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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CDDYdVs7ZhQJsywkvvBDg6S</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005018203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300893</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia das Complica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares nos Indiv&#237;duos com Anemia Falciforme e Outras Hemoglobinopatias: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0319-5312</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7864-7638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Tejo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andressa Lopes &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Avenida Dom Jo&#227;o VI, 275. CEP 40290-000, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andressalopes18.1@bahiana.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>893</fpage>
      <lpage>899</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A anemia falciforme (AF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria cujas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte, o mesmo sendo observado em outras hemoglobinopatias. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce dessas altera&#231;&#245;es pode modificar favoravelmente o curso da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Comparar a preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares entre indiv&#237;duos com AF e indiv&#237;duos com outras hemoglobinopatias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Seguindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es do protocolo PRISMA, realizou-se revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura com buscas nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, associadas &#224; busca manual. Inclu&#237;dos estudos que analisaram a preval&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares nas hemoglobinopatias (AF, tra&#231;o falciforme, hemoglobinopatia SC, alfatalassemia e betatalassemia). A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos foi realizada pela escala de Newcastle-Ottawa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram selecionados para an&#225;lise quatro estudos, resultando em um tamanho amostral de 582 participantes: 289 portadores de AF, 133 possuem hemoglobinopatia SC, 40 com betatalassemia, 100 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e nenhum com alfatalassemia ou tra&#231;o falc&#234;mico. Dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e direita, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide s&#227;o mais prevalentes na AF do que nas demais hemoglobinopatias consideradas. A sobrecarga mioc&#225;rdica de ferro &#233; mais frequente na talassemia maior do que na AF. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica foi similar entre as hemoglobinopatias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Verificou-se maior comprometimento cardiovascular nos indiv&#237;duos com AF do que naqueles com as demais hemoglobinopatias, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de acompanhamento cardiovascular regular e frequente nos pacientes falc&#234;micos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anemia Falciforme</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares na Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemoglobinopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a falciforme advinda do avan&#231;o nas terapias espec&#237;ficas tem se tornado evidente. &#192; medida que a idade desses pacientes aumenta, os efeitos cr&#244;nicos da anemia hemol&#237;tica e epis&#243;dios vaso-oclusivos levam a les&#245;es cr&#244;nicas de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, destacando-se as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que s&#227;o a principal causa de morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar do avan&#231;o terap&#234;utico, a mortalidade nos adultos continua alta mesmo nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com m&#233;dia de idade abaixo dos 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda que as melhorias nos protocolos de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea e de uso de agentes quelantes de ferro aumentaram a sobrevida dos pacientes com talassemia, a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> respons&#225;vel por 75% das mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No Brasil, 10 a 20% dos indiv&#237;duos com talassemia dependentes de transfus&#227;o apresentam sobrecarga de ferro severa, com incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatias de 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, diversas s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares implicadas no curso cl&#237;nico da anemia falciforme, bem como no das demais hemoglobinopatias. Este estudo visou comparar a preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares entre indiv&#237;duos com anemia falciforme e com outras hemoglobinopatias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de literatura com busca norteada pela diretriz PRISMA, registrada no PROSPERO, sob o n&#250;mero CRD42021225542.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>A busca de artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, sendo aplicados os seguintes descritores consultados pelos sites <italic>Medical Subject Headings</italic> (MeSH) e Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DeCS): &#8220;Sickle cell disease&#8221;, &#8220;Sickle Cell Anemia&#8221;, &#8220; <italic>Hemoglobinopathies&#8221;, &#8220;Hemoglobin SC Disease&#8221;, &#8220;Haemoglobin SC&#8221;, &#8220;Sickle Cell Trait&#8221;, &#8220;Beta-thalassemia&#8221;, &#8220;Alpha-thalassemia&#8221;, &#8220;Cardiac&#8221;, &#8220;Cardiovascular&#8221;.</italic> Foi tamb&#233;m realizada a busca manual dos artigos. Utilizou-se o operador boleano &#8220;AND&#8221; para agregar os descritores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos observacionais e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e n&#227;o randomizados, que atendessem o crit&#233;rio de analisar a preval&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares nas seguintes hemoglobinopatias (anemia falciforme, tra&#231;o falciforme, hemoglobinopatia SC, alfatalassemia e betatalassemia). Inclu&#237;dos artigos em ingl&#234;s e portugu&#234;s, publicados entre fevereiro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2021. Foram exclu&#237;das: publica&#231;&#245;es duplicadas, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises, relatos de caso, relatos de s&#233;rie e estudos em animais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
        <p>Dois autores analisaram, separadamente, o t&#237;tulo e o resumo de cada trabalho, identificando quais preenchiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Um terceiro pesquisador avaliou os artigos em que houve discord&#226;ncia, completando a sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos eleg&#237;veis para leitura integral. Posteriormente, foi feita a leitura completa de cada estudo por um dos autores, a fim de assegurar os crit&#233;rios da revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, at&#233; se chegar &#224; lista final dos trabalhos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados extra&#237;dos foram: t&#237;tulo, autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, desenho, per&#237;odo e local de realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, tamanho amostral e objetivos. As vari&#225;veis hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e de insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide foram analisadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade metodol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos foi avaliada pela escala de Newcastle-Ottawa, ferramenta indicada para an&#225;lise de estudos de coorte e de caso-controle. A pontua&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos de coorte foi calculada em tr&#234;s componentes: sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos (0 &#8211; 4 pontos), qualidade de ajuste para confus&#227;o (0 &#8211; 2 pontos) e avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho (0 &#8211; 3 pontos). Nos estudos de caso-controle, foi avaliada a sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos (0 &#8211; 4 pontos), a qualidade de ajuste para confus&#227;o (0 &#8211; 2 pontos) e a exposi&#231;&#227;o (0 &#8211; 4 pontos). A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima &#233; de 9 pontos, representando alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica. Dois pesquisadores independentes julgaram a qualidade/risco de vi&#233;s dos trabalhos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>A partir do banco de dados eletr&#244;nicos e da busca manual, 325 artigos foram identificados. Ap&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o de artigos duplicados e sele&#231;&#227;o pela leitura de t&#237;tulos, resumos e textos completos, obteve-se 4 artigos inclu&#237;dos na s&#237;ntese qualitativa do trabalho. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos est&#225; representada no fluxograma na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0893-20207-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos</title>
        <p>Dos quatro artigos selecionados, tr&#234;s s&#227;o estudos de coorte e um &#233; caso-controle. Os anos de publica&#231;&#227;o variaram de 2016 a 2019. O tamanho amostral variou de 110 a 180 participantes, totalizando 582 participantes: 289 portadores de anemia falciforme, 133 com hemoglobinopatia SC, 40 com betatalassemia, 100 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e nenhum com alfatalassemia ou tra&#231;o falc&#234;mico. Vinte indiv&#237;duos possu&#237;am outros gen&#243;tipos de doen&#231;a falciforme que n&#227;o preenchem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o deste estudo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos selecionados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Autor</th>
                  <th>Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">T&#237;tulo</th>
                  <th>Per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Local de realiza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Desenho do estudo</th>
                  <th>Tamanho amostral</th>
                  <th align="left">Objetivos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Philippe M. Adjagba, Gaston Habib, Nancy Robitaille, et al.</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td>Impact of sickle cell anemia on cardiac chambre size in the paediatric population</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o mencionado</td>
                  <td align="center">Canad&#225;</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte restrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 110</td>
                  <td>Descrever a extens&#227;o das anormalidade mioc&#225;rdicas e determinar os &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos que poderiam afetar principalmente a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos pacientes com doen&#231;a falciforme</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jamie K. Harrington, Usha Krishnan, Zhezhen Jun, et al.</td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td>Longitudinal analysis of echocardiographic abnormalities in children with sickle cell disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1994-2013</td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">n =172</td>
                  <td>Identificar par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais associados ao desenvolvimento de anormalidade card&#237;acas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paul Guedeney, Fra&#231;ois Lionnet, Alexandre Ceccaldi, et al</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td>Cardiac manifestations in sickle cell disease varies with patient genotype</td>
                  <td align="center">Maio 2008 Maio 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Fran&#231;a</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte retrospectiva</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 180</td>
                  <td>Descrever o remodelamento card&#237;aco e suas correla&#231;&#245;es em pacientescom HbSC e comparar com os pacientes com anemia falciforme e com os indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antonie Fakhry Abdel Massih, Khaled M. Salama, Carolyne Ghobrial, et al</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td>Discrepancy in patterns of myocardial involvement in beta-thalassaemia vs. Sickle cell anemia</td>
                  <td align="center">Abril 2017 Out 2018</td>
                  <td align="center">Egito</td>
                  <td align="center">Caso controle</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 120</td>
                  <td>Comparar a mec&#226;nica ventricular esquerda nos pacientes com talassemia e nos com anemia falciforme atrav&#233;s da &#8220;ecocardiografia com strain&#8221;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Adjagba et al. constataram que, embora a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita tenha sido similar entre os pacientes HbSS e os HbSC, a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi mais frequente na AF do que na hemoglobinopatia SC, tendo sido observada em 51,4% vs 24,2% dos pacientes, respectivamente <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>03</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , o mesmo ocorrendo com a dilata&#231;&#227;o de ambos ventr&#237;culos, presente em 38,9% x 12,5% dos pacientes com cada gen&#243;tipo, respectivamente <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>19</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;as significativas entre os gen&#243;tipos na frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica esquerda medida pela fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/e`. Verificou-se hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) em 25% dos pacientes com AF, dado n&#227;o constatado na amostra com HbSC.</p>
      <p>Harrington et al. avaliaram 829 ecocardiogramas realizados em 172 pacientes, sendo observada uma incid&#234;ncia cumulativa das anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. A idade m&#233;dia do primeiro eletrocardiograma foi 8,74 &#177; 3,49 anos de idade (variando entre 5,12 a 19,7 anos de idade), com uma m&#233;dia de 4,82 &#177; 3,06 estudos realizados por paciente por um per&#237;odo de 6.88 &#177; 5.16 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o por idade do primeiro ecocardiograma foi: 78 (45,4%) na idade de 5 a 7 anos ou menos, 72 (41,8%) na idade acima de 7 a 13 anos ou menos e 22 (12,8%) acima de 13 anos de idade. HVE, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSFVE) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE) aumentados foram encontradas em uma idade mais precoce do que a velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (VRT) anormal, esta &#250;ltima encontrada principalmente na inf&#226;ncia tardia e na adolesc&#234;ncia. A preval&#234;ncia das anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi 25%, 41%, 58%, 7% e 25% para HVE, aumento DSFVE e DDFVE, redu&#231;&#227;o da FE de VE e aumento de VRT, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com HbSS e HbS&#946;<sup>0</sup>-talassemia tiveram 8,04% mais chances de apresentar HVE, 8,37% mais chances de apresentar dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE ao final da s&#237;stole e 11,9% mais chances de apresentar dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE ao final da di&#225;stole. A chance de desenvolver aumento da velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento de VE foram similares entre os gen&#243;tipos envolvidos no estudo.</p>
      <p>Guedeney et al. compararam o remodelamento card&#237;aco entre indiv&#237;duos com as hemoglobinopatias HbSS e HbSC e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, envolvendo 180 pacientes. A dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE foi maior nos pacientes com HbSS do que nos indiv&#237;duos com HbSC [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>DDFVE</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>SC</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>32</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mm</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>29</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>28</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mm</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>26</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectivamente, p &lt; 0,0001; <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>VDFVE</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>SC</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>91</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>73</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>105</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>64</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>54</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>72</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001], o mesmo ocorrendo com AE [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>VAE</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>SC</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>49</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>42</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>60</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>38</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> respectivamente, p &lt; 0,001]. Da mesma forma, HVE foi mais frequente na AF do que na HbSC [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>MVE</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>SC</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>101</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>84</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>115</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>76</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>65</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>87</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , p &lt; 0,001; <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>MVE</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>39</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>24</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>48</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>32</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IIQ</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>28</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>36</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , p &lt; 0,001], independentemente do m&#233;todo de indexa&#231;&#227;o (superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea ou altura), ressaltando-se que a HVE foi principalmente exc&#234;ntrica. Nos pacientes com HbSS, observou-se aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pulmonar &#8211; avaliada pela VRT &#8211; em 32 (53%) pacientes, sendo similar entre pacientes HbSC e controles. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE foi mais prevalente na AF do que nos indiv&#237;duos com HbSC e nos saud&#225;veis (p = 0,04). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi similar nos tr&#234;s grupos.</p>
      <p>AbdelMassih et al. avaliaram o padr&#227;o de envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico em 120 pacientes em estudo de caso-controle. O T2* mioc&#225;rdico foi mais indicativo de sobrecarga mioc&#225;rdica de ferro nos pacientes com betatalassemia maior do que naqueles com AF (T2* mioc&#225;rdico = 16,6 &#177; 1,8 ms; 25,5 &#177; 2,2 ms, respectivamente). O <italic>strain global longitudinal</italic> (SGL) foi semelhante entre os pacientes com betatalassemia maior e os com AF, por&#233;m ambos grupos apresentaram menores valores de SGL quando comparados com os indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (SGL = -15 &#177; 1,6%; -21,5 &#177; 1,9%,indiv&#237;duos com betatalassemia maior e saud&#225;veis, respectivamente; SGL = -15 &#177; 1,2%; -21,5 &#177; 1,9%, indiv&#237;duos com AF e saud&#225;veis, respectivamente). Houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de hemoglobinopatias quando se avaliou o SGL epic&#225;rdico e endoc&#225;rdico: o SGL epic&#225;rdico foi mais baixo nos pacientes com betatalassemia maior (SGL epic&#225;rdico = -10,9 &#177; 2%; -19,9 &#177; 1,7%, na betatalassemia maior e na AF, respectivamente), o SGL endoc&#225;rdico foi mais baixo nos pacientes falc&#234;micos (SGL endoc&#225;rdico = -19,95 &#177; 1,7%; -10,65 &#177; 1,6%, na betatalassemia maior e na AF, respectivamente). Verificou-se que a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica pela FEVE avaliada pelo modo M e pela fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento de VE foi normal e similar nos 3 grupos de pacientes (FEVE = 73,2 &#177; 3,3 %; 71,2 &#177; 1,7;72,4 &#177; 2,9, no grupo de betatalassemia maior, AF e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, respectivamente; fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento de VE = 35,5 &#177; 2%; 35,5 &#177; 0,98%; 37,5 &#177; 3,3%, no grupo de betatalassemia maior, AF e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, respectivamente), o mesmo sendo observado para a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; (E/e&#180; = 6,89 &#177; 2; 6,6 &#177; 1,9; 6,52 &#177; 1,49, no grupo de betatalassemia maior, AF e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, respectivamente). A FEVE avaliada pelo modo 3D foi menor nos pacientes com AF e do que nos controles ( <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>FEVE</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>62</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>66</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectivamente) e tamb&#233;m menor nos pacientes com betatalassemia maior do que nos controles ( <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>FEVE</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>61</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>66</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectivamente), sendo similar nas duas hemoglobinopatias. Os principais resultados se encontram na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais resultados dos estudos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Autor/ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Vari&#225;vel cardiovascular analisada</th>
                <th>Altera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular encontrada</th>
                <th align="left">Conclus&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Philippe M. Adjagba et al. (2016)</td>
                <td align="center">110 pacientes com Doen&#231;a Falciforme (72 HbSS; 32 HbSC; 6 HbS&#946; &#8211; talassemia)</td>
                <td align="center">VVD VVE MVE FE de VE Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; IPM</td>
                <td align="center">DVD DVE Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica Anormalidade na MVE</td>
                <td>DVE foi maior nos pacientes com anemia falciforme (HbSS) do que nos pacientes com hemoglobinopatia SC (HbSC); HVE foi observada apenas nos pacientes com anemia falciforme (HbSS) e a anormalidade na MVE foi mais prevalente nesse grupo de pacientes; DVD, FE de VE e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; foram similares entre os pacientes com anemia falciforme (HbSS) e os indiv&#237;duos com hemoglobinopatia SC (HbSC).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jamie K. Harrington et al. (2017)</td>
                <td align="center">172 pacientes com Doen&#231;a Falciforme (117 HbSS; 41 HbSC; 5 HbS&#946;&#7484; &#8211; talassemia; 9 HbS&#946;&#8314; - talassemia)</td>
                <td align="center">MVE DSFVE DDFVE FE de VE VRT</td>
                <td align="center">HVE DVE ao final da s&#237;stole e ao final da di&#225;stole &#8595;FE de VE &#8593;VRT</td>
                <td>Pacientes com gen&#243;tipo HbSS e HbS&#946;0-talassemia foram mais propensos a desenvolver HVE, DVE ao final da s&#237;stole e ao final da di&#225;stole. A chance de desenvolver aumento da VRT e diminui&#231;&#227;o da FE de VE foram similares entre todos os gen&#243;tipos envolvidos no estudo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paul Guedeney et al. (2018)</td>
                <td align="center">120 pacientes com Doen&#231;a Falciforme (60 HbSS; 60 HbSC) e 60 pacientes saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">DDFVE/SC MVE/SC MVE/A VDFVE/SC IC VRT FEVE Onda EM Onda A Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A TD Onda e&#180; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; VAE/SC</td>
                <td align="center">DVE ao final da di&#225;stole DAE HVE &#8593;IC &#8593;VRT &#8593;Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE</td>
                <td>DAE, DVE e IC foram maiores nos pacientes HbSS do que nos pacientes HbSC e do que nos controles; HVE, aumento da VRT e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE foram mais frequentes nos pacientes HbSS do que nos pacientes HbSC e nos controles (pacientes HbSS tiveram maiores: onda E, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A, TD, onda e&#180;, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;); DAE, DVE, MVE/SC, MVE/A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; foram maiores nos pacientes HbSC do que nos controles; Onda e&#180; foi menor nos pacientes HbSC do que nos controles; IC e VRT foram similares entre os pacientes HbSC e os controles; FEVE foi similar entre os 3 grupos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih et al. (2019)</td>
                <td align="center">40 pacientes com Anemia Falciforme (HbSS), 40 pacientes com Betatalassemia Maior (&#946;<sup>0</sup>/&#946;<sup>0</sup>) e 40 pacientes saud&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE FE de VE Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; SGL SGL epic&#225;rdico SGL endoc&#225;rdico T2* mioc&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">Sobrecarga mioc&#225;rdica de ferro &#8595;SGL Disfun&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica Disfun&#231;&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica</td>
                <td>T2* mioc&#225;rdico foi maior nos pacientes com betatalassemia maior do que nos pacientes com anemia falciforme; SGL foi semelhante entre os pacientes com betatalassemia maior e aqueles com anemia falciforme, por&#233;m ambos os grupos de pacientes tiveram SGL reduzido em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis; SGL epic&#225;rdico foi mais baixo nos pacientes com betatalassemia maior do que nos pacientes com anemia falciforme; SGL endoc&#225;rdico foi mais baixo nos pacientes com anemia falciforme do que nos pacientes com betatalassemia maior; A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE foram normais e similares entre os 3 grupos.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DAE: dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVE/SC: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; DSFVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVD: dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; DVE: dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; IPM: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; MVE/A: massa ventricular esquerda indexada por altura; MVE/SC: massa ventricular esquerda indexada por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; Onda A: onda da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial no fluxo mitral; Onda E: onda do enchimento r&#225;pido no fluxo mitral; Onda e&#180;: onda da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce por doppler tissular; Onda EM: onda do enchimento r&#225;pido no fluxo mitral do anel mitral; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A: rela&#231;&#227;o entre as ondas E e A no fluxo mitral; Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;: rela&#231;&#227;o entre a onda E no fluxo mitral e a onda e&#180; por doppler tissular; SGL: strain global longitudinal; SGLVD: strain global longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo direito; SGLVE: strain global longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; T2*: relaxometria mioc&#225;rdica da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; VDFVE/SC: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo indexado por superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; VVD: volume do ventr&#237;culo direito; VVE: volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Todos os artigos adotaram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos selecionados</title>
        <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o foi alta. Dos estudos de coorte, um obteve oito pontos na escala de Newcastle-Ottawa e dois obtiverem nove pontos na mesma escala. O estudo de caso-controle obteve 8 pontos na escala empregada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal respons&#225;vel pela morbimortalidade nos pacientes com HbSS. Ressalta-se o papel do ecocardiograma para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas nesses pacientes, tal como foi evidenciado pelos achados do presente trabalho. Assim, constatou-se a maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular, dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e tric&#250;spide e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar nos indiv&#237;duos com anemia falciforme em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com as demais hemoglobinopatias consideradas neste estudo.</p>
      <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, principalmente do VE decorre do remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico compensat&#243;rio em resposta &#224; anemia cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em indiv&#237;duos falc&#234;micos demonstrou que indiv&#237;duos com maior DDFVE/SC apresentaram maiores valores de VAE/SC e de VRT, bem como menor FEVE, indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica esquerda com repercuss&#227;o em c&#226;maras direitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A HVE foi independentemente associada a altera&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, como diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de influxo mitral precoce, aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; e aumento da velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, que pode ser explicado pela redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; entre as principais altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares relatadas na doen&#231;a falciforme, sendo a frequ&#234;ncia desse achado dependente dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, da idade do paciente e de comorbidades associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Vasconcelos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> explicaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal nos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a falciforme como resultado de uma idade jovem (m&#233;dia da idade de 26,5 anos), aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades e utiliza&#231;&#227;o do doppler tissular, cuja maior especificidade decorre de sua capacidade de medir as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas, n&#227;o sofrendo altera&#231;&#245;es com mudan&#231;as da pr&#233;-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o verificada por Whipple et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> entre e&#180;M e e&#180;T diminu&#237;dos e SLGVE e SLGVD tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;dos, sugere que a preval&#234;ncia aumentada de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nas crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a falciforme reduz a deformabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, medida pelo SLG. Em pacientes com HbSC, enquanto Adjagba et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> observaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; similar entre esses pacientes e os indiv&#237;duos com HBSS, Guedeney et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> constataram maior frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda nos pacientes com AF e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, o que corrobora a hip&#243;tese sugerida por Desai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> de que o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica nesse grupo de pacientes decorre da p&#243;s-carga aumentada. Esses dados sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; frequente, precoce e de prov&#225;vel etiologia multifatorial em indiv&#237;duos com AF.</p>
      <p>Nos pacientes com doen&#231;a falciforme, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica encontra-se normalmente preservada. Contudo, j&#225; foi demonstrada significativa preval&#234;ncia de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda baixa em pacientes com HbSS e com HbSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Marcador precoce da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, o SGL mede a deformabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e, o aumento dos seus valores indica a exist&#234;ncia de uma condi&#231;&#227;o de base alterando a deformabilidade mioc&#225;rdica como mecanismo compensat&#243;rio. Ao avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do SGL com medidas tradicionais de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular &#8211; FEVE e ESPAT &#8211; nas crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a falciforme, Whipple et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> demonstraram concord&#226;ncia entre tais vari&#225;veis: SGLVE e SGLVD diminu&#237;dos associados com FEVE e ESPAT tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;dos. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da ESPAT reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica prejudicada de VD. Como a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE est&#225; geralmente preservada na doen&#231;a falciforme, a ESPAT anormal pode indicar eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica das press&#245;es pulmonares. Outrossim, o SGLVD mostrou-se prejudicado pela elevada press&#227;o pulmonar e pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre AF e betatalassemia maior, o estudo de caso-controle inclu&#237;do<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstrou predomin&#226;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica na AF e de disfun&#231;&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica na betatalassemia maior, explicada pela alta vascularidade do epic&#225;rdio com consequente deposi&#231;&#227;o de ferro. O T2* mioc&#225;rdico foi fortemente correlacionado com o SGL epic&#225;rdico, mas n&#227;o com o SGL endoc&#225;rdico. Por sua vez, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do SGL subendoc&#225;rdico verificado na AF justifica-se pela doen&#231;a microvascular nesses pacientes, caracterizada por poss&#237;vel isquemia microvascular subendoc&#225;rdica, por meio da deple&#231;&#227;o de NO e sugerida pelo aumento de LDH.</p>
      <p>A respeito dos par&#226;metros para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, vale ressaltar que, no mesmo estudo, as medidas da FEVE diferiram de acordo com o m&#233;todo utilizado: quando avaliada pelo modo-M, a FEVE foi similar entre os 3 grupos, por&#233;m, quando analisada pela ecocardiografia 3D, a FEVE mostrou ser menor nos indiv&#237;duos com AF do que nos saud&#225;veis e similar na compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com betatalassemia maior.</p>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; comumente avaliada por meio da VRT e da excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide. A VRT esteve inclu&#237;da entre os preditores de eventos adversos no trabalho de Vasconcelos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outrossim, VRT &#8805; 2,5 m/s foi preditor de mortalidade dentro de 3 anos por Damy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Neste &#250;ltimo trabalho, VRT elevada foi associada com FEVE mais baixa e com VAE/SC mais alto, altera&#231;&#245;es comumente associadas a altas press&#245;es de enchimento e ao risco de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar p&#243;s-capilar.</p>
      <p>Ressalta-se que a maioria dos estudos foi realizada com amostras relativamente pequenas. Al&#233;m disso, as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares analisadas diferiram nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. A despeito das limita&#231;&#245;es, a presente revis&#227;o deve ser considerada um instrumento de atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre uma patologia de comprometimento sist&#234;mico, permitindo a melhor compreens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares nos diferentes gen&#243;tipos de hemoglobinopatias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares como dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, HVE e HVD, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide s&#227;o maiores nos pacientes com AF do que nos indiv&#237;duos com as demais hemoglobinopatias consideradas neste estudo. Globalmente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica dos pacientes com AF e a daqueles com as demais hemoglobinopatias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Cardiovascular Complications in Individuals with Sickle Cell Anemia and Other Hemoglobinopathies: A Systematic Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0319-5312</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7864-7638</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Tejo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ladeia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Marice Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Andressa Lopes &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Avenida Dom Jo&#227;o VI, 275. Postal Code 40290-000, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: andressalopes18.1@bahiana.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disease whose cardiovascular complications are the main cause of death, the same being observed in other hemoglobinopathies. Early identification of these changes can favorably modify the course of the disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To compare the prevalence of cardiovascular complications between individuals with SCA and individuals with other hemoglobinopathies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>Following the recommendations of the PRISMA protocol, a systematic literature review was carried out with searches in PubMed/Medline databases, associated with a manual search. Studies that analyzed the prevalence of cardiovascular alterations in hemoglobinopathies (SCA, sickle cell trait, SC hemoglobinopathy, alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia) were included. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Four studies were selected for analysis, resulting in a sample size of 582 participants: 289 with SCA, 133 with SC hemoglobinopathy, 40 with beta-thalassemia, 100 healthy individuals and none with alpha-thalassemia or sickle cell trait. Dilatation of the cardiac chambers, left and right ventricular hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation are more prevalent in SCA than in the other hemoglobinopathies considered. Myocardial iron overload is more frequent in thalassemia major than in sickle cell anemia. Systolic function is similar between different hemoglobinopathies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>There is greater cardiovascular impairment in individuals with SCA than in those with other hemoglobinopathies, reinforcing the necessity for regular cardiovascular follow-up in sickle cell patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anemia, Sickle Cell</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemoglobinopathies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The reduction in morbidity and mortality of individuals with sickle cell disease resulting from advances in specific therapies has become evident. As the age of these patients increases, the chronic effects of hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive episodes lead to chronic lesions of target organs, especially cardiovascular complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> which are the main cause of death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite therapeutic advances, adult mortality remains high even in developed countries, with a mean age below 50 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although improvements in blood transfusion protocols and the use of iron chelating agents have increased the survival of patients with thalassemia, the main cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients is heart disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> responsible for 75% of deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In Brazil, 10 to 20% of transfusion-dependent individuals with thalassemia have severe iron overload, with an incidence of heart disease of 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, there are several cardiovascular complications involved in the clinical course of sickle-cell anemia, as well as in that of other hemoglobinopathies. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular complications among individuals with sickle-cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>Systematic literature review with a search guided by the PRISMA guideline, registered in PROSPERO, under the number CRD42021225542.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>The search for articles was performed in the PubMed/Medline databases, using the following descriptors consulted by the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) websites: &#8220;Sickle cell disease&#8221;, &#8220;Sickle Cell Anemia&#8221;, &#8220;Hemoglobinopathies&#8221;, &#8220;Hemoglobin SC Disease&#8221;, &#8220;Haemoglobin SC&#8221;, &#8220;Sickle Cell Trait&#8221;, &#8220;Beta-thalassemia&#8221;, &#8220;Alpha-thalassemia&#8221;, &#8220;Cardiac&#8221;, &#8220;Cardiovascular&#8221;. A manual search of the articles was also performed. The Boolean operator &#8220;AND&#8221; was used to aggregate the descriptors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Observational studies and randomized and non-randomized clinical trials that met the criteria of analyzing the prevalence of cardiovascular changes in the following hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, sickle cell trait, SC hemoglobinopathy, alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia) were included. Articles in English and Portuguese published between February 2011 and February 2021 were included. Duplicate publications, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, case reports, series reports and animal studies were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification and selection of studies</title>
          <p>Two authors separately analyzed the title and the abstract of each work, identifying which ones met the inclusion criteria. A third researcher evaluated the articles in which there was disagreement, completing the selection of articles eligible for full reading. Subsequently, a complete reading of each study was performed by one of the authors, in order to ensure the criteria of the systematic review, until reaching the final list of works included in the review.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and analysis</title>
          <p>The extracted data were: title, author, year of publication, design, period and place of study, sample size and objectives. The variables pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular diastolic and systolic dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, presence of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation were analyzed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methodological quality</title>
          <p>The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, a tool indicated for the analysis of cohort and case-control studies. The methodological quality score of the cohort studies was calculated in three components: group selection (0 - 4 points), quality of adjustment for confounding (0 - 2 points) and outcome assessment (0 - 3 points). In case-control studies, group selection (0 &#8211; 4 points), quality of adjustment for confounding (0 &#8211; 2 points) and exposure (0 &#8211; 4 points) were evaluated. The maximum score is 9 points, representing high methodological quality. Two independent researchers judged the quality/risk of bias of the papers.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification and selection of studies</title>
          <p>From the electronic database and manual search, 325 articles were identified. After removing duplicate articles and selecting by reading titles, abstracts and full texts, 4 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis of the work. The selection of studies is represented in the flowchart in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Study selection flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-06-0893-20207-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>General characteristics of studies</title>
          <p>Of the four articles selected, three are cohort studies and one is a case-control study. The years of publication ranged from 2016 to 2019. The sample size ranged from 110 to 180 participants, totaling 582 participants: 289 patients with sickle cell anemia, 133 with SC hemoglobinopathy, 40 with beta-thalassemia, 100 healthy individuals and none with alpha-thalassemia or sickle cell trait. Twenty individuals had other sickle cell disease genotypes that did not meet the inclusion criteria for this study. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the general characteristics of the studies.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>General characteristics of the selected studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Author</th>
                    <th>Year of publication</th>
                    <th align="left">Title</th>
                    <th>Performance period</th>
                    <th>Place of performance</th>
                    <th>Study design</th>
                    <th>Sample size</th>
                    <th align="left">Objective</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Philippe M. Adjagba, Gaston Habib, Nancy Robitaille, et al</td>
                    <td align="center">2016</td>
                    <td>Impact of sickle cell anaemia on cardiac chamber size in the paediatric population</td>
                    <td align="center">Not mentioned</td>
                    <td align="center">Canada</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">n = 110</td>
                    <td>To describe the extent of myocardial abnormalities and determine hematologic indices that could primarily affect cardiac function in patients with sickle cell disease</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jamie K. Harrington, Usha Krishnan, Zhezhen Jin, et al</td>
                    <td align="center">2017</td>
                    <td>Longitudinal Analysis of Echocardiographic Abnormalities in Children With Sickle Cell Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1994 - 2013</td>
                    <td align="center">United States</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">n = 172</td>
                    <td>To identify clinical and laboratory parameters associated with the development of cardiac abnormalities</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paul Guedeney, Fran&#231;ois Lionnet, Alexandre Ceccaldi, et al</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td>Cardiac manifestations in sickle cell disease varies with patient genotype</td>
                    <td align="center">Maio 2008 Maio 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">France</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">n = 180</td>
                    <td>To describe cardiac remodeling and its correlations in patients with HbSC and to compare with patients with sickle cell anemia and with healthy individuals</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih, Khaled M. Salama, Carolyne Ghobrial, et al</td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td>Discrepancy in patterns of myocardial involvement in beta-thalassaemia vs. sickle cell anaemia</td>
                    <td align="center">April 2017 October 2018</td>
                    <td align="center">Egypt</td>
                    <td align="center">Case control</td>
                    <td align="center">n = 120</td>
                    <td>To compare left ventricular mechanics in thalassemia and sickle cell patients using the latest 2D spot tracking analysis software</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Adjagba et al. found that, although right ventricular dilatation was similar between HbSS and HbSC patients, left ventricular dilatation was more frequent in sickle cell anemia than in SC hemoglobinopathy, having been observed in 51.4% vs 24.2% of patients, respectively <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.1</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.11</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>4.03</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , the same occurring with dilatation of both ventricles, present in 38.9% x 12.5% of patients with each genotype, respectively <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>3.4</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.19</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>8.13</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> . No significant differences were observed between genotypes in the frequency of left myocardial dysfunction measured by left ventricular shortening fraction and E/e&#180; ratio. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was observed in 25% of patients with SCA, which was not observed in the sample with HbSC.</p>
        <p>Harrington et al. evaluated 829 echocardiograms performed in 172 patients, and observed a cumulative incidence of echocardiographic abnormalities. The mean age at the first electrocardiogram was 8.74 &#177; 3.49 years of age (ranging from 5.12 to 19.7 years of age), with a mean of 4.82 &#177; 3.06 studies performed per patient over a period of 6.88 &#177; 5.16 years. The age distribution of the first echocardiogram was: 78 (45.4%) aged 5 to 7 years or younger, 72 (41.8%) aged 7 to 13 years or younger, and 22 (12.8%) above 13 years of age. LVH, increased left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) were found at an earlier age than abnormal tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), this last one found mainly in late childhood and at the beginning of the adolescence. The prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities was 25%, 41%, 58%, 7%, and 25% for LVH, increased LVSD and LVDD, decreased LV EF, and increased TRV, respectively. In addition, patients with HbSS and HbS&#946;0-thalassemia were 8.04% more likely to have LVH, 8.37% more likely to have LV dilatation at the end of systole, and 11.9% more likely to have LV dilatation at the end of diastole. The chance of developing increased tricuspid regurgitation velocity and decreased LV fractional shortening were similar between the genotypes involved in the study.</p>
        <p>Guedeney et al. compared cardiac remodeling between individuals with HbSS and HbSC hemoglobinopathies and healthy individuals, involving 180 patients. LV dilatation was greater in patients with HbSS than in subjects with [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>LVDD</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>BS</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>32</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mm</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IQR</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>29</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>28</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mm</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IQR</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>26</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectively, p &lt; 0 .0001; <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>LVEDV</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>BS</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>91</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IQR</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>73</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>105</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>64</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IQR</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>54</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>72</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectively, p &lt; 0.001], the same occurring with AE [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">S</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>49</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mtext/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">L</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mn>42</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>60</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>33</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">I</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mn>30</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>38</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectively, p &lt; 0.001]. Likewise, LVH was more frequent in SCA than in HbSC [ <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>MVE</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>SC</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>101</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IQR</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>84</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>115</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>76</mml:mn><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IQR</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mo> </mml:mo><mml:mn>65</mml:mn><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>87</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> , p &lt; 0.001; LVM/H = 39 g/m <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext>(IQR: 24-48) x</mml:mtext><mml:mn>32</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mtext/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>(IQR: 28-36)</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> , p &lt; 0.001] , regardless of the indexing method (body surface or height), noting that the LVH was mostly eccentric. In patients with HbSS, an increase in pulmonary systolic blood pressure &#8211; assessed by TRV &#8211; was observed in 32 (53%) patients, similar between HbSC patients and controls. LV diastolic dysfunction was more prevalent in SCA than in HbSC and healthy subjects (p = 0.04). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was similar in the three groups.</p>
        <p>AbdelMassih et al. evaluated the pattern of myocardial involvement in 120 patients in a case-control study. Myocardial T2* was more indicative of myocardial iron overload in patients with beta-thalassemia major than in those with SCA (myocardial T2* = 16.6 &#177; 1.8 ms; 25.5 &#177; 2.2 ms, respectively). The global longitudinal strain (GLS) was similar between patients with beta-thalassemia major and those with SCA, but both groups had lower GLS values when compared to healthy individuals (GLS = -15 &#177; 1.6%; -21.5 &#177; 1.9%, individuals with beta-thalassemia major and healthy, respectively; GLS = -15 &#177; 1.2%; -21.5 &#177; 1.9%, individuals with SCA and healthy, respectively). There was a difference between the groups of hemoglobinopathies hen the epicardial and endocardial GLS were evaluated: the epicardial GLS was lower in patients with beta-thalassemia major (epicardial GLS = -10.9 &#177; 2%; -19.9 &#177; 1.7%, in the beta-thalassemia major and SCA, respectively), endocardial SGL was lower in sickle cell patients (endocardial GLS = -19.95 &#177; 1.7%; -10.65 &#177; 1.6%, in beta-thalassemia major and SCA, respectively ). It was found that systolic function by LVEF assessed by M-mode and LV fractional shortening was normal and similar in the 3 groups of patients (LVEF = 73.2 &#177; 3.3 %; 71.2 &#177; 1.7; 72 .4 &#177; 2.9, in the beta-thalassemia major group, SCA and healthy individuals, respectively; LV shortening fraction = 35.5 &#177; 2%; 35.5 &#177; 0.98%; 37.5 &#177; 3.3% , in the beta-thalassemia major group, SCA and healthy individuals, respectively), the same being observed for LV diastolic function by the E/e&#180; ratio (E/e&#180; = 6.89 &#177; 2; 6.6 &#177; 1.9 ; 6.52 &#177; 1.49 in the beta-thalassemia major group, SCA and healthy subjects, respectively). LVEF assessed by the 3D mode was lower in patients with SCA than in controls ( <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext>LVEF</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>62</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>11.2</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>66</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>13.2</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectively) and also lower in patients with beta-thalassemia greater than in controls <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext>LVEF</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>61</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>10.1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>66</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>13.2</mml:mn></mml:math></inline-formula> , respectively), being similar in both hemoglobinopathies. The main results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main results of the selected studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Author/year of publication</th>
                  <th>Population</th>
                  <th>Analyzed cardiovascular parameter</th>
                  <th>Cardiovascular alteration found</th>
                  <th align="left">Conclusion</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Philippe M. Adjagba et al. (2016)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 patients with sickle cell disease (72 HbSS; 32 HbSC; 6 HbS&#946; &#8211; thalassemia)</td>
                  <td align="center">RVV LVV LVM FSLV E/e&#180; relation MPI</td>
                  <td align="center">RVD LVD Diastolic dysfunction Systolic dysfunction Abnormality in LVM</td>
                  <td>LVD was higher in patients with SCA (HbSS) than in patients with SC hemoglobinopathy (HbSC); LVH was observed only in patients with SCA (HbSS) and the abnormality in LVM was more prevalent in this group of patients; RVD, FSLV and E/e&#180; relation were similar between the patients with SCA (HbSS) and the individuals with SC hemoglobinopathy (HbSC).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jamie K. Harrington et al. (2017)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 patients with sickle cell disease (117 HbSS; 41 HbSC; 5 HbS&#946;&#7484; &#8211; thalassemia; 9 HbS&#946;&#8314; &#8211; thalassemia)</td>
                  <td align="center">LVM LVESD LVEDD FSLV TRV</td>
                  <td align="center">LVH LVD at the end of the systole and at the end of the ao final da s&#237;stole e ao final da diastole &#8595;EF OF LV &#8593;TRV</td>
                  <td>Patients HbSS e HbS&#946;0-thalassemia were more likely to develop LVH, LVD at the end of the sistole and at the end of the diastole. The chance of developing increased TRV and decrease of FSLV were similar between all genotypes involved in this study.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Paul Guedeney et al. (2018)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 patients with sickle cell disease (60 HbSS; 60 HbSC) and 60 healthy patients</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEDD/BS LVM/BS LVM/H LVEDV/BS CI TRV EFLV EM wave A wave E/A relation DT e&#180; wave E/e&#180; relation LAV/BS</td>
                  <td align="center">LVD at the end of diastole LAD LVH &#8593;CI &#8593;TRV &#8593;E/e&#180;relation LVDD</td>
                  <td>LAD, LVD e CI were higer in HbSS patients than in HbSC patients and the controls; LVH, increase of TRV and diastolic dysfunction disfun&#231;&#227;o of LV were more frequent in HbSS patients than in HbSC patients and the controls (HbSS patients had higher: E wave, E/A relation, DT, e&#180;wave, E/e&#180; relation); LAD, LVD, LVM/BS, LVM/H, E/e&#180; relation were higer in HbSC patients than in the control; e&#180; wave was smaller in HbSC patients than in controls; CI e TRV were similar between HbSC patients and the controls; EFLV was similar between the 3 groups.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antoine Fakhry AbdelMassih et al. (2019)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 patients with sickle cell anemia (HbSS), 40 patients with beta thalassemia major (&#946;0/&#946;0) and 40 healthy patients</td>
                  <td align="center">EFLV FSLV E/e&#180; relation GLS GLS epicardial SGL endocardial T2* miocardyal</td>
                  <td align="center">Myocardial iron overload &#8595;GLS Subendocardial dysfunction Subepicardial dysfunction</td>
                  <td>T2* myocardial was higher in patients with beta thalassemia major than in patients with SCA; GLS was similar between patients with beta thalassemia major and those with SCA, but both groups of patients had GLS reduced in comparision with healthy individuals; Epicardial GLS was lower in patients with beta thalassemia major than in patients with SCA; Endocardial GLS was lower in patients with SCA than in patients with beta thalassemia major; The systolic function and the diastolic function of left ventricle were normal and similar between the 3 groups.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>A wave: Wave of atrial contraction in mitral flow; CI: Cardiac index; DT: Deceleration time; e&#180; wave: Tissue Doppler early diastolic velocity wave; E/e&#180; relation: Relation between E wave in the mitral flow and the e wave by tissue Doppler; E/A relation: Relationship between E and A waves in mitral flow; EF: Ejection fraction; EFLV: Ejection fraction of left ventricle; EM wave: Rapid filling wave in mitral annulus mitral flow; FSLV: Fraction of shortening of the left ventricle; GLS: Global longitudinal strain; LAD: Left atrial dilatation; LAV/BS: Left atrial volume indexed by body surface; LV: Left ventricle; LVD: Left ventricular dilatation; LVDD: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV/BS: Left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed by body surface; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction ; LVH: Left ventricular hypertrophy; LVESD: Left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVM: Left ventricular mass; LVM/BS: Left ventricular mass indexed by body surface; LVM/H: Left ventricular mass indexed by height; LVV: Left ventricular volume; MPI: myocardial performance index; RVD: Right ventricular dilatation; RVV: Right ventricular volume; TRV: Tricuspid regurgitation velocity; T2*: Myocardial relaxometry of cardiac magnetic resonance.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias of selected studies</title>
          <p>The methodological quality of the studies included in this review was high. Of the cohort studies, one scored eight points on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and two scored nine points on the same scale. The case-control study obtained 8 points on the scale used.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular complications are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with HbSS. The role of the echocardiogram for the early identification of cardiac alterations in these patients is highlighted, as evidenced by the findings of this study. Thus, a higher prevalence of ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation of cardiac chambers, diastolic dysfunction, mitral and tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension was observed in individuals with sickle cell anemia compared to those with the other hemoglobinopathies considered in this study.</p>
        <p>Dilatation of the cardiac chambers, especially the LV, results from compensatory myocardial remodeling in response to chronic anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The analysis of associations between echocardiographic variables in patients with sickle cell disease showed that individuals with higher LVDD/BS had higher LAV/BS and TRV values, as well as lower LVEF, indicating left systolic dysfunction with repercussions in the right chambers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> LVH was independently associated with changes in the echocardiographic parameters of diastolic dysfunction, such as a decrease in the deceleration time of the early mitral inflow velocity, an increase in the E/e&#180; ratio and an increase in the velocity of tricuspid regurgitation, which can be explained by the reduction in left ventricular compliance in these patients.</p>
        <p>Diastolic dysfunction is among the main cardiovascular alterations reported in sickle cell disease, and the frequency of this finding depends on the echocardiographic parameters used to assess diastolic function, the patient&#8217;s age and associated comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Vasconcelos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> explained the occurrence of normal diastolic function in individuals with sickle cell disease as a result of a young age (mean age of 26.5 years), absence of comorbidities and use of tissue Doppler, whose greater specificity derives from its ability to measure myocardial velocities, not suffering alterations with preload changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The association verified by Whipple et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> between decreased e&#180;M and e&#180;T and also decreased LVGLS and RVGLS, suggests that the increased prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in children with sickle cell disease reduces myocardial deformability, measured by the GLS. In patients with HbSC, while Adjagba et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> observed a similar E/e&#180; ratio between these patients and individuals with HBSS, Guedeney et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> found a higher frequency of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with SCA and systemic arterial hypertension, which corroborates the hypothesis suggested by Desai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> that the impairment of diastolic function in this group of patients results from increased afterload. These data suggest that diastolic dysfunction is frequent, early and likely to have a multifactorial etiology in individuals with SCA.</p>
        <p>In patients with sickle cell disease, systolic function is normally preserved. However, a significant prevalence of low left ventricular systolic function has already been demonstrated in patients with HbSS and HbSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> An early marker of systolic dysfunction, the GSL measures myocardial deformability, and the increase in its values indicates the existence of a baseline condition altering myocardial deformability as a compensatory mechanism. When evaluating the association of GLS with traditional measures of ventricular systolic function &#8211; LVEF and STTAP &#8211; in children with sickle cell disease, Whipple et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> showed agreement between these variables: decreased LVGLS and RVGLS associated with decreased LVEF and STTAP. The decrease in STTAP reflects impaired RV systolic function. As LV systolic function is usually preserved in sickle cell disease, abnormal STTAP may indicate chronic elevation of pulmonary pressures. Furthermore, the RVGLS was impaired by high pulmonary pressure and RV diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the comparison between SCA and beta-thalassemia major, the included case-control study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> showed a predominance of subendocardial dysfunction in SCA and subepicardial dysfunction in beta-thalassemia major, explained by the high vascularity of the epicardium with consequent iron deposition. Myocardial T2* was strongly correlated with epicardial GLS but not with endocardial GLS. In turn, the decrease in subendocardial GLS seen in SCA is justified by the microvascular disease in these patients, characterized by possible subendocardial microvascular ischemia, through NO depletion and suggested by the increase in LDH.</p>
        <p>Regarding the parameters to assess systolic function, it is worth mentioning that, in the same study, LVEF measurements differed according to the method used: when evaluated by the M-mode, LVEF was similar between the 3 groups, however, when analyzed by 3D echocardiography, LVEF was shown to be lower in individuals with SCA than in healthy individuals and similar in comparison with those with major beta-thalassemia.</p>
        <p>Right ventricular function is commonly assessed through TRV and systolic excursion of the tricuspid annulus plane. TRV was included among the predictors of adverse events in the work by Vasconcelos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, TRV &#8805; 2.5 m/s was a predictor of mortality within 3 years by Damy et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this work, elevated TRV was associated with lower LVEF and higher LAV/BS, changes commonly associated with high filling pressures and the risk of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension.</p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that most studies were carried out with relatively small samples. In addition, the cardiovascular variables analyzed differed in the included studies. Despite the limitations, the present review should be considered an update tool on a pathology of systemic involvement, allowing a better understanding of cardiovascular alterations in the different genotypes of hemoglobinopathies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The prevalence of cardiovascular complications such as cardiac chamber dilatation, LVH and RVH, pulmonary hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation are higher in patients with SCA than in individuals with the other hemoglobinopathies considered in this study. Overall, there were no differences between the systolic function of patients with SCA and those with other hemoglobinopathies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
