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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wMDx4HvXQhLNV6jTFvMy6MQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300900</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220831</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220831</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hierarquizar a Anemia Falciforme nas Repercuss&#245;es Card&#237;acas Sempre em Alerta ao Espectro Geral das Anemias Hemol&#237;ticas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Chacra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Marte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Saldanha</surname>
            <given-names>Anita L. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1027-6954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - InCor-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Nefrologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nefrologia - Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez</bold> &#8226; Rua Comandante Ismael Guilherme, 358. Postal Code <postal-code>04031-120</postal-code>, Jardim Lusit&#226;nia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tamar@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>900</fpage>
      <lpage>901</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia Falciforme</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia Hemol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemonoglobinopatias/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O enfoque nas repercuss&#245;es card&#237;acas das Anemias Hemol&#237;ticas tem sido enfatizado sobremaneira por documentos que alcan&#231;am toda a classe m&#233;dica nacional no presente editorial, tendo tido maiores destaques a Anemia Falciforme<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e a Talassemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a falciforme &#233; a hemoglobinopatia gen&#233;tica mais frequente em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Gra&#231;as ao aprimoramento do manejo m&#233;dico desses pacientes, sua expectativa de vida melhorou nos &#250;ltimos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares continuam sendo uma das principais causas de morte em pacientes adultos com doen&#231;a falciforme.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O conhecimento atual sobre o envolvimento card&#237;aco na doen&#231;a falciforme &#233; derivado principalmente de estudos dos gen&#243;tipos da anemia falciforme.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar, avaliada pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (VRT) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diagnosticada por ultrassonografia, t&#234;m sido associadas ao aumento da mortalidade e s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas da anemia falciforme pela homozigose da hemoglobina S.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a doen&#231;a da hemoglobina SC (HbSC), resultante da heterozigosidade composta para duas muta&#231;&#245;es diferentes do gene da betaglobina, tem fisiopatologia diferente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e perfil cl&#237;nico mais atenuado de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os pacientes com HbSC geralmente t&#234;m uma taxa de hem&#243;lise relativamente baixa e apenas anemia leve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade &#233; maior em pacientes com HbSC do que na anemia falciforme.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Essa comorbidade n&#227;o hematol&#243;gica pode contribuir para a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Atualmente, a ecocardiografia &#233; recomendada para acompanhamento de rotina de todos os pacientes com doen&#231;a falciforme, independentemente do gen&#243;tipo.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no manejo da talassemia maior, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca continua sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em pacientes portadores desta doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco na talassemia abrange um espectro de dist&#250;rbios que inclui disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, arritmias, hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Embora a siderose card&#237;aca (ac&#250;mulo de ferro nos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos) como consequ&#234;ncia de repetidas transfus&#245;es de sangue &#233; considerada o principal fator etiol&#243;gico para disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes dependentes de transfus&#227;o, outros mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos s&#227;o cada vez mais reconhecidos, especialmente nos pacientes n&#227;o dependentes de transfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O manejo das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na talassemia maior depende do tratamento da fisiopatologia subjacente, a qual muitas vezes &#233; a sobrecarga de ferro.</p>
    <p>A suscetibilidade &#224; toxicidade ao ferro e suas manifesta&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas variam muito entre os pacientes com talassemia. Atualmente, a detec&#231;&#227;o de deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro mioc&#225;rdico por meio da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca continua sendo o melhor marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca futura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugerem que a deposi&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode afetar diretamente a contratilidade ventricular esquerda, enquanto em outros casos pode causar restri&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar concomitante e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominante &#224; direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As formas mais raras de Anemias Hemol&#237;ticas t&#234;m que ser pesquisadas pois apresentam caracter&#237;sticas particulares que envolvem seus acompanhamentos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Preval&#234;ncia das Complica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares nos Indiv&#237;duos com Anemia Falciforme e Outras Hemoglobinopatias: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sickle Cell Anemia as the First in the Hierarchy for Cardiac Alterations, Drives Attention to the Whole Spectrum of Hemolytic Anemias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Chacra</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Marte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Saldanha</surname>
            <given-names>Anita L. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1027-6954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Leme da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - InCor-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Nefrologia - Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Tania Leme da Rocha Martinez</bold> &#8226; Rua Comandante Ismael Guilherme, 358. Postal Code <postal-code>04031-120</postal-code>, Jardim Lusit&#226;nia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tamar@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia, Sickle Cell</kwd>
        <kwd>Anemia, Hemolytic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemonoglobinopathies/complications: Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The focus on the cardiac repercussions of Hemolytic Anemias has been greatly emphasized by publications issued by academic and official government documents that are easily accessed by all health professionals, mainly articles that aim at Sickle Cell Anemia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and Thalassemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sickle cell disease is the most frequent genetic hemoglobinopathy worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Thanks to the improvement of the medical management of these patients, their life expectancy has improved in recent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, cardiopulmonary complications remain one of the main causes of death in adult patients with sickle cell disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Current knowledge about cardiac involvement in sickle cell disease is mainly derived from studies of sickle cell anemia genotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Pulmonary systolic hypertension, assessed by increased tricuspid regurgitation rate (TRV) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction diagnosed by ultrasound, has been associated with increased mortality and is characteristic of sickle cell anemia characterized by hemoglobin S<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> homozygosis. On the other hand, hemoglobin SC disease (HbSC), resulting from compound heterozygosity for two different mutations of the beta-globin gene, has a different pathophysiology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and a more attenuated clinical profile of clinical presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Patients with HbSC usually have a relatively low hemolysis rate and only mild anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, the prevalence of obesity is higher in patients with HbSC than in sickle cell anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This non-hematological comorbidity may contribute to cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Currently, echocardiography is recommended for routine follow-up of all patients with sickle cell disease, regardless of genotype.</p>
      <p>Despite advances in the management of thalassemia major, heart disease remains the main cause of mortality in patients with this disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement in thalassemia encompasses a spectrum of disorders, including myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmias, hypertension and peripheral vascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Although cardiac siderosis (accumulation of iron in cardiac myocytes) as a consequence of repeated blood transfusions is considered the main etiological factor for myocardial dysfunction in transfusion-dependent patients, other pathophysiological mechanisms are increasingly recognized, especially in patients not dependent on transfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Managing cardiac complications in thalassemia major depends on treating the underlying pathophysiology, which is often iron overload.</p>
      <p>Susceptibility to iron toxicity and its phenotypic manifestations vary widely among thalassemia patients. At present, the detection of myocardial iron deposition by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging remains the best marker of future cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Echocardiographic studies suggest that myocardial deposition can directly affect left ventricular contractility, while in others, it may cause myocardial restriction of the left ventricle with concomitant pulmonary hypertension and predominant right heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The rarest forms of Hemolytic Anemias have also to be investigated because they present particular characteristics that involve their clinical follow-ups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prevalence of Cardiovascular Complications in Individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia and Other Hemoglobinopathies: A Systematic Review</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
