hypertrophy occurred in 90% of patients, presented a regular pattern, involved all portions of the chamber, and reached 20 mm in 1 case. This finding is similar to other infiltrative or genetic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Rosca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> related that patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had increased RV wall thickness compared to controls with increased calculated sudden cardiac death risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We evaluated these patients&#8217; myocardial deformation (RV4LS and RVFWLS), RV volumes, and EF. We found that the RVFWLS of basal segments showed lower values than mid and apical segments. However, the RVFW ratio showed that the RV strain analyses presented no apical sparing pattern, as described in systemic light-chain cardiac amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It is noteworthy that RVFWLS was feasible in all patients.</p>
        <p>We found that RVEF was below normal limits in more than half of patients (56.7%), and, in 7 patients, RVEF was below 35%. These values were unaffected by PM, and they could indicate a differential signal of this disease when compared to other hypertrophic phenotypes. We considered normal RVEF &#8805; 45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Some patients (17.2%) also presented reduced LVEF, especially patients with PM. As previously reported, patients with PM presented significantly lower values of 3D LVEF, fractional shortening, and 3D global circumferential strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>RVEF reduction occurred in a greater proportion of patients and will likely be a differential signal compared to other hypertrophic cardiomyopathies such as Fabry and Danon diseases.</p>
        <p>Echocardiography is a practical, non-invasive technique to identify morphological and functional alterations in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even asymptomatic patients presented RV4LS and RVFWLS below normal reference limits. As the feasibility of 3D RV volume estimation has been proven in this syndrome, this method can be reliably applied in clinical diagnoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Echocardiography presents no harmful effects in patients with PM, and it has lower cost, higher portability, and easier reapplication than cardiac magnetic resonance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We observed that conventional echocardiographic indices, like TAPSE, were unreliable indicators for RV dysfunction detection. In previous studies, with other infiltrative diseases, these indicators showed less sensitivity to detect functional myocardial alterations than RV 2D STE analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Interestingly, by using Doppler, we detected no obstruction in the RV outflow tract at rest. A recently published case report detected a dynamic biventricular outflow tract obstruction in a patient with a syncopal episode. Genetic testing revealed that the patient was heterozygous for R302Q missense mutation in the PRKAG2 gene, as in the majority of our cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We confirmed a positive correlation between RVFWLS and RVEF, with statistical significance. These findings indicate that the deformation indices are a fast and widely available method to detect dysfunction, comparable to 3D EF in patients with the PRKAG2 mutation. Additionally, a positive correlation occurred, associating reductions of both LVEF and RVFWLS.</p>
        <p>We recognize limitations in the study, such as a relatively small number of patients. The software for obtaining RV4LS and RVFWLS was adapted from the software designed to measure the LV. Tricuspid regurgitation was detected in half of the study population, and increased systolic pulmonary pressure occurred in 4 patients, which was evaluated solely by this method.</p>
        <p>Additional research using these criteria prospectively and the use of different imaging techniques for comparison are recommended to further validate our findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>RV involvement in PRKAG2 is frequent and occurs in different degrees. Echocardiography is a valuable tool in detecting RV myocardial abnormalities in PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy. Two-dimensional RV4LS, RVFWLS, and 3D EF are reliable indicators of RV systolic dysfunction in this rare disease. Additional longitudinal studies are warranted to further understand the natural history of RV involvement and determine its impact on patient outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is part of the thesis of master of Fabricio Junqueira de Melo by Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas -MG under the protocol number 98623018.9.0000.5134. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
