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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3L87F9bw39L9FTjkrV7xpMF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001300891</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220826</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220826</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tortuosidade Coronariana como um Novo Fen&#243;tipo para Isquemia sem Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8849-4612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eltahlawi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Zagazig University &#8211; Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Zagazig</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="EG">Egito</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Zagazig University &#8211; Cardiology, Zagazig &#8211; Egito</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mohammad Eltahlawi</bold>, &#8226; 6 St. Macca, Elsalam Quarter, Zagazig <postal-code>44519</postal-code> &#8211; Egito. E-mail: <email>tahlawi_basha@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>891</fpage>
      <lpage>892</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos do Metabolismo do C&#225;lcio/complica&#231;&#245;es, Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana constitui uma grande carga em muitos pa&#237;ses. Em muitos casos, a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia coronariana por imagem n&#227;o invasiva pode n&#227;o se correlacionar com a presen&#231;a de estenose coronariana significativa. Assim, surgiu o termo &#8220;Isquemia com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o obstrutiva (INOCA)&#8221;. Muitas teorias foram propostas para tal fen&#244;meno. A tortuosidade coronariana (TCor) &#233; uma dessas etiologias que se mostrou associada &#224; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica e aumento do escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a TCor est&#225; associada aos mesmos fatores de risco de isquemia, como tabagismo, idade avan&#231;ada, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> TCor foi pensada para ser um fen&#244;meno; entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno com m&#250;ltiplas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares aumenta seu impacto cl&#237;nico. Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> verificaram que pacientes hipertensos com TCor apresentam maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto lacunar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Turgut et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> conclu&#237;ram que a TCor pode indicar relaxamento ventricular esquerdo prejudicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dogdus et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> comprovaram que a TCor afeta negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda avaliada por par&#226;metros de deforma&#231;&#227;o 3D com consider&#225;vel depress&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo de Estrada et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> os pesquisadores encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o altamente significativa entre TCor e isquemia. A presen&#231;a de isquemia nos territ&#243;rios com TCor foi mais frequente do que naqueles sem TCor (67% versus 28% (p&lt;0,0001)) detectada pela cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM). Este estudo analisou as caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da tortuosidade quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Eles descobriram que o n&#250;mero de &#226;ngulos de curvatura detectados na s&#237;stole durante a angiografia coron&#225;ria est&#225; associado a um alto risco de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (p = 0,021). Alguns estudos anteriores consideraram a geometria da TCor e sugeriram &#237;ndices para graduar tal tortuosidade dependendo principalmente do grau de angula&#231;&#227;o ou flex&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rias teorias foram propostas para explicar o mecanismo pelo qual a TCor pode precipitar isquemia. A TCor pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria ao reduzir as press&#245;es de enchimento distais e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Isso pode ser devido a for&#231;as de cisalhamento em art&#233;rias tortuosas que podem perturbar a din&#226;mica do fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Outros sugeriram que a simples degenera&#231;&#227;o da camada de elastina do vaso ateroscler&#243;tico pode levar &#224; TCor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a TCor &#233; considerada por alguns pesquisadores como um achado comum em pacientes idosos e hipertensos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda devido ao alongamento e dilata&#231;&#227;o das coron&#225;rias em um espa&#231;o limitado dos sulcos coron&#225;rios levando &#224; flex&#227;o ou dobramento das art&#233;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das teorias mec&#226;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas acima mencionadas, alguns pesquisadores estabeleceram uma teoria inflamat&#243;ria como mecanismo de aterosclerose no caso de TCor. Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> propuseram um papel para a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria evidenciada por altos n&#237;veis de PCR que foram encontrados associados &#224; TCor. No mesmo contexto, Naguib et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> estudaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre TCor em pacientes sem les&#245;es coronarianas e alta contagem de mon&#243;citos a baixa rela&#231;&#227;o HDL-C (MHR) como marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e estresse oxidativo. Eles descobriram que o TCor tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa com a MHR, que agora &#233; considerada um marcador progn&#243;stico para muitas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Al&#233;m disso, Cerit et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> verificaram que o plaquet&#243;crito, importante para inflama&#231;&#227;o e trombose, estava independentemente associado &#224; TCor.</p>
    <p>Este estudo de Estrada et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> estudou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a isquemia induzida por TCor e o ramo coronariano acometido. Eles encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre TCor e isquemia na ACX e ACD, mas essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa na ADAE. Al&#233;m disso, o grau de TCor (evidenciado por &#226;ngulos de curvatura consecutivos e o n&#250;mero de &#226;ngulos de curvatura) teve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com isquemia apenas em ACX. Acho que este &#233; o primeiro estudo a analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TCor e isquemia em territ&#243;rios coronarianos individuais.</p>
    <p>No entanto, ainda h&#225; controv&#233;rsia sobre a real rela&#231;&#227;o entre TCor e isquemia coronariana. Apesar dos achados anteriores, h&#225; alguns votos contra o papel do TCor na aterosclerose. Li et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre TCor e escore de c&#225;lcio ou estenose de di&#226;metro na an&#225;lise multivariada. No entanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o existia entre TCor e escore de c&#225;lcio moderado entre as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na mesma dire&#231;&#227;o, Khosravani-Rudpishi et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> encontraram que vasos tortuosos tinham menor probabilidade de estenose significativa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e menor escore de Gensini.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foram encontrados dados controversos sobre a gravidade do TCor e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana significativa. Enquanto Hassan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> verificaram que a tortuosidade grave est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de isquemia, ao contr&#225;rio, Groves et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> descobriram que pacientes com tortuosidade coronariana grave tiveram uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente menor de estenose significativa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na angiografia coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esses dados aparentemente controversos poderiam ser justificados pela hip&#243;tese de que os vasos tortuosos podem desenvolver altera&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas e calcificadas; no entanto, essas altera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o longe das pr&#243;prias curvas.</p>
    <p>Acho que precisamos de mais estudos para desenvolver um &#237;ndice de tortuosidade mais v&#225;lido e correlacionar diferentes graus de TCor com modalidades funcionais de avalia&#231;&#227;o de isquemia como FFR e iFR.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Tortuosidade das Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias como um Novo Fen&#243;tipo para Isquemia sem Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Tortuosity as a New Phenotype for Ischemia without Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8849-4612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Eltahlawi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Zagazig</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="EG">Egypt</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Zagazig University &#8211; Cardiology, Zagazig &#8211; Egypt</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mohammad Eltahlawi</bold>, &#8226; 6 St. Macca, Elsalam Quarter, Zagazig <postal-code>44519</postal-code> &#8211; Egypt. E-mail: <email>tahlawi_basha@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Metabolism Disorders/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Coronary artery disease constitutes a great burden in many countries. In many cases, the detection of coronary ischemia by non-invasive imaging may not correlate with the presence of significant coronary stenosis. Therefore, the term &#8220;Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary artery (INOCA)&#8221; has emerged. Many theories have been proposed for such a phenomenon. Coronary tortuosity (CorT) is one of these etiologies that was found to be associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and increased coronary artery calcium score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Besides, CorT is associated with the same risk factors of ischemia, such as smoking, old age, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CorT was thought to be a phenomenon; however, the association of this phenomenon with multiple cardiovascular disorders augments its clinical impact. Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> found that Hypertensive patients with CorT have more incidence of lacunar infarct.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Turgut et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> concluded that CorT might indicate impaired left ventricular relaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Dogdus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> proved that CorT negatively affects left ventricular function evaluated by 3D strain parameters with considerable depression of longitudinal deformation of the myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this study by Estrada et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the investigators found a highly significant association between CorT and ischemia. The presence of ischemia in territories with CorT was more frequent than those without CorT (67% versus 28% (p&lt;0.0001)) detected by myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). This study analyzed the specific features of tortuosity concerning the presence of myocardial ischemia. They found that the number of bend angles detected in systole during coronary angiography is associated with a high risk of myocardial ischemia (p = 0.021). Some previous studies considered the geometry of CorT and suggested indices for grading such tortuosity depending mainly on the degree of angulation or bending.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Multiple theories were proposed to explain the mechanism that CorT might precipitate ischemia. CorT may cause microcirculatory dysfunction by reducing distal filling pressures and blood flow. This may be due to shearing forces in tortuous arteries that could disturb flow dynamics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Others suggested that simple degeneration of the elastin layer of the atherosclerotic vessel may lead to CorT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, CorT is considered by some investigators as a common finding in elderly and hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to elongation and dilatation of coronaries in a limited space of coronary sulci leading to bending or folding of the arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition to the abovementioned mechanical and hemodynamic theories, some investigators settled an inflammatory theory as a mechanism of atherosclerosis in the case of CorT. Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> proposed a role for inflammatory reaction evidenced by high CRP levels that were found to be associated with CorT. In the same context, Naguib et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> studied the association between CorT in patients without coronary lesions and high monocyte count to low HDL-C ratio (MHR) as a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress. They found that CorT has a significant relationship with MHR, which is now considered a prognostic marker for many cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, Cerit et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> found that plateletcrit, which is important for inflammation and thrombosis, was independently associated with CorT.</p>
      <p>This study by Estrada et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> studied the relationship between CorT-induced ischemia and the affected coronary branch. They found a significant association between CorT and ischemia in the LCX and RCA, but this association was not significant in LAD. Furthermore, the degree of CorT (evidenced by consecutive bend angles and the number of bend angles) had a significant association with ischemia only in LCX. I think this is the first study to analyze the relationship between CorT and ischemia in individual coronary territories.</p>
      <p>However, there is still controversy regarding the actual relationship between CorT and coronary ischemia. Despite the previous findings, there are some votes against the role of CorT in atherosclerosis. Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> failed to find a significant correlation between CorT and calcium score or diameter stenosis on multivariable analysis. However, this association existed between CorT and moderate calcium score among women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the same direction, Khosravani-Rudpishi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> found that tortuous vessels had a lower probability of coronary artery significant stenosis and a lower Gensini score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, controversial data were found regarding the severity of CorT and its association with significant coronary artery disease. While Hassan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> found that severe tortuosity is associated with an increased risk of ischemia, on the contrary, Groves et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> found that patients with severe coronary tortuosity had a significantly lower incidence of significant coronary artery stenosis in coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>These apparently controversial data could be justified by hypothesizing that the tortuous vessels may develop atherosclerotic and calcific changes; however, these changes are away from the bends themselves.</p>
      <p>I think we need further studies to develop a more valid tortuosity index and to correlate different grades of CorT with functional modalities of assessment of ischemia such as FFR and iFR.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Coronary Tortuosity as a New Phenotype for Ischemia without Coronary Artery Disease</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
