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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100815</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220734</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220734</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular nas Mulheres &#8211; 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Coordenadora</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Coordenadora</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-8184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Celi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1336-6517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2455-5612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9826-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lantieri</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Janice Baister</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8161-9400</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Japhet da Matta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Born</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falcheto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Belis&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9168-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Goulart Marcondes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda M. Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4139-8516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scholz</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2525-1976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Xavier de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7417-5426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly Arrais dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8722-7504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6306-2522</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>St&#233;phanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Thais de Carvalho Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2606-7460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte , Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA), Bel&#233;m PA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Cear&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Cear&#225; , Fortaleza CE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFMG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas UFMG , Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFBA</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade de Medicina da UFBA , Salvador BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP , S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label> 9 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes / Universidade Federal de Alagoas , Macei&#243; AL &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label> 10 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas , Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenom Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Agamenom Magalh&#227;es , Recife PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label> 12 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label> 13 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label> 14 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Municipal de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Caetano do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Municipal de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul , Caetano do Sul SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label> 15 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFRS , Porto Alegre RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label> 16 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife PE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label> 17 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Escola Paulista de Medicina , S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label> 18 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho , Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label> 19 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pio XII</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Pio XII , S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label> 20 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label> 21 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UDI Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> UDI Hospital , Rede D&#8217;Or , S&#227;o Lu&#237;s MA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label> 22 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label> 23 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de , Bras&#237;lia DF &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label> 24 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Federal do Rio Grande do Norte , Natal RN &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label> 25 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaj&#250;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Sergipe , Aracaj&#250; , SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label> 26 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D&#8217;Or Hospitais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Rede D&#8217;Or Hospitais , Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label> 27 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CEMISE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaj&#250;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> CEMISE , Aracaj&#250; SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label> 28 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital S&#227;o Lucas D&#8217;Or , Aracaju SE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29">
        <label> 29 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica , Curitiba PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes Respons&#225;vel: Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordenadora), Humberto Graner Moreira, Jose Airton de Arruda, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2022/2024</p>
          <p>Coordenadoras: Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida e Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
          <p>Realiza&#231;&#227;o: Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DCm/SBC)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>815</fpage>
      <lpage>882</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="60"/>
        <table-count count="62"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="208"/>
        <page-count count="68"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <table-wrap>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">Posicionamento sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular nas Mulheres &#8211; 2022</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2022</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Especialista</th>
              <th align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Alexandra Oliveira de Mesquita</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de Lucena</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, Acertanlo, Triplixan.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, Acertanlo, Triplixan.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Pfizer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e amiloidose; Jannsen: Leucemia.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carla Janice Baister Lantieri</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Japhet da Matta Albuquerque</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Celi Marques Santos</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cl&#225;udia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Daniel Born</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eduardo Belisario Falchetto</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Lilly: Trulicity, Jardiance, Glyxambi.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Novo Nordisk: Ozempic.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>&#201;rika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Biocath: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis e arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Daiichi Sankyo: Lixiana; Boehringer Ingelheim: Pradaxa. Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- &#193;rea de Sa&#250;de.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fabiana Goulart Marcondes Braga</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fernanda M. Consolim Colombo</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Daiichi; Ache; Servier; AstraZeneca; Merck: Anti-hipertensivos.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ieda Biscegli Jatene</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- AstraZeneca: Palivizumabe.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- AstraZeneca: Palivizumabe.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ivan Romero Rivera</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jaqueline Ribeiro Scholz</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Xavier de Melo Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Magaly Arrais dos Santos</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Edwards: Implante transcateter valvar; Boston: Implante transcateter valvar; Medtronic: Implante.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marcia de Melo Barbosa</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da Amgen: Repatha ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer/Xarelto; Daiichi Sankyo/Lixiana; Libbs/Propafenona e Amiodarona; Pfizer/Eliquis.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano Costa</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Libbs: Plenance Enze; Servier: Vastarel.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Libbs; Servier: participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maria F&#225;tima de Azevedo</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes; Boehinger: Diabetes; Biolab: Hipertens&#227;o e anticoagulante. V&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio com a ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras, assim como se tem rela&#231;&#227;o v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio com operadoras de planos de sa&#250;de ou em auditorias m&#233;dicas (incluindo meio per&#237;odo) durante o ano para o qual voc&#234; est&#225; declarando:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Unimed Natal.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira Paiva</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marildes Luiza de Castro</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- AstraZeneca: Forxiga/Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Servier: Acertil/Hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Milena dos Santos Barros Campos</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Olga Ferreira de Souza</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de Medeiros</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da Silva</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis Farmac&#234;utica, AstraZeneca, Servier, Libbs.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis Farmac&#234;utica, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>St&#233;phanie Itala Rizk</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Thais de Carvalho Vieira Rodrigues</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- AstraZeneca.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tha&#237;s Rocha Salim</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Viviana de Mello Guzzo Lemke</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Walkiria Samuel Avila</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">Lista de Abreviaturas e Siglas</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>AAS</td>
              <td>&#193;cido Acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angio-TC</td>
              <td>Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>APS</td>
              <td>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria a Sa&#250;de</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>AVC</td>
              <td>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CAC</td>
              <td>Escore de C&#225;lcio Coronariano</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CC</td>
              <td>Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CDI</td>
              <td>Cardiodesfibrilador Implant&#225;vel</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>CV</td>
              <td>Cardiovascular</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DA</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a de Alzheimer</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DAC</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DALYs</td>
              <td>Anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Disability-Adjusted Life Years</italic> ) &#8211; 1 DALY representa a perda do equivalente a 1 ano de sa&#250;de completa</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DAP</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DApC</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DCR</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Reum&#225;tica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DCV</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DEAC</td>
              <td>Dissec&#231;&#227;o Espont&#226;nea da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DG</td>
              <td>Diabetes Gestacional</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DHG</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Hipertensiva da Gravidez</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DIC</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DM</td>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DMV</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Microvascular</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DOACs</td>
              <td>Anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DPP-4</td>
              <td>Dipeptidil Peptidase-4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DRC</td>
              <td>Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DSS</td>
              <td>Determinantes Sociais de Sa&#250;de</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ECG</td>
              <td>Eletrocardiograma</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>EMI</td>
              <td>Espessura do Complexo M&#233;dio-Intimal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FA</td>
              <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FEVE</td>
              <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FPR</td>
              <td>Fatores Potencializadores de Risco</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FR</td>
              <td>Fatores de Risco</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>FRCV</td>
              <td>Fatores de Risco Cardiovasculares</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>GBD</td>
              <td>Do ingl&#234;s: <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HAS</td>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HG</td>
              <td>Hipertens&#227;o Gestacional</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HVE</td>
              <td>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IAM</td>
              <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IAMSSST</td>
              <td>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio Sem Supra do Segmento ST</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IC</td>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ICFEp</td>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>ICFEr</td>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>II</td>
              <td>Intervalo de Incerteza</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMC</td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IMCSST</td>
              <td>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Com Supra de ST</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>INOCA</td>
              <td>Isquemia na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial coronariana</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>INRA</td>
              <td>Inibidores da neprilisina/bloqueadores de angiotensina II</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>IRM</td>
              <td>&#205;ndice de Resist&#234;ncia Microvascular</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-c</td>
              <td>Colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MAC</td>
              <td>Malforma&#231;&#245;es do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MINOCA</td>
              <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial coron&#225;ria</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>MSC</td>
              <td>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NT-proBNP</td>
              <td>Fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>OCDE</td>
              <td>Organiza&#231;&#227;o para Coopera&#231;&#227;o e Desenvolvimento Econ&#244;mico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>OMS</td>
              <td>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PA</td>
              <td>Press&#227;o Arterial</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PE</td>
              <td>Pr&#233;-Ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>PNS</td>
              <td>Pesquisa Nacional em Sa&#250;de</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QT</td>
              <td>Quimioter&#225;pico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>QV</td>
              <td>Qualidade de Vida</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RCV</td>
              <td>Risco Cardiovascular</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RMC</td>
              <td>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>RVM</td>
              <td>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SBC</td>
              <td>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SCA</td>
              <td>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SGLT2</td>
              <td>Do ingl&#234;s: <italic>Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2</italic></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SLG</td>
              <td><italic>Strain</italic> Longitudinal Global</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>SOP</td>
              <td>S&#237;ndrome dos Ov&#225;rios Polic&#237;sticos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC</td>
              <td>Transplante Card&#237;aco</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TE</td>
              <td>Teste Ergom&#233;trico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>THM</td>
              <td>Terapia Hormonal na Menopausa</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>VPC</td>
              <td>Vasoespasmo Coronariano</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Legendas para as tabelas de recomenda&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia:</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o:</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="left"><bold>I &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas ou, em sua falta, consenso geral de que o procedimento &#233; seguro e &#250;til/eficaz.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td><bold>II &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes e/ou diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o sobre seguran&#231;a, e utilidade/efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td><bold>IIA &#8211;</bold> Peso ou evid&#234;ncia/opini&#227;o a favor do procedimento. A maioria aprova</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td><bold>IIB &#8211;</bold> Seguran&#231;a e utilidade/efic&#225;cia menos bem estabelecida, n&#227;o havendo predom&#237;nio de opini&#245;es a favor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td><bold>III &#8211;</bold> Condi&#231;&#245;es para as quais h&#225; evid&#234;ncias e/ou consenso de que o procedimento n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til/ eficaz e, em alguns casos, pode ser prejudicial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="2">
                <bold>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia:</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>N&#237;vel A</bold>
              </td>
              <td>Dados obtidos a partir de m&#250;ltiplos estudos randomizados de bom porte, concordantes e/ou de metan&#225;lise robusta de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>N&#237;vel B</bold>
              </td>
              <td>Dados obtidos a partir de metan&#225;lise menos robusta, a partir de um &#250;nico estudo randomizado ou de estudos n&#227;o randomizados (observacionais).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>N&#237;vel C</bold>
              </td>
              <td>Dados obtidos de opini&#245;es consensuais de especialistas.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <p>Introdu&#231;&#227;o 822</p>
      <p>1. Destaques deste Posicionamento 823</p>
      <p>2. Epidemiologia das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres 827</p>
      <p>2.1. Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes do Sexo Feminino no Brasil 835</p>
      <p>3. Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular 837</p>
      <p>3.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 837</p>
      <p>4. Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres 844</p>
      <p>4.1. Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o 844</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.1. Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</bold> 844</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.2. Isquemia na Aus&#234;ncia de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Arterial Coronariana</bold> 846</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.3. Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio na Aus&#234;ncia de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Arterial Coronariana</bold> 846</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.4. Dissec&#231;&#227;o Espont&#226;nea de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</bold> 846</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.5. Doen&#231;a Microvascular</bold> 846</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.6. Vasoespasmo Coronariano</bold> 846</p>
      <p><bold>4.1.7. Trombose/Embolia Coronariana</bold> 846</p>
      <p>4.2. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca 846</p>
      <p><bold>4.2.1. Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico e N&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gico da ICFEr e ICFEp</bold> 847</p>
      <p>4.3. Arritmias 850</p>
      <p><bold>4.3.1. Taquicardia Ventricular e Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</bold> 850</p>
      <p><bold>4.3.2. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</bold> 850</p>
      <p>4.4. Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular e C&#226;ncer 851</p>
      <p>4.5. Acidente Vascular Cerebral 853</p>
      <p>4.6. Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica 853</p>
      <p>4.7. Dem&#234;ncia 854</p>
      <p>4.8. Doen&#231;as Valvares 856</p>
      <p><bold>4.8.1. Estenose A&#243;rtica</bold> 856</p>
      <p><bold>4.8.2. Doen&#231;a Valvar Mitral</bold> 857</p>
      <p><bold>4.8.3. Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica</bold> 858</p>
      <p>4.9. Diabetes Mellitus, Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e Doen&#231;as Hipertensivas na Gravidez 858</p>
      <p><bold>4.9.1. Diabetes Mellitus</bold> 858</p>
      <p><bold>4.9.2. Doen&#231;as Hipertensivas na Gravidez</bold> 859</p>
      <p>4.10. Gravidez na Adolesc&#234;ncia 859</p>
      <p>5. Peculiaridades dos M&#233;todos Proped&#234;uticos nas Mulheres 863</p>
      <p>5.1. Eletrocardiograma 864</p>
      <p>5.2. Teste Ergom&#233;trico 864</p>
      <p>5.3. Ultrassonografia de Car&#243;tidas 864</p>
      <p>5.4. Ecocardiografia 864</p>
      <p>5.5. Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica 864</p>
      <p>5.6. Escore de C&#225;lcio e Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias 865</p>
      <p>5.7. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca 865</p>
      <p>5.8. Coronariografia 865</p>
      <p>6. Representa&#231;&#227;o de Mulheres nos Estudos Cl&#237;nicos sobre Fatores de Risco e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular 867</p>
      <p>7. Medidas de Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria nas Mulheres 869</p>
      <p>8. Burnout, Qualidade de Vida e Espiritualidade nas Mulheres 869</p>
      <p>8.1. Burnout 869</p>
      <p>8.2. Qualidade de Vida 870</p>
      <p>8.3 Espiritualidade 871</p>
      <p>9. Implica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares da COVID-19 na Gesta&#231;&#227;o 872</p>
      <p>10. Perspectivas Futuras para a Melhoria do Cuidado</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular das Mulheres 874</p>
      <p>Refer&#234;ncias 875</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Entre as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, as DCV constituem a principal causa de morte no mundo e no Brasil, que apresenta uma das mais altas taxas de mortalidade da Am&#233;rica do Sul. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> As DCV respondem por um ter&#231;o das mortes por todas as causas e acometem homens e mulheres em todas as faixas et&#225;rias, representando mais do que o dobro das mortes por todas as neoplasias associadas. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Nas mulheres, observa-se aumento da preval&#234;ncia de DCV e de morte por DCV ap&#243;s a menopausa, o que agrava as perspectivas em futuro pr&#243;ximo pelo envelhecimento e adoecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina no Brasil.</p>
      <p>Atualmente a DIC &#233; respons&#225;vel pela maioria das mortes em todas as unidades da federa&#231;&#227;o, seguida pelas doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Um aspecto particular &#233; a desigualdade de acometimento entre as regi&#245;es, no acesso tanto ao diagn&#243;stico como ao tratamento, de acordo com as particularidades determinadas pelos indicadores sociais e econ&#244;micos, nas macrorregi&#245;es, estados e cidades de diferentes portes no Brasil. Cerca de metade da mortalidade por DCV antes dos 65 anos pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; pobreza e &#224;s desigualdades sociais. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada, baixa atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool e tabagismo s&#227;o outros importantes FR para as DCV em mulheres, mais prevalentes nas classes sociais menos favorecidas da popula&#231;&#227;o, incluindo as crian&#231;as e as adolescentes brasileiras. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Assim, os programas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria, bem como o maior acesso ao diagn&#243;stico, nessa camada da popula&#231;&#227;o poder&#227;o ter impacto ainda maior na morbimortalidade por DCV.</p>
      <p>Na maioria das vezes, as DCV podem ser prevenidas por a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que envolvem o controle de FR e o manejo cl&#237;nico otimizado dos pacientes. A redu&#231;&#227;o das DCV em mulheres no Brasil e no mundo &#233; uma tarefa complexa, que depende de in&#250;meros agentes e de um esfor&#231;o continuado.</p>
      <p>A SBC, que re&#250;ne a maioria dos cardiologistas brasileiros e tem em seus quadros um ter&#231;o de cardiologistas mulheres, vem desenvolvendo a&#231;&#245;es continuadas para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade por DCV atrav&#233;s do Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher.</p>
      <p>Desse modo, foi publicada, nos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> , a &#8220;Carta das Mulheres&#8221;, <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> que avan&#231;ou em estabelecer delibera&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#245;es concretas para diminuir a morbimortalidade por DCV em mulheres. Dentre elas destacam-se: trabalhar coletivamente em defesa das metas globais para preven&#231;&#227;o e controle de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, especialmente as DCV nas brasileiras; estabelecer campanhas de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, promovendo esfor&#231;os consistentes para obter a meta de redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% da taxa de mortalidade at&#233; 2030; elaborar e sugerir pol&#237;ticas governamentais para promover ambientes adequados para a redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao risco, facilitando a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis em ambientes escolares, de trabalho e de lazer, voltadas ao combate &#224;s DCV na mulher; atuar junto aos governos para o desenvolvimento e a aplica&#231;&#227;o de programa de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, al&#233;m da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias custo-efetivas para a redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade por DCV nas mulheres; mobilizar os meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o para levar informa&#231;&#245;es continuadas sobre a import&#226;ncia das DCV nas mulheres, seus principais FR e formas de preven&#231;&#227;o, ampliando a divulga&#231;&#227;o para a popula&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce; fornecer o mais alto n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada; promover o interc&#226;mbio t&#233;cnico-cient&#237;fico, cultural e social entre as cardiologistas do Brasil e do mundo; e fomentar o conhecimento cient&#237;fico necess&#225;rio para aumentar a participa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres nas ci&#234;ncias e nos eventos cient&#237;ficos das &#225;reas de sa&#250;de e ci&#234;ncias afins.</p>
      <p>Mesmo tendo em vista os enormes avan&#231;os cient&#237;ficos e tecnol&#243;gicos j&#225; alcan&#231;ados ou em perspectiva na cardiologia, precisamos modificar o paradigma de sa&#250;de e doen&#231;a, com o objetivo de abordagem populacional, que viabilize o benef&#237;cio de tais conquistas a toda a popula&#231;&#227;o. Para tanto, faz-se necess&#225;rio um grande pacto entre a sociedade civil, as sociedades de especialidades, o governo e a comunidade para que seja implementada uma reforma na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e na educa&#231;&#227;o dos demais profissionais da sa&#250;de, paralelamente a uma ampla discuss&#227;o na sociedade, contribuindo para conscientiza&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento das doen&#231;as que mais causam mortes em homens e mulheres no Brasil.</p>
      <p>O Brasil, ao estabelecer na Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal o compromisso inalien&#225;vel com a preserva&#231;&#227;o da dignidade da pessoa humana, definiu a sa&#250;de como direito social, assegurando o acesso universal, integral e gratuito a todos os brasileiros.</p>
      <p>Mesmo com as garantias constitucionais, as iniquidades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres persistem e ainda espreitam a sociedade brasileira. Por isso, necess&#225;rio se faz, por interm&#233;dio de a&#231;&#245;es afirmativas, remarcar a necessidade de assegurar a igualdade imprescind&#237;vel entre homens e mulheres, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; conscientiza&#231;&#227;o das DCV na mulher, que lamentavelmente ainda s&#227;o negligenciadas no Brasil. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Desse modo, foi proposto o &#8220;Dia Nacional de Conscientiza&#231;&#227;o das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres&#8221; pelos autores da &#8220;Carta das Mulheres&#8221;, aprovado pela Lei 14.320 de 2022, sancionada pelo presidente da Rep&#250;blica e publicada no Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o de 1&#186; de abril. Esse dia teve origem no Projeto de Lei 1.136/2019, de autoria da deputada federal e cardiologista Mariana Carvalho. Ser&#225; comemorado no dia 14 de maio em homenagem ao nascimento da m&#233;dica Bettina Ferro de Souza, que foi a primeira presidente mulher da SBC.</p>
      <p>&#201; fundamental promover iniciativas para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a import&#226;ncia da sa&#250;de cardiovascular ao longo da vida da mulher. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; fundamental compreender melhor as disparidades locais na sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres para definir pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, reduzir lacunas e promover a equidade de sexo na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de brasileira.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, o Departamento de Cardiologia da Mulher da SBC apresenta seu <bold>Posicionamento sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular nas Mulheres</bold> com foco na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Com esse documento, pretendemos contribuir para atingir o objetivo que tra&#231;amos na &#8220;Carta das Mulheres&#8221; de exercer um papel de lideran&#231;a nas pol&#237;ticas brasileiras para a sa&#250;de, fornecendo aos gestores uma vis&#227;o geral da relev&#226;ncia das DCV nas mulheres. Tal vis&#227;o vai permitir a eles tra&#231;ar a&#231;&#245;es estrat&#233;gicas para reduzir a preval&#234;ncia de FR, melhorar o diagn&#243;stico e a abordagem terap&#234;utica, reduzindo assim os desfechos cardiovasculares, com impacto na sa&#250;de f&#237;sica, mental e espiritual das mulheres brasileiras.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Destaques deste Posicionamento</title>
      <p>Neste cap&#237;tulo 1, apresentamos os principais destaques dos cap&#237;tulos 2 a 10 deste documento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Epidemiologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nas mulheres</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Houve aumento da preval&#234;ncia de DCV nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos nos jovens de 15-49 anos, de ambos os sexos, bem como maior preval&#234;ncia porcentual das DCV nas mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens at&#233; o ano de 2011, a partir do qual, a preval&#234;ncia de DCV nos homens foi proporcionalmente maior. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>As DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morte em adultos de ambos os sexos, representadas nesse segmento et&#225;rio principalmente pela DIC e pela doen&#231;a cerebrovascular. A DIC foi respons&#225;vel por porcentual de &#243;bitos similares em mulheres e homens, enquanto o porcentual dos &#243;bitos por AVC foi maior em mulheres do que em homens. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Nas demais faixas et&#225;rias, do nascimento ao in&#237;cio da vida adulta, as malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas da febre reum&#225;tica e as cardiomiopatias, dentre outras, t&#234;m papel importante na mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o em ambos os sexos. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Entre os FR tradicionais, o excesso de peso, a obesidade e o diabetes mellitus foram mais frequentes nas mulheres. Cabe ressaltar tamb&#233;m que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS autorreferida no Brasil foi maior no sexo feminino do que no masculino.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco cardiovascular nas mulheres</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O reconhecimento dos FR da mulher, quer espec&#237;ficos, mais prevalentes ou similares aos dos homens, assim como o conhecimento do risco de 10 anos para DCV ateroscler&#243;tica, &#233; um passo fundamental na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco das DCV no sexo feminino. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Nas mulheres, os FR tradicionais para DCV mais impactantes incluem: diabetes mellitus, HAS, dislipidemia, tabagismo, obesidade e sedentarismo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A preval&#234;ncia dos FR tradicionais citados vem aumentando mesmo em mulheres mais jovens e, quando associados a FR espec&#237;ficos do sexo, contribuem para o aumento da morbimortalidade; em geral, por&#233;m, n&#227;o s&#227;o considerados na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de RCV. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos do sexo, como s&#237;ndrome dos ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos, uso de contraceptivo hormonal, doen&#231;a hipertensiva da gravidez, eventos adversos da gravidez, THM, riscos agregados &#224;s doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e autoimunes (artrite reumatoide, l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico) e dist&#250;rbios depressivos s&#227;o considerados FPR. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de RCV nas mulheres, devem-se considerar, al&#233;m dos estratificadores de risco, os agravantes de risco associados com diabetes mellitus, os FPR e os FR inerentes ao sexo, a fim de instituir mudan&#231;a do estilo de vida e recomendar medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria das DCV, com o objetivo de identificar e tratar mais precocemente um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres em risco. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nas mulheres</title>
        <sec>
          <title>1 &#8211; Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Atualmente s&#227;o bem definidos mecanismos adicionais de isquemia coronariana, sendo mais apropriado falar em DIC por se referir &#224;s diversas afec&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias geradoras de isquemia, como o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial coron&#225;ria, isquemia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o obstrutiva, dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, doen&#231;a microvascular, vasoespasmo coronariano e embolia/trombose coronariana. Nas mulheres, muitos dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de DIC est&#227;o relacionados a uma ou mais dessas afec&#231;&#245;es, que podem estar presentes mesmo nas mais jovens e gestantes.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2 &#8211; Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fisiopatologia da IC, devido &#224;s respostas hormonais, as mulheres mostram diferen&#231;as quanto a epidemiologia, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, desfechos e tratamento da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> Existem fen&#243;tipos de IC mais prevalentes em mulheres, como a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo, e espec&#237;ficos, como a cardiomiopatia periparto. Por&#233;m, tanto na IC cr&#244;nica quanto na aguda, ensaios cl&#237;nicos/registros voltados especialmente para mulheres s&#227;o escassos e as evid&#234;ncias s&#227;o provenientes de suban&#225;lise de grandes estudos em que as mulheres est&#227;o sub-representadas. Registros prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos poderiam trazer evid&#234;ncias mais precisas na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, com o envolvimento de maior n&#250;mero de mulheres tanto na IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, quanto na IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3 &#8211; Arritmias</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>As mulheres t&#234;m mais taquicardia sinusal e taquicardia por reentrada nodal, sendo que a gravidez aumenta o risco de taquicardias supraventriculares. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Na s&#237;ndrome do QT longo tipo 2, &#233; conhecido um maior risco de morte s&#250;bita entre as mulheres e um maior risco de pr&#243;-arritmia. No puerp&#233;rio, o QT longo aumenta o risco de <italic>torsades de pointes.</italic> <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> <italic/> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Nas mulheres, a morte s&#250;bita de etiologia card&#237;aca ocorre mais por causas n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, sendo os homens mais reanimados e tratados com desfibrilador. O implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, como preven&#231;&#227;o tanto prim&#225;ria quanto secund&#225;ria, &#233; mais comum nos homens, por&#233;m o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento &#233; maior nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Embora a incid&#234;ncia de FA seja maior nos homens, as mulheres mais idosas t&#234;m mais FA, mais sintomas e pior qualidade de vida. A HAS e a obesidade s&#227;o fortes preditores de risco de FA nas mulheres. Elas mais frequentemente apresentam FA parox&#237;stica, AVC, tromboembolismo, IC e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es, al&#233;m de maior CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc e maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4 &#8211; Doen&#231;a cardiovascular e c&#226;ncer</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A cardiotoxicidade &#233; um desafio no tratamento dos c&#226;nceres na mulher, especialmente o de mama, por ser um dos mais frequentes e por levar &#224; incid&#234;ncia aumentada de eventos cardiovasculares e de mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres sem neoplasia. Os riscos variam de acordo com o tratamento do c&#226;ncer. Esse pode agredir o sistema cardiovascular levando a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, desde assintom&#225;tica e revers&#237;vel at&#233; IC sintom&#225;tica e irrevers&#237;vel, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, pericardite, miocardite, arritmias ventriculares, HAS, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, entre outras. Variantes gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o fatores relacionados ao risco de cardiomiopatia, explicando porque pacientes com o mesmo perfil desenvolvem cardiotoxicidade e outras n&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A an&#225;lise dos FR cardiovasculares antes, durante e ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento oncol&#243;gico, a interven&#231;&#227;o nos FR modific&#225;veis de forma efetiva, al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico e do tratamento precoces de cardiotoxicidade dos quimioter&#225;picos ir&#227;o impactar o progn&#243;stico dessas pacientes.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5 &#8211; AVC, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e dem&#234;ncia</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Pesquisas futuras voltadas para o reconhecimento dos FR de AVC espec&#237;ficos do sexo feminino e uma pontua&#231;&#227;o para identifica&#231;&#227;o desse grupo de maior risco s&#227;o urgentemente necess&#225;rias para elaborar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC nas mulheres.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica tem correla&#231;&#227;o com DIC e, na sua vig&#234;ncia, o tratamento dos FR tradicionais &#233; medida preventiva em ambos os sexos. O reconhecimento de FR espec&#237;ficos da mulher, como gravidez e suas complica&#231;&#245;es, ou de fatores predominantemente femininos pode permitir uma adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o precoces.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As mulheres parecem ter maior risco de desenvolver dem&#234;ncia e altera&#231;&#245;es de mem&#243;ria relacionadas &#224; idade do que os homens. Apesar de existirem estudos mostrando que o estrog&#234;nio tem papel importante na fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva em mulheres, a THM n&#227;o demonstrou efeito ben&#233;fico em reduzir essas altera&#231;&#245;es, mesmo em mulheres mais jovens. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Em pacientes com menos de 55 anos, independentemente do sexo, as principais causas de altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas e dem&#234;ncia s&#227;o doen&#231;a de Alzheimer, dem&#234;ncia vascular, dem&#234;ncia frontoparietal e dem&#234;ncia relacionada ao alcoolismo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Existem FR vasculares relacionados a dem&#234;ncia precoce, como AVC, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a renal, DCV, HAS, alcoolismo cr&#244;nico e intoxica&#231;&#227;o por drogas. O controle de FR cardiovascular tem importante papel na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as demenciais e cognitivas, principalmente em mulheres mais jovens.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6 &#8211; Doen&#231;as valvares</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>O seguimento das mulheres portadoras de estenose a&#243;rtica ou doen&#231;a valvar mitral exige cuidadoso e cont&#237;nuo julgamento sobre o melhor modelo de tratamento. As decis&#245;es quanto &#224; conduta cl&#237;nica ou intervencionista dependem do diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico e funcional da doen&#231;a e da cuidadosa avalia&#231;&#227;o da paciente.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Quando comparadas aos homens, considerando o mesmo grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar, as mulheres apresentam uma tend&#234;ncia a maior gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica em raz&#227;o da fibrose do aparelho valvar, que &#233; mais pronunciada do que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o. Apresentam tamb&#233;m perfis distintos relacionados &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, &#224; resposta ao tratamento e aos resultados ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o valvar. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Nas substitui&#231;&#245;es valvares a&#243;rticas transcateter, mulheres s&#227;o mais idosas e apresentam melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e menor preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; contudo, apresentam comorbidades, como diabetes mellitus e FA. Caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas do sexo feminino, tais como menor dist&#226;ncia entre os &#243;stios coronarianos e o anel valvar e maior preval&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar e da aorta, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior incid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana durante o procedimento. O menor di&#226;metro dos vasos perif&#233;ricos tamb&#233;m causa maiores complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e sangramento. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dentre as medidas preventivas nas doen&#231;as valvares, destacam-se a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica e a profilaxia antibi&#243;tica da endocardite infecciosa, notadamente no parto. A doen&#231;a valvar nas mulheres tem caracter&#237;sticas peculiares com impacto significativo nos resultados do tratamento e progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es de profilaxia de endocardite infecciosa na gravidez s&#227;o: mulheres portadoras de valvopatia reum&#225;tica, pr&#243;teses valvares, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cianog&#234;nica e passado de endocardite infecciosa.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7 &#8211; Diabetes mellitus, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e doen&#231;as hipertensivas na gravidez</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Diabetes gestacional est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es materno-fetais, tais como PE, prematuridade e morte perinatal. Mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida, como atividade f&#237;sica regular na gravidez, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas ou cardiovasculares, reduz os riscos dessas complica&#231;&#245;es de forma substancial. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A hipertens&#227;o na gravidez como FR para DCV no futuro est&#225; bem embasada na literatura; mulheres primigestas que desenvolveram HG tiveram maior risco de DCV no futuro, notadamente ap&#243;s a menopausa. Portanto, a melhor recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; iniciar a preven&#231;&#227;o da PE e outras formas de HG antes da gravidez, incluindo peso corporal adequado, dieta saud&#225;vel e orientada, al&#233;m de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos regulares. Nas mulheres de alto risco, o uso do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico no primeiro trimestre e a reposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio nas gestantes com baixa ingesta di&#225;ria devem ser indicados. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8 &#8211; Gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia aumenta complica&#231;&#245;es maternas, fetais e neonatais, al&#233;m de agravar problemas socioecon&#244;micos previamente existentes e influenciar o futuro de gera&#231;&#245;es, devendo assim, ser abordada de forma eficiente e cont&#237;nua em todos os n&#237;veis socioecon&#244;micos de nossa sociedade.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Um dos mais importantes fatores de preven&#231;&#227;o da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia &#233; a educa&#231;&#227;o sobre a sexualidade e a sa&#250;de reprodutiva, apoiada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e em programas de promo&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> A instru&#231;&#227;o deve ser direcionada a aspectos biol&#243;gicos, respeito rec&#237;proco, atividades sexuais com responsabilidade e uso de m&#233;todos contraceptivos seguros e eficazes na preven&#231;&#227;o da gravidez e na prote&#231;&#227;o contra infec&#231;&#245;es sexualmente transmiss&#237;veis. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Adolescentes que s&#227;o orientados por provedores determinados a enfrentar temas dif&#237;ceis, como preven&#231;&#227;o da gravidez e contracep&#231;&#227;o, est&#227;o mais engajados em seu bem-estar. A orienta&#231;&#227;o qualificada e bem feita sobre a sexualidade na adolesc&#234;ncia &#233; um investimento para um futuro com mais sa&#250;de, proveito e autoestima.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Peculiaridades dos m&#233;todos proped&#234;uticos nas mulheres</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>O eletrocardiograma nas mulheres difere em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; magnitude dos sinais el&#233;tricos, com menor amplitude do QRS, do ponto J e da onda T e maior intervalo QT corrigido. A invers&#227;o da onda T anterior, isso &#233;, al&#233;m de V1, ocorre em cerca de 2,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o e &#233; mais comum em mulheres, independentemente do <italic>status</italic> de atividade f&#237;sica. &#201; um padr&#227;o benigno desde que ocorra em assintom&#225;ticas e de baixo risco, pois estudos com RMC sugerem que possa refletir um deslocamento lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito. <sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o observadas em 45% das portadoras de implantes mam&#225;rios: invers&#227;o de ondas T, depress&#227;o do segmento ST inferolateral, baixa progress&#227;o de R de V1-V4, intervalo QT prolongado e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, podendo assim levar a interpreta&#231;&#245;es enganosas. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>No TE, as mulheres mostram mais depress&#227;o do segmento ST de car&#225;ter falso-positivo e a acur&#225;cia varia com a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DIC. Nas mulheres, a associa&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse ao TE tem melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do que o TE isoladamente. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o tem excelente valor preditivo negativo em mulheres de risco pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;rio/alto. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A medida da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal para a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser utilizada em mulheres com pelo menos dois FR cardiovascular. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> A presen&#231;a de placa como fator agravante para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser usada em mulheres com risco intermedi&#225;rio. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Mulheres com escore de c&#225;lcio maior que zero e calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial mam&#225;ria t&#234;m risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos maior do que homens. A angiotomografia coronariana evidencia o padr&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutivo de coron&#225;rias, que &#233; mais prevalente em mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Coron&#225;rias normais na coronariografia s&#227;o mais comuns em mulheres. O risco de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares da coronariografia &#233; maior entre as mulheres, que apresentam maior tend&#234;ncia para desenvolver les&#227;o renal aguda ap&#243;s contraste. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A RMC &#233; excelente op&#231;&#227;o para as mulheres, especialmente em idade f&#233;rtil, em gestantes e naquelas em tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama. Al&#233;m disso, pode evidenciar altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais e/ou mioc&#225;rdicas, auxiliando no diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dor tor&#225;cica e sendo particularmente &#250;til na abordagem da DIC em mulheres.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres nos estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre fatores de risco e doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>A DCV &#233; a maior causa de morte no mundo e cada vez mais reconhecida como tendo caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo quanto aos processos de adoecer, manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e resultados dos tratamentos. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as na express&#227;o da DCV em homens e mulheres determina, portanto, que as mulheres devam ser igualmente representadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Apesar do aumento da representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres nos estudos cl&#237;nicos mais recentes, isso n&#227;o ocorreu em todas as &#225;reas de investiga&#231;&#227;o da DCV. As mulheres permanecem em minoria nos estudos de arritmias, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana aguda e cr&#244;nica e IC, em especial naqueles que envolvem interven&#231;&#245;es com o uso de dispositivos implant&#225;veis e procedimentos de alta complexidade.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o das barreiras a serem transpostas, para que se obtenha equidade no cen&#225;rio da representa&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos nos estudos cl&#237;nicos, oferece in&#250;meras oportunidades para que a sua resolu&#231;&#227;o permita a equidade na sele&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o das mulheres como sujeitos de estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre DCV e seus FR.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Essa equidade &#233; necess&#225;ria para o acurado conhecimento da express&#227;o da DCV e seus FR nas mulheres, bem como do impacto do tratamento no progn&#243;stico cardiovascular das mulheres.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria nas mulheres</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>A APS &#233; geralmente o primeiro contato da mulher com o setor sa&#250;de e ocorre de forma eletiva ou por busca ativa dos agentes comunit&#225;rios de sa&#250;de. As equipes de APS devem contemplar todo o curso de vida das mulheres, com a&#231;&#245;es voltadas para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de integral, com &#234;nfase no bem-estar f&#237;sico, mental e espiritual.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Ao longo do tempo, observou-se uma descentraliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos iniciada pelo Programa de Assist&#234;ncia Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de da Mulher e consolidada pela Pol&#237;tica de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de da Mulher. A garantia do acesso das mulheres a todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de e a integra&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es e dos servi&#231;os permanecem como desafio, assim como o planejamento local e o monitoramento dos indicadores para promover a redu&#231;&#227;o de agravos e de &#243;bitos evit&#225;veis.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Faz-se necess&#225;ria uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma nas pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas voltadas para a sa&#250;de integral das mulheres, especialmente quando consideramos que as DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morte das mulheres, na maior parte de seu ciclo de vida.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title><italic>Burnout</italic> , qualidade de vida e espiritualidade nas mulheres</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p><italic>Burnout</italic> associa-se positivamente com o consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, dist&#250;rbios do sono, depress&#227;o, sedentarismo, obesidade e dores musculoesquel&#233;ticas, sendo um preditor significativo de hipercolesterolemia e diabetes tipo 2, relacionando-se com maior incid&#234;ncia de DIC e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por DCV. <sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho t&#234;m impacto conhecido na sa&#250;de dos trabalhadores e as mulheres, por estarem mais inseridas no mercado de trabalho e sobrecarregadas com atividade laboral dupla, apresentam altas taxas de <italic>burnout</italic> .</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O curso de vida das mulheres &#233; permeado por experi&#234;ncias de perda, estresse, ansiedade e medo, que aumentam a vulnerabilidade psicol&#243;gica e facilitam o aparecimento de sintomas de ansiedade-depress&#227;o. Entretanto, resili&#234;ncia, espiritualidade e cren&#231;as pessoais parecem desempenhar um papel mediador em algumas dessas vari&#225;veis psicol&#243;gicas, associando-se com melhor qualidade de vida e menor frequ&#234;ncia de DCV nas mulheres.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares da COVID-19 na gesta&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>A gravidade da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 &#233; maior em mulheres gr&#225;vidas em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o gr&#225;vidas, com admiss&#227;o em unidades de terapia intensiva, uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e aumento da mortalidade e morbidade, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos e outros eventos tromb&#243;ticos, PE, trabalho de parto e parto prematuros. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a COVID-19 foi associada a uma taxa mais alta (e propor&#231;&#245;es combinadas) de parto prematuro, PE, cesariana e morte perinatal. <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O manejo das complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas na gravidez deve envolver o acompanhamento multidisciplinar com cardiologista, obstetra e neonatologista.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 na gravidez &#233; importante no diagn&#243;stico diferencial com outras complica&#231;&#245;es, como dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana e cardiomiopatia periparto. <sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O in&#237;cio e a dura&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica na gravidez associada com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 devem considerar a gravidade da doen&#231;a, a necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o, a rela&#231;&#227;o temporal entre a ocorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a e o momento do parto e o risco pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico conferido pelas comorbidades adicionais. <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, deve-se refor&#231;ar a vacina&#231;&#227;o, principal forma de preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; COVID-19. As medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o, como uso de m&#225;scara, higiene das m&#227;os e evitar aglomera&#231;&#227;o, devem ser mantidas.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Perspectivas futuras para a melhoria do cuidado cardiovascular das mulheres</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>As taxas de mortalidade por DCV nas mulheres permanecem elevadas e estagnadas na maioria das regi&#245;es do mundo, com pequena ou nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos. O RCV na mulher ainda &#233; subestimado pela popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e, em especial, pelas pr&#243;prias mulheres e pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de. A n&#227;o implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV em mulheres retarda o diagn&#243;stico de v&#225;rias DCV, em especial da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, que &#233; frequentemente negligenciada nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup> </p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A compreens&#227;o clara das disparidades de sexo e de g&#234;nero na mortalidade prematura por DCV &#233; essencial para o desenvolvimento de a&#231;&#245;es preventivas e de controle dessas doen&#231;as. A falta de estudos cl&#237;nicos robustos e a sub-representa&#231;&#227;o do sexo feminino nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos contribuem para o escasso conhecimento sobre as DCV nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> &#201; mandat&#243;rio investir em mais pesquisas sobre o papel dos horm&#244;nios sexuais no RCV global feminino.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Reduzir a carga de DCV em mulheres at&#233; 2030 &#233; uma meta ambiciosa, por&#233;m um imperativo, especialmente porque, em grande parte, os FR cardiovasculares podem ser modificados e mitigados.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Epidemiologia das Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres</title>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DCV, segundo o Estudo GBD 2019, foi de 6,1% da popula&#231;&#227;o em 2019, 12.946.932 (II 95%, 11.899.752 &#8211; 13.617.524) indiv&#237;duos, sendo 51% do sexo masculino. Os homens apresentaram maior taxa de preval&#234;ncia padronizada por idade do que as mulheres em 2019 ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.1</xref> ). Entre 1990 e 2019, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de preval&#234;ncia de 8,7% nos homens, que foi menor do que a das mulheres, 12,8%. Houve aumento da preval&#234;ncia de DCV nesse per&#237;odo nos jovens de 15-49 anos de ambos os sexos, bem como maior preval&#234;ncia das DCV nas mulheres at&#233; o ano de 2011, a partir do qual a preval&#234;ncia das DCV nos homens foi maior ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 2.1</xref> e <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.2</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 2.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular padronizadas por idade, por 100 mil habitantes, por sexo, Brasil, 1990-2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>N&#250;mero de casos e taxas de preval&#234;ncia, incid&#234;ncia, mortes e DALYs de doen&#231;a cardiovascular padronizadas por idade nas mulheres, por 100 mil habitantes, e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual das taxas, por grupo et&#225;rio, no Brasil, em 1990 e 2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Grupos Et&#225;rios</th>
                <th colspan="2">1990</th>
                <th colspan="2">2019</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual (II 95%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N&#250;mero (II 95%)</th>
                <th>Taxa (II 95%)</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero (II 95%)</th>
                <th>Taxa (II 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>PREVAL&#202;NCIA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 15-49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">81840.1 (71524.9;92783.6)</td>
                <td align="center">210.2 (183.7;238.3)</td>
                <td align="center">105700 (92430.3;120336.2)</td>
                <td align="center">180.7 (158.1;205.8)</td>
                <td align="center">-14 (-16.8;-10.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 50-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">102496.1 (91526.7;114514.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1255.7 (1121.3;1402.9)</td>
                <td align="center">208399.3 (186607.1;232143.7)</td>
                <td align="center">973.2 (871.4;1084)</td>
                <td align="center">-22.5 (-25;-19.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 5-14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">26514.1 (17557.2;37666.8)</td>
                <td align="center">151.7 (100.4;215.5)</td>
                <td align="center">24476.1 (16014.6;34617.6)</td>
                <td align="center">154.6 (101.1;218.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 (-1.4;5.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 70+ anos</td>
                <td align="center">77895.9 (69702.8;86822.5)</td>
                <td align="center">3321.7 (2972.3;3702.4)</td>
                <td align="center">200343.1 (180509.1;222408)</td>
                <td align="center">2653.3 (2390.6;2945.5)</td>
                <td align="center">-20.1 (-22.9;-17.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Padronizada por idade</td>
                <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                <td align="center">557.5 (523.8;597.3)</td>
                <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                <td align="center">437.4 (411;468.6)</td>
                <td align="center">-21.5 (-23.3;-20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Todas as idades</td>
                <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                <td align="center">391.9 (366;421.7)</td>
                <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                <td align="center">491.1 (462.3;524.5)</td>
                <td align="center">25.3 (21.7;29.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Abaixo de 5</td>
                <td align="center">6216.7 (4434;8521.4)</td>
                <td align="center">74.5 (53.1;102.1)</td>
                <td align="center">5596.8 (3974;7644)</td>
                <td align="center">73.8 (52.4;100.8)</td>
                <td align="center">-1 (-4;2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>INCID&#202;NCIA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 15-49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">81840.1 (71524.9;92783.6)</td>
                <td align="center">210.2 (183.7;238.3)</td>
                <td align="center">105700 (92430.3;120336.2)</td>
                <td align="center">180.7 (158.1;205.8)</td>
                <td align="center">-14 (-16.8;-10.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 50-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">102496.1 (91526.7;114514.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1255.7 (1121.3;1402.9)</td>
                <td align="center">208399.3 (186607.1;232143.7)</td>
                <td align="center">973.2 (871.4;1084)</td>
                <td align="center">-22.5 (-25;-19.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 5-14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">26514.1 (17557.2;37666.8)</td>
                <td align="center">151.7 (100.4;215.5)</td>
                <td align="center">24476.1 (16014.6;34617.6)</td>
                <td align="center">154.6 (101.1;218.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.9 (-1.4;5.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 70+ anos</td>
                <td align="center">77895.9 (69702.8;86822.5)</td>
                <td align="center">3321.7 (2972.3;3702.4)</td>
                <td align="center">200343.1 (180509.1;222408)</td>
                <td align="center">2653.3 (2390.6;2945.5)</td>
                <td align="center">-20.1 (-22.9;-17.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Padronizada por idade</td>
                <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                <td align="center">557.5 (523.8;597.3)</td>
                <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                <td align="center">437.4 (411;468.6)</td>
                <td align="center">-21.5 (-23.3;-20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Todas as idades</td>
                <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                <td align="center">391.9 (366;421.7)</td>
                <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                <td align="center">491.1 (462.3;524.5)</td>
                <td align="center">25.3 (21.7;29.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Abaixo de 5</td>
                <td align="center">6216.7 (4434;8521.4)</td>
                <td align="center">74.5 (53.1;102.1)</td>
                <td align="center">5596.8 (3974;7644)</td>
                <td align="center">73.8 (52.4;100.8)</td>
                <td align="center">-1 (-4;2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>MORTES</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 15-49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">769476.9 (739810.4;801490.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1976.3 (1900.1;2058.5)</td>
                <td align="center">679263.9 (631272.6;728617.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1161.5 (1079.5;1245.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-41.2 (-44.5;-37.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 50-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1154563.6 (1117881.8;1194713.4)</td>
                <td align="center">14144.8 (13695.4;14636.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1485239.2 (1407973.4;1568445)</td>
                <td align="center">6935.6 (6574.8;7324.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-51 (-53.4;-48.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 5-14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">38226.4 (34169.5;42955.7)</td>
                <td align="center">218.7 (195.5;245.7)</td>
                <td align="center">22398 (18744.9;26627.2)</td>
                <td align="center">141.4 (118.4;168.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-35.3 (-42.9;-28.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 70+ anos</td>
                <td align="center">976778.1 (898018.1;1019807.9)</td>
                <td align="center">41652.6 (38294.1;43487.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1661643.2 (1472104.5;1785160.2)</td>
                <td align="center">22006.3 (19496.1;23642.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-47.2 (-50.2;-44.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Padronizada por idade</td>
                <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                <td align="center">6191.2 (5895.3;6408.3)</td>
                <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3019.5 (2810.8;3195.6)</td>
                <td align="center">-51.2 (-53.4;-49.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Todas as idades</td>
                <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                <td align="center">4008.9 (3849.7;4141.7)</td>
                <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3495.4 (3251.1;3697.5)</td>
                <td align="center">-12.8 (-17;-8.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Abaixo de 5</td>
                <td align="center">78467.3 (65203.6;97481.4)</td>
                <td align="center">940.3 (781.4;1168.2)</td>
                <td align="center">26657.3 (21657.1;32912.1)</td>
                <td align="center">351.4 (285.5;433.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-62.6 (-73.6;-49.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>DALYs</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 15-49 anos</td>
                <td align="center">769476.9 (739810.4;801490.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1976.3 (1900.1;2058.5)</td>
                <td align="center">679263.9 (631272.6;728617.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1161.5 (1079.5;1245.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-41.2 (-44.5;-37.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 50-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1154563.6 (1117881.8;1194713.4)</td>
                <td align="center">14144.8 (13695.4;14636.7)</td>
                <td align="center">1485239.2 (1407973.4;1568445)</td>
                <td align="center">6935.6 (6574.8;7324.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-51 (-53.4;-48.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 5-14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">38226.4 (34169.5;42955.7)</td>
                <td align="center">218.7 (195.5;245.7)</td>
                <td align="center">22398 (18744.9;26627.2)</td>
                <td align="center">141.4 (118.4;168.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-35.3 (-42.9;-28.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> 70+ anos</td>
                <td align="center">976778.1 (898018.1;1019807.9)</td>
                <td align="center">41652.6 (38294.1;43487.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1661643.2 (1472104.5;1785160.2)</td>
                <td align="center">22006.3 (19496.1;23642.2)</td>
                <td align="center">-47.2 (-50.2;-44.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Padronizada por idade</td>
                <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                <td align="center">6191.2 (5895.3;6408.3)</td>
                <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3019.5 (2810.8;3195.6)</td>
                <td align="center">-51.2 (-53.4;-49.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Todas as idades</td>
                <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                <td align="center">4008.9 (3849.7;4141.7)</td>
                <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                <td align="center">3495.4 (3251.1;3697.5)</td>
                <td align="center">-12.8 (-17;-8.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Abaixo de 5</td>
                <td align="center">78467.3 (65203.6;97481.4)</td>
                <td align="center">940.3 (781.4;1168.2)</td>
                <td align="center">26657.3 (21657.1;32912.1)</td>
                <td align="center">351.4 (285.5;433.9)</td>
                <td align="center">-62.6 (-73.6;-49.5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. Taxa/100 mil habitantes. <sup>1</sup> II: intervalo de incerteza.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, por sexo, no Brasil, 1990-2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em 2019, no Brasil, as taxas de incid&#234;ncia de DIC, principalmente infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, padronizadas por idade foram 78 e 148 por 100 mil habitantes em mulheres e homens, respectivamente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DIC cr&#244;nica (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, angina est&#225;vel ou IC isqu&#234;mica), as taxas de preval&#234;ncia padronizadas por idade foram 1.046 e 2.534 por 100 mil em mulheres e homens, respectivamente ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 2.1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise dos dados do GBD 2019, observa-se redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade por DCV padronizada por idade para mulheres. No in&#237;cio do per&#237;odo, em 1990, existia acentuada diferen&#231;a entre as regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas brasileiras, com redu&#231;&#227;o da diferen&#231;a das taxas de mortalidade ao final do per&#237;odo. Tal fato pode ser explicado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada no Sudeste e Sul, regi&#245;es que concentram as maiores popula&#231;&#245;es e renda, e mais modesta no Norte e Nordeste ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figuras 2.3</xref> e <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">2.4</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, por sexo, Brasil, 1990-2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 2.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular padronizadas por idade, por 100 mil habitantes, nas mulheres, no Brasil e suas regi&#245;es, 1990-2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil, em mulheres e homens, tendo diminu&#237;do 50,6% entre 1990 e 2019 ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 2.1</xref> ). Embora as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade fossem maiores nos homens em todo o per&#237;odo, a redu&#231;&#227;o porcentual foi similar para ambos os sexos, 48% para homens e 52% para mulheres. A mortalidade proporcional por DCV foi maior nas mulheres durante todo o per&#237;odo de 1990 a 2019 ( <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.3</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>De acordo com as estimativas do Estudo GBD 2019, entre as DCV, a DIC foi a primeira causa de morte no Brasil, seguida pelo AVC. A DIC foi respons&#225;vel por 12,03% e 12,2% dos &#243;bitos em mulheres e homens, respectivamente, e o porcentual dos &#243;bitos por AVC foi maior em mulheres do que em homens, 10,39% e 8,41%, respectivamente. Os DALYs estimados por DIC foram 1.276,6 (1.165,2;1.359) e 2.179,4 (2.054,4;2.296,3) e por AVC foram 1.235,6 (1.133,8;1.322,5) e 1.410,1 (1.323,5;1.487,9) em mulheres e homens, respectivamente ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figuras 2.5</xref> e <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">2.6</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 2.5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;a cardiovascular nas mulheres (A) e nos homens (B), por faixa et&#225;ria, no Brasil, 2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 2.6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>DALYs (%) por doen&#231;a cardiovascular nas mulheres (A) e nos homens (B), por faixa et&#225;ria, no Brasil, 2019.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de FA e <italic>flutter</italic> atrial foi maior nos homens em 2019 do que nas mulheres, mas as mulheres apresentaram maior taxa de mortalidade e DALYs padronizada por idade em 2019. A FA ocorre associada com a DCR avan&#231;ada, especialmente a estenose mitral, mais frequente em mulheres, na raz&#227;o de 3 para 2.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia padronizada por idade de DCR apresentou discreto aumento de 2,1%, sendo mais alta nas mulheres (3,5%). No entanto, houve redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade atribu&#237;veis &#224; DCR e a redu&#231;&#227;o porcentual foi similar em ambos os sexos nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figuras 2.5</xref> e <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">2.6</xref> ). Tamb&#233;m as mulheres apresentaram maior mortalidade proporcional por estenose a&#243;rtica no Brasil em 2019. Observam-se ainda taxas decrescentes de DALYs entre 1990 e 2019, que foram similares para homens e mulheres ( <xref rid="f05" ref-type="fig">Figuras 2.5</xref> e <xref rid="f06" ref-type="fig">2.6</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Segundo dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, 1.185.120 &#243;bitos ocorridos entre 1980 e 2018 tiveram a IC listada como sua causa b&#225;sica (49,3% [584.155] em homens). <sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> As raz&#245;es entre as taxas brutas de mortalidade por IC em ambos os sexos, por grupo et&#225;rio e regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica s&#227;o mostradas na <xref rid="t5" ref-type="table">Tabela 2.2</xref> . Observamos raz&#245;es maiores ou iguais a 1 em quase todo o per&#237;odo, faixas et&#225;rias e regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, mostrando maior mortalidade nos homens, exceto nas regi&#245;es Norte (1985-1989), Nordeste (1980-1984) e Sul na faixa et&#225;ria de 60 anos e mais, onde a mortalidade das mulheres foi maior. <sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref> , <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Raz&#227;o entre as taxas brutas de mortalidade nos sexos masculino e feminino, em grupos et&#225;rios, em per&#237;odos de 5 anos, por regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria</th>
                <th align="left">Regi&#227;o / Per&#237;odo</th>
                <th>1980-1984</th>
                <th>1985-1989</th>
                <th>1990-1994</th>
                <th>1995-1999</th>
                <th>2000-2004</th>
                <th>2005-2009</th>
                <th>2010-2014</th>
                <th>2015-2018</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>0-29</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Norte</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sul</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Centro-Oeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>30-59</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Norte</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sul</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Centro-Oeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>60+</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Norte</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Sul</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td>Centro-Oeste</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de-Datasus. <sup>35,36</sup> </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os FR para DCV em brasileiras, destacam-se HAS, riscos diet&#233;ticos, obesidade, aumento do colesterol s&#233;rico e glicemia de jejum elevada ( <xref rid="f07" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.7</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> O FR que mais aumentou no Brasil, de 1990 a 2019, foi o IMC elevado. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup> Os FR espec&#237;ficos nas mulheres com AVC incluem gravidez, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes gestacional, uso de contracep&#231;&#227;o oral, uso de horm&#244;nios na menopausa e altera&#231;&#245;es no estado hormonal. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 2.7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ranking de taxas de mortalidade e de DALYs por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atribu&#237;veis a fatores de risco padronizadas por idade, em 2019, no Brasil, para mulheres (A) e homens (B). DALYs: anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; GBD: Global Burden of Disease; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. <sup>1,5</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS autorreferida no Brasil em 2019 foi de 23,9%, maior no sexo feminino do que no masculino (26,4% <italic>versus</italic> 21,1%, respectivamente). <sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup> A mortalidade cardiovascular atribu&#237;da &#224; HAS foi maior nas mulheres de 65 a 79 anos e nos homens de 50 a 79 anos. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Os riscos alimentares foram o segundo FR mais importante para DCV em 2019, respondendo por 5,0% e 5,7% das mortes por DIC e 2,6% e 2,4% das mortes por AVC em mulheres e homens, respectivamente. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A inatividade f&#237;sica, outro FR comportamental, aumentou de 1990 a 2019 no Brasil, com predom&#237;nio de mulheres, 4,7%, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, 3,1%. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> Segundo dados do IBGE, no Brasil, em 2019, os porcentuais de adultos (idade &#8805;18 anos) com excesso de peso e obesidade foram 62,6% e 29,5% para mulheres e 57,5% e 21,8% para homens, respectivamente. Observou-se aumento progressivo da obesidade com o aumento da idade, com maior preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e obesidade nas mulheres em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes aumenta com o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de obesidade. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Dados da PNS de 2014 a 2015, no Brasil, mostraram que a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes foi maior em mulheres, indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 30 anos e entre aqueles com sobrepeso ou obesidade. <sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup> O diabetes &#233; um FR para DAC mais importante para as mulheres do que para os homens, mesmo entre mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Ansiedade, depress&#227;o e vitimiza&#231;&#227;o por viol&#234;ncia foram estudadas em 31.847 mulheres provenientes da PNS de 2013. Os epis&#243;dios depressivos maiores e a idea&#231;&#227;o suicida foram avaliados com o <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire</italic> e a vitimiza&#231;&#227;o por viol&#234;ncia foi autorreferida. As mulheres apresentaram maiores preval&#234;ncias de epis&#243;dio depressivo (OR = 2,36; IC 95% 2,03-2,74), idea&#231;&#227;o suicida (OR = 2,02; IC 95% 1,73-2,36) e vitimiza&#231;&#227;o por viol&#234;ncia (OR = 1,73; IC 95% 1,45-2,06). <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Os fatores inerentes ao sexo s&#227;o de fundamental import&#226;ncia e ir&#227;o afetar a ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV ao longo da vida das mulheres. Estudo transversal multic&#234;ntrico com 27 maternidades de refer&#234;ncia de todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil e 82.388 parturientes, de julho de 2009 a junho de 2010, identificou 9.555 casos de morbidade materna grave, 140 mortes e 770 casos de <italic>near miss</italic> materno. A principal causa determinante de complica&#231;&#227;o materna foi a doen&#231;a hipertensiva. <sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes gestacional, hipertens&#227;o induzida pela gravidez, parto prematuro e rec&#233;m-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional s&#227;o considerados indicadores precoces de risco cardiovascular materno. Segundo dados do GBD 2019, as doen&#231;as hipertensivas da gravidez foram a segunda maior causa de mortalidade e DALYs nas mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil ( <xref rid="f08" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.8</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 2.8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Taxas de mortalidade e DALYs por causas maternas nas unidades federativas, por 100 mil habitantes, nas mulheres, Brasil, 2019. Fonte: Estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. 1 </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf08.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes do Sexo Feminino no Brasil</title>
        <p>As DApC nos menores de 20 anos, no Brasil, possuem etiologias que variam de acordo com a faixa et&#225;ria, o sexo e o local de resid&#234;ncia. As MAC s&#227;o a principal causa de &#243;bito at&#233; 4 anos, sendo as cardiomiopatias a principal causa de 5 a 19 anos. <sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>No Brasil, os &#243;bitos por MAC no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2015 apresentaram maior ocorr&#234;ncia entre os menores de 4 anos, principalmente no primeiro ano de vida e no sexo masculino ( <xref rid="t6" ref-type="table">Tabela 2.3</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> No sexo feminino, as MAC com maior incid&#234;ncia foram persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, anomalia de Ebstein da valva tric&#250;spide e defeito do septo atrial tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> . As DApC ocorreram mais entre 5 anos e 19 anos, com predom&#237;nio no sexo feminino, provavelmente por competi&#231;&#227;o das causas externas de &#243;bito, mais prevalentes no sexo masculino. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade proporcional e taxa de mortalidade por grupo de causas em crian&#231;as, segundo sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, Brasil, de 2000 a 2015. <bold>6</bold> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Causas de &#243;bitos</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>&lt;20 anos</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Masculino</th>
                  <th colspan="6">Feminino</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="15">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>&lt;1ano</th>
                  <th>1-4 anos</th>
                  <th>5-9 anos</th>
                  <th>10-14 anos</th>
                  <th>15-19 anos</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>&lt;1ano</th>
                  <th>1-4 anos</th>
                  <th>5-9 anos</th>
                  <th>10-14 anos</th>
                  <th>15-19 anos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>MAC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">57.892</td>
                  <td align="center">31.077</td>
                  <td align="center">26.144</td>
                  <td align="center">2.901</td>
                  <td align="center">766</td>
                  <td align="center">625</td>
                  <td align="center">641</td>
                  <td align="center">26.815</td>
                  <td align="center">22.016</td>
                  <td align="center">2.972</td>
                  <td align="center">728</td>
                  <td align="center">593</td>
                  <td align="center">506</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,15</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mort100mil</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,62</td>
                  <td align="center">107,0 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">94,7 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Outras MC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">86.165</td>
                  <td align="center">45.237</td>
                  <td align="center">39.715</td>
                  <td align="center">3.133</td>
                  <td align="center">956</td>
                  <td align="center">725</td>
                  <td align="center">708</td>
                  <td align="center">40.928</td>
                  <td align="center">35.729</td>
                  <td align="center">3.009</td>
                  <td align="center">870</td>
                  <td align="center">720</td>
                  <td align="center">600</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">7,78</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mort100mil</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">162,6 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">153,7 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>DApC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">29.904</td>
                  <td align="center">16.706</td>
                  <td align="center">3.735</td>
                  <td align="center">2.084</td>
                  <td align="center">1.493</td>
                  <td align="center">2.749</td>
                  <td align="center">6.645</td>
                  <td align="center">13.198</td>
                  <td align="center">3.280</td>
                  <td align="center">2.045</td>
                  <td align="center">1.376</td>
                  <td align="center">2.197</td>
                  <td align="center">4.300</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mort100mil</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Mal definidas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">85.458</td>
                  <td align="center">49.940</td>
                  <td align="center">25.907</td>
                  <td align="center">7.692</td>
                  <td align="center">3.019</td>
                  <td align="center">3.679</td>
                  <td align="center">9.643</td>
                  <td align="center">35.518</td>
                  <td align="center">19.414</td>
                  <td align="center">6.431</td>
                  <td align="center">2.408</td>
                  <td align="center">2.700</td>
                  <td align="center">4.565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,82</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mort100mil</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">106,0 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">83,5 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Externas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">340.974</td>
                  <td align="center">274.627</td>
                  <td align="center">10.816</td>
                  <td align="center">16.304</td>
                  <td align="center">16.384</td>
                  <td align="center">29.287</td>
                  <td align="center">201.836</td>
                  <td align="center">66.347</td>
                  <td align="center">7.431</td>
                  <td align="center">10.328</td>
                  <td align="center">8.801</td>
                  <td align="center">11.992</td>
                  <td align="center">27.795</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">39,1</td>
                  <td align="center">51,6</td>
                  <td align="center">80,4</td>
                  <td align="center">12,75</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">28,8</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0</td>
                  <td align="center">42,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mort100mil</td>
                  <td align="center">31,4</td>
                  <td align="center">49,7</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">15,0 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">20,9</td>
                  <td align="center">142,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">32,0 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">20,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Todas as causas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">1.367.355</td>
                  <td align="center">845.481</td>
                  <td align="center">424.932</td>
                  <td align="center">70.854</td>
                  <td align="center">41.904</td>
                  <td align="center">56.775</td>
                  <td align="center">251.016</td>
                  <td align="center">521.874</td>
                  <td align="center">331.269</td>
                  <td align="center">59.430</td>
                  <td align="center">30.518</td>
                  <td align="center">35.293</td>
                  <td align="center">65.364</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mort100mil</td>
                  <td align="center">126,0</td>
                  <td align="center">153,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.739,3 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">65,2 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">30,4</td>
                  <td align="center">40,5</td>
                  <td align="center">177,3</td>
                  <td align="center">98,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1424,7 <sub>(1)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">57,0 <sub>(2)</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>MAC: malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio; Outras MC: outras malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas excluindo as MAC; DApC: doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio; MP(%): mortalidade proporcional em percentual; Mort100mil: taxa de mortalidade por 100mil (1) Mortalidade por 100 mil nascidos vivos (2) Mortalidade por 100 mil na popula&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 4 exclu&#237;dos os nascidos vivos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>H&#225; aumento em import&#226;ncia dos &#243;bitos por DApC com a progress&#227;o da idade ( <xref rid="f09" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.9</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> </sup> Devemos considerar que crian&#231;as que apresentam MAC, at&#233; mesmo corrigidas, e que n&#227;o morreram no primeiro ano de vida poder&#227;o apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es e sequelas, como IC, arritmias, endocardite, com &#243;bito na adolesc&#234;ncia. Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; a maior neglig&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica das MAC e DApC no sexo feminino em todas as faixas et&#225;rias no Brasil, desencadeada por menor acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de e a recursos diagn&#243;sticos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao sexo masculino. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 2.9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade proporcional anual por causas espec&#237;ficas do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, por sexo e grupo et&#225;rio, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 1995 a 2012. 40 DApC: Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio, DCBV: Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf09.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref rid="t7" ref-type="table">Tabela 2.4</xref> mostra a mortalidade proporcional atribu&#237;da a DApC e MAC nos menores de 1 ano por causas espec&#237;ficas e macrorregi&#227;o brasileira. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Mais de 83% das mortes por DApC foram devidas a MAC em todas as regi&#245;es, com &#234;nfase na regi&#227;o Sul, onde aquela porcentagem foi de</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio e malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio, com subdivis&#227;o por causas espec&#237;ficas, em menores de 1 ano, sexo feminino, por macrorregi&#227;o do Brasil, de 2000 a 2015. <bold>41</bold> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">CAUSAS DE &#211;BITOS</th>
                  <th scope="col">Norte</th>
                  <th scope="col">Nordeste</th>
                  <th scope="col">Sudeste</th>
                  <th scope="col">Sul</th>
                  <th scope="col">Centro-Oeste</th>
                  <th scope="col">Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">DOEN&#199;A CARD&#205;ACA PULMONAR E DA CIRCULA&#199;&#195;O PULMONAR</td>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td>77</td>
                  <td>131</td>
                  <td>244</td>
                  <td>39</td>
                  <td>41</td>
                  <td>532</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3,09</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,99</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,33</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,15</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,75</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,10</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">PERICARDITE E ENDOCARDITE</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">137</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,52</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,48</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,66</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,27</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,60</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,54</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">MIOCARDITES</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,12</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,21</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,47</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,68</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,17</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,37</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">CARDIOMIOPATIAS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">130</td>
                  <td align="center">360</td>
                  <td align="center">469</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">1091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5,22</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5,46</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4,47</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,80</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3,02</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4,31</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">INSUFICI&#202;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">140</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">442</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,97</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,58</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,33</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,98</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,06</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,75</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">DOEN&#199;AS CEREBROVASCULARES E OUTROS VASOS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,84</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,38</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,78</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,92</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,45</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,64</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">OUTRAS DOEN&#199;AS DO APARELHO CIRCULAT&#211;RIO</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">188</td>
                  <td align="center">243</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">596</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3,33</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,85</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,32</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,09</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,92</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,36</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>SUBTOTAL DApC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">426</td>
                  <td align="center">986</td>
                  <td align="center">1401</td>
                  <td align="center">233</td>
                  <td align="center">234</td>
                  <td align="center">3280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>17,11</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>14,97</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>13,36</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6,89</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9,96</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>12,97</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">C&#194;MARAS E SEPTOS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">300</td>
                  <td align="center">715</td>
                  <td align="center">1943</td>
                  <td align="center">630</td>
                  <td align="center">370</td>
                  <td align="center">3985</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>12,05</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10,75</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>18,52</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>18,64</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15,75</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15,75</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VALVAS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">196</td>
                  <td align="center">691</td>
                  <td align="center">293</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">1405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3,49</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2,97</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6,59</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8,67</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5,87</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5,55</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">N&#195;O ESPECIFICADAS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">1284</td>
                  <td align="center">3749</td>
                  <td align="center">4666</td>
                  <td align="center">1733</td>
                  <td align="center">1324</td>
                  <td align="center">12756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51,57</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>56,90</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>44,48</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>51,27</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>56,36</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>50,43</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">OUTRAS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">235</td>
                  <td align="center">547</td>
                  <td align="center">712</td>
                  <td align="center">166</td>
                  <td align="center">126</td>
                  <td align="center">1786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9,57</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8,30</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6,79</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4,91</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5,36</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7,06</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">VASOS</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                  <td align="center">395</td>
                  <td align="center">1049</td>
                  <td align="center">325</td>
                  <td align="center">157</td>
                  <td align="center">1727</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6,34</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5,99</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10,00</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9,62</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6,68</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8,24</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">SUBTOTAL MAC</td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">2064</td>
                  <td align="center">5602</td>
                  <td align="center">7859</td>
                  <td align="center">3147</td>
                  <td align="center">2115</td>
                  <td align="center">22016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>82,89</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>85,04</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>74,93</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>93,11</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>90,04</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>87,03</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>TOTAL DApC + MAC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#211;bitos</td>
                  <td align="center">2490</td>
                  <td align="center">6588</td>
                  <td align="center">10489</td>
                  <td align="center">3380</td>
                  <td align="center">2349</td>
                  <td align="center">25296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100,00</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100,00</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100,00</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100,00</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100,00</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>100,00</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DApC: doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio; MAC: malforma&#231;&#245;es do aparelho circulat&#243;rio; MP (%): mortalidade proporcional em percentual.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>93%. As MAC n&#227;o especificadas corresponderam &#224; metade das mortes dos menores de 1 ano no Brasil, sem distin&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos, com predom&#237;nio na regi&#227;o Sudeste (44%). A mortalidade proporcional por DApC foi 2,5 vezes maior na regi&#227;o Norte do que na regi&#227;o Sul, com predom&#237;nio no sexo feminino. A cardiomiopatia representou 32% das mortes por DApC, emergindo como a principal causa de morte, em todas as regi&#245;es, em ambos os sexos. <sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada o aumento da obesidade, resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e HAS em crian&#231;as e adolescentes foi um fator que contribuiu para o aumento do risco cardiovascular em jovens. Estima-se que nos pr&#243;ximos anos ocorra um incremento da preval&#234;ncia da DApC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>As meninas e adolescentes do sexo feminino morreram mais de DApC do que aqueles do sexo masculino, o que demanda estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica voltadas para elas, como a equidade de acesso aos recursos de sa&#250;de, o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a institui&#231;&#227;o de medidas terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas para o sexo feminino.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Fatores de Risco Cardiovascular</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, segundo dados do GBD 2019, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o global da taxa de mortalidade por DCV, com tend&#234;ncia a estagna&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Nas mulheres, na faixa et&#225;ria de 35-54 anos, houve crescente aumento na taxa de mortalidade por DIC nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> </sup> atribu&#237;do &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia dos FRCV tradicionais.</p>
        <p>Segundo dados do Estudo GBD 2019, para a mulher brasileira ( <xref rid="f07" ref-type="fig">Figura 2.7</xref> ), no <italic>ranking</italic> de taxas de mortalidade e de DALYs por DCV atribu&#237;veis a fatores de risco, padronizadas por idade, destacaram-se em ordem decrescente os seguintes fatores de risco: eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, IMC elevado, riscos alimentares, colesterol LDL elevado, tabagismo e glicemia de jejum elevada. Importante ressaltar o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de DCV nas mulheres jovens de 15-49 anos, entre 1990 e 2019. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de DCV ateroscler&#243;tica, as mulheres compartilham alguns FRCV tradicionais com os homens, enquanto outros FRCV s&#227;o sub-reconhecidos nas mulheres ( <xref rid="t8" ref-type="table">Quadro 3.1</xref> e <xref rid="f10" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.1</xref> ) <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e outros ainda s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos do sexo/g&#234;nero feminino ( <xref rid="f11" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Quadro 3.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Agravantes do risco cardiovascular do diabetes mellitus na mulher. <bold>50</bold> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226; Idade &gt; 56 anos nas mulheres e tempo de diagn&#243;stico do diabetes &gt;10 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Hist&#243;ria familiar: parente de primeiro grau com DCV prematura (homens &lt;55 anos e mulheres &lt;65 anos)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Tabagismo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Albumin&#250;ria &gt;30 mg/g de creatinina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt;60 ml/min</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Retinopatia n&#227;o proliferativa</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8226; Neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular incipiente</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 3.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular nas mulheres. Os fatores de risco bem estabelecidos, comuns a ambos os sexos, s&#227;o incorporados nos escores de risco da doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. Por&#233;m, os fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos do sexo e os fatores de risco sub-reconhecidos interagem com os tradicionais, agregando risco especialmente nas mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf10.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 3.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos do sexo feminino para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, com evid&#234;ncias e recomenda&#231;&#245;es. 11,45-49 AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; DIU: dispositivo intrauterino; DM: diabetes mellitus; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PE: pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; RCV: risco cardiovascular; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; SOP: s&#237;ndrome de ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos; THM: terapia hormonal da menopausa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf11.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos, apesar da import&#226;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o dos FRCV com DCV, as mulheres s&#227;o pouco representadas e os escores para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular utilizados, Framingham, SCORE ( <italic>Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation</italic> ), SBC/SBD/SBEM, n&#227;o contemplam os FRCV espec&#237;ficos do sexo feminino, tais como ( <xref rid="f11" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.2</xref> ): SOP, uso de contraceptivo hormonal, DHG, eventos adversos da gravidez, terapia hormonal na menopausa, riscos agregados ao <italic>status</italic> socioecon&#244;mico, psicossocial e ambiental. Al&#233;m disso, os escores n&#227;o contemplam a associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias (HIV) e autoimunes (artrite reumatoide, l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, psor&#237;ase), <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> dist&#250;rbios ansiosos-depressivos e DSS, considerados FPR nas mulheres.</p>
        <p>Torna-se fundamental considerar na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, al&#233;m dos estratificadores de risco ( <xref rid="f12" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.3</xref> ), os agravantes de risco associados com DM ( <xref rid="t9" ref-type="table">Quadro 3.2</xref> ), os FPR e os fatores de risco inerentes ao sexo/g&#234;nero. Desse modo, mudan&#231;as do estilo de vida podem ser institu&#237;das, al&#233;m da recomenda&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria das DCV, com o objetivo de identificar e tratar mais precocemente um maior n&#250;mero de mulheres em risco. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 3.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algoritmo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular nas mulheres e recomenda&#231;&#227;o do uso de estatinas. 53 angio-TC: angiotomografia coronariana; CAC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; ERG: Escore de Risco Global; ITB: &#237;ndice tornozelo-braquial; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf12.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Quadro 3.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais prevalentes nas mulheres, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco semelhantes em homens e mulheres, com evid&#234;ncias. <bold>11,43,45,53,55&#8211;58,65&#8211;67</bold> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores de risco e doen&#231;as</th>
                  <th>&gt; risco para DCV em mulheres</th>
                  <th align="left">Evid&#234;ncias</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Hipertens&#227;o e dieta inadequada est&#227;o associadas a alto risco de pr&#233;-diabetes.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulheres com DM t&#234;m 45% maior risco de DIC. <sup>45,67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DM2 mais comum em mulheres &lt; 40 anos com maior mortalidade ao longo da vida.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Risco relativo de mortalidade por DCV maior em mulheres do que em homens, como tamb&#233;m o excesso de risco de mortalidade por DCV &#233; maior em mulheres. <sup>45,67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos acarretam mais IC congestiva nas mulheres. <sup>67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (INTERHEART). <sup>67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria na pr&#233;-menopausa.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa t&#234;m menos descenso noturno e mais eventos.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulheres desenvolvem mais hipertrofia ventricular, ICFEp, rigidez arterial, DRC e DM.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulheres apresentam mais efeitos colaterais com os anti-hipertensivos.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ocorre em 80% das mulheres &gt; 75 anos. Apenas 29% t&#234;m controle adequado da HAS. <sup>45</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia (*)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No SWAN, colesterol total, LDL-c e triglic&#233;rides tiveram pico na transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa para a fase precoce ap&#243;s a menopausa. <sup>65</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Recente meta-an&#225;lise n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas de HDL-C entre a pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-menopausa. <sup>61</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesidade (*)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No Framingham Heart Study, houve aumento de risco de DAC: 64% nas mulheres versus 46% nos homens. <sup>45</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mais prevalente nas mulheres brasileiras do que nos homens.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>FR mais importante para HAS nas mulheres.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Associada com desfechos adversos na gravidez.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sedentarismo (*)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior preval&#234;ncia de inatividade nas mulheres.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>25% das mulheres n&#227;o praticam atividade f&#237;sica regular. <sup>43,45</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo (*)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>As mulheres t&#234;m 25% maior risco de DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, exceto na faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem (30-44 anos). <sup>43,67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens com FA, as mulheres t&#234;m 20% a 30% maior risco de AVC, maior gravidade e pior resultado a longo prazo em termos de incapacidade permanente.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>O sexo feminino foi associado &#224; idade &gt;65 anos ou &gt;2 fatores de risco no CHA2DS2-VASc em FA n&#227;o valvar. <sup>67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (*)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No estudo SWAN, os riscos de SM em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa e menopausa s&#227;o 1,45x e 1,25x maiores, respectivamente. <sup>65</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Artrite Reumatoide</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aumento de 50% no risco de mortalidade por DCV em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <sup>67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>L&#250;pus Eritematoso Sist&#234;mico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Tr&#234;s vezes maior o risco de DIC. <sup>45</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Prevalente em asi&#225;ticas, afro-americanas, afro-caribenhas e hisp&#226;nicas em compara&#231;&#227;o com caucasianas.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>As mulheres negras s&#227;o 2-4x mais propensas a ter LES do que as mulheres brancas.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>A DIC &#233; a causa principal de mortalidade de LES. <sup>67</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depress&#227;o (**)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Comum em portadoras de DIC.</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Fator de risco independente para piores desfechos. <sup>56</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulheres s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis, com aumento do risco de DIC em 2x. <sup>45</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estresse Mental (ansiedade, estresse psicossocial) Exaust&#227;o vital</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Estudos demonstram associa&#231;&#227;o entre estresse mental, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e vasoespasmo coronarianos em pacientes com INOCA, <sup>58</sup> principalmente nas mulheres.</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Determinantes Sociais de Sa&#250;de</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DSS geram desfechos negativos que, somados as FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e espec&#237;ficos do sexo/g&#234;nero, promovem inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, culminando em DCV. <sup>59</sup> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>(*) fatores de risco semelhantes em ambos os sexos; (**) Quest&#245;es b&#225;sicas: Como voc&#234; acha que as coisas estar&#227;o com sua sa&#250;de no futuro? Com que frequ&#234;ncia voc&#234; sente prazer ou felicidade em sua vida? Voc&#234; j&#225; se sentiu grato por sua sa&#250;de, j&#225; se sentiu grato por outras coisas em sua vida? - analisam otimismo, afeto positivo, gratid&#227;o, respectivamente, <sup>56</sup> e podem auxiliar o reconhecimento e a abordagem espec&#237;fica. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; CT: colesterol total; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DOAC: anticoagulantes de a&#231;&#227;o direta; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DSS: determinantes sociais de sa&#250;de; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FR: fator de risco; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEp insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; INOCA: isquemia na aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial coronariana; LES: l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A estimativa do risco de eventos cardiovasculares na mulher para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#233; limitada. A diretriz do ACC/AHA identifica situa&#231;&#245;es particulares em mulheres aparentemente saud&#225;veis com FPR, nas quais a decis&#227;o sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de estatina de m&#233;dia pot&#234;ncia para risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio deve ser compartilhada entre cardiologista, gineco-obstetra e paciente. N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia claramente estabelecida sobre o uso de estatinas e ser&#225; necess&#225;rio considerar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do CAC em mulheres selecionadas. Se o CAC for zero, a estatina n&#227;o deve ser iniciada, exceto na presen&#231;a de: DM, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura ou tabagismo. O CAC entre 1 e 99 favorece o uso de estatinas, especialmente em mulheres &gt; 55 anos. Se o CAC &gt; 100 ou acima do percentil 75 para idade e sexo, deve-se orientar a introdu&#231;&#227;o de estatinas ( <xref rid="f12" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.3</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref> , <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017 <sup><xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref></sup> e a Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular da SBC - 2019 <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> recomendam o Escore de Risco Global, <sup><xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></sup> que estima o risco em 10 anos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e AVC fatais ou n&#227;o fatais, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. A <xref rid="f12" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.3</xref> sugere algoritmo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular nas mulheres e a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do uso de estatinas.</p>
        <p>Os dist&#250;rbios ansiosos-depressivos, sejam altera&#231;&#245;es de humor, comportamentos, afei&#231;&#227;o, acompanhados ou n&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es som&#225;ticas ou d&#233;ficit de cogni&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o causas comuns de incapacidade em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e s&#227;o considerados FPR pela AHA/ACC e a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia. Mulheres s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis aos dist&#250;rbios ansiosos-depressivos, que aumentam duas vezes o risco de DIC. Altera&#231;&#245;es comportamentais, hormonais, gen&#233;ticas e psicossociais se sobrep&#245;em e, do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, promovem disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aterotrombose, disfun&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico e da hemostasia a partir de altera&#231;&#245;es no eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-adrenal e do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo ( <xref rid="f10" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.1</xref> ). Ademais, os estrog&#234;nios estimulam os linf&#243;citos T e B, propiciando uma maior resposta imune e inflamat&#243;ria. Essas sobreposi&#231;&#245;es justificam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a depress&#227;o e as DCV, principalmente a DIC. Nesse contexto, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido reconhecido como eficaz no tratamento da depress&#227;o, &#224; semelhan&#231;a da psicoterapia e dos inibidores da serotonina. Os exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos parecem promover melhor benef&#237;cio. <sup><xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos DSS, a diversidade de ra&#231;a e etnicidade, n&#237;vel de escolaridade, educa&#231;&#227;o, racismo e discrimina&#231;&#227;o, inacessibilidade aos sistemas assistenciais de sa&#250;de, aus&#234;ncia de suporte social, instabilidade econ&#244;mica, orienta&#231;&#227;o e viol&#234;ncia sexual s&#227;o fatores que conduzem &#224;s disparidades, atingem a mulher e geram desfechos negativos, que somados aos FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e espec&#237;ficos do sexo/g&#234;nero, promovem inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial culminando em DCV ( <xref rid="f10" ref-type="fig">Figura 3.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Estudo transversal para calcular o risco cardiovascular, utilizando dados laboratoriais de uma subamostra da PNS com 3.584 mulheres, encontrou 58,4% com baixo risco cardiovascular, 32,9% com risco m&#233;dio e 8,7% com risco alto. O risco aumentou com a idade e foi elevado na popula&#231;&#227;o com baixa escolaridade. A propor&#231;&#227;o dos componentes do modelo de Framingham, por grupos de risco e sexo, mostra que, no risco elevado entre mulheres, os indicadores que mais contribu&#237;ram para o risco cardiovascular foram: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, colesterol total, HDL, DM e tabagismo. <sup><xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Os Quadros <xref rid="t32" ref-type="table">3.3</xref> , <xref rid="t33" ref-type="table">3.4</xref> , <xref rid="t34" ref-type="table">3.5</xref> , <xref rid="t35" ref-type="table">3.6</xref> , <xref rid="t36" ref-type="table">3.7</xref> e <xref rid="t37" ref-type="table">3.8</xref> mostram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de dislipidemia, diabetes, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, tabagismo, sobrepeso e obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial e atividade f&#237;sica nas mulheres.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t32">
          <label>Quadro 3.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da dislipidemia nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da dislipidemia nas mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>NE</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>A terapia nutricional, a perda de peso e a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica devem ser recomendadas a todos os pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reduzir o consumo de s&#243;dio e manter adequado consumo de frutas frescas, hortali&#231;as e produtos l&#225;cteos com baixo teor de gordura. Manter peso corp&#243;reo e a medida da cintura dentro da normalidade</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,51,53,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pelo menos 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico din&#226;mico de intensidade moderada (caminhada, corrida, ciclismo ou nata&#231;&#227;o) em 5 a 7 dias por semana. Aumento gradual da atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica para 300 minutos por semana de intensidade moderada ou 150 minutos por semana de atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica de intensidade vigorosa, ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o equivalente dos mesmos, idealmente com exerc&#237;cio di&#225;rio supervisionado</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres de muito alto risco e alto risco cardiovascular: o LDL-c deve ser reduzido para &lt; 50 mg/dL e &lt; 70 mg/dL e o n&#227;o HDL-c para &lt; 80 mg/dL, e &lt; 100mg/dl, respectivamente</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>51,52,53,</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres de risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio: o LDL-c deve ser reduzido para &lt; 100 mg/dL e o n&#227;o HDL-c para &lt; 130 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>51,52,53</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres de baixo risco cardiovascular: a meta de LDL-c deve ser &lt; 130 mg/dL e o n&#227;o HDL-c &lt; 160 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>51,52,53</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o &#233; recomendado tratamento medicamentoso nas gestantes</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>11,43,47,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Os sequestrantes de &#225;cidos biliares s&#227;o considerados seguros para uso durante a amamenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>11,43,47,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rosuvastatina e pravastatina em baixas doses foram estudadas e podem ser consideradas durante a amamenta&#231;&#227;o se os benef&#237;cios superarem os riscos potenciais</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>11,43,47,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; HDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade. O tempo de reavalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o tratamento medicamentoso deve ser de pelo menos um m&#234;s. Adaptado da Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose. <sup>53</sup> Semelhantemente ao uso de medicamentos durante a gravidez, os autores deste artigo recomendam a tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada entre paciente e cl&#237;nico para determinar o curso cl&#237;nico ideal para pacientes individuais.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t33">
          <label>Quadro 3.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de diabetes e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de diabetes e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica nas mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>NE</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>As estrat&#233;gias de controle de peso, atividade f&#237;sica, orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo devem ser oferecidas a todas as mulheres com intoler&#226;ncia a glicose, SM ou DM, de maneira a reduzir o risco CV</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o &#233; recomend&#225;vel estratificar o risco de eventos coron&#225;rios por meio de m&#233;todos anat&#244;micos ou funcionais em mulheres assintom&#225;ticas com SM ou DM</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se o uso de CAC em mulheres com DM ou SM e risco CV intermedi&#225;rio (ERG 5-10% em 10 anos). Com CAC = 0, em geral, recomenda-se n&#227;o iniciar estatina</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,50,51,52,53,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, mulheres diab&#233;ticas ou com SM cuja terapia com estatina est&#225; indicada devem receber doses de alta pot&#234;ncia dessas e/ou de ezetimiba, com alvo de LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A </bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">
                  <sup>26,43,50, 51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Alternativamente, em mulheres com DM ou SM de risco elevado ou muito elevado, uma meta de LDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL deve ser buscada </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O uso de AAS n&#227;o &#233; recomendado como estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em mulheres com SM ou DM, independentemente do risco CV</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,50,51,53,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>O uso de AAS &#233; recomendado como estrat&#233;gia de preven&#231;&#227;o em mulheres com SM ou DM, com alto e muito alto risco, na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#227;o ou risco de sangramento</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto ao g&#234;nero, exceto os relacionados com gravidez</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>11,26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; CAC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; CV: cardiovascular; DM: diabetes mellitus; ERG: escore de risco global; LDL-c: colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t34">
          <label>Quadro 3.5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo do tabagismo nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo do tabagismo nas mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>NE</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o rotineira do tabagismo e exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco para mulheres em todas as consultas dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, com registro no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aconselhamento sistem&#225;tico de todas as mulheres para a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se para todas as mulheres uma combina&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es cognitivo-comportamentais e farmacol&#243;gicas para maximizar as taxas de abandono</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se a abstin&#234;ncia do fumo para todas as mulheres com o objetivo de reduzir os riscos cardiovasculares</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deve-se alocar equipe multidisciplinar para facilitar a cessa&#231;&#227;o do fumo, em todos os sistemas de sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t35">
          <label>Quadro 3.6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de sobrepeso e obesidade nas mulheres</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo do sobrepeso e obesidade nas mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>NE</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Em mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade, a perda de peso &#233; recomendada para melhorar o perfil de risco cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aconselhamento e interven&#231;&#245;es abrangentes no estilo de vida, incluindo restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica, s&#227;o recomendados para alcan&#231;ar e manter a perda de peso nas mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade Enfatizar a rela&#231;&#227;o de sobrepeso e obesidade com aumento de risco cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcular o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e realizar medidas antropom&#233;tricas em consultas m&#233;dicas para identificar mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade com objetivo de interven&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Para o tratamento, sugere-se equipe multidisciplinar, considerando-se tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e cirurgia bari&#225;trica quando n&#227;o se consegue a redu&#231;&#227;o adequada. Empregar medicamentos se IMC &gt; 30 ou &gt;27 na presen&#231;a de comorbidades</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avaliar a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura para identificar as mulheres com maior risco cardiometab&#243;lico</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o se recomenda o uso de f&#225;rmacos para diminui&#231;&#227;o de peso na gesta&#231;&#227;o e durante a amamenta&#231;&#227;o. Deve-se dar especial aten&#231;&#227;o a mulheres no per&#237;odo f&#233;rtil</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t36">
          <label>Quadro 3.7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o arterial nas mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>NE</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Para todas as mulheres com PA elevada ou hipertens&#227;o, medidas n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas s&#227;o indicadas para reduzir a PA: perda de peso, padr&#227;o alimentar saud&#225;vel, redu&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, suplementa&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de pot&#225;ssio, aumento da atividade f&#237;sica com um programa estruturado de exerc&#237;cios e ingesta limitada de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva para mulheres com risco estimado &#8805; 5% em 10 anos e PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 130 mmHg ou PA diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia &#8805; 80 mmHg, para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de DCV</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se, para mulheres com hipertens&#227;o confirmada e risco CV &#8805; 10%, PA alvo &lt; 130/80 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se, para mulheres com hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, meta press&#243;rica &lt; 130/80 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se, para mulheres com hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes tipo 2, meta press&#243;rica &lt; 130/80 mmHg, devendo medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva ser iniciada se PA &#8805; 130/80 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Recomenda-se medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva para mulheres com risco estimado &lt; 10% em 10 anos e PA &#8805; 140/90 mmHg, para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de DCV</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Em mulheres com hipertens&#227;o confirmada sem marcadores adicionais de aumento do risco CV, a meta press&#243;rica &lt; 130/80 mmHg &#233; recomendada</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> b</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o utilizar IECA ou BRA em mulheres com idade f&#233;rtil e perspectivas de engravidar por seus poss&#237;veis efeitos teratog&#234;nicos</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#233; comum em mulheres jovens e idosas, devendo-se rastrear adolescentes e adultos jovens com hipertens&#227;o, para prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es CV a longo prazo e iniciar tratamento espec&#237;fico</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; CV: cardiovascular; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t37">
          <label>Quadro 3.8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da atividade f&#237;sica nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para atividade f&#237;sica nas mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>NE</th>
                <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Durante as consultas, m&#233;dicos devem aconselhar seus pacientes para as pr&#225;ticas de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica semanal &#8805; 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cio em intensidade moderada ou 75 minutos de exerc&#237;cios mais intensos reduz o risco cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica semanal &lt; 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cio de intensidade moderada ou &lt; 75 minutos de exerc&#237;cios mais intensos reduz o risco cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica semanal &gt; 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cio de intensidade moderada durante toda a gravidez sem complica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Doen&#231;a Isqu&#234;mica do Cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mortes por DCV em mulheres, a DIC corresponde a 47% e o AVC, a 36%. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> As particularidades da DIC em rela&#231;&#227;o a fisiopatologia, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o condensadas na <xref rid="t38" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t38">
            <label>Tabela 4.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left">DAC <sup><bold>70</bold></sup> </th>
                  <th align="left">INOCA <sup><bold>69</bold></sup> </th>
                  <th align="left">MINOCA <sup><bold>71</bold></sup> </th>
                  <th align="left">DEAC</th>
                  <th align="left">Vasoespasmo <sup><bold>72</bold></sup> </th>
                  <th align="left">Doen&#231;a Microvascular <sup><bold>70</bold></sup> </th>
                  <th align="left">Trombose/ Embolia Coron&#225;ria <sup><bold>73</bold></sup> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fisio patologia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Placa ateroscler&#243;tica menos volumosa</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Eros&#227;o da placa com emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Aterosclerose difusa associada a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e endotelial</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e/ou vasoespasmo epic&#225;rdico e microvascular</td>
                  <td>Vasoespasmo coronariano, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, trombose coronariana espont&#226;nea e &#234;mbolos com recanaliza&#231;&#227;o, rotura da placa e dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Separa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o traum&#225;tica, n&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica e n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica da parede da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, seja por ruptura espont&#226;nea da &#237;ntima ou por ruptura dos vasa vasorum dentro da parede do vaso</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Forma&#231;&#227;o de hematoma intramural na falsa luz, compress&#227;o da luz verdadeira, causando isquemia ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Estresse de cisalhamento aumentado</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Gatilhos emocionais/f&#237;sicos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>- Vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica ou microvascular relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial - M&#250;ltiplos mecanismos: sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana com predom&#237;nio matinal), disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, estresse oxidativo e hipercontratilidade do m&#250;sculo liso</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Remodela&#231;&#227;o estrutural</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Espasmo microvascular</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Compress&#227;o externa (hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Condut&#226;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria reduzida e/ou obstru&#231;&#227;o arteriolar din&#226;mica</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Trombofilia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, doen&#231;a valvar, forame oval patente, endocardite infecciosa e endocardite tromb&#243;tica n&#227;o bacteriana</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Idosa</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Dor tor&#225;cica (precordial/retroesternal); dor na mand&#237;bula, pesco&#231;o</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Fadiga, n&#225;usea</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angina est&#225;vel/inst&#225;vel IAM</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Amplo espectro: desde manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como desconforto tor&#225;cico at&#233; angina e equivalentes anginosos</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IAM 2/3 dos casos de IAMSSST (descartar miocardite, Takotsubo, CMPP e EP)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Afastar: sepse, EP, causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas de eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas: desde dor tor&#225;cica leve, SCA, IAM at&#233; morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Causa mais comum de IAM na gravidez e no puerp&#233;rio</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Amplo espectro de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, desde doen&#231;a silenciosa at&#233; morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, angina/IAM</td>
                  <td>Angina Dispneia aos esfor&#231;os</td>
                  <td>IAM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico/ exames complementares</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Semelhante entre mulheres e homens</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Testes n&#227;o invasivos: RMC associada a adenosina; PET</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Testes invasivos: acetilcolina intracoron&#225;ria e hiperemia com adenosina intracoron&#225;ria (RFC e IRM)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Transit&#243;rio at&#233; se estabelecer a causa - Quadro cl&#237;nico de IAM</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Troponina</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angiografia coronariana com aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva, TCO, USIC RMC</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Aus&#234;ncia de FRCV tradicionais</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Conhecimento dos FR predisponentes: displasia fibromuscular (50-86%), dist&#250;rbios do tecido conjuntivo (5%), doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias sist&#234;micas (5-12%), uso de terapia hormonal (estrog&#234;nio, progesterona, gonadotrofina, clomifeno ou tratamento de infertilidade)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- M&#250;ltiplas gesta&#231;&#245;es anteriores</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angiotomografia coronariana</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angiografia coronariana</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angiografia coronariana associada a teste de provoca&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica com acetilcolina</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Associa&#231;&#227;o com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e artrite reumatoide)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Testes n&#227;o invasivos: defeitos revers&#237;veis</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Testes invasivos: FFR &gt; 0.8; RFC &lt; 2.0; IRM &#8805; 25</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angiografia coronariana/trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Conhecimento das diferen&#231;as no quadro cl&#237;nico das SCA/SCC</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Aperfei&#231;oar diagn&#243;stico e tratamento</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Identificar e tratar FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e FR espec&#237;ficos da mulher</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Identificar e tratar agressivamente FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e FR espec&#237;ficos da mulher</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Identificar os fatores potencializadores de risco (fatores psicossociais e determinantes sociais de sa&#250;de)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Identificar e tratar FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e FR espec&#237;ficos da mulher</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Identificar os fatores potencializadores de risco (fatores psicossociais e determinantes sociais de sa&#250;de)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Minimizar os gatilhos emocionais, evitar terapia hormonal (isto &#233;, estrog&#234;nio, progesterona e gonadotrofina cori&#244;nica &#946;-humana)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Evitar gravidez futura</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, preferencialmente com protocolo modificado, evitando exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos pesados e atividades aer&#243;bicas intensas</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Evitar fatores agravantes: uso de drogas il&#237;citas, anfetaminas, g&#225;s butano, &#225;lcool e medicamentos para enxaqueca</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Modifica&#231;&#227;o dos FRCV (perda de peso e controle do estresse)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Diagn&#243;stico precoce das causas subjacentes e profilaxia da trombose/infec&#231;&#227;o</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Desfechos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulher: maior mortalidade hospitalar e em 30 dias</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Maior mortalidade em mulheres abaixo de 50 anos</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angina recorrente</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es frequentes</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Coronariografias repetidas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Altas taxas de eventos CV maiores</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Progn&#243;stico depende da causa subjacente</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Mortalidade: semelhante &#224; DAC</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Incapacidade: semelhante &#224; DAC</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Recorr&#234;ncia frequente principalmente no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-parto e em portadoras de doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Taxa de recorr&#234;ncia entre 3,9% e 18,6%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Arritmia e morte s&#250;bita</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Angina recorrente</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es frequentes</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Coronariografias repetidas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Altas taxas de eventos CV maiores</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Progn&#243;stico bom na maioria dos casos com trombectomia precoce</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>CMPP: cardiomiopatia periparto; CV: cardiovascular; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; EP: embolia pulmonar; FFR: reserva de fluxo fracionado; FR: fator de risco; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IAMSSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supra do segmento ST; IRM: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microvascular; PET: PET scan; RFC: reserva de fluxo coronariano; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; SCC: s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica; TCO: tomografia de coron&#225;ria; USIC: ultrassom intracoronariano.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Atualmente o termo DIC &#233; muito mais adequado para se referir &#224;s diversas afec&#231;&#245;es coronarianas geradoras de isquemia, antes referidas como DAC. A DIC re&#250;ne DAC, INOCA, MINOCA, DEAC, DMV, VPC e embolia/trombose coronariana.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.1. Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</title>
          <p>A DAC &#233; a principal causa de infarto na mulher. As diferen&#231;as relacionadas a sexo e g&#234;nero s&#227;o especialmente pronunciadas e as peculiaridades est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="t38" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.1</xref> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.2. Isquemia na Aus&#234;ncia de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Arterial Coronariana</title>
          <p>A INOCA &#233; mais comum em mulheres do que em homens, com preval&#234;ncia especialmente alta entre as mulheres com idade de 45-65 anos. N&#227;o &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o benigna, estando associada a aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares adversos. <sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> As estrat&#233;gias de abordagem da INOCA n&#227;o s&#227;o bem definidas, principalmente porque n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias suficientes sobre o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular associada a ela. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.3. Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio na Aus&#234;ncia de Obstru&#231;&#227;o Arterial Coronariana</title>
          <p>O MINOCA est&#225; relacionado a v&#225;rios mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que acometem coron&#225;rias, conforme descrito na <xref rid="t38" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.1</xref> . Sua preval&#234;ncia &#233; de 5-10%, considerando-se todos os IAM, sendo que cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes apresentam IAMSSST. <sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>&#201; mais comum em mulheres mais jovens do que em homens (10,5% vs 3,4%; p&lt;0,0001). Os FRCV podem estar presentes, por&#233;m s&#227;o menos prevalentes do que em pacientes com DAC. <sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de MINOCA &#233; transit&#243;rio e requer confirma&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;rias causas. Primeiramente, deve-se excluir IAM por obstru&#231;&#227;o de coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. Posteriormente, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia buscar a causa subjacente, pois a falha na identifica&#231;&#227;o da causa b&#225;sica pode resultar em tratamento e informa&#231;&#245;es inadequados. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.4. Dissec&#231;&#227;o Espont&#226;nea de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</title>
          <p>A DEAC &#233; causa rara de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, representando 1-4% de todas as SCA. Corresponde &#224; ruptura espont&#226;nea da &#237;ntima ou dos <italic>vasa vasorum</italic> na parede arterial, resultando no ac&#250;mulo de hematoma intramural na falsa luz, que pode comprimir a luz verdadeira, causando isquemia ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          <p>A DEAC &#233; cada vez mais reconhecida como causa importante de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em mulheres com menos de 50 anos. Segundo alguns estudos, 25-35% dos casos de DEAC ocorrem em mulheres antes dos 50 anos e 25% em mulheres com mais de 60 anos. &#201; a causa mais comum de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio associado a gravidez (at&#233; 43% dos infartos do mioc&#225;rdios na gravidez), ocorrendo principalmente no terceiro trimestre ou no p&#243;s-parto. O risco de eventos recorrentes &#233; substancial. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.5. Doen&#231;a Microvascular</title>
          <p>A sua fisiopatologia resulta do remodelamento estrutural com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da condut&#226;ncia ou de dist&#250;rbios vasomotores afetando as arter&#237;olas, ou de ambos. A confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de DMV deve preencher os seguintes crit&#233;rios: presen&#231;a de sintomas (angina e/ou dispneia de esfor&#231;o); aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a obstrutiva; evid&#234;ncia objetiva de isquemia e de altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular (defeitos revers&#237;veis, anormalidades nos testes funcionais invasivos &#8211; IRM &gt; 25). <sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>A DMV associa-se a marcadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios em mulheres com INOCA, havendo, portanto, maior risco em doen&#231;as como l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico e artrite reumatoide. Ap&#243;s a menopausa, essas doen&#231;as s&#227;o mais frequentes nas mulheres, o que pode contribuir para as diferen&#231;as sexuais da DMV. <sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.6. Vasoespasmo Coronariano</title>
          <p>O VPC &#233; definido por vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o difusa ou focal revers&#237;vel coronariana, sendo comum entre pacientes com DIC e presente nos mecanismos de INOCA, MINOCA e DMV, independentemente das varia&#231;&#245;es raciais, gen&#233;ticas e geogr&#225;ficas. &#201; mais prevalente em mulheres de 40-70 anos. <sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> </p>
          <p>O teste provocativo com acetilcolina intracoronariana continua a ser a ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico fundamental para o VPC, sendo que as mulheres t&#234;m maior resposta a menores doses. Esse teste permite reproduzir o VPC e avaliar a reatividade aos nitratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1.7. Trombose/Embolia Coronariana</title>
          <p>A embolia de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; uma causa subdiagnosticada de SCA, sendo dividida em tr&#234;s tipos: direta, paradoxal (trombo oriundo de trombose venosa profunda que transp&#245;e o forame oval) e iatrog&#234;nica. Nessa &#250;ltima, a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea &#233; a causa mais comum de embolia e o risco &#233; aumentado com t&#233;cnicas de rota&#231;&#227;o, valvoplastia e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inadequada do procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.2. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
      <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos revelam incid&#234;ncia de IC similar em homens e mulheres. No entanto, altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais especialmente ap&#243;s a menopausa s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por caracter&#237;sticas peculiares da IC em mulheres, o que contribui para a maior preval&#234;ncia de ICFEp (FE <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%) em rela&#231;&#227;o a ICFEr (FE <underline>&lt;</underline> 40%). <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </sup> A <xref rid="f13" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.1</xref> mostra os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; IC na mulher decorrentes do ciclo hormonal. <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 4.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na mulher. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf13.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Existem diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo n&#227;o s&#243; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; epidemiologia da IC, mas tamb&#233;m quanto &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, aos desfechos e ao tratamento da IC ( <xref rid="f14" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.2</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </sup> Essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o ainda mais evidentes quando os diferentes fen&#243;tipos da IC s&#227;o analisados isoladamente: ICFEr (FE &#8804; 40%) e ICFEp (FE &#8805; 50%). <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 4.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco, caracter&#237;sticas, progn&#243;stico e medidas para prevenir ICFEr e ICFEp em mulheres. CV: cardiovascular; FR: fator de risco; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf14.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Duas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que podem cursar com IC na mulher merecem destaque: Takotsubo, que se refere a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aguda revers&#237;vel, em que 90% dos pacientes s&#227;o mulheres, especialmente p&#243;s-menopausa, <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> e a cardiomiopatia periparto, definida como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no final da gravidez ou nos primeiros meses p&#243;s-parto, sem outra causa evidente. <sup><xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup> A <xref rid="t39" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.2</xref> descreve as principais caracter&#237;sticas dessas patologias.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t39">
          <label>Tabela 4.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo e cardiomiopatia periparto.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</th>
                <th align="left">S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</th>
                <th align="left">Cardiomiopatia Periparto</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mulheres (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Cerca de 90%</td>
                <td>100%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia de idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Mais idosas &#8211; frequentemente ap&#243;s menopausa (90% entre 58 anos e 75 anos)</td>
                <td>Idade f&#233;rtil</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda aguda revers&#237;vel</td>
                <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no final da gravidez ou primeiros meses ap&#243;s parto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p><italic>Trigger</italic> emocional ou f&#237;sico &#233; t&#237;pico, mas n&#227;o est&#225; presente sempre</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Mais comum em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Ra&#231;a afro-americana</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Idade materna mais elevada</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; HAS ou pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; M&#250;ltiplas gesta&#231;&#245;es</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Dor tor&#225;cica aguda sugestiva de SCA</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de SCA</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Dispneia</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Palpita&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope / s&#237;ncope por arritmia ventricular ou</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Choque cardiog&#234;nico</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Dispneia, ortopneia, edema de membros, palpita&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Sinais de congest&#227;o ao final da gravidez</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Eventos tromboemb&#243;licos</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Arritmias ventriculares</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Choque cardiog&#234;nico</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diagn&#243;stico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; ECG: eleva&#231;&#227;o ST ou invers&#227;o T + QTc alargado</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; ECO: altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar que se estende al&#233;m de territ&#243;rio arterial &#250;nico</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos elevados</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta de troponina (ocorre em mais de 90%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Disparidade entre o grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina e a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o VE</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; RNM: disfun&#231;&#227;o VE; avalia&#231;&#227;o VD; trombo; realce tardio ausente (diferencial com miocardite)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Coronariografia: aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas com hipocinesia apical e m&#233;dio-apical na ventriculografia</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Diagn&#243;stico pode ser atrasado por confus&#227;o com sintomas habituais da gesta&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Diagn&#243;stico diferencial com miocardite, Takotsubo, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e outras</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; ECO: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; presen&#231;a de trombo</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos elevados</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Holter: pode revelar arritmias ventriculares</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Preven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td>&#10003; Est&#225; relacionada a menopausa (defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio, por&#233;m a reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal n&#227;o tem impacto em redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de IC)</td>
                <td>&#10003; Controlar fatores de risco que predisp&#245;em &#224; CMPP: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, ecl&#226;mpsia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tratamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Betabloqueador se FEVE &lt; 45%, FA, arritmia ventricular</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003;IECA se FEVE &lt; 45%</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o se trombo apical</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; SCM se choque cardiog&#234;nico</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>BOARD</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; B: Bromocriptina est&#225; indicada (doses crescentes de acordo com gravidade da CMPP)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; O: Tratamento oral para IC guiado por diretrizes</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; A: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (pelo menos profil&#225;tica)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; R: Vasodilatadores (relaxantes) EV e inotr&#243;picos para CMPP grave</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; D: Diur&#233;ticos se congest&#227;o Para casos mais graves:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; BIA, ECMO para casos de r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o a despeito de inotr&#243;picos</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#10003; Transplante ou DAV diante da persist&#234;ncia de sintomas a despeito da terapia otimizada</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Progn&#243;stico</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Em geral bom com recupera&#231;&#227;o precoce da fun&#231;&#227;o de VE, por&#233;m pode apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es graves antes da recupera&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Choque cardiog&#234;nico (6-20%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Mortalidade intra-hospitalar (&lt;5%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Em geral, bom progn&#243;stico (40% melhoram a FEVE para &gt; 50%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Podem ter disfun&#231;&#227;o persistente ou r&#225;pida deteriora&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>FEVE &lt; 35% na apresenta&#231;&#227;o confere pior progn&#243;stico</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Exame de imagem para confirmar recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o de VE:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>ECO ou RNM</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Recorr&#234;ncia em at&#233; 22%</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Melhora entre 6 meses e 5 anos em geral</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nova gravidez &#233; desaconselh&#225;vel pelo risco de recorr&#234;ncia</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; CMPP: cardiomiopatia periparto; DAV: dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ECMO: membrana de oxigena&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ECO: ecocardiograma; EV: endovenoso; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; SCM: suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dados de registros de IC aguda demonstram que mulheres e homens s&#227;o igualmente afetados (cerca de 50%), n&#227;o havendo evid&#234;ncias de diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre homens e mulheres ( <xref rid="t40" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.3</xref> ), <sup><xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup> embora mulheres tenham perfil de maior risco (maior idade e maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades). No entanto, em estudos cl&#237;nicos/registros de choque cardiog&#234;nico/suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico, as mulheres est&#227;o sub-representadas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t40">
          <label>Tabela 4.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas e nos desfechos entre homens e mulheres com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e/ou choque cardiog&#234;nico.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">ESTUDO CL&#205;NICO</th>
                <th align="left">ADHERE IC descompensada</th>
                <th align="left">IABP-SHOCK II Choque cardiog&#234;nico - BIA</th>
                <th align="left">cVAD Registry Choque cardiog&#234;nico - IMPELLA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mulheres (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>52%</td>
                <td>31%</td>
                <td>27%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ano</bold>
                </td>
                <td>2001-2004</td>
                <td>2009-2012</td>
                <td>2007-2013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Mais idosas (75 x 70 anos)</td>
                <td>Mais idosas (74 x 68 anos)</td>
                <td>Mais idosas (71 x 64 anos)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Maior % comorbidades:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>HAS</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Doen&#231;a tireoidiana</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Menor % etiologia isqu&#234;mica (19% vs 32%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Maior % comorbidades:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>HAS (76% vs 66%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>DM (40% vs 29%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Menor % etiologia isqu&#234;mica (16% vs 25%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Maior % comorbidades:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>HAS (80% vs 70%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>DM (54% vs 41%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Similar % etiologia isqu&#234;mica (33% vs 35%)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maior FEVE (42% vs 33%)</td>
                <td>Maior FEVE (40% vs 35%)</td>
                <td>Maior FEVE (30% vs 24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Sem diferen&#231;a mortalidade ajustada intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td>Sem diferen&#231;a mortalidade ajustada em 30 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano</td>
                <td>Sem diferen&#231;a mortalidade na alta hospitalar</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; DM: diabetes mellitus; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A melhor forma de prevenir a progress&#227;o para IC avan&#231;ada &#233; a adequada institui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento da IC. Por&#233;m, quando n&#227;o suficiente, o tratamento padr&#227;o-ouro &#233; o TC para ambos os sexos. A sobrevida m&#233;dia em longo prazo &#233; significativamente maior no sexo feminino e a presen&#231;a de <italic>mismatch</italic> de sexo (doador feminino/receptor masculino) tem pior progn&#243;stico. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> Quanto ao uso de dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia ventricular de longa perman&#234;ncia, os resultados t&#234;m sido cada vez melhores. Entre as suas indica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o para o TC, como hipersensibiliza&#231;&#227;o, o que &#233; frequente em mult&#237;paras. Mulheres tendem a maior risco de AVC e disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito e s&#227;o sub-representadas na maioria dos registros. <sup><xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2.1. Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico e N&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gico da ICFEr e ICFEp</title>
        <p>Considerando que a cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; a etiologia mais frequente da ICFEr em mulheres, instituir medidas que previnam DAC, como controle de dislipidemia e hipertens&#227;o, cessa&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo e est&#237;mulo &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, &#233; fundamental ( <xref rid="f14" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.2</xref> ). O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da ICFEr com inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina II, betabloqueadores, antagonistas mineralocorticoides, INRA e inibidores de SGLT2 tem demonstrado impacto inequ&#237;voco em redu&#231;&#227;o de morte geral ou mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Tais benef&#237;cios ocorreram de forma semelhante em homens e mulheres e, portanto, a institui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico previne morte s&#250;bita e progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a para IC avan&#231;ada que requer terapias espec&#237;ficas. No entanto, as mulheres est&#227;o sub-representadas na grande maioria dos estudos de ICFEr (20-30%) e, portanto, estudos envolvendo maior n&#250;mero de mulheres com ICFEr seriam muito relevantes ( <xref rid="t41" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.4</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t41">
            <label>Tabela 4.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;as nos desfechos entre homens e mulheres em estudos de ICFEr.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">ESTUDO CL&#205;NICO</th>
                  <th>% Mulheres</th>
                  <th>DESFECHO</th>
                  <th>RESULTADO GERAL</th>
                  <th>HOMENS / MULHERES</th>
                  <th>P intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SOLVD (Enalapril)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte geral</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,84 (0,74 &#8211; 0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">-----</td>
                  <td align="center">-----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CIBIS II (Bisoprolol)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte geral</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,66 (0,54 &#8211; 0,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>H: HR 0,53 (0,42 &#8211; 0,67)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>M: HR 0,37 (0,19 &#8211; 0,89)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RALES (Espironolactona)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte geral</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,69 (0,58 &#8211; 0,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>H: HR 0,71 (0,60 &#8211; 0,82)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>M: HR 0,72 (0,57 &#8211; 0,97)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PARADIGM-HF (Sacubitril-Valsartana)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o IC</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,80 (0,73 &#8211; 0,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>H: HR 0,80 (0,73 &#8211; 0,87)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>M: HR 0,79 (0,66 &#8211; 0,94)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozina)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o IC</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,75 (0,65-0,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>H: HR 0,73 (0,63 &#8211; 0,85)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>M: HR 0,79 (0,59 &#8211; 1,06)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>EMPEROR-Reduced (Empagliflozina)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o IC</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,75 (0,65&#8211; 0,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>H: HR 0,80 (0,68 &#8211; 0,93)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>M: HR 0,59 (0,44 &#8211; 0,80)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>CV: cardiovascular; H: homens; HR: hazard ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; M: mulheres; NS: n&#227;o significativo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na ICFEp, a fisiopatologia est&#225; diretamente ligada a obesidade, resist&#234;ncia a insulina aumentada e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Assim, medidas como redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e est&#237;mulo &#224; atividade f&#237;sica s&#227;o essenciais para a preven&#231;&#227;o de ICFEp, especialmente em mulheres ( <xref rid="f14" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.2</xref> ). Quanto ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, as evid&#234;ncias n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o robustas e, at&#233; recentemente, n&#227;o havia terapia medicamentosa recomendada. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Estudos randomizados revelam efeito neutro dos principais f&#225;rmacos para IC. <sup><xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup> Suban&#225;lises de dois deles, um envolvendo espironolactona (TOPCAT) e outro INRA (PARAGON-HF), sugerem resposta diferente &#224; terap&#234;utica de acordo com o sexo. Al&#233;m disso, os inibidores SGLT2 demonstraram benef&#237;cios na ICFEp com resultado similar em homens e mulheres ( <xref rid="t42" ref-type="table">Tabela 4.5</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> Dessa forma, as evid&#234;ncias atuais apontam para benef&#237;cio de inibidores SGLT2 em ambos os sexos e potencial benef&#237;cio com espironolactona e sacubitril-valsartana em mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup> Estudos prospectivos para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre os sexos tamb&#233;m s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t42">
            <label>Tabela 4.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;as nos desfechos entre homens e mulheres em estudos de ICFEp.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">ESTUDO CL&#205;NICO</th>
                  <th>% Mulheres</th>
                  <th>DESFECHO</th>
                  <th>RESULTADO GERAL</th>
                  <th>HOMENS / MULHERES</th>
                  <th align="left">DIFEREN&#199;AS entre sexos</th>
                  <th>P intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TOPCAT (Espironolactona)</td>
                  <td align="center">52%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou PCR</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,89 (0,77 &#8211; 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte geral H: p=0,68 M: HR 0,66 (0,48 &#8211; 0,90)</td>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de morte geral apenas em mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PARAGON-HF (Sacubitril-Valsartana)</td>
                  <td align="center">52%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,87 (0,75 &#8211; 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">H: HR 1,03 (0,85 &#8211; 1,25) M: HR 0,73 (0,59 &#8211; 0,90)</td>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o significativa morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es totais apenas em mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EMPEROR-Preserved (Empagliflozina)</td>
                  <td align="center">45%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC</td>
                  <td align="center">HR 0,79 (0,69 &#8211; 0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">H: HR 0,81 (0,69 &#8211; 0,96) M: HR 0,75 (0,61 &#8211; 0,92)</td>
                  <td>Redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em homens e mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DELIVER (Dapagliflozina)</td>
                  <td align="center">44%</td>
                  <td align="center">Morte CV ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC ou visita &#224; emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td colspan="4">Em andamento</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>CV: cardiovascular; H: homens; HR: hazard ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; M: mulheres; NS: n&#227;o significativo; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>De maneira geral, tanto na IC cr&#244;nica quanto na IC aguda, ensaios cl&#237;nicos voltados especialmente para mulheres s&#227;o escassos e as evid&#234;ncias s&#227;o provenientes de suban&#225;lise de grandes estudos em que as mulheres est&#227;o sub-representadas. No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de IC em mulheres e a institui&#231;&#227;o de medidas para control&#225;-los, ou at&#233; revert&#234;-los, podem ter impacto progn&#243;stico. Registros prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos poderiam trazer evid&#234;ncias mais precisas na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.3. Arritmias</title>
      <p>Existem algumas diferen&#231;as eletrofisiol&#243;gicas entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia, aos sintomas cl&#237;nicos e ao progn&#243;stico das arritmias, podendo afetar tanto a despolariza&#231;&#227;o quanto a repolariza&#231;&#227;o. As mulheres t&#234;m mais taquicardia sinusal e taquicardia por reentrada nodal, enquanto arritmias ventriculares s&#227;o menos comuns. Na s&#237;ndrome do QT longo tipo 2, &#233; conhecido um maior risco de morte s&#250;bita entre as mulheres e um maior risco de pr&#243;-arritmia, seja por drogas cardiovasculares seja por drogas n&#227;o cardiovasculares. A gravidez aumenta o risco de taquicardias supraventriculares e diminui a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>torsades de pointes,</italic> que tem seu risco aumentado na s&#237;ndrome de QT longo durante o puerp&#233;rio. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3.1. Taquicardia Ventricular e Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A MSC &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com ampla incid&#234;ncia global. Nos Estados Unidos, em 2016, ocorreram 366.494 casos, sendo 178.823 (48,8%) em mulheres. A DIC &#233; a causa mais comum de MSC; no entanto, nas mulheres, a MSC ocorre mais por causas n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas. As mulheres t&#234;m menos taquicardia/fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular documentada (19,4% mulheres <italic>vs</italic> homens 26,7%, p&lt;0,001), o que reduz a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia se comparadas aos homens, que s&#227;o reanimados e tratados com desfibrilador. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O CDI &#233; a terapia de escolha na profilaxia prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de MSC. No entanto, as mulheres s&#227;o sub-representadas nos estudos cl&#237;nicos (inclus&#227;o de mulheres varia entre 16% e 29%) e as an&#225;lises de subgrupos baseadas no sexo s&#227;o limitadas. <sup><xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref></sup> Um registro de 236.084 benefici&#225;rios do Medicare de 1991 a 2015 evidenciou que homens receberam mais CDI que mulheres, em preven&#231;&#227;o tanto prim&#225;ria (3,2 vezes mais) quanto secund&#225;ria (2,4 vezes mais). Ademais, mulheres t&#234;m maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento de implante do CDI (7,2% <italic>vs</italic> 4,8%, p&lt;0,001), particularmente pneumot&#243;rax com necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o, tamponamento card&#237;aco e complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do dispositivo que requeiram revis&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3.2. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</title>
        <p>Estima-se que 29,4 milh&#245;es de mulheres tenham FA em todo o mundo. Embora a incid&#234;ncia seja maior entre os homens, as mais idosas t&#234;m mais FA, visto que a expectativa de vida &#233; maior nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> As mulheres com FA s&#227;o mais sintom&#225;ticas e relatam pior qualidade de vida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens ( <xref rid="f15" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.3</xref> ), <sup><xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref></sup> al&#233;m de apresentarem preditores peculiares para FA. Um estudo com 34.221 mulheres observou que HAS foi um preditor de risco, sendo a obesidade outro marcador de risco importante e as mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas no peso tamb&#233;m delet&#233;rias. Mulheres que praticam atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa t&#234;m redu&#231;&#227;o de incid&#234;ncia de FA em 28%. Entre as saud&#225;veis de meia-idade, foi demonstrada uma incid&#234;ncia aumentada de FA nas que consumiam dois ou mais drinques por dia, sendo o consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool um preditor de FA entre elas. Um estudo prospectivo de larga escala demonstrou que a multiparidade associou-se a maior risco. Outro estudo prospectivo avaliou 30.034 mulheres na menopausa, demonstrando que n&#227;o houve aumento do risco al&#233;m daquele associado &#224; idade, enquanto a monoterapia com estrog&#234;nio associou-se a aumento do risco da arritmia. <sup><xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 4.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;a de sintomas entre mulheres e homens com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. 72 </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf15.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As mulheres t&#234;m mais FA parox&#237;stica, maior pontua&#231;&#227;o de CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> -VASc, s&#227;o menos submetidas a cardiovers&#227;o e a abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> e FA, s&#227;o mais submetidas a abla&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular e implante de marca-passo, t&#234;m mais AVC e tromboembolismo e s&#227;o mais hospitalizadas por todas as causas. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Poucos estudos sobre o controle de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de ritmo foram avaliados em rela&#231;&#227;o a diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. As mulheres s&#227;o menos submetidas a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com isolamento das veias pulmonares e, em geral, os resultados s&#227;o piores, seja por indica&#231;&#227;o mais tardia, por mais comorbidades ou por maior presen&#231;a de fibrose atrial e focos extra veias pulmonares. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Um estudo com 2.789 pacientes com FA de in&#237;cio recente com grande representatividade de mulheres (46%) mostrou que o controle precoce do ritmo foi associado a menor risco de eventos adversos cardiovasculares, sem afetar o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As mulheres com FA t&#234;m maior risco de AVC, sendo esse mais severo e ainda mais extenso quando em idade acima de 65 anos. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref> </sup> Os estudos com DOACs (dabigatrana, apixabana, rivaroxabana e edoxabana) demonstraram menor risco de sangramento maior em mulheres, por&#233;m maior risco de AVC/embolia sist&#234;mica com o uso de varfarina, apesar de esses estudos avaliarem apenas 35% a 40% de mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por todas as causas e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do risco de hemorragia intracraniana com uso de DOACs em mulheres, comparados &#224; varfarina. Em estudos que avaliaram a oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo como op&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em FA, as mulheres foram sub-representadas e o desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia composto por AVC, embolia sist&#234;mica e morte cardiovascular n&#227;o variou entre os sexos. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref> </sup> As mulheres com FA t&#234;m maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e por todas as causas, al&#233;m de mais eventos card&#237;acos, maior risco de AVC e IC. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> As principais diferen&#231;as de sintomas entre os sexos na FA s&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref rid="t43" ref-type="table">Quadro 4.1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t43">
            <label>Quadro 4.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resumo das diferen&#231;as entre os sexos nos portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. 15 </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>MULHER</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>HOMEM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>EPIDEMIOLOGIA E RISCO</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior que na popula&#231;&#227;o total</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior risco de &#243;bito e AVC pela FA</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Aumento da incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia com o tempo</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Preval&#234;ncia ajustada pela idade</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>SINTOMAS E QUALIDADE DE VIDA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Pior qualidade de vida nos escores</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>PREVEN&#199;&#195;O E RISCO DE AVC</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>AVC da FA mais severo e incapacitante</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Recebe mais anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para preven&#231;&#227;o</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica com varfarina</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>CONTROLE DE FREQU&#202;NCIA E RITMO CARD&#205;ACO</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares epr&#243;-arritmia com DAA</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior risco de eventos adversos com abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior indica&#231;&#227;o de cardiovers&#227;o e abla&#231;&#227;o de FA</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAA: drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.4. Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular e C&#226;ncer</title>
      <p>As DCV e o c&#226;ncer s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no mundo, compartilhando FR, tais como idade, obesidade, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria familiar e dieta.</p>
      <p>Os c&#226;nceres mais comuns em mulheres s&#227;o os de mama, pulm&#227;o e colorretal, respons&#225;veis por 50% dos novos diagn&#243;sticos, dos quais o da mama representa 30%. <sup><xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico precoce e no tratamento do c&#226;ncer propiciaram importante redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade, principalmente pela percep&#231;&#227;o de efeitos adversos cardiovasculares, tanto agudos quanto cr&#244;nicos, decorrentes do tratamento oncol&#243;gico. Esses efeitos afetam a qualidade e a expectativa de vida das sobreviventes, que necessitam de acompanhamento por toda a sua exist&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Entre as diferentes formas de tratamento, tanto a quimioterapia quanto a radioterapia e outras terapias podem levar a cardiotoxicidade por diferentes mecanismos, sendo o risco diretamente relacionado &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de base, de fatores de risco cardiovascular e tratamento pr&#233;vio oncol&#243;gico cardiot&#243;xico.</p>
      <p>Apesar de at&#233; o momento n&#227;o existir nenhum escore de risco validado, sugerem-se dois fortes preditores de risco, a idade e a FEVE previamente ao tratamento. <sup><xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da cardiotoxicidade pode ser realizado pela confirma&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular nova durante ou mesmo anos ap&#243;s o tratamento, seja de natureza cl&#237;nica e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o em biomarcadores e/ou imagem cardiovascular, sendo o diagn&#243;stico feito por exclus&#227;o ap&#243;s pesquisa de outras etiologias.</p>
      <p>Segundo a Diretriz Brasileira de Cardio-Oncologia, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relacionada &#224; terapia do c&#226;ncer &#233; definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 10% na FEVE para um valor abaixo do limite inferior da normalidade (FEVE &lt; 50%), devendo ser repetida a imagem cardiovascular em 2 a 3 semanas. <sup><xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ocorrer durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do tratamento bem como anos ap&#243;s o seu fim, motivo pelo qual a vigil&#226;ncia a longo prazo &#233; importante, principalmente naqueles que desenvolvem cardiotoxicidade durante o tratamento ou s&#227;o de alto risco.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; o m&#233;todo de escolha para detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica antes, durante e ap&#243;s o tratamento do c&#226;ncer. O ecocardiograma tridimensional tem uma melhor acur&#225;cia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em sua aus&#234;ncia, o bidimensional Simpson &#233; recomendado para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos volumes e da FEVE. O SLG &#233; uma ferramenta que prediz com alta sensibilidade a redu&#231;&#227;o posterior da FEVE. Redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 15% no SLG em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal &#233; considerada anormal, sendo um marcador precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sendo indicada em casos com limita&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia. <sup><xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>&#201; fundamental detectar anormalidades card&#237;acas subcl&#237;nicas que possam influenciar as decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas quanto &#224; escolha do tratamento, indica&#231;&#227;o de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o ou aumento da vigil&#226;ncia (por exemplo, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular assintom&#225;tica).</p>
      <p>A antraciclina &#233; o QT mais comumente utilizado no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama, por&#233;m tem efeito cardiot&#243;xico por necrose de cardiomi&#243;citos histologicamente comprovada, levando a les&#245;es irrevers&#237;veis. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre doses cumulativas de antraciclina e risco de IC &#233; exponencial, com incid&#234;ncia de 5% de IC com a dose cumulativa de 400 mg/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> e incid&#234;ncia de 48% com a dose cumulativa de 700 mg/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> . <sup><xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Outro QT usado no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama, o trastuzumabe, pode causar cardiotoxicidade, por&#233;m n&#227;o se associa a necrose de cardiomi&#243;citos, sendo as les&#245;es causadas parcial e totalmente revers&#237;veis ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
      <p>Fluoropirimidina, droga usada no tratamento do c&#226;ncer colorretal, pode levar a vasoespasmo e consequente isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, com ou sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os sintomas podem aparecer a qualquer momento durante o tratamento, por&#233;m inje&#231;&#227;o em <italic>bolus</italic> pode ser menos cardiot&#243;xica, uma vez que o vasoespasmo pode estar relacionado a metab&#243;litos acumulados mais do que ao efeito do pico das doses. <sup><xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Caso os pacientes desenvolvam IC e FEVE &lt; 40% durante o tratamento, o QT deve ser suspenso temporariamente, conforme discuss&#227;o entre o cardiologista e o oncologista, e a terapia para IC deve ser iniciada de acordo com as diretrizes e consensos.</p>
      <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o da cardiotoxicidade deve ser realizada em todas as pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidas ao tratamento do c&#226;ncer. Medidas gerais, como o controle adequado dos fatores de risco, interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas cardioprotetoras espec&#237;ficas, assim como estrat&#233;gias de vigil&#226;ncia baseadas em imagens e biomarcadores t&#234;m efeito ben&#233;fico geral, mas os resultados s&#227;o heterog&#234;neos, n&#227;o havendo consenso sobre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para farmacoterapia cardioprotetora ( <xref rid="f16" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.4</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 4.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas para a preven&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade nas mulheres.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf16.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Apesar de as recomenda&#231;&#245;es serem controversas, drogas cardioprotetoras t&#234;m sido testadas, como dexrazoxano, um quelante de ferro com comprovada a&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora, e outras drogas com efeito bloqueador da resposta neuro-hormonal e consequente a&#231;&#227;o anti-remodelamento card&#237;aco, como os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, betabloqueadores e estatinas. <sup><xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup> Considerar o uso do dexrazoxano em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama metast&#225;tico com dose cumulativa elevada de antraciclina (doxorrubicina acima de 250 mg/m <sup>2</sup> ). <sup><xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico &#233; considerado como estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica promissora para prevenir e/ou tratar cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia. Se houver redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE que atenda &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade, o tratamento da IC baseado em diretrizes deve ser considerado.</p>
      <p>A <xref rid="f17" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.5</xref> resume os principais aspectos relacionados &#224; cardiotoxicidade.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figura 4.5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sum&#225;rio dos principais aspectos referentes &#224; cardiotoxicidade. 2D: bidimensional; 3D: tridimensional; DM: diabetes mellitus; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovasculares; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; QT: quimioter&#225;pico; RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf17.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os <xref rid="t44" ref-type="table">Quadros 4.2</xref> , <xref rid="t45" ref-type="table">4.3</xref> e <xref rid="t46" ref-type="table">4.4</xref> demonstram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmia nas mulheres.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t44">
        <label>Quadro 4.2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th>CR</th>
              <th>NE</th>
              <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Na doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva e n&#227;o obstrutiva, devem-se conhecer as diferen&#231;as no quadro cl&#237;nico das SCA/SCC, aperfei&#231;oar diagn&#243;stico e tratamento e identificar e tratar FRCV cl&#225;ssicos e FR espec&#237;ficos da mulher</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>69&#8211;73</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Na doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva e n&#227;o obstrutiva, devem-se identificar os fatores potencializadores de risco (fatores psicossociais e determinantes sociais de sa&#250;de)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>69&#8211;73</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Na dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, minimizar os gatilhos emocionais, evitar terapia hormonal (isto &#233;, estrog&#234;nio, progesterona e gonadotrofina cori&#244;nica &#946;-humana), evitar gravidezes futuras, reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, preferencialmente com protocolo modificado evitando exerc&#237;cios isom&#233;tricos pesados e atividades aer&#243;bicas intensas</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>69&#8211;71,73</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>No vasoespasmo, evitar fatores agravantes, como o uso de drogas il&#237;citas, anfetaminas, g&#225;s butano, &#225;lcool e medicamentos para enxaqueca</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>69,71&#8211;73</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Na doen&#231;a microvascular, importante a modifica&#231;&#227;o dos FRCV (por exemplo, perda de peso e controle do estresse)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>69,72</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Na trombose e embolia coronariana, diagn&#243;stico precoce das causas subjacentes e profilaxia da trombose/infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>69,73</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN16">
            <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; FR: fatores de risco; FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular; SCA/SCC: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda/s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t45">
        <label>Quadro 4.3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas mulheres.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th>CR</th>
              <th>NE</th>
              <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>A s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo est&#225; relacionada a menopausa (defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio), por&#233;m a reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal n&#227;o tem impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de IC</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>10,76</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Controlar fatores de risco que predisp&#245;em &#224; CMPP: hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, ecl&#226;mpsia</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>10,76</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Na ICFEp e na ICFEr, controlar os fatores de risco, como peso e n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos, lip&#237;dicos e press&#243;ricos, praticar atividade f&#237;sica regular, cessar tabagismo</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>10,74&#8211;76</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uso de estatina teria potencial benef&#237;cio, por&#233;m existem poucas evid&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas relacionadas ao sexo, n&#227;o devendo ser recomendado</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>10</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de IC em mulheres e a institui&#231;&#227;o de medidas para control&#225;-los ou at&#233; revert&#234;-los podem ter impacto na preven&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>10,70,76</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN17">
            <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; CMPP: cardiomiopatia periparto; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t46">
        <label>Quadro 4.4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo das arritmias nas mulheres.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo das arritmias nas mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th>CR</th>
              <th>NE</th>
              <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>A obesidade e a HAS s&#227;o preditores de risco para FA nas mulheres; o controle de peso e n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos &#233; medida importante na preven&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>14,15,81</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A preval&#234;ncia de FA aumenta com a idade e nas mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa; a terapia hormonal da menopausa n&#227;o teria efeito ben&#233;fico</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>80</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa parece reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de FA nas mulheres</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>80</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool &#233; preditor de FA nas mulheres; o controle do consumo de &#225;lcool para menos de 2 drinques/dia pode reduzir o risco</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>80</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN18">
            <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.5. Acidente Vascular Cerebral</title>
      <p>As mulheres enfrentam uma carga desproporcional de mortalidade e incapacidade por AVC. <sup><xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref></sup> M&#250;ltiplos FR espec&#237;ficos t&#234;m sido observados, como gravidez, PE, DG, uso de contraceptivos orais e de horm&#244;nios na p&#243;s-menopausa, al&#233;m das varia&#231;&#245;es hormonais. <sup><xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref></sup> Os FR para AVC mais fortes ou prevalentes nas mulheres que merecem considera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: FA, enxaqueca com aura, DM, HAS, depress&#227;o e estresse psicossocial. Apesar da maior propor&#231;&#227;o de AVC ao longo da vida, n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes espec&#237;ficas de triagem e de tratamento para redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>&#201; importante refor&#231;ar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e a educa&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica nas faixas et&#225;rias mais jovens, incluindo mulheres na idade reprodutiva, alertando sobre a progressiva incid&#234;ncia de AVC com a idade e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas, como HG, parto prematuro e DG, al&#233;m de contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal. O risco &#233; progressivamente maior quando associado a FR cl&#225;ssicos, como obesidade, dislipidemias, HAS e DM, que incidem ao longo da vida, inclusive em idades mais jovens. <sup><xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Embora as mulheres representem mais da metade da ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sua inclus&#227;o em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de tratamento para AVC tem sido menor, o que requer uma melhor representa&#231;&#227;o feminina nesses estudos. <sup><xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref> , <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref> </sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.6. Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</title>
      <p>A DAP &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente que confere morbidade e mortalidade substanciais, sendo pouco diagnosticada e pouco tratada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <sup><xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref></sup> Sua frequ&#234;ncia em mulheres &#233; igual ou maior do que em homens. <sup><xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref></sup> Diferen&#231;as na fisiopatologia e FR podem contribuir para a apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia e muitas vezes at&#237;pica da DAP em mulheres ( <xref rid="f18" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.6</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figura 4.6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;as na apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica em mulheres. 7 DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FR: fatores de risco; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf18.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A inadvert&#234;ncia no atendimento da DAP prejudica os resultados em todos os pacientes, mas esses desafios s&#227;o maiores nas mulheres, que t&#234;m dor mais intensa, pior qualidade de vida e maior risco de DCV e seus eventos concomitantes do que os homens. <sup><xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; dados demonstrando o menor uso da terap&#234;utica baseada em evid&#234;ncias em mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o a homens. <sup><xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Embora o reconhecimento e o controle dos FR tradicionais sejam importantes para ambos os sexos, parecem ter um efeito diferencial e menor signific&#226;ncia geral para mulheres com DAP do que para homens. <sup><xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref> , <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref> </sup> Como o tratamento dos FR tradicionais confere prote&#231;&#227;o para ambos os sexos, esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos para assegurar os cuidados ideais para todos. <sup><xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref></sup> O reconhecimento de FR espec&#237;ficos do sexo (ex. gravidez) ou de fatores predominantemente femininos (ex. depress&#227;o) pode permitir uma adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o precoces. <sup><xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref> , <xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref> </sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.7. Dem&#234;ncia</title>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o se saber claramente quais os impactos da priva&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica da menopausa sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva da mulher, dados da literatura mostram que as mulheres parecem ter maior risco de desenvolver dem&#234;ncia e altera&#231;&#245;es de mem&#243;ria relacionadas &#224; idade do que os homens e pouco se sabe sobre essas diferen&#231;as em idades mais precoces. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Estudos mostram que mulheres na perimenopausa respondem melhor a tarefas relacionadas &#224; mem&#243;ria, o que se atenua anos ap&#243;s a menopausa. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas e biol&#243;gicas de que a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de estrog&#234;nio e, consequentemente, a atividade ovariana t&#234;m rela&#231;&#227;o com a melhor <italic>performance</italic> em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mem&#243;ria e &#224; cogni&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref> </sup> Sintomas como mente embotada, esquecimento e dificuldade de achar palavras s&#227;o comuns nas mulheres na perimenopausa. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, como observado no estudo SWAN, a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva nas mulheres parece n&#227;o ter rela&#231;&#227;o com ansiedade e depress&#227;o, fatores sabidamente aumentados nessa fase da vida feminina. <sup><xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A DA, uma das causas de dem&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, tem como uma de suas principais caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas o dep&#243;sito excessivo de placas de amiloide no sistema nervoso central. Dados de literatura sugerem que o estrog&#234;nio possa ter importante papel na preven&#231;&#227;o do dep&#243;sito de amiloide, al&#233;m de atuar na fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva. <sup><xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref></sup> Investigadores t&#234;m sugerido que a concentra&#231;&#227;o reduzida de horm&#244;nios esteroides sexuais ap&#243;s a menopausa possa ser respons&#225;vel pela maior preval&#234;ncia e maior gravidade da DA em mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref></sup> Muitos estudos t&#234;m sido realizados para definir se a THM seria uma medida eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o desses dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos. <sup><xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref> , <xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Apesar das evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas conflitantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de THM como medida preventiva na disfun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva e na redu&#231;&#227;o da DA na menopausa, uma meta-an&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos mostrou a aus&#234;ncia desses benef&#237;cios. Mulheres com mais de 65 anos sem dem&#234;ncia que usaram estrog&#234;nio isolado ou associado a progesterona n&#227;o tiveram evid&#234;ncias consistentes em rela&#231;&#227;o a benef&#237;cios, nem mesmo as mais jovens (menopausa precoce e perimenopausa). <sup><xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Assim, sugerimos que a THM n&#227;o deva ser prescrita para preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva em mulheres mais velhas na p&#243;s-menopausa. Tamb&#233;m faltam fortes evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cios cognitivos para mulheres que usam THM em idades mais jovens (por exemplo, perto da menopausa). Portanto, a THM tamb&#233;m n&#227;o deve ser prescrita para preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva em mulheres mais jovens. Mesmo resultados do estudo WHI n&#227;o mostraram que o in&#237;cio precoce da THM seria necess&#225;rio para obter benef&#237;cios cognitivos posteriores nas mulheres, nem mesmo prevenir DIC (&#8220;hip&#243;tese da janela cr&#237;tica&#8221;). <sup><xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Um estudo de coorte mostrou as principais causas de altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas e dem&#234;ncia em homens e mulheres mais jovens (menos de 55 anos): DA (34%), dem&#234;ncia vascular (18%), dem&#234;ncia frontoparietal (12%), dem&#234;ncia relacionada a alcoolismo (10%), al&#233;m de outras, como doen&#231;a de Parkinson e esclerose m&#250;ltipla. <sup><xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref></sup> Na DA, 10% dos casos se relacionaram a muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e a preval&#234;ncia de dem&#234;ncia dobrou a cada 5 anos ap&#243;s os 35 anos de idade.</p>
      <p>Existem FR vasculares relacionados a dem&#234;ncia precoce como AVC, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, doen&#231;a renal, DCV, HAS, alcoolismo cr&#244;nico e intoxica&#231;&#227;o por drogas. <sup><xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref></sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.8. Doen&#231;as Valvares</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica &#233; a principal causa de doen&#231;a valvar adquirida em crian&#231;as e adultos jovens com idade inferior a 40 anos nos pa&#237;ses emergentes. <sup><xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref></sup> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>4.8.1. Estenose A&#243;rtica</title>
        <p>Em mulheres jovens, a etiologia da estenose a&#243;rtica isolada, na sua totalidade, &#233; cong&#234;nita e a les&#227;o estrutural &#233; frequentemente a valva bic&#250;spide. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> A estenose a&#243;rtica isolada de etiologia reum&#225;tica &#233; rara, geralmente concomitante a outras les&#245;es valvares, como insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica ou les&#245;es mitrais. Com o envelhecimento, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o degenerativa valvar &#233; o principal mecanismo da doen&#231;a. Quando comparadas aos homens, considerando o mesmo grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar, as mulheres apresentam tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica em raz&#227;o da fibrose do aparelho valvar, que &#233; mais pronunciada do que a calcifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Mulheres portadoras de estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo gradiente e baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o valorizam os sintomas e apresentam-se em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a, com pior capacidade funcional, quadro de s&#237;ncope mais frequente e remodelamento mais exc&#234;ntrico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Essas manifesta&#231;&#245;es podem justificar sua maior mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens ( <xref rid="f19" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.7</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f19">
            <label>Figura 4.7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;as na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relacionadas ao sexo na estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo gradiente e baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Adaptado de Bartko et al. 110 </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf19.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Mulheres encaminhadas para substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica valvar a&#243;rtica apresentam dispneia de esfor&#231;o mais acentuada, escores de fragilidade mais elevados e grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o valvar mais grave para o mesmo padr&#227;o anat&#244;mico de &#225;rea valvar e gradiente m&#233;dio de press&#227;o transvalvar a&#243;rtico dos homens. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> A menor superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea das mulheres acarreta interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas tecnicamente mais minuciosas, raz&#227;o da pior sobrevida p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Nas substitui&#231;&#245;es valvares a&#243;rticas transcateter, mulheres s&#227;o mais idosas, apresentam melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e menor preval&#234;ncia de DAC, mas t&#234;m morbidades associadas como DM e FA. Caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas do sexo feminino, tais como menor dist&#226;ncia entre os &#243;stios coronarianos e o anel valvar e maior preval&#234;ncia de calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar e da aorta, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela maior incid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria durante o procedimento. O menor di&#226;metro dos vasos perif&#233;ricos tamb&#233;m causa maiores complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e sangramento. <sup><xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Atualmente n&#227;o h&#225; terap&#234;utica para preven&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Contudo, ensaios cl&#237;nicos t&#234;m formulado estrat&#233;gias para retardar o processo de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, como os inibidores da DPP-4, <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> testados em idosos e diab&#233;ticos, mas sem estudos referenciados para mulheres. A falta de controle de tabagismo, dislipidemia, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina e c&#225;lcio plasm&#225;tico parece propiciar uma redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta e porcentual da &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica anual. <sup><xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref> , <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.8.2. Doen&#231;a Valvar Mitral</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral tem hist&#243;ria natural dependente da etiologia e o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico exige medidas preventivas fundamentadas na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do grau anat&#244;mico da doen&#231;a. A avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica exige aten&#231;&#227;o quanto ao desenvolvimento ou n&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e/ou funcionais secund&#225;rias &#224; doen&#231;a valvar e ao surgimento de fatores complicadores, uma vez que a insufici&#234;ncia mitral tem evolu&#231;&#227;o muitas vezes insidiosa. A insufici&#234;ncia mitral decorrente do prolapso valvar &#233; prevalente entre as mulheres e suas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas peculiares mostram predom&#237;nio de v&#225;lvulas mixomatosas com prolapso anterior e de folhetos bilaterais, al&#233;m de espessamento extenso dos folhetos, que s&#227;o menos fl&#225;cidos que nos homens. <sup><xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As mulheres apresentam menores volumes de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e dimens&#245;es atriais quando indexadas &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal; por conseguinte, muitas n&#227;o alcan&#231;am crit&#233;rios cir&#250;rgicos baseados no aumento das cavidades ventriculares na insufici&#234;ncia mitral, <sup><xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref></sup> o que pode resultar em piores resultados ap&#243;s a cirurgia. <sup><xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref></sup> Contudo, esses dados s&#227;o controversos porque se fundamentam em estudos retrospectivos e com uma coorte muito limitada ( <xref rid="f20" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.8</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figura 4.8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o comparativa ap&#243;s cirurgia minimamente invasiva da valva mitral. Adaptado de Seeburger et al. 113 </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf20.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>No Brasil, a estenose mitral reum&#225;tica &#233; a principal causa de valvopatia adquirida em mulheres jovens; contudo, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do aparelho valvar mitral pode surgir com o progredir da idade. Em pa&#237;ses industrializados, a erradica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica cedeu espa&#231;o para as causas degenerativas, <sup><xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref></sup> em que predominam a calcifica&#231;&#227;o com envolvimento da base dos folhetos e a aus&#234;ncia de fus&#227;o comissural, caracter&#237;sticas estruturais que restringem a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Por essas raz&#245;es, a substitui&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da valva mitral tem sido o tratamento prefer&#237;vel &#224; comissurotomia percut&#226;nea/cir&#250;rgica, exceto na presen&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o com morbidades que aumentem o risco operat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.8.3. Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica</title>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica aguda envolve o diagn&#243;stico imediato e o tratamento antibi&#243;tico da infec&#231;&#227;o por estreptococos do grupo A com penicilina benzatina e outras alternativas. <sup><xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref></sup> Para ambos os sexos, medidas higi&#234;nicas s&#227;o fundamentais para evitar a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e devem ser refor&#231;adas. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de febre reum&#225;tica aguda apresentam alto risco de recorr&#234;ncia e acometimento card&#237;aco com qualquer infec&#231;&#227;o subsequente por estreptococos do grupo A. Nas pacientes com risco de recorr&#234;ncia, a profilaxia antibi&#243;tica secund&#225;ria deve ser a longo prazo em ambos os sexos, conforme preconizado pelas diretrizes atuais.</p>
        <p>Dentre as medidas preventivas em doen&#231;a valvar nas mulheres, merece destaque a profilaxia da endocardite infecciosa na ocasi&#227;o do parto. Embora controversa, o <italic>Posicionamento sobre Cardiopatia e Gravidez da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> recomenda essa profilaxia em situa&#231;&#245;es de presum&#237;vel alto risco, indicando antibi&#243;ticos espec&#237;ficos para o aparelho geniturin&#225;rio, como ampicilina e gentamicina ou vancomicina, quando houver alergia &#224; penicilina ( <xref rid="f21" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.9</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 4.9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Orienta&#231;&#245;es para a profilaxia de endocardite infecciosa na gravidez. EI: endocardite infecciosa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf21.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.9. Diabetes Mellitus, Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e Doen&#231;as Hipertensivas na Gravidez</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.9.1. Diabetes Mellitus</title>
        <p>A DM manifesta-se na gravidez como DM tipo 1, DM tipo 2 ou DG, estando associada a complica&#231;&#245;es materno-fetais, como PE, prematuridade e morte perinatal. A conduta para DM na gravidez deve ser individualizada de acordo com a presen&#231;a dos fatores determinantes de progn&#243;stico da gravidez, como n&#237;vel glic&#234;mico, tempo da doen&#231;a, presen&#231;a de comorbidades, les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, polidr&#226;mnio, macrossomia fetal e outras malforma&#231;&#245;es fetais. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o dessas complica&#231;&#245;es envolve mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida, destacando-se controle do peso e dieta adequada antes e durante a gravidez. Uma meta-an&#225;lise com 44 estudos avaliou a influ&#234;ncia da atividade f&#237;sica e nutri&#231;&#227;o para o controle do peso corporal em 7.278 gestantes, mostrando redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 1,42 kg no ganho de peso e do risco de PE (RR 0,74, IC 0,60 - 0,92), sem comprometimento fetal. <sup><xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhora a capacidade funcional, reduz o risco de depress&#227;o, previne ganho de peso excessivo e auxilia no controle dos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares, destacando-se PE e outras formas de HAS e de DM desenvolvidas na gravidez. Quando a atividade f&#237;sica &#233; moderada ou alta, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de DG em torno de 50% e da ocorr&#234;ncia de PE em 22% e 35%, respectivamente. O risco &#233; ainda menor se a atividade f&#237;sica for iniciada antes e mantida desde o in&#237;cio da gravidez. Estudos mostram que 5 a 6 horas/semana de exerc&#237;cios reduzem em 40% o risco de PE. Portanto, mulheres sem contraindica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas ou cardiovasculares devem ser fisicamente ativas durante toda a gravidez. Recomenda-se realizar 150 minutos de exerc&#237;cios moderados, distribu&#237;dos em pelo menos tr&#234;s dias da semana, variando entre aer&#243;bico, de resist&#234;ncia, alongamento e ioga. <sup><xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.9.2. Doen&#231;as Hipertensivas na Gravidez</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as hipertensivas na gravidez, que abrangem diferentes formas de HAS, est&#227;o entre as principais causas de complica&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade materna e perinatal em todo o mundo, sendo consideradas um marcador indiscut&#237;vel de DCV no futuro. <sup><xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>V&#225;rias estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido propostas para a preven&#231;&#227;o da PE. Contudo, nenhuma &#233; inequivocamente eficaz. Interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, como vitaminas C e E, &#243;leo de peixe, suplementa&#231;&#227;o de alho, vitamina D, &#225;cido f&#243;lico ou restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, <sup><xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref></sup> n&#227;o t&#234;m efic&#225;cia suficientemente comprovada. A reposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio &#233; uma das poucas estrat&#233;gias que mostraram benef&#237;cio nas pacientes de alto risco de HAS ou PE, principalmente nas que consomem quantidade insuficiente de c&#225;lcio em sua dieta di&#225;ria. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 13 estudos incluindo 15.730 pacientes com baixa ingesta di&#225;ria de c&#225;lcio (&lt; 600 mg/dia) mostrou que a reposi&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior que 1,0 g/dia reduziu o risco relativo em 35% de HAS e em 55% de PE, sendo que doses mais elevadas (&#8805; 1g) tiveram maior benef&#237;cio nesses desfechos. <sup><xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O uso do AAS entre 12 e 16 semanas de gravidez nas doses entre 75 mg e 150 mg di&#225;rias &#233; considerado moderadamente eficaz em reduzir o risco de PE em pacientes de alto risco ( <xref rid="f22" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.10</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figura 4.10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na profilaxia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia. Adaptado do Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para Gravidez e Planejamento Familiar na Mulher Portadora de Cardiopatia 2020. 11 AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HF: hist&#243;ria familiar; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PE: pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; PIG: pequeno para idade gestacional; RN: rec&#233;m-nascido; SAAF: s&#237;ndrome do anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf22.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O estudo ASPRE ( <italic>Performance of Screening for Preterm Pre-Eclampsia),</italic> utilizando um modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de PE (ultrassom Doppler no primeiro trimestre, medidas da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios), mostrou redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de 62% de PE com 150 mg de AAS &#224; noite, com in&#237;cio entre a 11&#170; e a 13&#170; semana gestacional e t&#233;rmino na 36&#170; semana gestacional. <sup><xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref></sup> Recente revis&#227;o corroborou redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo de protein&#250;ria na PE em 18% e do n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar para 61, com baixo risco fetal, neonatal e de sangramento no p&#243;s-parto. <sup><xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HG como fator de risco para DCV no futuro, uma an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> de estudos mostrou que HG em primigestas foi associada a maior risco de DCV (RR, 1,45; IC 95%, 1,17-1,80) e DIC (RR, 1,46; IC 95%, 1,23-1,73), o que n&#227;o ocorreu para AVC (RR, 1,26; IC 95%, 0,96-1,65) ou eventos tromboemb&#243;licos (RR, 0,88; IC 95%, 0,73&#8211;1,07). Mulheres com uma ou mais gesta&#231;&#245;es com HG apresentaram maior risco de DCV (RR, 1,81; IC 95%, 1,42-2,31), DIC (RR, 1,83; IC 95%, 1,33-2,51) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (RR, 1,77; IC 95%, 1,47-2,13), mas n&#227;o de AVC (RR, 1,50; IC 95%, 0,75-2,99). Pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre HG e DCV subsequente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4.10. Gravidez na Adolesc&#234;ncia</title>
      <p>Dentre os problemas de sa&#250;de na adolesc&#234;ncia (indiv&#237;duos entre 10 anos e 20 anos incompletos), a gravidez representa 400 mil casos por ano e as crian&#231;as nascidas de m&#227;es adolescentes representaram 18% dos nascidos vivos no Brasil em 2015, com predomin&#226;ncia demogr&#225;fica na regi&#227;o nordeste. <sup><xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref></sup> Entre os fatores que contribuem para o aumento da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia, destacam-se: in&#237;cio precoce da atividade sexual, uso inadequado dos contraceptivos, dificuldades de acesso a programas de planejamento familiar e sobretudo desinforma&#231;&#227;o sobre direitos sexuais e reprodutivos ( <xref rid="f23" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.11</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f23">
          <label>Figura 4.11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores marcantes da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia. 125 </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf23.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>De acordo com a OMS, a gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia aumenta complica&#231;&#245;es maternas, fetais e neonatais, al&#233;m de agravar problemas socioecon&#244;micos previamente existentes e influenciar o futuro de gera&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref></sup> Os fatores que contribuem para as complica&#231;&#245;es maternas da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref rid="f24" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.12</xref> . <sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f24">
          <label>Figura 4.12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores que contribuem para as complica&#231;&#245;es maternas da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia. 125 </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf24.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>De acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, a abstin&#234;ncia sexual isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia para reduzir as taxas de gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia e estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a abstin&#234;ncia n&#227;o contribui para retardar o in&#237;cio da vida sexual nem reduzir o n&#250;mero de parceiros entre adolescentes. Segundo os estudos, adolescentes que receberam apenas educa&#231;&#227;o sexual para abstin&#234;ncia n&#227;o apresentaram efeito significativo na redu&#231;&#227;o de gravidez (OR 0,7; IC 95%, 0,38-1,45; p = 0,38) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quelas que receberam educa&#231;&#227;o sexual mais abrangente, que foi mais eficaz (OR 0,4; IC 95%, 0,22-0,69; p = 0,001). <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O <italic>Guia Pr&#225;tico sobre Preven&#231;&#227;o da Gravidez na Adolesc&#234;ncia da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria</italic> considera que um dos mais importantes fatores de preven&#231;&#227;o seja a educa&#231;&#227;o sobre sexualidade e sa&#250;de reprodutiva apoiada em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas e em programas de promo&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. <sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref></sup> A instru&#231;&#227;o deve ser direcionada a aspectos biol&#243;gicos, respeito rec&#237;proco, atividades sexuais com responsabilidade, al&#233;m de uso de m&#233;todos contraceptivos seguros e eficazes na preven&#231;&#227;o da gravidez e prote&#231;&#227;o contra infec&#231;&#245;es sexualmente transmiss&#237;veis. <sup><xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o da contracep&#231;&#227;o para adolescentes &#233; trabalhosa, pois requer tempo para construir um relacionamento de confian&#231;a. Entretanto, provedores pedi&#225;tricos s&#227;o os que mais merecem a confian&#231;a de adolescentes e familiares, sendo muitas vezes o &#250;nico v&#237;nculo para o aconselhamento reprodutivo. <sup><xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias para maior comprometimento e sucesso no aconselhamento reprodutivo s&#227;o destacadas no <xref rid="t47" ref-type="table">Quadro 4.5</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t47">
          <label>Quadro 4.5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estrat&#233;gias para a preven&#231;&#227;o da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia. 125 </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reservar espa&#231;o da cl&#237;nica para adolescentes com informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sa&#250;de sexual e m&#233;todos de contracep&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Assegurar o sigilo das discuss&#245;es sobre sua sexualidade</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apresentar os contraceptivos refor&#231;ando a efic&#225;cia, toler&#226;ncia, efeitos colaterais, vantagens na contracep&#231;&#227;o e benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos dos m&#233;todos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Manter seguimento ap&#243;s a prescri&#231;&#227;o para identificar efeitos colaterais, ades&#227;o e satisfa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regulamentar os anticoncepcionais de longa dura&#231;&#227;o (LARCS) e os contraceptivos hormonais na pr&#225;tica pedi&#225;trica</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Diretrizes atuais e melhores pr&#225;ticas para o fornecimento de contracep&#231;&#227;o incluem os Crit&#233;rios de Elegibilidade M&#233;dica (MEC) <sup><xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref></sup> e as Recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Pr&#225;ticas Selecionadas dispon&#237;veis na OMS e no Centro de Controle das Doen&#231;as dos Estados Unidos. <sup><xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref></sup> A Federa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetr&#237;cia refor&#231;a o documento MEC-OMS em sua &#250;ltima vers&#227;o, que aponta que somente a idade n&#227;o &#233; raz&#227;o para atrasar o uso de qualquer m&#233;todo revers&#237;vel e que quest&#245;es sociais e comportamentais devem ser consideradas de modo individualizado. <sup><xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Os contraceptivos podem ser divididos em hormonais e n&#227;o hormonais (m&#233;todos comportamentais, mec&#226;nicos e de barreira) e apresentam falha vari&#225;vel, podendo sua efic&#225;cia ser calculada pelo &#237;ndice de Pearl, que considera o n&#250;mero de gesta&#231;&#245;es/100mulheres/ano ( <xref rid="f25" ref-type="fig">Figura 4.13</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref> , <xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f25">
          <label>Figura 4.13</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;todos de contracep&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de Pearl (gesta&#231;&#245;es/100 mulheres/ano).</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016. <sup>132</sup> </attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf25.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os <xref rid="t48" ref-type="table">Quadros 4.6</xref> , <xref rid="t49" ref-type="table">4.7</xref> e <xref rid="t50" ref-type="table">4.8</xref> demonstram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de cardiotoxicidade, AVC, DAP, dem&#234;ncia e outras doen&#231;as e situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas nas mulheres.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t48">
        <label>Quadro 4.6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de cardiotoxicidade nas mulheres.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da cardiotoxicidade nas mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th>CR</th>
              <th>NE</th>
              <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e controle de fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, tabagismo e dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>85,86</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Uso de drogas cardioprotetoras: drogas anti-remodelamento podem ser consideradas para pacientes com sinais de cardiotoxicidade subcl&#237;nica ou pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular</td>
              <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>85,86</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pacientes do FE entre 40-50% devem iniciar tratamento com IECA/AT1 e betabloqueador antes do tratamento</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>85,86</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Considerar o uso do dexrazoxano em pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama metast&#225;tico com dose cumulativa elevada de antraciclina (doxorrubicina acima de 250 mg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>85,86</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Estrat&#233;gias de vigil&#226;ncia com biomarcadores e imagens</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>85</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico &#233; considerado como estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica promissora para prevenir cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>85,86</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td colspan="4"> </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN19">
            <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; AT1: receptor de angiotensina tipo 1; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t49">
        <label>Quadro 4.7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de AVC, DAP e dem&#234;ncia nas mulheres.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de AVC, DAP e dem&#234;ncia nas mulheres</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th>CR</th>
              <th>NE</th>
              <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Refor&#231;ar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o das mulheres sobre a progressiva incid&#234;ncia de AVC e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com complica&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas (HG, partos prematuros, DG) e com contracep&#231;&#227;o hormonal</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>87</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alertar as mulheres sobre o risco progressivamente maior de AVC na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, como obesidade, dislipidemias, HAS e DM</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>87</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O tratamento dos fatores de risco tradicionais confere prote&#231;&#227;o para ambos os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DAP</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>100</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Na DAP, o reconhecimento de fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos do sexo, como complica&#231;&#245;es da gravidez, ou fatores predominantemente femininos, como depress&#227;o, permite adequada estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o precoces</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>101,102</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sugere-se que o estrog&#234;nio possa ter importante papel na preven&#231;&#227;o do dep&#243;sito de amiloide na doen&#231;a de Alzheimer, al&#233;m de atuar na fun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>107</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN20">
            <p>
              <italic>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; HG: hipertens&#227;o gestacional; DG: diabetes gestacional; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t50">
        <label>Quadro 4.8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da gravidez.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas da gravidez</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="4">
                <hr/>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th>CR</th>
              <th>NE</th>
              <th>Refer&#234;ncias</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Na preven&#231;&#227;o de endocardite infecciosa na ocasi&#227;o do parto, a associa&#231;&#227;o ampicilina 2,0g e gentamicina 1,5mg/kg deve ser feita uma hora antes do parto em pacientes de alto risco para endocardite infecciosa</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>11</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida, destacando-se controle do peso e dieta adequada, antes e durante a gravidez s&#227;o importantes na preven&#231;&#227;o de diabetes gestacional</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>117</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular durante a gravidez para mulheres sem contraindica&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica: reduz risco de depress&#227;o, previne ganho de peso excessivo, auxilia no controle dos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos e cardiovasculares, destacando-se PE e outras formas de HAS e DM</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>118</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, como vitaminas C e E, &#243;leo de peixe, vitamina D, &#225;cido f&#243;lico, restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio s&#227;o medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o para PE</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>C</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>119</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>O uso do AAS antes da 16&#170; semana de gravidez reduz o risco de PE precoce (antes da 34&#170; semana) em pacientes de alto risco</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>122</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A reposi&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio pode ter benef&#237;cio na preven&#231;&#227;o de PE em pacientes consideradas de alto risco que consomem quantidade di&#225;ria insuficiente de c&#225;lcio (&lt; 600 mg/dia)</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>121</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A abstin&#234;ncia sexual como medida preventiva da gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia n&#227;o contribui para retardar o in&#237;cio da vida sexual e nem tampouco reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de gravidez</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>126</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A preven&#231;&#227;o de gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia requer o esclarecimento sobre a efic&#225;cia, seguran&#231;a e toler&#226;ncia dos contraceptivos dispon&#237;veis e demanda supervis&#227;o at&#233; a idade adulta</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>129</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>A prescri&#231;&#227;o de contraceptivo deve ser apoiada nos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade da OMS</td>
              <td align="center">
                <alternatives>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                  <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                </alternatives>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <sup>132</sup>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN21">
            <p>
              <italic>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PE: pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial; DM: diabetes mellitus; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; OMS: Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Peculiaridades dos M&#233;todos Proped&#234;uticos nas Mulheres</title>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, utilizamos escores de risco e caracter&#237;sticas dos sintomas para estimar a probabilidade de RCV e identificar quem se beneficiaria de exames. A maioria dos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o superestima o risco, sendo os exames de imagem geralmente utilizados quando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste &#233; intermedi&#225;ria. Baseado no teorema de Bayes, a propor&#231;&#227;o de testes falso-positivos diminui quanto mais prevalente &#233; a doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, enquanto a de falso-negativos se reduz quanto menos prevalente &#233; a doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o. Nas mulheres, as les&#245;es obstrutivas s&#227;o menos comuns e a fisiopatologia da DIC tem suas peculiaridades, como acometimento de microcircula&#231;&#227;o, vasos menos calibrosos e maior reatividade vascular com consequente vasoespasmo. Assim, a sensibilidade e a especificidade dos testes nas mulheres podem ser diferentes daquelas nos homens. Este cap&#237;tulo tem por objetivo apontar diferen&#231;as de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, acur&#225;cia e indica&#231;&#227;o, quando houver, dos m&#233;todos de aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico da DIC na mulher.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Eletrocardiograma</title>
        <p>O ECG apresenta influ&#234;ncias do sexo, relacionadas principalmente &#224; magnitude dos sinais el&#233;tricos. A amplitude do QRS &#233; menor nas mulheres, sobretudo nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais, como a onda S de V2 e R de V5, interferindo na acur&#225;cia do diagn&#243;stico de HVE. As justificativas seriam: menor massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e presen&#231;a de mamas volumosas. O crit&#233;rio de Cornell para avalia&#231;&#227;o de HVE (soma da amplitude da onda R em aVL com onda S de V3) melhora a precis&#227;o ao considerar o sexo, sendo anormal &gt; 28 mm em homens e &gt; 20 mm em mulheres.</p>
        <p>A amplitude do ponto J e da onda T &#233; menor em mulheres. Em contrapartida, o intervalo QT corrigido &#233; maior nelas, sendo anormal quando &gt; 470 ms em mulheres e &gt; 450 ms em homens. <sup><xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Teste Ergom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>O TE &#233; seguro e fisiol&#243;gico, indicado na investiga&#231;&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, de arritmias induzidas por esfor&#231;o e dos preditores de progn&#243;stico da DIC. Nas mulheres, os n&#237;veis menores de hemoglobina, o tamanho menor das coron&#225;rias, o aumento inapropriado de catecolaminas ao esfor&#231;o e o estrog&#234;nio, por similaridades com a mol&#233;cula do digital, podem provocar depress&#227;o do segmento ST falso-positiva.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva, les&#245;es uniarteriais e doen&#231;a microvascular, a acur&#225;cia varia com a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste da DIC. Segundo as diretrizes de ACC/AHA, o TE deve ser escolhido para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DIC em mulheres com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria, ECG normal e naquelas capazes de atingir o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo. O TE tem valor preditivo negativo similar em mulheres e homens (78% e 81%, respectivamente), sendo seu valor preditivo positivo em torno de 47%. A baixa amplitude eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e o menor desempenho ao exerc&#237;cio prejudicam a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DIC em mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Ultrassonografia de Car&#243;tidas</title>
        <p>A medida da EMI e a detec&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica s&#227;o ferramentas auxiliares na avalia&#231;&#227;o do RCV. A EMI parece refletir a presen&#231;a de FRCV e &#233; diferente em homens e mulheres. A placa ateromatosa carot&#237;dea reflete a carga ateroscler&#243;tica, parece ser um preditor de RCV mais forte do que a EMI e n&#227;o tem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos. A medida da EMI para reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser utilizada em alguns grupos espec&#237;ficos, nos quais a classifica&#231;&#227;o por crit&#233;rios habituais &#233; dif&#237;cil ou incompleta (hipercolesterolemia familiar, portadoras de doen&#231;as autoimunes, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es que induzem a eleva&#231;&#227;o do colesterol) ou em mulheres com pelo menos dois FRCV. Essa medida foi estudada e publicada pelo projeto ELSA (Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto), demonstrando n&#227;o s&#243; diferen&#231;a entre os sexos, mas entre etnias e, como sabido, entre faixas et&#225;rias de uma popula&#231;&#227;o genuinamente brasileira. Assim, podemos estratificar o risco em situa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas com dados de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de placa ateromatosa &#233; recomendada pelas diretrizes brasileiras e internacionais como fator agravante em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, situa&#231;&#227;o em que muitas mulheres se enquadram. <sup><xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; a ferramenta mais utilizada na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica CV em homens e mulheres, sem diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas do m&#233;todo entre os sexos. Al&#233;m de diagnosticar altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade regional, identifica outras causas de dor tor&#225;cica, como valvopatias, miocardiopatias, aortopatias e pericardiopatias. <sup><xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia de estresse &#233; uma t&#233;cnica atrativa, principalmente para mulheres jovens ou com risco de c&#226;ncer de mama, pela aus&#234;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o existem muitos estudos avaliando diferen&#231;as no desempenho da ecocardiografia de estresse entre os sexos. Entretanto, fornece especificidade e precis&#227;o significativamente maiores do que o TE isolado, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres. A ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina <italic>versus</italic> TE para a detec&#231;&#227;o de DIC foi mais acurada em estenose de coron&#225;ria &gt;50% em mulheres com dor tor&#225;cica, com sensibilidade de 70,4% vs 53,7% e especificidade de 94,6% vs 73,6%. A maior acur&#225;cia foi mantida ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de pacientes que n&#227;o conseguiram atingir mais de 85% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca prevista para a idade antes da indu&#231;&#227;o de isquemia. A AHA recomenda a adi&#231;&#227;o de imagens ao exerc&#237;cio na avalia&#231;&#227;o de mulheres de risco intermedi&#225;rio que t&#234;m um ECG basal anormal. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>A acur&#225;cia da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse na mulher &#233; semelhante &#224; da ecocardiografia de estresse, por&#233;m &#233; menor se comparada &#224; dos homens, possivelmente pelo menor di&#226;metro das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, levando a baixa resolu&#231;&#227;o de imagens em gama-c&#226;maras convencionais. Outro desafio &#233; a atenua&#231;&#227;o causada pela mama, podendo levar a resultados falso-positivos. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Em meta-an&#225;lise realizada comparando TE, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse e ecocardiografia de estresse, a sensibilidade e a especificidade de cada m&#233;todo foram 61% e 70%, 78% e 64%, e 86% e 79%, respectivamente, e foram similares &#224;s dos homens, exceto para o TE, que foi inferior nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O estudo WOMEN comparou a efic&#225;cia do TE com ou sem cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica em mulheres sintom&#225;ticas com risco baixo/intermedi&#225;rio para DAC e capacidade para o exerc&#237;cio. Os autores mostraram que, apenas naquelas com risco pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;rio/alto, houve uma melhora na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica quando se combinou o TE com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, sendo a acur&#225;cia maior para DAC obstrutiva: a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse apresentou sensibilidade de 78% (95% IC, 72%-83%) e o TE mostrou sensibilidade de 61% (95% IC, 54%-68%). A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de estresse negativa mostrou excelente valor progn&#243;stico em mulheres, com 99% de sobrevida sem eventos, incluindo idosas e diferentes etnias, sendo similar &#224; dos homens. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para DAC &#233; importante na decis&#227;o de qual m&#233;todo utilizar. <sup><xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref> , <xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o pela cintilografia em mulheres parece ser pouco nociva e, apesar do tema ser controverso, deve-se evit&#225;-la nas jovens, sendo prefer&#237;vel a ecocardiografia de estresse.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.6. Escore de C&#225;lcio e Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias</title>
        <p>Os escores populacionais preditores de RCV apresentam menor acur&#225;cia nas mulheres, em especial nas mais jovens. Atualmente, o CAC apresenta dose de radia&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; mamografia (&lt; 1 mSv) e tem igual acur&#225;cia em homens e mulheres para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos. Mulheres com CAC maior que zero apresentam risco de eventos maior do que homens. De forma semelhante, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial mam&#225;ria, visualizada atrav&#233;s da mamografia, guarda correla&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria. Se presente, deve indicar avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>O CAC tem valor progn&#243;stico em mulheres assintom&#225;ticas com risco intermedi&#225;rio. &#201; relatado que um CAC positivo em mulheres assintom&#225;ticas de risco intermedi&#225;rio est&#225; associado a uma taxa de eventos significativamente maior, incluindo morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de RVM e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (3,3% naquelas com qualquer CAC <italic>versus</italic> 1,0% naquelas com CAC=0, ap&#243;s 37 meses de acompanhamento). <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>A Angio-TC &#233; um teste anat&#244;mico n&#227;o invasivo de DIC que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; gravidade das obstru&#231;&#245;es, carga de placa e risco dessas placas se instabilizarem. Considerando as caracter&#237;sticas da DIC em mulheres, a Angio-TC se torna um m&#233;todo capaz de evidenciar o padr&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutivo mais prevalente, informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o avaliada pelos m&#233;todos funcionais. De fato, quando comparada a esses &#250;ltimos, a Angio-TC gerou maior probabilidade de cateterismo com DAC obstrutiva, al&#233;m de melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos futuros. No contexto de dor tor&#225;cica aguda, pelas caracter&#237;sticas at&#237;picas dessa queixa em mulheres no pronto-atendimento, a Angio-TC gerou maior impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar nas mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens. <sup><xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref> , <xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.7. Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A RMC &#233; um m&#233;todo de alta acur&#225;cia na proped&#234;utica de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sem necessidade de radia&#231;&#227;o. Isso a torna uma excelente op&#231;&#227;o em mulheres, especialmente naquelas em idade f&#233;rtil, gr&#225;vidas e em tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao rastreamento de cardiotoxicidade, &#233; sabido que cerca de 25% das pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular &lt; 50% na RNM n&#227;o apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es ao ecocardiograma quando em proped&#234;utica para cardiotoxicidade. <sup><xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional da DIC, &#233; conhecido o impacto das mamas e da menor massa mioc&#225;rdica em estudos de imagem em mulheres. Tal limita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se aplica &#224; RMC, que demonstrou semelhante grau de acur&#225;cia em homens e mulheres. Considerando as caracter&#237;sticas do padr&#227;o de DIC na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, ou seja, a disparidade entre sintomas e achados anat&#244;micos, a RMC tornou-se excelente op&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela sua alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e pela sua igual performance, independentemente do sexo. Al&#233;m disso, a RMC &#233; capaz de evidenciar altera&#231;&#245;es perfusionais e/ou mioc&#225;rdicas capazes de estender de forma mais abrangente o diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dor tor&#225;cica (ex: infartos por tromboembolismo ou dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana) e ser particularmente &#250;til na abordagem desse sintoma em mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref> , <xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref> </sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.8. Coronariografia</title>
        <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o n&#250;mero de coronariografias realizadas em mulheres &#233; menor do que em homens. Por&#233;m, quando se faz estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para as mulheres, a indica&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia &#233; semelhante &#224; dos homens. <sup><xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref></sup> O estudo CURE mostra que a indica&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia, angioplastia e RVM foi inferior para mulheres (48% x 61%). <sup><xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref></sup> O <italic>status</italic> socioecon&#244;mico coloca a mulher de baixa renda em maior vulnerabilidade para acesso, o que poderia acarretar maior mortalidade a curto prazo ap&#243;s quadro de SCA. <sup><xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Estudo transversal com dados do Registro VICTIM avaliou pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IMCSST oriundos de quatro hospitais (um p&#250;blico e tr&#234;s privados) com disponibilidade para realizar angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Foram inclu&#237;dos 878 pacientes com IMCSST, 33,4% de mulheres. As mulheres apresentaram menores taxas de fibrin&#243;lise (2,3% no total, 1,7% nas mulheres e 2,6% nos homens) e de angioplastia prim&#225;ria (44% nas mulheres e 54,5% nos homens), resultando em maior mortalidade hospitalar (16,1% <italic>versus</italic> 6,7%). <sup><xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Coron&#225;rias normais na coronariografia s&#227;o mais comuns entre mulheres, inclusive na SCA, podendo representar doen&#231;a microvascular, vasoespasmo ou tromb&#243;lise espont&#226;nea. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O risco de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares do procedimento pode ser maior entre as mulheres com art&#233;rias femorais mais finas, mesmo com compress&#227;o manual ou uso de <italic>plug</italic> com col&#225;geno. As mulheres apresentam ainda maior tend&#234;ncia para desenvolver les&#227;o renal aguda p&#243;s-contraste, por terem menor n&#250;mero de glom&#233;rulos, al&#233;m de maior tend&#234;ncia a anemia. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As diferen&#231;as na abordagem diagn&#243;stica dos m&#233;todos complementares usados para DIC entre os sexos, al&#233;m de suas acur&#225;cias, vantagens e desvantagens nas mulheres s&#227;o descritas no <xref rid="t51" ref-type="table">Quadro 5.1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t51">
            <label>Quadro 5.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;todos complementares diagn&#243;sticos: diferen&#231;as entre os sexos na interpreta&#231;&#227;o, acur&#225;cia, vantagens e desvantagens quando empregados nas mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">EXAME COMPLEMENTAR</th>
                  <th align="left">Diferen&#231;as entre sexos na interpreta&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Acur&#225;cia em mulheres</th>
                  <th align="left">VANTAGENS</th>
                  <th align="left">DESVANTAGENS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ELETROCARDIOGRAMA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Amplitude do QRS menor: onda S em V2 e R em V5</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Intervalo QT &#233; maior em mulheres (VR &gt;470ms)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Amplitude do ponto J e ST menor em mulheres</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Sem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos</td>
                  <td>Utilizar crit&#233;rio de Cornell para diagn&#243;stico de HVE em mulheres (VR &gt; 20mm)</td>
                  <td>Interfere na acur&#225;cia do diagn&#243;stico de HVE pelo crit&#233;rio de Sokolow</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TESTE ERGOM&#201;TRICO</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Depress&#227;o do ST como falso-positivo</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Acur&#225;cia 47%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Valor preditivo negativo semelhante ao dos homens: 78%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>Baixo custo</p></list-item><list-item><p>Bom valor preditivo negativo, quando realizado em pacientes que conseguem atingir o</p></list-item></list> esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td>Baixa acur&#225;cia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>US CAR&#211;TIDAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>EMI em mulheres &#233; menor</td>
                  <td>Semelhante</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>N&#227;o tem irradia&#231;&#227;o, acess&#237;vel e relativo baixo custo</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Placa ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; maior preditora de risco que EMI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Pode ser &#250;til em subgrupos especiais onde os escores de risco s&#227;o de pior aplicabilidade</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Menos acurado que o CAC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECOCARDIOGRAFIA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Sem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Eco de repouso: Sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Parece semelhante para Eco de estresse</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Eco de estresse &#233; mais acurado que TE, especialmente quando o ECG de base for anormal</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Identifica outras doen&#231;as que podem causar dor precordial</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sem radia&#231;&#227;o</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Eco &#233; examinador-dependente</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CINTILOGRAFIA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Atenua&#231;&#227;o da imagem pela mama</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Pior resolu&#231;&#227;o da imagem em c&#226;meras convencionais</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Sensibilidade 78% Especificidade 64%</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mais acurado do que o TE em mulheres com PPT intermedi&#225;ria/alta</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Valor progn&#243;stico excelente, quando normal</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Alguma radia&#231;&#227;o nas mamas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ESCORE DE C&#193;LCIO CORONARIANO</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>CAC maior do que zero em mulheres aponta para maior risco do que em homens</td>
                  <td>Acur&#225;cia semelhante para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos</td>
                  <td>Radia&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; da mamografia (&lt;1mSv)</td>
                  <td>Acessibilidade ao m&#233;todo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ANGIOTOMOGRAFIA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos</td>
                  <td>Acur&#225;cia semelhante</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Identifica DAC de padr&#227;o n&#227;o obstrutivo mais prevalente em mulheres e melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos futuros</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar no pronto-atendimento</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Acessibilidade ao m&#233;todo Radia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RESSON&#194;NCIA CARD&#205;ACA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos</td>
                  <td>Acur&#225;cia semelhante</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sem radia&#231;&#227;o</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Evidencia altera&#231;&#245;es de perfus&#227;o e/ou mioc&#225;rdicas, melhorando diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dor tor&#225;cica</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Acessibilidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CORONARIOGRAFIA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sem diferen&#231;a entre os sexos</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mulheres apresentam mais coron&#225;rias normais na coronariografia, quando essa &#233; solicitada</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>Sem diferen&#231;as entre os sexos</td>
                  <td>Pode diagnosticar angina vasoesp&#225;stica, quando realizado para esse fim</td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento: sangramento e les&#227;o renal aguda</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>N&#227;o avalia isquemia por doen&#231;a microvascular</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Eco: ecocardiografia; EMI: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; PPT: probabilidade pr&#233;-teste; TE: teste ergom&#233;trico; US: ultrassom; QT: quimioter&#225;pico; ECG: eletrocardiograma ; VR: valor de refer&#234;ncia.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O <xref rid="t52" ref-type="table">Quadro 5.2</xref> apresenta as recomenda&#231;&#245;es e n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de DIC nas mulheres.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t52">
            <label>Quadro 5.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o nas mulheres</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>NE</th>
                  <th>Ref.</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>O ECG na dor tor&#225;cica mant&#233;m os graus de recomenda&#231;&#227;o usuais, especialmente em mulheres de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio, atentando para as altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>25,133</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O teste de esfor&#231;o est&#225; recomendado nas mulheres sintom&#225;ticas de risco intermedi&#225;rio para DIC, com ECG basal normal e capazes de atingir o exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>25</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>O teste de esfor&#231;o com imagem est&#225; recomendado nas mulheres com altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST-T em repouso e incapazes de se exercitarem adequadamente</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>25,140</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAC: mulheres de risco baixo/intermedi&#225;rio ou risco inconsistente; incrementa a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. Alto valor preditivo negativo. Exame "ponte" para Angio-TC quando CAC positivo em pacientes de baixo risco</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>143</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angio-TC: estratificador de risco em mulheres; t&#227;o efetiva quanto teste de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>143</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angio-TC: alta acur&#225;cia preditiva para identifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva e quando presente em mulheres de baixo risco</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>143</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNM indicada em mulheres na suspeita de DIC n&#227;o obstrutiva (doen&#231;a microvascular); vantagem por n&#227;o ter radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> b</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>144</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNM em mulheres com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria e ECG com altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST-T em repouso e incapazes de se exercitarem adequadamente</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>144</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <p>
                  <italic>Angio-TC: angiotomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias; CAC: escore de c&#225;lcio coronariano; CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; DIC: doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o; ECG: eletrocardiograma; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica; DAC: Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Representa&#231;&#227;o de Mulheres nos Estudos Cl&#237;nicos sobre Fatores de Risco e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</title>
      <p>Sexo e g&#234;nero associam-se a riscos ambientais e ocupacionais, a comportamentos de risco, a cuidados em sa&#250;de e &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o desses cuidados pelos seres humanos, influenciando a preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as e o resultado do seu tratamento de forma diferente em homens e mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref> , <xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref> </sup> Como a farmacocin&#233;tica e a farmacodin&#226;mica dos medicamentos diferem entre os sexos, ocorrem diferen&#231;as no perfil de eventos adversos, bem como no resultado dos tratamentos entre homens e mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref></sup> Esse conhecimento determina a necessidade de que os estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre diagn&#243;stico e tratamento mantenham em suas amostras a representatividade de homens e mulheres observada na popula&#231;&#227;o humana e proporcional &#224; preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a objeto do estudo.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, a an&#225;lise de estudos cl&#237;nicos realizados nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas no campo da DCV e dos seus fatores de risco demonstra que, apesar de alguns avan&#231;os, mulheres ainda s&#227;o sub-representadas nesses estudos. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref> , <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref> , <xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Em 121 estudos cl&#237;nicos financiados pelo <italic>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI)</italic> entre 1965 e 1998, exclu&#237;dos os estudos realizados com apenas um dos sexos, mulheres representaram em m&#233;dia 38% da amostra, n&#227;o havendo mudan&#231;as significativas nesse perfil ao longo do tempo. <sup><xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise demonstrou que a representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres nos estudos de DAC e de HAS foi proporcional &#224; preval&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as no sexo feminino; entretanto, nos estudos de IC e de arritmias, a representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres foi abaixo da preval&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as no sexo feminino. <sup><xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 135 estudos cl&#237;nicos utilizados para apoiar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da atualiza&#231;&#227;o da diretriz de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em mulheres da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> de 2007 <italic>(Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update)</italic> demonstrou que a representa&#231;&#227;o de mulheres nos estudos publicados entre 1970 e 2006 aumentou ao longo do tempo (18% em 1970 e 34% em 2006), sendo maior na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do que na secund&#225;ria (43% <italic>versus</italic> 27%) e nos estudos de HAS, DM e AVC, mas menor naqueles de IC, DAC e dislipidemia. <sup><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></sup> Apesar desse aumento, os autores conclu&#237;ram que ainda havia sub-representa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres nos estudos cl&#237;nicos de DCV e de seus fatores de risco e chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que em apenas 31% dos estudos houve discuss&#227;o dos resultados &#224; luz das diferen&#231;as entre os sexos. <sup><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da participa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres e da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia relatadas por sexo em estudos cl&#237;nicos de DCV que apoiou 36 aprova&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos de 2005 a 2015 pelo <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> dos EUA demonstrou que mulheres representaram em m&#233;dia 46% da amostra desses estudos. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> Os autores conclu&#237;ram que houve representa&#231;&#227;o adequada das mulheres nos estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre HAS, FA e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e sub-representa&#231;&#227;o nos estudos sobre IC, DAC e SCA. Foram registradas diferen&#231;as m&#237;nimas entre os sexos nos perfis de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a dos medicamentos avaliados e aprovados. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o das mulheres em 740 estudos cl&#237;nicos de DCV registrados no <italic>ClinicalTrials.gov</italic> (https://clinicaltrials.gov) entre 2010 e 2017 foi, em m&#233;dia, 38,2% do total de 862.652 adultos. As mulheres eram mais jovens (&#8804; 55 anos) e tinham participa&#231;&#227;o em estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o no estilo de vida e sobre HAS, FA e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, apesar de esses estudos serem realizados com menor dura&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, em estudos sobre procedimentos de alta complexidade, DAC, SCA e IC, as mulheres foram menos representadas. <sup><xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise desse cen&#225;rio evidencia a exist&#234;ncia de in&#250;meras barreiras a serem transpostas para que se obtenha equidade no cen&#225;rio da representa&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos nos estudos cl&#237;nicos, de forma a contemplar adequadamente as mulheres em geral, bem como as mulheres de popula&#231;&#245;es minorit&#225;rias (&#233;tnicas e raciais). <sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref> , <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref> </sup> Essas barreiras parecem relacionadas &#224;s pacientes, aos m&#233;dicos assistentes, &#224; equipe de pesquisa, ao desenho do estudo e &#224; sociedade <sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref></sup> e est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref rid="f26" ref-type="fig">Figura 6.1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f26">
          <label>Figura 6.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Barreiras que contribuem para a baixa representa&#231;&#227;o de mulheres em estudos cl&#237;nicos sobre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e seus fatores de risco. 152,153 </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf26.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Recomenda-se que: A) os jornais cient&#237;ficos solicitem dos autores de estudos cl&#237;nicos cardiovasculares an&#225;lise de diferen&#231;as sexo/g&#234;nero-espec&#237;ficas; B) ocorra integra&#231;&#227;o da equidade em sa&#250;de no desenho dos estudos cl&#237;nicos, utilizando uma estrutura como <italic>PROGRESS Plus (</italic> <bold><italic>P</italic></bold> <italic>lace of residence;</italic> <bold><italic>R</italic></bold> <italic>ace;</italic> <bold><italic>O</italic></bold> <italic>ccupation;</italic> <bold><italic>G</italic></bold> <italic>ender;</italic> <bold><italic>R</italic></bold> <italic>eligion;</italic> <bold><italic>E</italic></bold> <italic>ducation;</italic> <bold><italic>S</italic></bold> <italic>ocioeconomic status;</italic> <bold><italic>S</italic></bold> <italic>ocial capital; Plus=others)</italic> ; C) mais mulheres passem a constituir os grupos de investigadores dos estudos cl&#237;nicos; D) seja promovida a educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica &#224; luz das particularidades de sexo e g&#234;nero; E) ocorra facilita&#231;&#227;o do acesso da popula&#231;&#227;o aos centros que realizam pesquisa cl&#237;nica. <sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref> , <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref> </sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Medidas de Preven&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria nas Mulheres</title>
      <p>O cuidado da mulher na APS se faz atrav&#233;s das Redes de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de, seguindo as diretrizes da Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Aten&#231;&#227;o Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de da Mulher do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. <sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup> Atrav&#233;s das Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, s&#227;o implementadas a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para a redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade da mulher ao longo de seu ciclo de vida, extensivas &#224; fam&#237;lia e &#224; comunidade em que est&#225; inserida. <sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>O planejamento reprodutivo, conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es de regula&#231;&#227;o da fecundidade, e as pr&#225;ticas anticoncepcionais que s&#227;o predominantemente assumidas pelas mulheres, incluindo l&#233;sbicas e bissexuais, cujo desejo ou direito &#224; maternidade precisa ser garantido, devem ser acolhidos pelas equipes de APS, que precisam iniciar as medidas necess&#225;rias para sua implementa&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>No pr&#233;-natal, as Equipes de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia devem estratificar o risco materno-fetal, considerando a hist&#243;ria reprodutiva anterior, as caracter&#237;sticas individuais e as condi&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas desfavor&#225;veis. A capta&#231;&#227;o de mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil (10-49 anos) &#233; essencial para estratificar a gravidez com risco de complica&#231;&#245;es como: extremos de idade (menor que 15 anos e maior que 35 anos), baixo peso e sobrepeso ou obesidade, situa&#231;&#227;o familiar insegura, n&#227;o aceita&#231;&#227;o da gravidez (principalmente em adolescentes), baixa escolaridade, portadoras de cardiopatias, hipertensas cr&#244;nicas e/ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a hipertensiva da gravidez e diabetes mellitus gestacional. No puerp&#233;rio, deve-se dar especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es ps&#237;quicas e sociais da mulher, prote&#231;&#227;o e apoio ao aleitamento materno, com amamenta&#231;&#227;o exclusiva nos primeiros seis meses de vida da crian&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A transi&#231;&#227;o da menopausa est&#225; associada com risco aumentado de DCV, atribu&#237;da principalmente a dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica, obesidade central e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, al&#233;m de aumento do risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial. <sup><xref rid="B156" ref-type="bibr">156</xref></sup> A THM deve ser individualizada, considerando os riscos pessoais e familiares para neoplasia ginecol&#243;gica e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. A THM deve ser acompanhada sistematicamente na APS. A reposi&#231;&#227;o estrog&#234;nica pode reduzir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do colesterol total e LDL-c pelo aumento da s&#237;ntese de receptores de LDL-c. Benef&#237;cios da THM foram observados quando introduzida antes dos 60 anos e em mulheres que cessaram a menstrua&#231;&#227;o h&#225; menos de 10 anos (preferencialmente nos primeiros 5 anos), com malef&#237;cios fora da janela de oportunidade, aumentando o risco cardiovascular. <sup><xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Em 2019, por meio do Programa Previne Brasil, os indicadores de sa&#250;de da mulher pactuados foram: gestantes cadastradas pelas APS, m&#233;dia de atendimentos de pr&#233;-natal, pr&#233;-natal iniciado no 1&#186; trimestre, gestantes com vacina em dia, visitas domiciliares para gestantes, gravidez na adolesc&#234;ncia, propor&#231;&#227;o de parto normal, &#243;bitos maternos, exames citopatol&#243;gicos do colo do &#250;tero, rastreamento com mamografia em mulheres de 50-69 anos, entre outros. Observa-se que nenhum indicador de sa&#250;de cardiovascular foi pactuado naquele programa. <sup><xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">157</xref></sup> Para al&#233;m disso, a OCDE divulgou recentemente um relat&#243;rio sobre a APS no Brasil, onde n&#227;o h&#225; men&#231;&#227;o a DCV em mulheres. Para essas, a OCDE apenas faz sugest&#245;es para abordagem das neoplasias de mama e ov&#225;rio; no entanto, em termos porcentuais, as DCV causam duas vezes mais mortes do que todas as neoplasias no Brasil. <sup><xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Faz-se necess&#225;ria uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma nas pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas voltadas para a sa&#250;de integral das mulheres, especialmente quando se considera que as DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morte das mulheres na maior parte de seu ciclo de vida ( <xref rid="f27" ref-type="fig">Figura 7.1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f27">
          <label>Figura 7.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A&#231;&#245;es estrat&#233;gicas na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres. FRCV: fatores de risco cardiovascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf27.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Terapias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas que incorporam modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida (exerc&#237;cios, perda de peso, cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo e dieta saud&#225;vel) devem ser recomendadas como estrat&#233;gia de primeira linha na APS. A efic&#225;cia dessas medidas est&#225; diretamente associada &#224; melhor compreens&#227;o, sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o e motiva&#231;&#227;o constru&#237;das durante o acompanhamento pela Equipe de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia. A abordagem sobre o comportamento alimentar saud&#225;vel, a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular e a sa&#250;de mental deve ser individualizada. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> Exemplos de ferramentas validadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o das pacientes, adicionadas &#224; sua hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e ao exame f&#237;sico, s&#227;o o Guia Alimentar para a Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira, as Diretrizes da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de para Atividade F&#237;sica e Comportamento Sedent&#225;rio, as Escalas de Estresse e Depress&#227;o e os Question&#225;rios de Espiritualidade. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>De todas as interven&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis na APS, a mais custo-efetiva &#233; a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo. Os efeitos nocivos do cigarro, comum e eletr&#244;nico, s&#227;o maiores nas mulheres, especificamente pela perda do efeito protetor do estrog&#234;nio no endot&#233;lio dos vasos. <sup><xref rid="B159" ref-type="bibr">159</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>No Brasil e no mundo, a viol&#234;ncia contra as mulheres constitui um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, por ser uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade femininas. Na APS, devem ser desenvolvidas a&#231;&#245;es que possam garantir os direitos sexuais na perspectiva da autonomia das mulheres sobre seu corpo. <sup><xref rid="B160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Diante dos desafios para o controle das DCV no pa&#237;s e reconhecendo a APS como importante estrat&#233;gia para as a&#231;&#245;es de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, de preven&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco, de diagn&#243;stico precoce e de cuidado &#224;s pessoas com DCV, sugere-se uma revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica para aprimoramento das a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de voltadas para as mulheres nas Equipes de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia e na APS ( <xref rid="f27" ref-type="fig">Figura 7.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref></sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Burnout, Qualidade de Vida e Espiritualidade nas Mulheres</title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Burnout</title>
        <p><italic>Burnout</italic> &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome psicol&#243;gica resultante do estresse cr&#244;nico no trabalho, caracterizada por exaust&#227;o emocional, sentimentos de cinismo/despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o e falta de efic&#225;cia profissional. <sup><xref rid="B161" ref-type="bibr">161</xref></sup> As dimens&#245;es de <italic>burnout</italic> foram significativamente associadas a um risco aumentado para doen&#231;as, independentemente de fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos e sintomas depressivos. Em um estudo com 5.671 participantes [predominantemente m&#233;dicos, idade m&#233;dia de 44,1 anos (varia&#231;&#227;o, 18 anos a 70 anos), 62,4% mulheres], um aplicativo digital de sa&#250;de m&#243;vel foi usado para uma pesquisa <italic>online</italic> de <italic>burnout</italic> profissional medido com o <italic>Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey</italic> . Por meio de an&#225;lise de rede e regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o estudo mostrou a associa&#231;&#227;o de alta exaust&#227;o emocional com hipertens&#227;o arterial e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, escolaridade e sintomas depressivos. <sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho t&#234;m impacto conhecido na sa&#250;de dos trabalhadores e as mulheres, por estarem mais inseridas no mercado de trabalho e sobrecarregadas com a atividade laboral dupla, apresentam altas taxas de <italic>burnout</italic> . Trabalho realizado com m&#233;dicas brasileiras, durante a pandemia pela COVID-19, demonstrou que 61,6% apresentaram sinais de <italic>burnout</italic> , com exaust&#227;o emocional, sentimentos negativos frequentes e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com a sua capacidade para o trabalho ( <xref rid="f28" ref-type="fig">Figura 8.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f28">
            <label>Figura 8.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estudo realizado com m&#233;dicas brasileiras durante a pandemia pela COVID-19. Achados ressaltaram a maior susceptibilidade das mulheres aos fatores psicossociais, com significativo impacto na qualidade de vida, que pode gerar burnout, minimizado pela espiritualidade, especialmente em tempos de pandemia de COVID-19. 162 </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf28.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Importante mencionar que as mulheres s&#227;o mais expostas ao estresse e adversidades psicossociais do que os homens, al&#233;m de serem mais vulner&#225;veis aos efeitos dessas exposi&#231;&#245;es. Depress&#227;o, fatores socioecon&#244;micos desfavor&#225;veis e transtorno de estresse p&#243;s-traum&#225;tico s&#227;o mais prevalentes em mulheres do que em homens e tendem a mostrar associa&#231;&#245;es mais robustas com risco cardiometab&#243;lico nas mulheres. <sup><xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Qualidade de Vida</title>
        <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a QV &#233; a &#8220;percep&#231;&#227;o de um indiv&#237;duo de sua posi&#231;&#227;o na vida no contexto da cultura e dos sistemas de valores em que vive e em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus objetivos, expectativas, padr&#245;es e preocupa&#231;&#245;es&#8221;. A QV est&#225; diretamente relacionada com a maior incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, em particular as DCV. Os indicadores-padr&#227;o da QV incluem emprego, riqueza, meio ambiente, sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental, educa&#231;&#227;o, recrea&#231;&#227;o e lazer, socializa&#231;&#227;o, cren&#231;as religiosas, seguran&#231;a, prote&#231;&#227;o e liberdade. <sup><xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">163</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Estudo que avaliou a QV em m&#233;dicas brasileiras reportou que elas consideraram ter boa QV (71,7%) e estar satisfeitas com sua sa&#250;de (55%), por&#233;m 64,8% n&#227;o aproveitaram verdadeiramente a vida. Consideraram ainda satisfat&#243;rios os seguintes aspectos de suas vidas: sono, 62,9%; capacidade de realizar tarefas di&#225;rias, 54,7%; capacidade para o trabalho, 64,4%; rela&#231;&#245;es pessoais, 57,7%; apoio de amigos, 61%; condi&#231;&#245;es do lar, 84%; e acesso &#224; sa&#250;de, 81,4%. Apenas 36,6% consideraram a sua vida sexual satisfat&#243;ria e cerca de 94% tiveram, pelo menos ocasionalmente, sentimentos negativos ( <xref rid="f28" ref-type="fig">Figura 8.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Estudo realizado com 1.387 mulheres de Uberaba, MG, avaliou a QV por meio do WHOQOL-Brief, segundo os quatro dom&#237;nios. O estudo identificou que as mulheres com DCV tinham idade maior que 50 anos, baixa escolaridade e apresentavam valores mais baixos, estatisticamente significativos, para todos os quatro dom&#237;nios, quando comparadas com mulheres sem doen&#231;a ou com doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica. O dom&#237;nio que obteve menor pontua&#231;&#227;o para todos os grupos foi o meio ambiente, que se relaciona com a condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica por conter quest&#245;es ligadas aos recursos financeiros, oportunidades de lazer, seguran&#231;a, entre outros. Esses achados ressaltam a maior susceptibilidade das mulheres com DCV aos fatores psicossociais, com significativo impacto na QV. <sup><xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3 Espiritualidade</title>
        <p>&#8220;Espiritualidade &#233; um conjunto de valores morais, mentais e emocionais que norteiam pensamentos, comportamentos e atitudes nas circunst&#226;ncias da vida de relacionamento intra- e interpessoal, com aspecto de ser motivado pela vontade, pass&#237;vel de observa&#231;&#227;o e de mensura&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. H&#225; de se diferenciar de religiosidade, j&#225; que &#8220;religi&#227;o &#233; um sistema organizado de cren&#231;as, pr&#225;ticas e s&#237;mbolos destinados a facilitar a proximidade com o transcendente ou o Divino e a fomentar a compreens&#227;o do relacionamento e das responsabilidades de uma pessoa com os outros que vivem em comunidade&#8221;. <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos aspectos comportamentais, est&#225; demonstrada a rela&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica entre espiritualidade, religiosidade, vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas de muitas entidades cl&#237;nicas, incluindo-se as mulheres com DCV. <sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup> Anamnese espiritual vem sendo introduzida cada vez mais nos consult&#243;rios e hospitais, fazendo parte da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, especialmente nas doen&#231;as graves, cr&#244;nicas, progressivas, debilitantes e terminais. Existem ferramentas validadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o, baseadas em escalas de sa&#250;de (FICA, FAITH, SPIRIT e HOPE). <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">163</xref> - <xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">173</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Estudo com m&#233;dicas brasileiras, utilizando um formul&#225;rio com quest&#245;es baseadas no instrumento de teste de campo de Qualidade de Vida da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de &#8211; m&#243;dulo Espiritualidade, Religiosidade e Cren&#231;as Pessoais, relatou que as respondentes acreditavam que a espiritualidade lhes trazia conforto e seguran&#231;a (73,2%) e for&#231;a espiritual em tempos dif&#237;ceis (70,6%), com boa conex&#227;o de corpo, mente e esp&#237;rito (67,8%), embora apenas 53,4% relatassem paz interior e 50,7% relatassem serem otimistas. O estudo reportou ainda que 72,7% das participantes encontravam for&#231;a na f&#233; e 44,3% encontravam apoio em comunidades religiosas ou espirituais ( <xref rid="f28" ref-type="fig">Figura 8.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a sa&#250;de necessita ser entendida no contexto f&#237;sico, social, psicoemocional e espiritual, respeitando-se a individualidade e a singularidade do sexo feminino. <sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>O <xref rid="t53" ref-type="table">Quadro 8.1</xref> demonstra as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da espiritualidade e da sa&#250;de das mulheres.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t53">
            <label>Quadro 8.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da espiritualidade e sa&#250;de das mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para pr&#225;ticas em espiritualidade e sa&#250;de da mulher</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>NE</th>
                  <th>Ref</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rastreamento breve de espiritualidade e religiosidade</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anamnese espiritual de pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas ou de progn&#243;stico reservado</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Respeitar e apoiar religi&#245;es, cren&#231;as e rituais pessoais do paciente que n&#227;o sejam prejudiciais ao tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suporte por profissional capacitado aos pacientes em sofrimento ou com demandas espirituais</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Religiosidade organizacional associa-se a redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anamnese espiritual de pacientes est&#225;veis ou ambulatoriais</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> Ia</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Question&#225;rios DUREL, FICA, HOPE ou FAITH para avaliar espiritualidade</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medita&#231;&#227;o, t&#233;cnicas de relaxamento e combate ao estresse</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T&#233;cnicas de fortalecimento espiritual como perd&#227;o, gratid&#227;o e resili&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> b</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <p>CR: classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Implica&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares da COVID-19 na Gesta&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As principais complica&#231;&#245;es descritas nas pacientes com COVID-19 s&#227;o: inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tromboembolismo arterial e venoso, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, miocardite, s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo e arritmias card&#237;acas. <sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup> Essas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mais frequentes nas idosas, com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e com comorbidades. <sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup> Grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o ocorre com as gr&#225;vidas ou pu&#233;rperas, que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o mais suscept&#237;veis &#224;s formas graves da COVID-19, com parto prematuro ou cesariano de emerg&#234;ncia, elevando o risco de morte neonatal e materna ( <xref rid="f29" ref-type="fig">Figura 9.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f29">
          <label>Figura 9.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o para a gestante com COVID-19. NT-proBNP: Fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf29.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Durante a gravidez, a resposta imune predomina atrav&#233;s das c&#233;lulas <italic>T-helper</italic> 2 (Th2), que protegem o feto, mas tornam a m&#227;e mais vulner&#225;vel a infec&#231;&#245;es virais, que s&#227;o mais eficazmente combatidas pelas c&#233;lulas Th1. <sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup> A transmiss&#227;o vertical do SARS-CoV-2 pode ocorrer por via transplacent&#225;ria e durante o parto e a amamenta&#231;&#227;o. A capacidade de transmiss&#227;o do SARS-CoV-2 pelo sangue ainda &#233; incerta. <sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas da gravidez cursam com aumento do volume plasm&#225;tico, do volume sist&#243;lico e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na primeira metade da gravidez e um aumento gradual da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, al&#233;m de diminui&#231;&#227;o das resist&#234;ncias vasculares sist&#234;mica e pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, a gravidez &#233; um estado de hipercoagulabilidade associado com risco aumentado de tromboembolismo venoso e pulmonar. <sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico da COVID-19 apresenta algumas particularidades nas gr&#225;vidas, como persist&#234;ncia de sintomas por tempo prolongado e menor frequ&#234;ncia de febre e mialgia, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s n&#227;o gr&#225;vidas. Os principais fatores de risco para infec&#231;&#227;o grave s&#227;o: aumento da idade materna, &#237;ndice de massa corporal elevado e comorbidades preexistentes, como hipertens&#227;o, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e diabetes. <sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref></sup> A gravidez foi associada a infec&#231;&#227;o grave em 10%, admiss&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva em 4%, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica em 3% e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de membrana extracorp&#243;rea em 0,2%. <sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref> , <xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">195</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es perinatais tamb&#233;m foram mais prevalentes. Quando comparadas a gr&#225;vidas sem infec&#231;&#227;o, as com COVID-19 tiveram maior risco de parto prematuro e natimorto. No geral, 33% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos de mulheres com COVID-19 foram admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. <sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref> , <xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref> </sup> Mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para ra&#231;a, comorbidades e idade, as gestantes foram mais propensas a evolu&#237;rem para &#243;bito em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres n&#227;o gr&#225;vidas. <sup><xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">196</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares graves na COVID-19 s&#227;o a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda, miocardite, arritmia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca fulminante com choque cardiog&#234;nico e dissec&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e vertebrais, que apresentam mortalidade aumentada. <sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Os potenciais contribuintes para les&#227;o card&#237;aca aguda no cen&#225;rio de COVID-19 incluem: <sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup> altera&#231;&#245;es agudas na demanda e oferta do mioc&#225;rdio devido a taquicardia, hipotens&#227;o e hipoxemia, resultando em infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tipo 2; <sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup> s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda por aterotrombose aguda em meio tromb&#243;tico e inflamat&#243;rio induzido por v&#237;rus; <sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup> disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular devido a microtrombos difusos ou les&#227;o vascular; <sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref></sup> cardiomiopatia relacionada ao estresse (s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo); <sup><xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">195</xref></sup> les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica devido a tempestade de citocinas hiperinflamat&#243;ria; <sup><xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">196</xref></sup> ou toxicidade viral direta de cardiomi&#243;citos e miocardite. O tratamento medicamentoso da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na gravidez tem particularidades que devem ser seguidas para evitar teratogenicidade. <sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Nos casos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supra de ST, a coronariografia deve ser preferencialmente realizada, seguida de tratamento percut&#226;neo. Em 15 pacientes gr&#225;vidas com COVID-19 e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica, 13,3% apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, 2 apresentaram taquicardia supraventricular e 2 evolu&#237;ram para <italic>torsades de pointes.</italic> <sup><xref rid="B197" ref-type="bibr">197</xref></sup> Recomenda-se cautela com o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es que possam prolongar o intervalo QT.</p>
      <p>A COVID-19 pode tanto predispor &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia quanto agravar sua evolu&#231;&#227;o. O v&#237;rus gera no organismo um estado fisiopatol&#243;gico semelhante ao da pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, caracterizado por hiperinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, les&#227;o endotelial direta, trombog&#234;nese e desregula&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica, e afeta o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, que eleva a incid&#234;ncia de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia nas pacientes infectadas. <sup><xref rid="B198" ref-type="bibr">198</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A decis&#227;o sobre interrup&#231;&#227;o da gravidez deve basear-se nas diretrizes habituais, que levam em considera&#231;&#227;o a idade gestacional, as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, o sofrimento fetal e o risco materno. A COVID-19 n&#227;o complicada n&#227;o deve ser indica&#231;&#227;o de interrup&#231;&#227;o de gravidez. O tipo de parto tamb&#233;m deve seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es obst&#233;tricas. <sup><xref rid="B199" ref-type="bibr">199</xref></sup> </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Perspectivas Futuras para a Melhoria do Cuidado Cardiovascular das Mulheres</title>
      <p>Atendimento por uma equipe multidisciplinar &#233; sempre desej&#225;vel para a&#231;&#245;es preventivas e de tratamento no acompanhamento da mulher com DCV. Aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o passa pela cria&#231;&#227;o de programas integrativos, envolvendo l&#237;deres e agentes comunit&#225;rios, com novos centros especializados na sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres. Importante informar especificamente sobre o autocuidado para a preven&#231;&#227;o das DCV, o uso apropriado de contraceptivos orais, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-natal, o acompanhamento a longo prazo dos FRCV e os aspectos psicossociais e socioecon&#244;micos que envolvem as DCV no sexo feminino. <sup><xref rid="B200" ref-type="bibr">200</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na mulher deve se concentrar no tratamento eficaz dos fatores de risco tradicionais, como HAS, riscos diet&#233;ticos, dislipidemia, diabetes, obesidade e inatividade f&#237;sica. A aus&#234;ncia de escores de risco espec&#237;ficos para as mulheres sinaliza para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de longo prazo, considerando o curso de vida e os fatores espec&#237;ficos para o sexo feminino, como a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o, e os fatores psicossociais. <sup><xref rid="B200" ref-type="bibr">200</xref></sup> Devemos ressaltar que a frequ&#234;ncia de ICFEp nas mulheres &#233; maior do que nos homens; al&#233;m disso, as mulheres apresentam mais ICFEp do que ICFEr, devendo o tratamento ser institu&#237;do com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de IC, independentemente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, devido &#224; maior relev&#226;ncia do d&#233;ficit cognitivo associado a IC no sexo feminino. <sup><xref rid="B201" ref-type="bibr">201</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A HAS &#233; o maior fator de risco atribu&#237;vel para o desenvolvimento de desfechos cardiovasculares em ambos os sexos. O controle da PA &#233; fundamental para a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de ICFEp e de ICFEr. <sup><xref rid="B202" ref-type="bibr">202</xref> , <xref rid="B203" ref-type="bibr">203</xref> </sup> Entretanto, as mulheres apresentam menores taxas de controle que os homens, principalmente em faixas et&#225;rias mais avan&#231;adas. <sup><xref rid="B204" ref-type="bibr">204</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias que contemplem a medida da PA fora do consult&#243;rio, tais como a auto-aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA, a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial e ambulatorial da</p>
      <p>PA com o uso de equipamentos semiautom&#225;ticos, s&#227;o desej&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, o monitoramento &#224; dist&#226;ncia por meio de plataformas digitais e aplicativos, com a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da PA sem <italic>cuffs</italic> e em sincronia com <italic>smartphones,</italic> representa o emprego da tecnologia e <italic>wearables</italic> de f&#225;cil acesso em favor dos resultados cl&#237;nicos e provavelmente auxiliar&#227;o no melhor controle da PA. <sup><xref rid="B205" ref-type="bibr">205</xref> , <xref rid="B206" ref-type="bibr">206</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Devido &#224;s evolu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dica, cir&#250;rgica e tecnol&#243;gica nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, mais de 90% dos indiv&#237;duos com CC que nascem atualmente sobrevivem at&#233; a idade adulta. A aten&#231;&#227;o especial &#224;s mulheres com CC requer estrat&#233;gias de planejamento para atender &#224;s necessidades dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Recomenda-se, portanto, a cria&#231;&#227;o de centros especializados em CC com equipes multidisciplinares que incluam m&#233;dicos, enfermeiros, psic&#243;logos e assistentes sociais para o aconselhamento &#224; contracep&#231;&#227;o ou para o planejamento de uma gravidez. Os riscos para a paciente adulta com CC, tratada ou n&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia, especialmente no que diz respeito &#224; anticoncep&#231;&#227;o e gravidez, devem sempre ser considerados na medida em que 3% a 10% dos filhos desse grupo de m&#227;es podem apresentar les&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas. <sup><xref rid="B207" ref-type="bibr">207</xref></sup> Nas mulheres cardiopatas em idade f&#233;rtil, a abordagem tem que ser realizada por uma equipe multidisciplinar, um &#8220;time de cardio-obstetr&#237;cia&#8221;, para aconselhamento pr&#233;-concepcional, definir planejamento da gravidez, parto e puerp&#233;rio, incluindo atendimento especializado cardiol&#243;gico, e planejamento familiar ap&#243;s o parto. <sup><xref rid="B208" ref-type="bibr">208</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de DCV em mulheres necessitam de sistemas de sa&#250;de robustos apoiados por profissionais com conhecimento das especificidades das DCV em mulheres, al&#233;m de esfor&#231;os coordenados com parcerias produtivas entre a sociedade pol&#237;tica, m&#233;dicos, pesquisadores e a comunidade. <sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>A Carta das Mulheres, publicada em 2019, sugere a cria&#231;&#227;o de grupo permanente para a promo&#231;&#227;o e implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas voltadas para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres. Esse grupo dever&#225; exercer um papel de lideran&#231;a nas pol&#237;ticas brasileiras para a sa&#250;de, fornecendo aos gestores uma vis&#227;o geral da relev&#226;ncia das DCV no sexo feminino, para que se possam tra&#231;ar a&#231;&#245;es estrat&#233;gicas para reduzir a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco, melhorar o diagn&#243;stico e a abordagem terap&#234;utica, diminuindo assim a mortalidade e a morbidade das DCV ( <xref rid="f30" ref-type="fig">Figura 10.1</xref> ). <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f30">
          <label>Figura 10.1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perspectivas futuras para a abordagem das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nas mulheres de acordo com a Carta das Mulheres. 4 CV: cardiovascular; DCNT: doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf30.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estes posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Novembro de 2022, vol. 119(5), p&#225;gs. 815-882</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No &#8220;Posicionamento sobre a Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular nas Mulheres &#8211; 2022&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220734, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(5):815-882, na p&#225;gina 818, realizar a seguinte corre&#231;&#227;o:</p>
        <p>Corrigir a declara&#231;&#227;o de conflito de interesse da autora Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar:</p>
        <p>&#8220;Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
        <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
        <p>- Bayer/Xarelto; Daiichi Sankyo/Lixiana; Libbs/Propafenona e Amiodarona; Pfizer/Eliquis.&#8221;</p>
        <p>Para:</p>
        <p>&#8220;Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
        <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
        <p>- Amgen: Repatha; Amryt Pharma: Lojuxta; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina; Ach&#233;: Trezor, Trezete; Biolab: Livalo; Abbott: Lipidil; EMS: Rosuvastatina; Eurofarma: Rosuvastatina; Sanofi: Praluent, Zympass, Zympass Eze, Efluelda; Libbs: Plenance, Plenance Eze; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic, Victoza; Servier: Acertamlo, Alertalix; PTCBio: Waylivra.</p>
        <p>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
        <p>- PTCBio: Waylivra; Amgen: Repatha; Novartis: Inclisiran, Pelacarsen; NovoNordisk: Ziltivekimab.</p>
        <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
        <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
        <p>- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes.&#8221;</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Position Statement on Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Health &#8211; 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Coordinator</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8471-5745</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Coordinator</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2406-8184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marques-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Celi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1336-6517</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4075-3704</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Coeli Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2153-7301</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Maria Vilas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5645-2055</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9938-8425</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marildes Luiza de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5686-7058</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2455-5612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lucena</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3453-8488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9826-9152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lantieri</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Janice Baister</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Norms and Guidelines Council</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8161-9400</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Japhet da Matta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Born</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falcheto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Belis&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9168-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Goulart Marcondes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda M. Consolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1418-9361</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9473-132X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan Romero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4139-8516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scholz</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2525-1976</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Xavier de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7417-5426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Magaly Arrais dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5738-2623</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria F&#225;tima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6457-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Sanali</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-1609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Milena dos Santos Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25001">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8722-7504</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Ferreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26001">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6839-1541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27001">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6306-2522</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rizk</surname>
            <given-names>St&#233;phanie Itala</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Thais de Carvalho Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28001">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2606-7460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana de Mello Guzzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29001">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5210-2848</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Regina Giunco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio do Estado Par&#225; (CESUPA), Bel&#233;m PA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas UFMG, Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da UFBA, Salvador BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Alberto Antunes/Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243; AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade IPEMED de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenom Magalh&#227;es, Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Municipal de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, Caetano do Sul SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da UFRS, Porto Alegre RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pio XII, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UDI Hospital, Rede D&#8217;Or, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25001">
        <label>25</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Sergipe, Aracaj&#250;, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26001">
        <label>26</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D&#8217;Or Hospitais, Rio de Janeiro RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27001">
        <label>27</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CEMISE, Aracaj&#250; SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28001">
        <label>28</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas D&#8217;Or, Aracaju SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29001">
        <label>29</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspondence: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Postal Code 20020-907. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Development: Department of Women&#8217;s Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DCm/SBC)</p>
          <p>Norms and Guidelines Council responsible: Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordinator), Humberto Graner Moreira, Jose Airton de Arruda, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Management 2022/2024</p>
          <p>Coordinators: Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida e Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <table-wrap>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Position Statement on Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Health &#8211; 2022</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2022.</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Expert</th>
                <th align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Alexandra Oliveira de Mesquita</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alexandre Jorge Gomes de Lucena</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, Acertanlo, Triplixan.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Servier: Acertil, Acertalix, Acertanlo, Triplixan.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ariane Vieira Scarlatelli Macedo</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Pfizer: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e amiloidose; Jannsen: Leucemia.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carisi Anne Polanczyk</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carla Janice Baister Lantieri</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Japhet da Matta Albuquerque</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Celi Marques Santos</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cl&#225;udia Maria Vilas Freire</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Daniel Born</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eduardo Belisario Falchetto</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elizabeth Regina Giunco Alexandre</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Lilly: Trulicity, Jardiance, Glyxambi.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Novo Nordisk: Ozempic.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#201;rika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Biocath: dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis e arritmias card&#237;acas.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Daiichi Sankyo: Lixiana; Boehringer Ingelheim: Pradaxa.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC: -</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#193;rea de Sa&#250;de.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fabiana Goulart Marcondes Braga</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fernanda M. Consolim Colombo</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Daiichi; Ache; Servier; AstraZeneca; Merck: Anti-hipertensivos.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ieda Biscegli Jatene</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- AstraZeneca: Palivizumabe.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- AstraZeneca: Palivizumabe.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isabela Bispo Santos da Silva Costa</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ivan Romero Rivera</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jaqueline Ribeiro Scholz</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Xavier de Melo Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lucelia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o Hajjar</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Magaly Arrais dos Santos</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Edwards: Implante transcateter valvar; Boston: Implante transcateter valvar; Medtronic: Implante.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcia de Melo Barbosa</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a Rivera</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maria Cristina Costa de Almeida</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer/Xarelto; Daiichi Sankyo/Lixiana; Libbs/Propafenona e Amiodarona; Pfizer/Eliquis.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maria Elizabeth Navegantes Caetano Costa</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Libbs: Plenance Enze; Servier: Vastarel.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Libbs; Servier: participa&#231;&#227;o em congresso.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maria F&#225;tima de Azevedo</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes; Boehinger: Diabetes; Biolab: Hipertens&#227;o e anticoagulante.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Employment relationship with the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry, as well as any employment relationship with health insurance companies or medical audit companies (including part-time jobs) in the year to which your declaration refers:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Unimed Natal.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Maria Sanali Moura de Oliveira Paiva</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marildes Luiza de Castro</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- AstraZeneca: Forxiga/Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Servier: Acertil/Hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Milena dos Santos Barros Campos</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Olga Ferreira de Souza</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orlando Ot&#225;vio de Medeiros</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regina Coeli Marques de Carvalho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sheyla Cristina Tonheiro Ferro da Silva</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis Farmac&#234;utica, AstraZeneca, Servier, Libbs.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis Farmac&#234;utica, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>St&#233;phanie Itala Rizk|</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Thais de Carvalho Vieira Rodrigues</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- AstraZeneca.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tha&#237;s Rocha Salim</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Viviana de Mello Guzzo Lemke</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Walkiria Samuel Avila</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">List of Abbreviations and Acronyms</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ACS</td>
                <td>Acute Coronary Syndrome</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AD</td>
                <td>Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF</td>
                <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AMI</td>
                <td>Acute Myocardial Infarction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ARNI</td>
                <td>Angiotensin-Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASA</td>
                <td>Acetylsalicylic Acid</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BMI</td>
                <td>Body Mass Index</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BP</td>
                <td>Blood Pressure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CABG</td>
                <td>Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CAD</td>
                <td>Coronary Artery Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CC</td>
                <td>Congenital Cardiopathy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CCaS</td>
                <td>Coronary Calcium Score</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CKD</td>
                <td>Chronic Kidney Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CMRI</td>
                <td>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CSD</td>
                <td>Cardiac Sudden Death</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT</td>
                <td>Cardiac Transplantation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTA</td>
                <td>Computed Tomography Angiography</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTX</td>
                <td>Chemotherapy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CV</td>
                <td>Cardiovascular</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVD</td>
                <td>Cardiovascular Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVP</td>
                <td>Coronary Vasospasm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVR</td>
                <td>Cardiovascular Risk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVRF</td>
                <td>Cardiovascular Risk Factor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DALYs</td>
                <td>Disability-Adjusted Life Years (1 DALY represents the loss of 1 year of healthy life)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DCS</td>
                <td>Diseases of the Circulatory System</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DOACs</td>
                <td>Direct Oral Anticoagulants</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DPP-4</td>
                <td>Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG</td>
                <td>Electrocardiogram</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ET</td>
                <td>Exercise Test</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GBD</td>
                <td>Global Burden of Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GD</td>
                <td>Gestational Diabetes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GH</td>
                <td>Gestational Hypertension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>GLS</td>
                <td>Global Longitudinal Strain</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HF</td>
                <td>Heart Failure</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HFpEF</td>
                <td>Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HFrEF</td>
                <td>Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICD</td>
                <td>Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IHD</td>
                <td>Ischemic Heart Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMR</td>
                <td>Index of Microcirculatory Resistance</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMT</td>
                <td>Intimal-Media Thickness</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>INOCA</td>
                <td>Ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td>Low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF</td>
                <td>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVH</td>
                <td>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MCS</td>
                <td>Malformations of the Circulatory System</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MHT</td>
                <td>Menopausal Hormone Therapy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MINOCA</td>
                <td>Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVD</td>
                <td>Microvascular Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NSTEMI</td>
                <td>Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP</td>
                <td>N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>OECD</td>
                <td>Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td>Peripheral Arterial Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PE</td>
                <td>Preeclampsia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PH</td>
                <td>Pulmonary Hypertension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PHC</td>
                <td>Primary Health Care</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PNS</td>
                <td>National Health Survey (in Portuguese, <italic>Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic> )</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>POS</td>
                <td>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QoL</td>
                <td>Quality of Life</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>REF</td>
                <td>Risk-Enhancing Factor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RF</td>
                <td>Risk Factor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RHD</td>
                <td>Rheumatic Heart Disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SAH</td>
                <td>Systemic Arterial Hypertension</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SBC</td>
                <td>Brazilian Society of Cardiology (in Portuguese, <italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> )</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCAD</td>
                <td>Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDH</td>
                <td>Social Determinants of Health</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SGLT2</td>
                <td>Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>STEMI</td>
                <td>ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>UI</td>
                <td>Uncertainty Interval</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WHO</td>
                <td>World Health Organization</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Legends for the recommendation and level of evidence tables:</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Recommendations:</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="left"><bold>I &#8211;</bold> Conclusive evidence, or, failing that, general consensus that the procedure is safe and useful/effective.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td><bold>II &#8211;</bold> Conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinion about the procedure&#8217;s safety and usefulness/effectiveness.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>IIA &#8211;</bold> Evidence/opinion is in favor of the procedure. Most approve of it.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold>IIB &#8211;</bold> The procedure&#8217;s safety and utility/effectiveness is less well established, opinion is not predominantly in favor of it.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td><bold>III &#8211;</bold> Evidence and/or consensus that the procedure is not useful/effective and, in some cases, is harmful.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Evidence:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Level A</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Data obtained from multiple large randomized studies, concordant and/or robust meta-analysis of randomized clinical studies.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Level B</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Data obtained from less robust meta-analysis, from a single randomized study or from non-randomized (observational) studies.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Level C</bold>
                </td>
                <td>Data obtained from expert consensus.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Contents</title>
        <p>Introduction 822</p>
        <p>1. Highlights 823</p>
        <p>2. Epidemiology of Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Diseases 827</p>
        <p>2.1. Diseases of the Circulatory System in Children and Adolescents of the Female Sex in Brazil 835</p>
        <p>3. Cardiovascular Risk Factors 837</p>
        <p>3.1. Introduction 837</p>
        <p>4. Cardiovascular Diseases in Women 844</p>
        <p>4.1. Ischemic Heart Disease 844</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.1. Coronary Artery Disease</bold> 844</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.2. Ischemia with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries</bold> 844</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.3. Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries</bold> 844</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.4. Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection</bold> 846</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.5. Microvascular Disease</bold> 846</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.6. Coronary Vasospasm</bold> 846</p>
        <p><bold>4.1.7. Coronary Thrombosis/Embolism</bold> 846</p>
        <p>4.2. Heart Failure 846</p>
        <p><bold>4.2.1. Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment of HFrEF and HFpEF</bold> 847</p>
        <p>4.3. Arrhythmias 849</p>
        <p><bold>4.3.1. Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiac Sudden Death</bold> 850</p>
        <p><bold>4.3.2. Atrial Fibrillation</bold> 851</p>
        <p>4.4. Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer 851</p>
        <p>4.5. Stroke 854</p>
        <p>4.6. Peripheral Artery Disease 855</p>
        <p>4.7. Dementia 855</p>
        <p>4.8. Valvular Heart Disease 856</p>
        <p><bold>4.8.1. Aortic Stenosis</bold> 856</p>
        <p><bold>4.8.2. Mitral Valve Disease</bold> 857</p>
        <p><bold>4.8.3. Rheumatic Disease</bold> 857</p>
        <p>4.9. Diabetes Mellitus, Preeclampsia, and Pregnancy Hypertensive Disorders 857</p>
        <p><bold>4.9.1. Diabetes Mellitus</bold> 857</p>
        <p><bold>4.9.2. Pregnancy Hypertensive Disorders</bold> 858</p>
        <p>4.10. Adolescent Pregnancy 859</p>
        <p>5. Cardiac Investigative Methods: Peculiarities in Women 862</p>
        <p>5.1. Electrocardiogram 862</p>
        <p>5.2. Exercise Test 863</p>
        <p>5.3. Carotid Ultrasound 863</p>
        <p>5.4. Echocardiography 864</p>
        <p>5.5. Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy 864</p>
        <p>5.6. Coronary Calcium Score and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography 864</p>
        <p>5.7. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging 864</p>
        <p>5.8. Coronary Angiography 866</p>
        <p>6. Women&#8217;s Representation in Clinical Studies on Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors 867</p>
        <p>7. Primary Prevention Measures in Women 868</p>
        <p>8. Women&#8217;s Burnout, Quality of Life and Spirituality 869</p>
        <p>8.1. Burnout 869</p>
        <p>8.2. Quality of Life 870</p>
        <p>8.3. Spirituality 870</p>
        <p>9. Cardiovascular Implications of COVID-19</p>
        <p>in Pregnancy 871</p>
        <p>10. Future Perspectives on Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular</p>
        <p>Healthcare 873</p>
        <p>References 874</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Of the noncommunicable chronic diseases, CVDs are the leading cause of death around the world and in Brazil, which has one of the highest mortality rates in South America.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>The CVDs account for one third of the deaths from all causes, affect men and women at all ages, and represent more than twice the number of deaths from all neoplasms associated.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Among women, there is an increase in the prevalence of CVD and death from CVD after menopause, aggravating the perspectives in the near future due to aging and illness of the female population in Brazil.</p>
        <p>Currently, IHD accounts for most deaths in all Brazilian Federative Units, followed by cerebrovascular diseases.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>One aspect is the difference in the involvement of the regions and in the access to diagnosis and treatment, according to the peculiarities determined by the social and economic indicators in the macroregions, states, and cities of different sizes in Brazil. Half of the mortality from CVD before the age of 65 years can be attributed to poverty and social inequalities.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Inappropriate diets, low level of physical activity, and alcohol and tobacco consumption are important RFs for CVD in women, more prevalent among the less favored social classes of the population, including Brazilian children and adolescents.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>Thus, primary and secondary prevention programs, as well as easier access to diagnosis, for those populations might have an even greater impact on CVD morbidity and mortality.</p>
        <p>Most of the times, CVD can be prevented with public health interventions that involve RF control and optimized clinical management of patients. Reducing women&#8217;s CVDs in Brazil and worldwide is a complex task, which depends on several agents and continuous effort.</p>
        <p>Most Brazilian cardiologists, one third of which are women, are members of the SBC, which has been developing continuous actions to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality through the Department of Women&#8217;s Cardiology.</p>
        <p>The <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> , the official scientific publication of the SBC, has published the &#8220;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8221;,<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>which represented an advance in establishing concrete actions to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality in women, such as: to work collectively towards the defense of the global goals to prevent and control noncommunicable chronic diseases, mainly Brazilian women&#8217;s CVDs; to establish campaigns of cardiovascular prevention, promoting consistent efforts to reach the goal of 30% reduction in mortality rate by 2030; to elaborate and suggest governmental policies to promote favorable environments to reduce exposure to risk, facilitating the adoption of healthy habits at school, work and leisure environments to fight women&#8217;s CVD; to work alongside governments in the development and application of a cardiovascular prevention program, in addition to the incorporation of cost-effective technologies for the reduction of CVD morbidity and mortality in women; engage with communication media to deliver continuous information on the importance of CVDs in women, their major RFs and preventive measures, ensuring the importance of early diagnosis; to provide the highest level of continuous medical education; to promote technical-scientific, cultural, and social exchange among cardiologists in Brazil and around the world; and to foster scientific knowledge necessary to increase the participation of women in the sciences and scientific events in the areas of health and related sciences.</p>
        <p>Even considering the huge scientific and technological advances already achieved in cardiology, we need to change the health and disease paradigm, aiming at a population approach that enables the extension of the benefit of those achievements to the entire population. Therefore, a large agreement is required involving the civil society, the societies of medical specialties, the government, and the community to refurbish the education of physicians and other health professionals in parallel with the promotion of a wide discussion in society, contributing to raise awareness and improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases accounting for most deaths of men and women in Brazil.</p>
        <p>Brazil, by establishing in the Federal Constitution the inalienable commitment to the preservation of human dignity, defined health as a social right, ensuring universal, total, and free access to health for all Brazilians.</p>
        <p>Even with the constitutional guarantees, inequities regarding women persist in the Brazilian society. Thus, it is necessary, through affirmative actions, to emphasize the need to ensure the essential equality between men and women, particularly regarding the awareness of women&#8217;s CVDs, which are neglected in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, the &#8220;National Day of Awareness of Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Diseases&#8221; has been proposed by the authors of the &#8220;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8221; and approved by the Law 14.320 of 2022, sanctioned by the President of Brazil and published in the <italic>Di&#225;rio Oficial da Uni&#227;o</italic> of April, the 1st, originated from the bill 1.136/2019, from the federal representative and cardiologist Mariana Carvalho. That day will be celebrated on May 14th, in honor of the birth of the physician Bettina Ferro de Souza, the first female president of the SBC.</p>
        <p>It is fundamental to promote initiatives to enhance knowledge on the importance of cardiovascular health throughout women&#8217;s lives. In addition, it is essential to better understand the local differences in women&#8217;s cardiovascular health to define public policies and health care, reduce the gap, and promote sex equity regarding Brazilian health care.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the SBC&#8217;s Department of Women&#8217;s Cardiology presents its <bold>Position Statement on Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Health</bold> focused on primary prevention. This document was aimed to help reach the objective stated in the &#8220;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8221; of playing a leadership role in Brazilian health policies, providing managers with an overview of the relevance of women&#8217;s CVDs. This view will enable them to elaborate strategies to reduce the prevalence of RFs and improve the diagnosis and therapeutic approach, thus reducing cardiovascular outcomes, with impact on the Brazilian women&#8217;s physical, mental, and spiritual health.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Highlights</title>
        <p>In this chapter 1, the highlights of chapters 2 to 10 are presented.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Epidemiology of the cardiovascular diseases in women</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>In the past 30 years, there was an increase in the CVD prevalence among individuals of both sexes aged 15-49 years. In addition, the CVD prevalence was higher in women until 2011; since then, the CVD prevalence in men has been higher.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The CVDs, mainly IHD and cerebrovascular disease, are the major cause of death in adults of both sexes. The percent of deaths due to IHD was similar in women and men, while the percent of deaths due to stroke was higher in women than in men.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In the other age groups, from birth to the beginning of adulthood, cardiac malformations, cardiac complications from rheumatic fever, and cardiomyopathies play a key role in mortality of both sexes.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Of the traditional RFs, overweight, obesity and diabetes mellitus were the most frequent among women. It is worth emphasizing that the prevalence of self-reported SAH in Brazil was higher in the female than in the male sex.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk factors in women</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Recognizing women&#8217;s RFs, either specific, most prevalent, or similar to those of men, as well as knowing the 10-year risk for atherosclerotic CVD, is of great importance for CVD risk stratification in the female sex.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In women, the most impacting traditional RFs for CVD include diabetes mellitus, SAH, dyslipidemia, tobacco use, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The prevalence of those traditional RFs has increased even among young women and, when associated with sex-specific RFs, contribute to increase morbidity and mortality; however, they are not usually considered in CVR stratification.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Sex-specific RFs, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, use of hormonal contraception, gestational hypertension, adverse events of pregnancy, MHT, risks related to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus), and depressive disorders are considered REFs.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The assessment of CVR in women should consider, in addition to risk stratifiers, the aggravating factors of the diabetes mellitus-associated risks, the REFs, and the sex-specific RFs to establish changes in lifestyle and recommend measures for primary prevention of CVD, aimed at identifying and treating earlier a larger number of women at risk.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular diseases in women</title>
          <sec>
            <title>1 &#8211; Ischemic heart disease</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Currently, additional mechanisms of coronary ischemia are well defined, and it is more appropriate to refer to it as IHD because it comprises several coronary affections that cause ischemia, such as myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries, ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, microvascular disease, coronary vasospasm, and coronary embolism/thrombosis. In women, several pathophysiological mechanisms of IHD are related to one or more of those coronary affections, which can be present even in younger and pregnant women.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2 &#8211; Heart failure</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Considering HF pathophysiology, because of hormonal responses, women, as compared to men, differ regarding the HF epidemiology, clinical presentation, outcomes, and treatment.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>Regarding HF phenotypes, some are more prevalent in women, such as Takotsubo syndrome, and others are specific to women, such as peripartum cardiomyopathy. However, in both chronic and acute HF, clinical trials/registries targeting women are scarce and the evidence derives from subanalysis of large studies in which women are underrepresented. Multicenter prospective registries could provide more precise evidence about the female population, including a larger number of women in HF with both reduced and preserved ejection fraction.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>3 &#8211; Arrhythmias</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Women more often have sinus tachycardia and nodal reentry tachycardia, and pregnancy increases the risk for supraventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In long QT syndrome type 2 among women, there is a greater risk of sudden death and pro-arrhythmia. In the puerperium, long QT increases the risk for <italic>torsades de pointes.</italic> <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In women, sudden death of cardiac etiology more often results from non-ischemic causes, and men are more often resuscitated and treated with a defibrillator. The use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator for both primary and secondary prevention is more common in men; however, the risk of complications related to the procedure is higher in women.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Although the incidence of AF is higher among men, older women more often have AF, more symptoms, and worse quality of life. Strong risk predictors of AF in women are SAH and obesity. Women more often have paroxysmal AF, strokes and thromboembolism, HF, higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, more hospitalizations, and a higher risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> </sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4 &#8211; Cardiovascular disease and cancer</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Cardiotoxicity is a challenge in the treatment of female cancer, especially breast cancer, which is one of the most frequent neoplasms, and can lead to an increased incidence of cardiovascular events and of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as compared to women without neoplasm. The risks vary according to the cancer treatment, which can harm the cardiovascular system leading to the following: ventricular dysfunction, from asymptomatic and reversible to symptomatic and irreversible HF; acute coronary syndrome; pericarditis; myocarditis; ventricular arrhythmias; SAH; peripheral vascular disease. Genetic variants are factors related to the risk of cardiomyopathy, explaining why some patients with the same profile develop cardiotoxicity and others do not.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The prognosis of such patients is affected by some issues, such as the analysis of cardiovascular RFs before, during, and after the diagnosis and oncological treatment, the effective intervention on modifiable RFs, in addition to the early diagnosis and treatment of the chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>5 &#8211; Stroke, peripheral artery disease, and dementia</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Future research on the recognition of female sex-specific RFs for stroke and a score to identify the group at higher risk are urgently needed to elaborate stroke prevention strategies for women.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Peripheral artery disease correlates with IHD, and the treatment of traditional RFs is a preventive measure in both sexes. The recognition of women-specific RFs, such as pregnancy and its complications, or of predominantly female RFs may allow proper risk stratification and the adoption of early preventive measures.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Women, as compared to men, seem to be at higher risk for developing dementia and memory disorders related to age. Although some studies have shown that estrogen plays a significant role in women&#8217;s cognitive functioning, the MHT showed no beneficial effect on reducing those changes even in younger women.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In patients under the age of 55 years, regardless of sex, the major causes of cognitive changes and dementia are Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, vascular dementia, frontoparietal dementia, and alcohol-related dementia.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>There are vascular RFs related to early dementia, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, kidney disease, CVD, SAH, chronic alcoholism, and drug intoxication. The control of cardiovascular RFs plays a key role in preventing dementia and cognitive diseases, mainly in younger women.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6 &#8211; Valvular heart diseases</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>The follow-up of women with aortic valve stenosis or mitral valve disease requires careful and continuous reasoning about the best treatment model. The decisions regarding clinical or interventional management depend on the disease&#8217;s anatomical and functional diagnosis and careful patient&#8217;s assessment.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>When compared to men and considering the same degree of valve calcification, women have a tendency towards higher severity of aortic stenosis because of fibrosis of the valve apparatus, which is more pronounced than calcification. Men and women differ regarding clinical presentation, response to treatment, and results after valvular intervention.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>In transcatheter aortic valve replacement, women are older and have better left ventricular function and lower prevalence of coronary artery disease; however, they have associated comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus and AF. Anatomical characteristics of the female sex, such as shorter distance between the coronary artery ostia and the valvular ring, as well as the higher prevalence of valvular and aortic calcification, account for higher coronary artery obstruction during the procedure. In addition, the smaller diameter of the peripheral vessels causes greater vascular complications and bleeding.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Of the preventive measures in valvular heart diseases, the following stand out: primary and secondary prevention of rheumatic disease and antibiotic prophylaxis of infective endocarditis, mainly during childbirth. Valvular heart disease in women have peculiar characteristics with significant impact on treatment results and disease prognosis.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>The indications of infective endocarditis prophylaxis during pregnancy are women with rheumatic valvular heart disease, valvular prostheses, cyanogenic congenital heart disease, and history of infective endocarditis.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>7 &#8211; Diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and pregnancy hypertensive disorders</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Gestational diabetes is associated with maternal and fetal complications, such as PE, premature birth, and perinatal death. Lifestyle changes, such as regular physical activity during pregnancy, in the absence of obstetric or cardiovascular contraindications, substantially reduce the risks of those complications.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>There is a wealth of literature supporting gestational hypertension as a RF for future CVD; primigravida who develop GH are at higher risk for future CVD, notably after menopause. Thus, the best recommendation is to initiate the prevention of PE and other forms of GH prior to pregnancy, which include proper body weight, healthy diet, and regular practice of physical exercises. In women at high risk, the use of acetylsalicylic acid in the first trimester and calcium replacement for pregnant women with low daily calcium intake should be indicated.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>8 &#8211; Adolescent pregnancy</title>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Adolescent pregnancy increases maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications, worsens preexisting socioeconomic problems, and affects the future of generations. Thus, it should be managed efficiently and continuously in all socioeconomic levels.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>One of the most important preventive factors of adolescent pregnancy is education on sexuality and reproductive health, supported by scientific evidence and health promotion programs.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup>It should include information on biological aspects, mutual respect, responsible sexual activities, and use of safe and effective contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy and protect against sexually transmissible infections.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Adolescents instructed by providers determined to face sensitive subjects, such as pregnancy prevention and contraception, are more engaged in their well-being. The qualified instruction about adolescent sexuality is an investment for a healthier and profitable future with high self-esteem.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac investigative methods: peculiarities in women</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Women&#8217;s electrocardiographic findings differ from men&#8217;s regarding the magnitude of the electric signals, with smaller amplitude of the QRS complex, of the J point, and of the T wave, and a longer corrected QT interval. Anterior T-wave inversion, that is, beyond V1, occurs in 2.3% of the population, being more common in women, regardless of their physical activity <italic>status</italic> . That is a benign pattern if it occurs in asymptomatic and low-risk women, because CMRI studies suggest it might reflect lateral displacement of the right ventricle.<sup><xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>Electrocardiographic changes that may lead to misinterpretations are observed in 45% of women with breast implants: T-wave inversion, inferolateral ST depression, poor R-wave progression from V1 to V4, prolonged QT interval, and left ventricular hypertrophy.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>On ET, women more often show false-positive depression of the ST segment and the test&#8217;s accuracy varies with the pretest probability of IHD. In women, the association of stress/rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with ET has better diagnostic accuracy than ET alone. That association has excellent negative predictive value in women with pretest intermediate/high risk.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The measure of intimal-media thickness to reclassify risk can be used in women with at least two cardiovascular RFs.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup>The presence of plaque as an aggravating factor for risk stratification can be used in women at intermediate risk.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Women with coronary artery calcium score over zero and breast arterial calcification have higher risk of ischemic events as compared to men. Coronary computed tomography angiography evidences the non-obstructive coronary pattern, more prevalent in women.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> </sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Normal coronary arteries on coronary angiography are more common in women. The risk of vascular complications from coronary angiography is higher among women, who have a higher tendency to develop acute kidney lesion due to contrast media.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The CMRI is an excellent investigative option for women, especially those of childbearing age, pregnant women, and those undergoing treatment for breast cancer. In addition, the CMRI can evidence perfusion and/or myocardial changes, helping the differential diagnosis of chest pain and being particularly useful in the management of IHD in women.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Women&#8217;s representation in clinical studies on cardiovascular disease and risk factors</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>The major cause of death worldwide is CVD, which is more and more recognized as having sex-specific characteristics regarding the illness processes, clinical manifestations, and results of treatments. Therefore, the identification of sex differences in CVD expression determines that women should be equally represented in cardiovascular clinical trials.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Although women&#8217;s representation has increased in recent clinical studies, this has not occurred in all areas of CVD investigation. Women remain underrepresented in studies on arrhythmias, acute and chronic coronary artery disease, and HF, especially those involving interventions with implantable devices and highly complex procedures.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The identification of barriers to equity in the representation of clinical trial subjects offers several opportunities to solve the problem, enabling equity in selection and maintenance of women as subjects of clinical studies on CVDs and their RFs.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>That equity is necessary for the accurate understanding of CVD expression and their RFs in women, as well as of the impact of treatment on women&#8217;s cardiovascular prognosis.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Primary prevention measures for women</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Primary health care is usually the first contact of women with the health sector, occurring electively or through active search by community health agents. Primary health care should cover the needs of all women&#8217;s life stages, with actions directed to total health promotion, with emphasis on physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Over time, there was a decentralization of public services initiated with the Women&#8217;s Total Health Care Program and consolidated with the Women&#8217;s Health Care Policy. The guarantee of women&#8217;s access to all levels of health care and the integration of actions and services remain a challenge, as well as the local planning and monitoring of indicators to promote harm reduction and death prevention.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A paradigm change is necessary in the public policies on women&#8217;s total health, especially when considering that CVDs are the major cause of death among women in most phases of their life cycle.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Women&#8217;s <italic>burnout</italic> , quality of life, and spirituality</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Burnout associates positively with alcohol consumption, sleep disorders, depression, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and musculoskeletal pain, being a significant predictor of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes type 2, thus relating to a higher incidence of IHD and hospitalizations from CVD.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Work conditions have a well-known impact on the health of workers. Women&#8217;s labor force participation has been increasing, resulting in women&#8217;s overload due to double journeys, with consequent high burnout rates among them.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Women&#8217;s life course is permeated by experiences of loss, stress, anxiety, and fear, which increase their psychological vulnerability, facilitating the appearance of symptoms of anxiety-depression. However, resilience, spirituality and personal beliefs seem to play a mediating role in some of those psychological variables, associating with better quality of life and lower frequency of CVD in women.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiovascular implications of COVID-19 in pregnancy</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is higher in pregnant as compared to non-pregnant women, with more frequent intensive care unit admissions, mechanical ventilation use, and increased mortality and morbidity, including myocardial infarction, venous and other thromboembolic events, PE, and preterm labor and delivery.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup>In addition, COVID-19 has been associated with a higher rate (and combined proportions) of premature delivery, PE, cesarean delivery, and perinatal death.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>he management of cardiac complications during pregnancy should comprise the multidisciplinary follow-up with a cardiologist, an obstetrician, and a neonatologist.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226;SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy should be included in the differential diagnosis with other complications, such as coronary artery dissection and peripartum cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The beginning and duration of prophylactic anticoagulation in pregnancy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection should consider disease severity, need for hospitalization, temporal relation between disease occurrence and time of delivery, as well as the prothrombotic risk conferred by additional comorbidities.<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In this population, vaccination should be emphasized, because it is the best way to prevent COVID-19-related complications. Preventive measures, such as face mask use, hand hygiene, and avoiding crowded areas, should be maintained.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Future perspectives on the improvement of women&#8217;s cardiovascular care</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Women&#8217;s mortality rates from CVD remain elevated and stagnant in most regions of the world, with little or no reduction in recent years. Women&#8217;s CVR is still underestimated by the general population, and, especially, by women themselves and health care professionals. The non-implementation of the guidelines on women&#8217;s CVD prevention delays the diagnosis of several CVDs, especially that of IHD, which is often neglected in women.<sup><xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Understanding the sex/gender-related differences in premature mortality from CVDs is essential for the development of preventive and control measures for those diseases. The scarcity of robust clinical studies and the female sex underrepresentation in clinical trials contribute to the scarce knowledge on women&#8217;s CVD.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>Further research on the role played by sexual hormones in the female global CVR is mandatory.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>To reduce the CVD load in women by 2030 is an ambitious, but imperative, goal, especially because several cardiovascular RFs can be modified and mitigated.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Epidemiology of Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Diseases</title>
        <p>According to data from the GBD 2019 Study, the prevalence of CVD was 6.1% of the population in 2019, 12 946 932 (95% UI, 11 899 752 &#8211; 13 617 524) individuals, 51% of the male sex. Men had a higher age-standardized prevalence rate as compared to women in 2019 ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.1</xref> ). From 1990 to 2019, there was an 8.7% reduction in the CVD prevalence rate in men, smaller than that in women, 12.8%. There was an increase in the CVD prevalence in that period among individuals of both sexes aged 15-49 years. In addition, the CVD prevalence was higher in women until 2011; since then, the CVD prevalence in men has been higher ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 2.1</xref> and <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.2</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 2.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Age-standardized prevalence rates of cardiovascular disease, per 100 000 inhabitants, according to sex, in Brazil, 1990-2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 2.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Number of cases and age-standardized prevalence, incidence, death, and DALYs rates due to cardiovascular disease in women, per 100 000 inhabitants, and percent change of the rates, according to age group, in Brazil, in 1990 and 2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Age groups</th>
                  <th colspan="2">1990</th>
                  <th colspan="2">2019</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Percent change (95% UI)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Number (95% UI)</th>
                  <th>Rate (95% UI)</th>
                  <th>Number (95% UI)</th>
                  <th>Rate (95% UI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>PREVALENCE</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 15-49 years</td>
                  <td align="center">81840.1 (71524.9;92783.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">210.2 (183.7;238.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">105700 (92430.3;120336.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">180.7 (158.1;205.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-14 (-16.8;-10.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 50-69 years</td>
                  <td align="center">102496.1 (91526.7;114514.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1255.7 (1121.3;1402.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">208399.3 (186607.1;232143.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">973.2 (871.4;1084)</td>
                  <td align="center">-22.5 (-25;-19.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 5-14 years</td>
                  <td align="center">26514.1 (17557.2;37666.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.7 (100.4;215.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24476.1 (16014.6;34617.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">154.6 (101.1;218.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (-1.4;5.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 70+ years</td>
                  <td align="center">77895.9 (69702.8;86822.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3321.7 (2972.3;3702.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">200343.1 (180509.1;222408)</td>
                  <td align="center">2653.3 (2390.6;2945.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-20.1 (-22.9;-17.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Age-standardized</td>
                  <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">557.5 (523.8;597.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">437.4 (411;468.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-21.5 (-23.3;-20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> All ages</td>
                  <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">391.9 (366;421.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">491.1 (462.3;524.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 (21.7;29.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Under 5 years</td>
                  <td align="center">6216.7 (4434;8521.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.5 (53.1;102.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5596.8 (3974;7644)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.8 (52.4;100.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 (-4;2.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>INCIDENCE</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 15-49 years</td>
                  <td align="center">81840.1 (71524.9;92783.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">210.2 (183.7;238.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">105700 (92430.3;120336.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">180.7 (158.1;205.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-14 (-16.8;-10.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 50-69 years</td>
                  <td align="center">102496.1 (91526.7;114514.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1255.7 (1121.3;1402.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">208399.3 (186607.1;232143.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">973.2 (871.4;1084)</td>
                  <td align="center">-22.5 (-25;-19.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 5-14 years</td>
                  <td align="center">26514.1 (17557.2;37666.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">151.7 (100.4;215.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24476.1 (16014.6;34617.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">154.6 (101.1;218.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (-1.4;5.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 70+ years</td>
                  <td align="center">77895.9 (69702.8;86822.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3321.7 (2972.3;3702.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">200343.1 (180509.1;222408)</td>
                  <td align="center">2653.3 (2390.6;2945.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-20.1 (-22.9;-17.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Age-standardized</td>
                  <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">557.5 (523.8;597.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">437.4 (411;468.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-21.5 (-23.3;-20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> All ages</td>
                  <td align="center">294962.9 (275518.3;317426.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">391.9 (366;421.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">544515.2 (512491.4;581529.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">491.1 (462.3;524.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 (21.7;29.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Under 5 years</td>
                  <td align="center">6216.7 (4434;8521.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.5 (53.1;102.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5596.8 (3974;7644)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.8 (52.4;100.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1 (-4;2.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>DEATHS</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 15-49 years</td>
                  <td align="center">769476.9 (739810.4;801490.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1976.3 (1900.1;2058.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">679263.9 (631272.6;728617.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1161.5 (1079.5;1245.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-41.2 (-44.5;-37.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 50-69 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1154563.6 (1117881.8;1194713.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14144.8 (13695.4;14636.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1485239.2 (1407973.4;1568445)</td>
                  <td align="center">6935.6 (6574.8;7324.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-51 (-53.4;-48.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 5-14 years</td>
                  <td align="center">38226.4 (34169.5;42955.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">218.7 (195.5;245.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22398 (18744.9;26627.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">141.4 (118.4;168.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-35.3 (-42.9;-28.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 70+ years</td>
                  <td align="center">976778.1 (898018.1;1019807.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">41652.6 (38294.1;43487.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1661643.2 (1472104.5;1785160.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22006.3 (19496.1;23642.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-47.2 (-50.2;-44.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Age-standardized</td>
                  <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                  <td align="center">6191.2 (5895.3;6408.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3019.5 (2810.8;3195.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-51.2 (-53.4;-49.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> All ages</td>
                  <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                  <td align="center">4008.9 (3849.7;4141.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3495.4 (3251.1;3697.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-12.8 (-17;-8.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Under 5 years</td>
                  <td align="center">78467.3 (65203.6;97481.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">940.3 (781.4;1168.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26657.3 (21657.1;32912.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">351.4 (285.5;433.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-62.6 (-73.6;-49.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>DALYs</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 15-49 years</td>
                  <td align="center">769476.9 (739810.4;801490.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1976.3 (1900.1;2058.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">679263.9 (631272.6;728617.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1161.5 (1079.5;1245.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-41.2 (-44.5;-37.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 50-69 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1154563.6 (1117881.8;1194713.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14144.8 (13695.4;14636.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1485239.2 (1407973.4;1568445)</td>
                  <td align="center">6935.6 (6574.8;7324.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-51 (-53.4;-48.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 5-14 years</td>
                  <td align="center">38226.4 (34169.5;42955.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">218.7 (195.5;245.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22398 (18744.9;26627.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">141.4 (118.4;168.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-35.3 (-42.9;-28.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> 70+ years</td>
                  <td align="center">976778.1 (898018.1;1019807.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">41652.6 (38294.1;43487.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1661643.2 (1472104.5;1785160.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22006.3 (19496.1;23642.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-47.2 (-50.2;-44.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Age-standardized</td>
                  <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                  <td align="center">6191.2 (5895.3;6408.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3019.5 (2810.8;3195.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-51.2 (-53.4;-49.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>All ages</td>
                  <td align="center">3017512.3 (2897630.7;3117428)</td>
                  <td align="center">4008.9 (3849.7;4141.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3875201.6 (3604407.9;4099252.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3495.4 (3251.1;3697.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">-12.8 (-17;-8.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Under 5 years</td>
                  <td align="center">78467.3 (65203.6;97481.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">940.3 (781.4;1168.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26657.3 (21657.1;32912.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">351.4 (285.5;433.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-62.6 (-73.6;-49.5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Rate/100 000 inhabitants.<sup>1</sup>UI: uncertainty interval.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of cardiovascular disease, according to sex, in Brazil, 1990-2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In 2019, in Brazil, the age-standardized IHD incidence rates, mainly of myocardial infarction, were 78 and 148 per 100 000 inhabitants for women and men, respectively. Regarding chronic IHD (previous myocardial infarction, stable angina, or ischemic HF), the age-standardized prevalence rates were 1046 and 2534 per 100 000 inhabitants for women and men, respectively ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 2.1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Analysis of data from the GBD 2019 study showed a reduction in the age-standardized CVD mortality rate for women. In the beginning of the period, 1990, the mortality rates for women differed significantly between the Brazilian geographic regions, and that difference decreased by the end of the period. This can be explained by a more pronounced reduction in the Southeast and South, regions that concentrate the largest populations and incomes, and more modest in the North and Northeast ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figures 2.3</xref> and <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">2.4</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 2.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proportional mortality due to cardiovascular disease, according to sex, in Brazil, 1990-2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Age-standardized mortality rates due to cardiovascular disease, per 100 000 inhabitants, in women, in Brazil and its regions, 1990-2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In Brazil, CVDs are the major cause of death among women and men, despite their 50.6% decrease from 1990 to 2019 ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 2.1</xref> ). Although the age-standardized CVD mortality rates were higher in men during the entire period, the percent reduction was similar for both sexes, 48% for men and 52% for women. The proportional CVD mortality was higher in women during the entire period (1990 to 2019) ( <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.3</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>According to GBD 2019 study estimates, of the CVDs, IHD was the first cause of death in Brazil, followed by stroke. The IHD accounted for 12.03% and 12.2% of the deaths of women and men, respectively, while the percent of deaths due to stroke was higher in women than in men, 10.39% and 8.41%, respectively. The estimated DALYs due to IHD were 1276.6 (1165.2;1359) and 2179.4 (2054.4;2296.3) and those due to stroke were 1235.6 (1133.8;1322.5) and 1410.1 (1323.5;1487.9) in women and men, respectively ( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figures 2.5</xref> and <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">2.6</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 2.6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>DALYs (%) due to cardiovascular disease in women (A) and men (B), according to age group, in Brazil, 2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In 2019, the prevalence of AF and atrial flutter was higher in men than in women, although the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates were higher in women. AF occurs in association with advanced RHD, especially mitral stenosis, more frequent in women, at the ratio of 3 to 2.</p>
        <p>The age-standardized prevalence of RHD showed a slight 2.1% increase, being higher among women (3.5%). However, there was a reduction in the age-standardized mortality rates attributable to RHD, the percent reduction being similar in both sexes in the past 30 years ( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figures 2.5</xref> and <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">2.6</xref> ). In addition, the proportional mortality from aortic stenosis was higher among women in Brazil in 2019, and the DALYs rates decreased from 1990 to 2019 similarly for men and women ( <xref rid="f05001" ref-type="fig">Figures 2.5</xref> and <xref rid="f06001" ref-type="fig">2.6</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 2.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Proportional mortality from cardiovascular disease in women (A) and men (B), according to age group, in Brazil, 2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>According to data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health Mortality Information System, from 1980 to 2018, HF was the underlying cause of death of 1 185 120 individuals (584.155 men [49.3%]).<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>The ratios between the crude mortality rates from HF in both sexes, according to age groups and geographic regions, are shown in <xref rid="t5001" ref-type="table">Table 2.2</xref> . Ratios equal to or higher than 1 were observed in almost the entire period, all age groups, and geographic regions, with higher mortality in men, except for the North (1985-1989), Northeast (1980-1984) and South regions in the age group of 60 years and over, in which women&#8217;s mortality was higher.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref> , <xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 2.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ratio between the crude mortality rates in the male and female sexes, according to age groups and geographic regions, in 5-year periods.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age group</th>
                  <th align="left">Number Region / Period</th>
                  <th>1980-1984</th>
                  <th>1985-1989</th>
                  <th>1990-1994</th>
                  <th>1995-1999</th>
                  <th>2000-2004</th>
                  <th>2005-2009</th>
                  <th>2010-2014</th>
                  <th>2015-2018</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>0-29</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>North</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Northeast</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Southeast</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>South</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>West-Central</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>30-59</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>North</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Northeast</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Southeast</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>South</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>West-Central</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>60+</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>North</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Northeast</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>Southeast</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>South</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>West-Central</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: Brazilian Health Information System - Datasus.<sup>35,36</sup></attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Of the RFs for CVDs in Brazilian women, the following stand out: SAH, dietary risks, obesity, increased serum cholesterol levels, and elevated fasting glycemia ( <xref rid="f07001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.7</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>From 1990 to 2019, elevated BMI was the RF that increased most in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> </sup>The specific RF in women with stroke include pregnancy, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, oral contraception use, hormone use during menopause, and changes in the hormone status.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 2.7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ranking of the age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates due to cardiovascular diseases attributable to risk factors, in 2019, in Brazil, women (A) and men (B). DALY: disability-adjusted life years; CVD: cardiovascular disease; GBD: Global Burden of Disease; LDL: low-density lipoprotein. Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. 1,5</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The prevalence of self-reported SAH in Brazil in 2019 was 23.9%, higher in the female than in the male sex (26.4% <italic>versus</italic> 21.1%, respectively).<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>Cardiovascular mortality attributable to SAH was higher in women aged 65-79 years and in men aged 50-79 years.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Dietary risks were the second most important RF for CVD in 2019, accounting for 5.0% and 5.7% of the deaths due to IHD and for 2.6% and 2.4% of the deaths due to stroke in women and men, respectively.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Physical inactivity, another behavioral RF, increased from 1990 to 2019 in Brazil, mainly among women, 4.7%, as compared to men, 3.1%.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>According to data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in 2019, in Brazil, the percentages of overweight and obese adults (age &#8805;18 years) were 62.6% and 29.5% for women, and 57.5% and 21.8% for men, respectively. There was a progressive increase of obesity with age increase, with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in women of all age groups.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>The prevalence of diabetes increases as the prevalence of obesity increases.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Data from the 2014-2015 PNS in Brazil showed a higher prevalence of diabetes in women, individuals over the age of 30 years, and those with overweight or obesity.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup>Diabetes is a RF for CAD more important to women than to men, even to premenopausal women.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Anxiety, depression, and violence victimization were studied in 31 847 women from the 2013 PNS. The major depressive episodes and suicidal ideation were assessed with the <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire,</italic> while violence victimization was self-reported. Women had a higher prevalence of depressive episodes (OR = 2.36; 95% CI, 2.03-2.74), suicidal ideation (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.73-2.36), and violence victimization (OR = 1.73; 95% CI, 1.45-2.06).<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Sex-specific factors are of fundamental importance and affect the occurrence of CVD throughout a woman&#8217;s life. A cross-sectional multicenter study with 27 referral maternity hospitals from all Brazilian regions and 82 388 women giving birth, from July 2009 to June 2010, identified 9555 cases of severe maternal morbidity, 140 deaths, and 770 maternal near misses. The major determinant cause of maternal complications was hypertensive disease.<sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup>Preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age newborn are early indicators of maternal cardiovascular risk. According to data from the GBD 2019 study, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy were the second cause of mortality and DALYs in women of childbearing age ( <xref rid="f08001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.8</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08001">
            <label>Figure 2.8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mortality and DALYs rates due to maternal causes in the federative units, per 100 000 inhabitants, in women, Brazil, 2019.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019.<sup>1</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Diseases of the Circulatory System in Children and Adolescents of the Female Sex in Brazil</title>
          <p>The etiologies of the DCS in individuals under the age of 20 years in Brazil vary according to age group, sex, and place of residence. The MCS are the major cause of death up to the age of 4 years, and cardiomyopathies are the major cause for ages 5 to 19 years.<sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In Brazil, the deaths due to MCS from 2000 to 2015 were more frequent under the age of 4 years, mainly in the first year of life and in the male sex ( <xref rid="t6001" ref-type="table">Table 2.3</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup>In the female sex, the following MCS had the highest incidence: persistent truncus arteriosus, Ebstein&#8217;s anomaly (tricuspid valve), and ostium secundum atrial septal defect. The DCS more often occurred at the age of 5-19 years, predominantly in the female sex, probably because of competition of external causes of death, more prevalent in the male sex.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 2.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proportional mortality and mortality rate per group of causes of death in children, according to sex and age group, Brazil, 2000-2015. 6</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Causes of death</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>&lt;20 years</th>
                    <th colspan="6">Male</th>
                    <th colspan="6">Female</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="15">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>&lt;1year</th>
                    <th>1-4 years</th>
                    <th>5-9 years</th>
                    <th>10-14 years</th>
                    <th>15-19 years</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>&lt;1year</th>
                    <th>1-4 years</th>
                    <th>5-9 years</th>
                    <th>10-14 years</th>
                    <th>15-19 years</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <bold>MCS</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">57.892</td>
                    <td align="center">31.077</td>
                    <td align="center">26.144</td>
                    <td align="center">2.901</td>
                    <td align="center">766</td>
                    <td align="center">625</td>
                    <td align="center">641</td>
                    <td align="center">26.815</td>
                    <td align="center">22.016</td>
                    <td align="center">2.972</td>
                    <td align="center">728</td>
                    <td align="center">593</td>
                    <td align="center">506</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">5.15</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mort</td>
                    <td align="center">5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">5.62</td>
                    <td align="center">107.0<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">2.7<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">5.0</td>
                    <td align="center">94.7<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">2.9<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <bold>Other CM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">86.165</td>
                    <td align="center">45.237</td>
                    <td align="center">39.715</td>
                    <td align="center">3.133</td>
                    <td align="center">956</td>
                    <td align="center">725</td>
                    <td align="center">708</td>
                    <td align="center">40.928</td>
                    <td align="center">35.729</td>
                    <td align="center">3.009</td>
                    <td align="center">870</td>
                    <td align="center">720</td>
                    <td align="center">600</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">7.78</td>
                    <td align="center">10.8</td>
                    <td align="center">5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mort</td>
                    <td align="center">7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">162.6<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">2.9<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">153.7<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">2.9<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <bold>DCS</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">29.904</td>
                    <td align="center">16.706</td>
                    <td align="center">3.735</td>
                    <td align="center">2.084</td>
                    <td align="center">1.493</td>
                    <td align="center">2.749</td>
                    <td align="center">6.645</td>
                    <td align="center">13.198</td>
                    <td align="center">3.280</td>
                    <td align="center">2.045</td>
                    <td align="center">1.376</td>
                    <td align="center">2.197</td>
                    <td align="center">4.300</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9</td>
                    <td align="center">3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">2.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mort</td>
                    <td align="center">2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">15.3<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">1.9<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">14.1<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">2.0<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <bold>Ill defined</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">85.458</td>
                    <td align="center">49.940</td>
                    <td align="center">25.907</td>
                    <td align="center">7.692</td>
                    <td align="center">3.019</td>
                    <td align="center">3.679</td>
                    <td align="center">9.643</td>
                    <td align="center">35.518</td>
                    <td align="center">19.414</td>
                    <td align="center">6.431</td>
                    <td align="center">2.408</td>
                    <td align="center">2.700</td>
                    <td align="center">4.565</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">6.1</td>
                    <td align="center">10.9</td>
                    <td align="center">7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5</td>
                    <td align="center">3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6.82</td>
                    <td align="center">5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">10.8</td>
                    <td align="center">7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mort</td>
                    <td align="center">7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">106.0<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">7.0<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">83.5<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">6.2<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <bold>External</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">340.974</td>
                    <td align="center">274.627</td>
                    <td align="center">10.816</td>
                    <td align="center">16.304</td>
                    <td align="center">16.384</td>
                    <td align="center">29.287</td>
                    <td align="center">201.836</td>
                    <td align="center">66.347</td>
                    <td align="center">7.431</td>
                    <td align="center">10.328</td>
                    <td align="center">8.801</td>
                    <td align="center">11.992</td>
                    <td align="center">27.795</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">24.9</td>
                    <td align="center">32.5</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">39.1</td>
                    <td align="center">51.6</td>
                    <td align="center">80.4</td>
                    <td align="center">12.75</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4</td>
                    <td align="center">28.8</td>
                    <td align="center">34.0</td>
                    <td align="center">42.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mort</td>
                    <td align="center">31.4</td>
                    <td align="center">49.7</td>
                    <td align="center">44.3<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">15.0<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">20.9</td>
                    <td align="center">142.5</td>
                    <td align="center">12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">32.0<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">9.9<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">6.6</td>
                    <td align="center">8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">20.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <bold>All causes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">1.367.355</td>
                    <td align="center">845.481</td>
                    <td align="center">424.932</td>
                    <td align="center">70.854</td>
                    <td align="center">41.904</td>
                    <td align="center">56.775</td>
                    <td align="center">251.016</td>
                    <td align="center">521.874</td>
                    <td align="center">331.269</td>
                    <td align="center">59.430</td>
                    <td align="center">30.518</td>
                    <td align="center">35.293</td>
                    <td align="center">65.364</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                    <td align="center">100.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mort</td>
                    <td align="center">126.0</td>
                    <td align="center">153.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1.739.3<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">65.2<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">30.4</td>
                    <td align="center">40.5</td>
                    <td align="center">177.3</td>
                    <td align="center">98.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1424.7<sub>(1)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">57.0<sub>(2)</sub></td>
                    <td align="center">23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">26.1</td>
                    <td align="center">47.6</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>MCS: malformations of the circulatory system; Other CM: other congenital malformations excluding MCS; DCS: diseases of the circulatory system; PM(%): proportional mortality in percentage; Mort: mortality rate per 100 000 (1) Mortality per 100 000 live births (2) Mortality per 100 000 in the population aged 0 &#8211; 4, live births excluded.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The importance of deaths from DCS increases with age progression ( <xref rid="f09001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.9</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> </sup>One should consider that children with MCS, even repaired ones, and who did not die in their first year of life can have complications and sequelae, such as HF, arrhythmias, and endocarditis, with death in adolescence. Another possible explanation is the higher diagnostic negligence of MCS and DCS in the female sex at all age groups in Brazil, resulting from the poorer access to the health system and diagnostic resources in the female sex as compared to that in the male sex.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Figure 2.9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Annual proportional mortality due to specific causes of the circulatory system in children and adolescents, per sex and age group, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, 1995 to 2012. 40 DCS: Diseases of the Circulatory System; CBVD - Cerebrovascular Diseases.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><xref rid="t7001" ref-type="table">Table 2.4</xref> shows the proportional mortality attributed to DCS and MCS in the first year of life due to specific causes and according to Brazilian regions.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>More than 83% of the deaths due to DCS resulted from MCS in all regions, with emphasis to the South region, where that percentage was 93%. The non-specified MCS corresponded to half of the deaths under the age of 1 year in Brazil, with no difference between the sexes and predominance in the Southeast region (44%). The proportional mortality from DCS was 2.5 times higher in the North region than in the South region, predominating in the female sex. Cardiomyopathy accounted for 32% of the deaths from DCS, being the leading cause of death in all regions and both sexes.<sup><xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7001">
              <label>Table 2.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Proportional mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system and malformations of the circulatory system, subdivided into specific causes, in the first year of life, female sex, according to Brazilian regions, 2000 to 2015. 41</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">CAUSES OF DEATH</th>
                    <th scope="col">NORTH</th>
                    <th scope="col">NORTHEAST</th>
                    <th scope="col">SOUTHEAST</th>
                    <th scope="col">SOUTH</th>
                    <th scope="col">WEST-CENTRAL</th>
                    <th scope="col">TOTAL</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="2">CARDIAC-PULMONARY AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION DISEASES</td>
                    <td align="left">Deaths</td>
                    <td>77</td>
                    <td>131</td>
                    <td>244</td>
                    <td>39</td>
                    <td>41</td>
                    <td>532</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>3.09</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.99</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.33</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.15</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.75</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.10</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">PERICARDITIS AND ENDOCARDITIS</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">69</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">137</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.52</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.48</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.66</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.27</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.60</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.54</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">MYOCARDITIS</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">49</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.12</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.21</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.47</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.68</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.17</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.37</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">CARDIOMYOPATHIES</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">130</td>
                    <td align="center">360</td>
                    <td align="center">469</td>
                    <td align="center">61</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">1091</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5.22</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5.46</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>4.47</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.80</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>3.02</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>4.31</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">HEART FAILURE</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">74</td>
                    <td align="center">170</td>
                    <td align="center">140</td>
                    <td align="center">33</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td align="center">442</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.97</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.58</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.33</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.98</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.06</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.75</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND OF OTHER VASSELS</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                    <td align="center">91</td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td align="center">34</td>
                    <td align="center">389</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.84</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.38</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.78</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.92</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.45</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.64</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">OTHER DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">83</td>
                    <td align="center">188</td>
                    <td align="center">243</td>
                    <td align="center">37</td>
                    <td align="center">45</td>
                    <td align="center">596</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>3.33</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.85</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.32</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.09</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1.92</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.36</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>SUBTOTAL DCS</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">426</td>
                    <td align="center">986</td>
                    <td align="center">1401</td>
                    <td align="center">233</td>
                    <td align="center">234</td>
                    <td align="center">3280</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>17.11</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>14.97</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>13.36</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>6.89</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>9.96</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>12.97</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">CHAMBERS AND SEPTA</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">300</td>
                    <td align="center">715</td>
                    <td align="center">1943</td>
                    <td align="center">630</td>
                    <td align="center">370</td>
                    <td align="center">3985</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>12.05</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>10.75</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>18.52</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>18.64</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>15.75</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>15.75</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">VALVES</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">87</td>
                    <td align="center">196</td>
                    <td align="center">691</td>
                    <td align="center">293</td>
                    <td align="center">138</td>
                    <td align="center">1405</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>3.49</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>2.97</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>6.59</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>8.67</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5.87</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5.55</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">NON-SPECIFIED</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">1284</td>
                    <td align="center">3749</td>
                    <td align="center">4666</td>
                    <td align="center">1733</td>
                    <td align="center">1324</td>
                    <td align="center">12756</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.57</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>56.90</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>44.48</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>51.27</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>56.36</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>50.43</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">OTHERS</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">235</td>
                    <td align="center">547</td>
                    <td align="center">712</td>
                    <td align="center">166</td>
                    <td align="center">126</td>
                    <td align="center">1786</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>9.57</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>8.30</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>6.79</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>4.91</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5.36</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>7.06</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">VESSELS</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">158</td>
                    <td align="center">395</td>
                    <td align="center">1049</td>
                    <td align="center">325</td>
                    <td align="center">157</td>
                    <td align="center">1727</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>6.34</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5.99</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>10.00</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>9.62</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>6.68</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>8.24</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">SUBTOTAL MCS</td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">2064</td>
                    <td align="center">5602</td>
                    <td align="center">7859</td>
                    <td align="center">3147</td>
                    <td align="center">2115</td>
                    <td align="center">22016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>82.89</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>85.04</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>74.93</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>93.11</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>90.04</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>87.03</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>TOTAL DCS+MCS</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>Deaths</td>
                    <td align="center">2490</td>
                    <td align="center">6588</td>
                    <td align="center">10489</td>
                    <td align="center">3380</td>
                    <td align="center">2349</td>
                    <td align="center">25296</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PM(%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>100.00</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>100.00</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>100.00</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>100.00</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>100.00</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>100.00</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>DCS: Diseases of the Circulatory System; MCS: Malformations of the Circulatory System; PM(%): Proportional Mortality in percentage.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In the past decade, the increase in obesity, insulin resistance, and SAH in children and adolescents contributed to increase the cardiovascular risk in young individuals. An increase in the prevalence of DCS in that population is estimated to occur in coming years.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>More girls and female adolescents died from DCS than their male counterparts, indicating the need for public health strategies directed to the female sex, such as equity of access to health resources, early diagnosis, and institution of female sex-specific therapeutic measures.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Cardiovascular Risk Factors</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Introduction</title>
          <p>According to data from the GBD Study 2019, there was a global reduction in the CVD mortality rate in past decades, tending to stagnation in recent years.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>In women aged 35-54 years, there was a growing increase in the IHD mortality rate in the United States of America,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref> </sup>attributed to the higher prevalence of traditional CVRFs.</p>
          <p>According to data from the GBD Study 2019 and regarding Brazilian women ( <xref rid="f07001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2.7</xref> ), in the ranking of age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates attributable to risk factors, the following risk factors stood out in decreasing order: elevated systolic blood pressure, elevated BMI, dietary risks, high LDL-cholesterol, tobacco use, and high fasting glycemia. It is worth emphasizing the increased CVD prevalence in young women aged 15-49 years, from 1990 to 2019.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>Regarding the risk of atherosclerotic CVD, women share some traditional CVRFs with men, while some other CVRFs are underrecognized in women ( <xref rid="t8001" ref-type="table">Chart 3.1</xref> and <xref rid="f10001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.1</xref> )<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>and others are female-sex/gender specific ( <xref rid="f11001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t8001">
              <label>Chart 3.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Aggravating factors of the cardiovascular risk from diabetes mellitus in women. 50</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Women&#8217;s age &gt; 56 years and diabetes diagnosis &gt;10 years</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Family history: first-degree relative with premature CVD (men &lt;55 years and women &lt;65 years)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Tobacco use</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Metabolic syndrome</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Albuminuria: creatinine &gt;30 mg/g</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 ml/min</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Non-proliferative retinopathy</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8226;Incipient cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10001">
              <label>Figure 3.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. The well-established risk factors common to both sexes are incorporated into the risk scores of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, the sex-specific and the underrecognized risk factors interact with the traditional ones, aggregating risk, especially in women.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf10-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11001">
              <label>Figure 3.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Female sex-specific risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, with evidence and recommendations. 11,45&#8211;49 AH: arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CVR: cardiovascular risk; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor; DM: diabetes mellitus; IHD: ischemic heart disease; IUD: intrauterine device; MHT: menopausal hormone therapy; MI: myocardial infarction; MS: metabolic syndrome; PE: preeclampsia; POS: polycystic ovary syndrome.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf11-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In clinical trials, despite the important relationship between CVRFs and CVD, women are underrepresented, and the scores used for cardiovascular risk stratification, such as Framingham, SCORE ( <italic>Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation</italic> ), SBC/SBD/SBEM, do not contemplate female sex-specific CVRFs, such as ( <xref rid="f11001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.2</xref> ): POS, hormonal contraception use, GH, adverse events of pregnancy, menopausal hormone therapy, and risks associated with the socioeconomic, psychosocial and environmental <italic>status</italic> . In addition, the scores do not contemplate the association with inflammatory (HIV) and autoimmune (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis) diseases,<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup>anxious-depressive disorders, and SDH, considered REFs in women.</p>
          <p>When assessing cardiovascular risk, it is essential to consider, in addition to risk stratifiers ( <xref rid="f12001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.3</xref> ), the aggravating risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus ( <xref rid="t9001" ref-type="table">Chart 3.2</xref> ), the REFs, and the sex-specific RFs to establish changes in lifestyle and recommend measures for primary prevention of CVD, aimed at identifying and treating earlier a larger number of women at risk.<sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> , <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> , <xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12001">
              <label>Figure 3.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Algorithm for the assessment of women&#8217;s cardiovascular risk and the recommendation of statin use. 53 ABI: ankle-brachial index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCaS: coronary calcium score; CRD: chronic renal disease; CTA: computed tomography angiography; DM: diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GRS: Global Risk Score.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf12-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t9001">
              <label>Chart 3.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Most prevalent risk factors for CVD in women, as well as the cardiovascular risk factors shared by men and women, with evidence. 11,43,45,53,55&#8211;58,65&#8211;67</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Risk factor</th>
                    <th>&gt; risk for CVD in women</th>
                    <th align="left">Evidence</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>X</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAH and inadequate diet are associated with high risk of pre-diabetes.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Women with DM have a 45% higher risk of IHD.<sup>45,67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>DM2 is more common in women &lt; 40 years and results in higher mortality.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Relative risk of CVD mortality is higher in women than in men; the excessive risk of CVD mortality is higher in women.<sup>45,67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Atherosclerotic events cause more congestive HF in women.<sup>67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Systemic arterial hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>X</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher risk of myocardial infarction (INTERHEART).<sup>67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher prevalence of pre-menopausal secondary hypertension.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Post-menopausal women less often have nocturnal blood pressure decrease, but more events.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Women more often develop ventricular hypertrophy, HFpEF, arterial stiffness, CRD, and DM.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Women more often have adverse effects with anti-hypertensive drugs.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SAH affects 80% of women &gt; 75 years. Only 29% have proper control of SAH.<sup>45</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia (*)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>In the SWAN study, the levels of TC, LDL-c, and triglycerides showed a peak in the transition from menopause to the early post-menopausal phase.<sup>65</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Recent meta-analysis showed no significant difference in HDL-c levels between pre- and post-menopause.<sup>61</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Obesity (*)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>The Framingham Heart Study showed an increase in the risk of CAD: 64% in women <italic>versus</italic> 46% in men.<sup>45</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>More prevalent in Brazilian women than men.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>The most important RF for SAH in women.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Associated with adverse outcomes in pregnancy.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sedentary lifestyle (*)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher prevalence of inactivity among women.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>25% of women do not practice physical activity regularly.<sup>43,45</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Tobacco use (*)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Women have a 25% higher risk of CAD as compared to men, except in the younger age group (30-44 years).<sup>43,67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Atrial fibrillation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>X</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>As compared to men with AF, women have a 20-30% higher risk of stroke, higher severity, and worse long-term result regarding permanent disability.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>The female sex was associated with age &gt;65 years or &gt;2 risk factors in the CHA2DS2-VASc regarding nonvalvular AF.<sup>67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Metabolic syndrome (*)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>In the SWAN study, the risks of MS in pre-menopausal and menopausal women are 1.45x and 1.25x higher, respectively.<sup>65</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Rheumatoid arthritis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>50% increase in the risk of CVD mortality as compared to that of the general population.<sup>67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Systemic lupus erythematosus</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>The risk of IHD is three times higher.<sup>45</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>More prevalent in Asian, Afro-American, Afro-Caribbean, and Hispanic women as compared to Caucasian women.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Black women are 2-4 times more likely to have SLE than white women.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IHD is the major cause of mortality in SLE.<sup>67</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Depression (**)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>X</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Common in women with IHD.</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Independent risk factor for worse outcomes.<sup>56</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Women are more susceptible, with a 2-time increase in the risk of IHD.<sup>45</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Mental stress (anxiety, psychosocial stress) Vital exhaustion</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>X</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Studies have shown the association of mental stress, microvascular dysfunction, and coronary vasospasm in patients with INOCA,<sup>58</sup>mainly women.</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Social Determinants of Health</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>SDH have negative outcomes that, added to the classical and sex/gender-specific CVRFs, cause vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, culminating in CVD.<sup>59</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>(*) risk factors with attributed risk similar in both sexes. (**) Basic questions: How do you think your health will be in the future? How often do you feel pleasure or happiness? Have you ever been grateful for your health or any other thing in your life? - Analyzes optimism, positive affection, and gratitude, respectively,56 and might help recognition and specific approach. ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; BRA: angiotensin-receptor blocker; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CRD: chronic renal disease; SDH: social determinants of health; RF: risk factor; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor; DM: diabetes mellitus; DM2: diabetes mellitus type 2; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulants; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IHD: ischemic heart disease; INOCA: ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MS: metabolic syndrome; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; TC: total cholesterol.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The risk estimation of cardiovascular events in women aimed at primary prevention is limited. The ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease identifies situations involving apparently healthy women with REFs, which require a shared decision-making with a cardiologist, an obstetrician gynecologist, and the patient about the use of mid-potency statin for low or intermediate risk. There is no evidence about the use of statins, and the assessment of the CCaS is necessary in selected women. If the CCaS is zero, statin should not be initiated, except in the presence of: DM, family history of premature CAD, or <underline>tobacco use.</underline> A CCaS between 1 and 99 favors the use of statins, mainly in women &gt; 55 years. If CCaS &gt; 100 or above the 75th percentile for age and sex, statins should be introduced ( <xref rid="f12001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.3</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref> , <xref rid="B52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>The 2017 Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention<sup><xref rid="B53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref></sup>and the 2019 SBC Update of the Guideline on Cardiovascular Prevention<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>recommend the use of the Global Risk Score,<sup><xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></sup>which estimates the 10-year risk of fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke, heart failure, and peripheral vascular failure. <xref rid="f12001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.3</xref> suggests an algorithm for the assessment of women&#8217;s cardiovascular risk and the recommendation of statin use.</p>
          <p>The anxiety-depression disorders, such as mood, behavior, and affection changes, accompanied or not by somatic changes or cognitive deficit, are common causes of disability in developed countries and considered REFs by the AHA/ACC and the European Society of Cardiology. Women are more susceptible to anxiety-depression disorders, which double the risk of IHD. Behavioral, hormonal, genetic, and psychosocial changes overlap and, from the pathophysiological viewpoint, promote endothelial dysfunction, atherothrombosis, and immune and hemostasis dysfunctions from changes in the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal axis and autonomous nervous system ( <xref rid="f10001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.1</xref> ). In addition, the estrogens stimulate T and B lymphocytes, propitiating a higher immune and inflammatory response. Such overlaps justify the relationship between depression and CVD, mainly IHD. In this context, physical exercise has been recognized as effective for the treatment of depression, similarly to psychotherapy and the use of serotonin inhibitors. Aerobic exercises seem to promote better benefit.<sup><xref rid="B55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref> - <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>Regarding the SDH, the diversity of race and ethnicity, educational level, racism, and discrimination, inaccessibility to health care systems, absence of social support, economic instability, sexual orientation, and violence are factors that lead to disparities, affect women, and generate negative outcomes, which, added to the classic CVRFs and sex/gender-specific risk factors, promote vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, culminating in CVD ( <xref rid="f10001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref> - <xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>A cross-sectional study to calculate the cardiovascular risk, using laboratory data from a subsample of the PNS with 3584 women, has found 58.4% at low cardiovascular risk, 32.9% at intermediate risk, and 8.7% at elevated risk. The risk increased with age, being high in the population with low educational level. The proportion of the components of the Framingham model, according to risk groups and sex, shows that, for women at high risk, the major contributors to cardiovascular risk were: systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, DM, and tobacco use.<sup><xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref></sup></p>
          <p><xref rid="t32001" ref-type="table">Charts 3.3</xref> , <xref rid="t33001" ref-type="table">3.4</xref> , <xref rid="t34001" ref-type="table">3.5</xref> , <xref rid="t35001" ref-type="table">3.6</xref> , <xref rid="t36001" ref-type="table">3.7</xref> and <xref rid="t37001" ref-type="table">3.8</xref> show recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, tobacco use, overweight and obesity, arterial hypertension, and physical activity in women.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t32001">
            <label>Chart 3.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia in women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>LE</th>
                  <th>References</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nutritional therapy, body weight loss, and physical activity should be recommended for all patients.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reduce sodium intake and maintain adequate consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products. Maintain body weight and waist circumference within normal range.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,51,53,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At least 30 minutes of moderate dynamic aerobic exercise (walking, running, biking, or swimming) 5 to 7 days per week. Gradually increase aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week of moderate intensity or 150 minutes per week of vigorous aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both, ideally with daily supervised exercise.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women at very high and high cardiovascular risk: LDL-c should be reduced to &lt; 50 mg/dL and &lt; 70 mg/dL, and non-HDL-c to &lt; 80 mg/dL and &lt; 100 mg/dL, respectively.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>51,52,53,</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women at intermediate cardiovascular risk: LDL-c should be reduced to &lt; 100 mg/dL, and non-HDL-c to &lt; 130 mg/Dl.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>51,52,53</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women at low cardiovascular risk: the goal is LDL-c &lt; 130 mg/dL and non-HDL-c &lt; 160 mg/dL.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>51,52,53</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medicamentous treatment is not recommended for pregnant women.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>11,43,47,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bile acid sequestrants are considered safe for use while breastfeeding.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>11,43,47,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rosuvastatin and pravastatin at low doses have been studied and their use can be considered while breastfeeding if the benefits exceed the potential risks.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>11,43,47,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The minimum reassessment time after medicamentous treatment should be of one month. Adapted from Update of the Guideline on Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention.<sup>53</sup>Similarly to the recommendation on the use of medicines during pregnancy, the authors of this article recommend a shared decision-making between patient and clinician to determine the ideal clinical management for individual patients.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t33001">
            <label>Chart 3.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for the management of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>LE</th>
                  <th>References</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>The strategies of body weight control, physical activity, dietary guidance, and smoking cessation should be provided to all women with glucose intolerance, MS, or DM to reduce CV risk.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The risk of coronary events should not be stratified by use of anatomic or functional methods in asymptomatic women with MS or DM.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The CCaS should be used in women with DM or MS and intermediate CV risk (GRS 5-10% in 10 years). If CCaS = 0, statins should not be initiated.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,50,51,52,53,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In primary prevention, women with DM or MS for whom statin therapy is indicated should receive high-potency doses and/or ezetimibe, and the goal should be LDL-c &lt; 70 mg/dL.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="2">
                    <sup>26,43,50, 51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alternatively, in women with DM or MS at high or very high risk, the goal should be LDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The use of ASA is not recommended for primary prevention in women with MS or DM, regardless of their CV risk.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,50,51,53,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The use of ASA is recommended for prevention in women with MS or DM, at high or very high risk, in the absence of contraindication or risk of bleeding.</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regarding pharmacological treatment, there is no gender difference in the recommendations, except for those related to pregnancy.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>11,26,43,50,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; CCaS: coronary calcium score; CV: cardiovascular; DM: diabetes mellitus; GRS: global risk score; LDL-c: low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; MS: metabolic syndrome.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t34001">
            <label>Chart 3.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for the management of tobacco use in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of tobacco use in women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>LE</th>
                  <th>References</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women&#8217;s tobacco use and exposure should be routinely assessed at all consultations with healthcare professionals and written down in the medical chart.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systematic counseling of all women for tobacco use cessation.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A combination of cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological interventions is recommended to all women to maximize the cessation rates.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking abstinence is recommended for all women to reduce the cardiovascular risks.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Multidisciplinary teams should be assigned to facilitate smoking cessation in all healthcare systems.</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t35001">
            <label>Chart 3.6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for the management of overweight and obesity in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of overweight and obesity in women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>LE</th>
                  <th>References</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>For overweight and obese women, body weight loss is recommended to improve the cardiovascular risk profile.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Counselling and comprehensive interventions in lifestyle, including caloric restriction, are recommended to achieve and maintain weight loss in overweight and obese women. Emphasize the relationship between overweight and obesity with increased cardiovascular risk.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calculate the body mass index and take anthropometric measures in medical visits to identify overweight and obese women aiming at intervening.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The treatment should involve a multidisciplinary team, and, when proper weight reduction is not achieved, pharmacological treatment and bariatric surgery should be considered. Medication should be used if BMI &gt; 30 or &gt;27 in the presence of comorbidities.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Assess waist circumference to identify women at higher cardiometabolic risk.</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>The use of pharmacological drugs to reduce body weight during pregnancy and while breastfeeding is not recommended. Special attention should be paid to women at childbearing age.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7001">
                <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; BMI: body mass index.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t36001">
            <label>Chart 3.7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for the management of arterial hypertension in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of arterial hypertension in women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>LE</th>
                  <th>References</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>For all women with high BP or hypertension, nonpharmacological measures are indicated to reduce BP: body weight loss, healthy dietary pattern, sodium reduction, dietary potassium supplementation, increase in physical activity with a structured exercise program, and limited alcohol intake.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anti-hypertensive medication is recommended for women with an estimated risk &#8805; 5% in 10 years and mean systolic BP &#8805; 130 mm Hg or mean diastolic BP &#8805; 80 mm Hg, for primary prevention of CVD.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>For women with confirmed hypertension and CV risk &#8805; 10%, target BP &lt; 130/80 mm Hg is recommended.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>For women with arterial hypertension and chronic renal disease, target BP &lt; 130/80 mm Hg is recommended.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>For women with arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes, target BP &lt; 130/80 mm Hg is recommended, and anti-hypertensive medication should be initiated if BP &#8805; 130/80 mm Hg.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>For women with estimated risk &lt; 10% in 10 years and BP &#8805; 140/90 mm Hg, anti-hypertensive medication is recommended for primary prevention of CVD.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>For women with confirmed hypertension and no additional markers of increased CV risk, target BP &lt; 130/80 mm Hg is recommended.</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> b</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use neither ACEI nor ARB for women at childbearing age and with perspective of pregnancy because of their possible teratogenic effects.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary hypertension is common in young and older women, and hypertensive adolescents and young adults should be screened to prevent long-term CV complications and specific treatment should be initiated</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8001">
                <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; CV: cardiovascular; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t37001">
            <label>Chart 3.8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recommendations for the management of physical activity in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of physical activity in women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                  <th>CR</th>
                  <th>LE</th>
                  <th>References</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>During medical visits, physicians should advise their patients to practice physical activity.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity: &#8805; 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity exercise or 75 minutes/week of vigorous exercise reduce cardiovascular risk.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity: &lt; 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity exercise or &lt; 75 minutes/week of vigorous exercise reduce cardiovascular risk.</td>
                  <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>B</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity: &gt; 150 minutes/week of moderate intensity exercise throughout pregnancy without complications.</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <alternatives>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                      <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                    </alternatives>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>A</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>26,43,51,52,67</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9001">
                <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Cardiovascular Diseases in Women</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Ischemic Heart Disease</title>
          <p>In women, IHD accounts for 47% of the deaths from CVD, while stroke, to 36%.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>The IHD pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention are shown in <xref rid="t38001" ref-type="table">Table 4.1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t38001">
              <label>Table 4.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>General characteristics of ischemic heart disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left">CAD<sup><bold>70</bold></sup></th>
                    <th align="left">INOCA<sup><bold>69</bold></sup></th>
                    <th align="left">MINOCA<sup><bold>71</bold></sup></th>
                    <th align="left">SCAD</th>
                    <th align="left">Vasospasm<sup><bold>72</bold></sup></th>
                    <th align="left">Microvascular disease<sup><bold>70</bold></sup></th>
                    <th align="left">Coronary thrombosis/embolism<sup><bold>73</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Pathophysiology</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Smaller atherosclerotic plaque - Plaque erosion with distal embolization</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Diffuse atherosclerosis associated with microvascular and endothelial dysfunction</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Microvascular dysfunction and/or epicardial and microvascular vasospasm</td>
                    <td>Coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, spontaneous coronary thrombosis and rechanneled emboli, plaque rupture, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Nontraumatic, non-iatrogenic, and non-atherosclerotic separation of the coronary artery wall, due to spontaneous rupture of the intima or vasa vasorum within the arterial wall</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Intramural hematoma within the false lumen, compressing the true lumen, causing ischemia or myocardial infarction</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Increased shear stress</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Emotional/physical triggers</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Epicardial or microvascular vasoconstriction related to endothelial dysfunction</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Multiple mechanisms: autonomous nervous system (circadian variation with morning predominance), endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and smooth muscle hypercontractility</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Structural remodeling</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Microvascular spam</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- External compression (myocardial hypertrophy)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Reduced microcirculatory conductance and/or dynamic arteriolar obstruction</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Thrombophilia, atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, patent <italic>foramen ovale</italic> , infective endocarditis, and non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical presentation</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Older women</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Chest pain (precordial/retrosternal) ;jaw/neck pain</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Fatigue, nausea</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Stable/unstable angina</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- AMI</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Wide spectrum: from clinical manifestations, such as chest discomfort, to angina and anginal equivalents</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>AMI 2/3 of the cases are NSTEMI (exclude myocarditis, Takotsubo, PPCM and PE)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Rule out: sepsis, PE, non-cardiac causes of troponin elevation</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Wide spectrum: from mild chest pain, ACS, AMI to sudden cardiac death</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Most common cause of AMI in pregnancy and puerperium</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Wide spectrum: from silent disease to sudden cardiac death Angina/AMI</td>
                    <td>Angina Dyspnea on exertion</td>
                    <td>AMI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical diagnosis / complementary tests</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Similar in women and men</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Non-invasive tests: CMRI associated with adenosine; PET Invasive tests: intracoronary acetylcholine and hyperemia with intracoronary adenosine (CFR and IMR)</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Transient until the cause is established</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Clinical findings of AMI</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Troponin</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Coronary angiography without obstructive CAD, CCT, ICUS</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- CMRI</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- No traditional CVRF</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Knowledge about the predisposing RF: fibromuscular dysplasia (50-86%), connective tissue disorders (5%), systemic inflammatory diseases (5-12%), hormone therapy (estrogen, progesterone, gonadotrophin, clomiphene, or infertility treatment)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Previous multiple pregnancies</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Coronary CTA</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Coronary angiography</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Coronary angiography associated with intracoronary acetylcholine provocation test</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Association with inflammatory markers (systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Non-invasive tests: reversible defects</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Invasive tests: FFR &gt; 0.8; CFR &lt; 2.0; IMR &#8805; 25</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Coronary angiography / aspiration thrombectomy</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prevention</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Knowledge about the differences in ACS/CCS clinical findings</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Improve diagnosis and treatment</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Identify and treat classical CVRFs and women-specific RFs</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Identify and aggressively treat classical CVRFs and women-specific RFs</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Identify risk enhancing factors (psychosocial factors and social determinants of health)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Identify and treat classical CVRFs and women-specific RFs</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Identify risk enhancing factors (psychosocial factors and social determinants of health)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Reduce emotional triggers, avoid hormone therapy (estrogen, progesterone, chorionic gonadotropin)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Prevent pregnancy</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Cardiac rehabilitation, preferably with modified protocol, avoiding heavy isometric exercises and intense aerobic activities</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Avoid aggravating factors: use of illegal drugs, amphetamines, butane gas, alcohol, and medications for migraines</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Modification of CVRFs (weight loss and stress control)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Early diagnosis of the underlying causes and thrombosis/infection prophylaxis</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Outcomes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Woman: higher in-hospital and 30-day mortality</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Higher mortality in women under 50 years of age</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Recurring angina</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Frequent hospitalizations</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Repeated coronary angiographies</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- High rates of major CV events</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Prognosis depends on the underlying cause</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Mortality:similar to that of CAD</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Disability: similar to that from CAD</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Frequent recurrence, mainly in the postpartum period and in women with connective tissue diseases</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Recurrence rate from 3.9% to 18.6%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Arrhythmia and sudden death</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Recurring angina</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Frequent hospitalizations</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>-Repeated coronary angiographies</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- High rates of major CV events</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>- Good prognosis in most cases undergoing early thrombectomy</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN10001">
                  <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; CTA: computed tomography angiography; CCS: chronic coronary syndrome; CFR: coronary flow reserve; CMRI: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; CV: cardiovascular; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor; FFR: fractional flow reserve; IMR: index of microcirculatory resistance; NSTEMI: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; PE: pulmonary embolism; PET: PET scan; PPCM: peripartum cardiomyopathy; RF: risk factor; CCT: coronary computed tomography; ICUS: intracoronary ultrasound.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Currently, the term &#8216;IHD&#8217; is more suitable to refer to the coronary disorders causing ischemia, previously referred to as CAD. Ischemic heart disease includes CAD, INOCA, MINOCA, SCAD, MVD, CVP, and coronary embolism/thrombosis.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.1. Coronary Artery Disease</title>
            <p>CAD is the major cause of myocardial infarction in women. Sex/gender-related differences are especially pronounced in CAD and its peculiarities are shown in <xref rid="t38001" ref-type="table">Table 4.1</xref> .</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.2. Ischemia with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries</title>
            <p>INOCA is more common in women than in men, with especially high prevalence among women aged 45-65 years. It is not a benign condition, being associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup>The strategies for the management of INOCA have not been well defined, mainly because there is not enough evidence on the treatment of the microvascular dysfunction associated with INOCA.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.3. Myocardial Infarction with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries</title>
            <p>MINOCA is related to several pathophysiological mechanisms of coronary disorders ( <xref rid="t38001" ref-type="table">Table 4.1</xref> ). Its prevalence is 5-10%, considering all AMI, and two-thirds of the patients have NSTEMI.<sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup></p>
            <p>It is more common in younger women than men (10.5% vs 3.4%; p&lt;0.0001). Cardiovascular RFs can be present, although less prevalent than in patients with CAD.<sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup></p>
            <p>MINOCA is a transient diagnosis that requires confirmation of its causes. First, AMI due to epicardial coronary obstruction should be excluded. Then, it is paramount to search for the underlying cause; failure in identifying that cause can result in inadequate treatment and information.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.4. Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection</title>
            <p>SCAD is a rare cause of myocardial infarction, representing 1-4% of all ACS. Corresponds to the spontaneous rupture of the intima or of the <italic>vasa vasorum</italic> within the arterial wall, resulting in accumulation of intramural hematoma in the false lumen, which can compress the true lumen, causing ischemia or myocardial infarction.</p>
            <p>SCAD is increasingly recognized as an important cause of myocardial infarction in women under the age of 50 years. According to some studies, 25-35% of the cases of SCAD occur in women under the age of 50 years and 25% in women over the age of 60 years. In addition, it is the most common cause of myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy (up to 43% of the cases), occurring mainly in the third trimester or postpartum period. The risk of recurring events is substantial.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.5. Microvascular Disease</title>
            <p>Its pathophysiology results from structural remodeling with consequent conductance reduction or arteriolar vasomotor disorders, or both. The diagnostic confirmation of MVD should meet the following criteria: presence of symptoms (angina and/or dyspnea on exertion); absence of obstructive disease; objective evidence of ischemia; and changes in the microvascular function (reversible defects, abnormalities on the invasive functional tests &#8211; IMR &gt; 25).<sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup></p>
            <p>MVD associates with pro-inflammatory markers in women with INOCA; thus, there is increased risk in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. After menopause, these diseases are more frequent in women, which can contribute to the sexual differences of MVD.<sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.6. Coronary Vasospasm</title>
            <p>CVP is defined by reversible diffuse or focal vasoconstriction, common in patients with IHD and present in the mechanisms of INOCA, MINOCA and MVD, regardless of racial, genetic, and geographic variations. It is more prevalent in women aged 40-70 years.<sup><xref rid="B69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The intracoronary acetylcholine provocation test remains the fundamental tool for the diagnosis of CVP, and women have a higher response to smaller doses. This test allows the reproduction of CVP and the assessment of reactivity to nitrates.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.1.7. Coronary Thrombosis/Embolism</title>
            <p>Coronary artery embolism in an underdiagnosed cause of ACS, and can be classified into three types: direct, paradoxical (thrombus originated from deep venous thrombosis that transposes the <italic>foramen ovale</italic> ), and iatrogenic. In the third type, percutaneous coronary intervention is the most common cause of the embolism, and the risk is increased with rotation techniques, valvuloplasty, and inadequate anticoagulation of the procedure.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Heart Failure</title>
        <p>Epidemiological studies have shown similar incidence of HF in men and women. However, hormonal changes, mainly postmenopausal, are responsible for peculiar characteristics of HF in women, which contribute to the higher prevalence of HFpEF (EF&#8805;50%) as compared to HFrEF (FE&#8804;40%).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </sup> <xref rid="f13001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.1</xref> shows the pathophysiological mechanisms related to HF in women due to the hormone cycle.<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13001">
            <label>Figure 4.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pathophysiological mechanisms related to heart failure in women.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>LV: left ventricular; HF: heart failure</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf13-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There are sex/gender-related differences not only regarding HF epidemiology, but also regarding HF clinical presentation, outcomes, and treatment ( <xref rid="f14001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.2</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref> , <xref rid="B75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref> </sup>Those differences are even more evident when the different phenotypes of HF are analyzed in isolation: HFrEF (EF &#8804; 40%) and HFpEF (EF &#8805; 50%).<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14001">
            <label>Figure 4.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risk factors, characteristics, prognosis, and measures to prevent HFrEF and HFpEF in women. HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; RF: risk factor; CV: cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf14-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Two clinical conditions that can evolve to HF in women are worth noting: Takotsubo syndrome, a reversible acute left ventricular dysfunction, in which 90% of the patients are women, especially after menopause;<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>and peripartum cardiomyopathy, defined as left ventricular dysfunction at the end of pregnancy or in the first months after delivery, without any other evident cause.<sup><xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup> <xref rid="t39001" ref-type="table">Table 4.2</xref> shows the major characteristics of those pathologies.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t39001">
            <label>Table 4.2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the Takotsubo syndrome and peripartum cardiomyopathy.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Clinical condition</th>
                  <th align="left">Takotsubo Syndrome</th>
                  <th align="left">Peripartum Cardiomyopathy</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Women (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>90%</td>
                  <td>100%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean age</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Elderly &#8211; frequently postmenopausal (90% aged 58-75 years)</td>
                  <td>Childbearing age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Definition</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Reversible acute left ventricular dysfunction</td>
                  <td>Left ventricular dysfunction at the end of pregnancy or first postpartum months</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Typical emotional or physical trigger, but not always present</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>More common in postmenopausal women</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Afro-American ethnicity</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Advanced maternal age</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; SAH or preeclampsia</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Multiple pregnancies</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Acute chest pain suggestive of ACS</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ACS</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Dyspneia</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Palpitation</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Pre-syncope / syncope due to ventricular arrhythmia or</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Cardiogenic shock</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Dyspnea, orthopnea, lower limb edema, palpitation</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Signs of congestion at the end of pregnancy</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Thromboembolic events</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Ventricular arrhythmias</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Cardiogenic shock</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diagnosis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; ECG: ST elevation or T inversion + prolonged QTc</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; ECHO: segmental alteration that extends beyond a single artery territory</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; High natriuretic peptides</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Mild troponin elevation (occurs in more than 90%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Disparity between the degree of troponin elevation and the severity of LV dysfunction</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; MRI: LV dysfunction; RV assessment; thrombus; no late enhancement (different from myocarditis)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Coronary angiography: absence of coronary lesions with apical and middle-apical hypokinesia on ventriculography</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Diagnosis can be delayed due to confusion with usual symptoms of pregnancy</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Differential diagnosis with myocarditis, Takotsubo, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, etc</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; ECHO: left ventricular dysfunction; presence of thrombus</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; High natriuretic peptide levels</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Holter: might reveal ventricular arrhythmias</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prevention</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>&#10003; Related to menopause (estrogen deficiency, but hormone replacement does not reduce the risk for HF)</td>
                  <td>&#10003; Control risk factors that predispose to PPCM: hypertension, diabetes, obesity, eclampsia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Beta-blocker if LVEF &lt; 45%, AF, ventricular arrhythmia</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; ACEI if LVEF &lt; 45%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Anticoagulation if apical thrombus</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; MCS if cardiogenic shock</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>BOARD</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; B: Bromocriptine is indicated (increasing doses according to PPCM severity)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; O: Oral treatment for HF according to guidelines</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; A: Anticoagulation (at least prophylactic)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; R: Relaxant (vasodilators) IV and inotropic drugs for severe PPCM</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; D: Diuretics if congestion For the most severe cases:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; IAB, ECMO for cases of rapid deterioration despite inotropic drugs</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Transplant or VAD if symptoms persist despite optimal therapy</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prognosis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Usually good prognosis with early recovery of LV function, but severe complications can occur before recovery</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Cardiogenic shock (6-20%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>In-hospital mortality (&lt;5%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Usually good prognosis (40% increase LVEF to &gt; 50%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Persistent dysfunction or rapid deterioration can occur</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>LVEF &lt; 35% at presentation confers worse prognosis</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Imaging test to confirm LV function recovery:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>ECHO or MRI</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Recurrence in up to 22%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Improvement from 6 months to 5 years in general</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>New pregnancy is not advised because of the risk of recurrence</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11001">
                <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AF: atrial fibrillation; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; CATH: cardiac catheterization; ECG: electrocardiogram; ECHO: echocardiogram; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HF: heart failure; IAB: intra-aortic balloon; IV: intravenous; LV: left ventricular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MCS: mechanical circulatory support; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PPCM: peripartum cardiomyopathy; RV: right ventricular; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; VAD: ventricular assistance device.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Data from acute HF registries have shown that women and men are equally affected (50%), with no evidence of differences in mortality between men and women ( <xref rid="t40001" ref-type="table">Table 4.3</xref> ),<sup><xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup>although women have a higher risk profile (older age and higher number of comorbidities). However, in clinical studies/registries of cardiogenic shock/ mechanical circulatory support, women are underrepresented.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t40001">
            <label>Table 4.3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Differences in characteristics and outcomes between men and women with decompensated heart failure and/or cardiogenic shock.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">CLINICAL STUDY</th>
                  <th align="left">ADHERE Decompensated HF</th>
                  <th align="left">IABP-SHOCK II Cardiogenic shock &#8211; IAB</th>
                  <th align="left">cVAD Registry Cardiogenic shock &#8211; IMPELLA</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Women (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>52%</td>
                  <td>31%</td>
                  <td>27%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Year</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>2001-2004</td>
                  <td>2009-2012</td>
                  <td>2007-2013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <bold>Characteristics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>Older women (75 vs 70 years)</td>
                  <td>Older women (74 x 68 years)</td>
                  <td>Older women (71 x 64 years)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Higher % of comorbidities:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; SAH</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; Thyroid disease</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Smaller % of ischemic etiology (19% vs 32%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Higher % of comorbidities:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; SAH (76% vs 66%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; DM (40% vs 29%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Smaller % of ischemic etiology (16% vs 25%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Higher % of comorbidities:</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; SAH (80% vs 70%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#10003; DM (54% vs 41%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Smaller % of ischemic etiology (33% vs 35%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher LVEF(42% vs 33%)</td>
                  <td>Higher LVEF (40% vs 35%)</td>
                  <td>Higher LVEF (30% vs 24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mortality</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>No difference in adjusted in-hospital mortality</td>
                  <td>No difference in adjusted 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year mortality</td>
                  <td>No difference in mortality on hospital discharge</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12001">
                <p>DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; IAB: intra-aortic balloon; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The best way to prevent progression to advanced HF is the institution of adequate treatment for HF. However, when not sufficient, the gold-standard treatment is CT for both sexes. The mean long-term survival is significantly higher in the female sex, and sex-mismatch transplant (female donor/male receptor) has worse prognosis.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup>Regarding the use of long-term ventricular assistance devices, the results have improved. One indication for ventricular assistance device use is contraindication to CT, such as hypersensitization, which is frequent in multiparous women. Women tend to have a higher risk for stroke and right ventricular dysfunction, in addition to be underrepresented in most registries.<sup><xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2.1. Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment of HFrEF and HFpEF</title>
          <p>Considering that ischemic cardiomyopathy is the most frequent etiology of HFrEF in women, establishing measures to prevent CAD, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension control, tobacco use cessation, and physical activity encouragement, is essential ( <xref rid="f14001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.2</xref> ). The pharmacological treatment of HFrEF with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid antagonists, ARNI, and SGLT2 inhibitors has shown to unequivocally reduce general death or cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization due to HF.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>Those benefits are similarly for men and women, and, thus, the pharmacological treatment prevents sudden death and disease progression to advanced HF that requires specific therapies. However, women are underrepresented in most studies on HFrEF (20-30%); therefore, studies involving a higher number of women with HFrEF are required ( <xref rid="t41001" ref-type="table">Table 4.4</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t41001">
              <label>Table 4.4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Differences in outcomes between men and women in studies on HFrEF.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">CLINICAL STUDY</th>
                    <th>% Women</th>
                    <th>OUTCOME</th>
                    <th>GENERAL RESULT</th>
                    <th>MEN / WOMEN</th>
                    <th>P interaction</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SOLVD (Enalapril)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">20%</td>
                    <td align="center">General death</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.84 (0.74 &#8211; 0.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">-----</td>
                    <td align="center">-----</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CIBIS II (Bisoprolol)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">20%</td>
                    <td align="center">General death</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.66 (0.54 &#8211; 0.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 0.53 (0.42 &#8211; 0.67)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.37 (0.19 &#8211; 0.89)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RALES (Spironolactone)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">27%</td>
                    <td align="center">General death</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.69 (0.58 &#8211; 0.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 0.71 (0.60 &#8211; 0.82)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.72 (0.57 &#8211; 0.97)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PARADIGM-HF (Sacubitril-Valsartan)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">21%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.80 (0.73 &#8211; 0.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 0.80 (0.73 &#8211; 0.87)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.79 (0.66 &#8211; 0.94)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">23%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.75 (0.65-0.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 0.73 (0.63 &#8211; 0.85)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.79 (0.59 &#8211; 1.06)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>EMPEROR-Reduced (Empagliflozin)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">24%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.75 (0.65&#8211; 0.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 0.80 (0.68 &#8211; 0.93)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.59 (0.44 &#8211; 0.80)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN13001">
                  <p>CV: cardiovascular; M: men; HR: hazard ratio; HF: heart failure; W: women; NS: nonsignificant.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The pathophysiology of HFpEF is directly related to obesity, increased insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Thus, weight reduction and physical activity encouragement are essential to prevent HFpEF, especially in women ( <xref rid="f14001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.2</xref> ). Regarding pharmacological treatment, the evidence is not so robust, and, even until recently, there was no medicamentous therapy recommended.<sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup>Randomized studies have shown a neutral effect of the major dugs used for HF.<sup><xref rid="B77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup>Subanalyses of two of those studies, one involving spironolactone (TOPCAT) and another involving ARNI (PARAGON-HF), have suggested different responses to therapy according to sex. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors have shown benefits in HFpEF with similar results in men and women ( <xref rid="t42001" ref-type="table">Table 4.5</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup>Thus, current evidence points to benefit from iSGLT2 in both sexes and potential benefit from spironolactone and sacubitril-valsartan in women.<sup><xref rid="B76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup>Prospective studies to assess differences between sexes are necessary.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t42001">
              <label>Table 4.5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Differences in outcomes between men and women in studies on HFpEF.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">CLINICAL STUDY</th>
                    <th>% Women</th>
                    <th>OUTCOME</th>
                    <th>GENERAL RESULT</th>
                    <th>MEN / WOMEN</th>
                    <th align="left">DIFFERENCES between sexes</th>
                    <th>P interaction</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TOPCAT (Spironolactone)</td>
                    <td align="center">52%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF or CPA</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.89 (0.77 &#8211; 1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>General death</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: p=0.68</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.66 (0.48 &#8211; 0.90)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Significant reduction of general death only in women</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PARAGON-HF (Sacubitril-Valsartan)</td>
                    <td align="center">52%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.87 (0.75 &#8211; 1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 1.03 (0.85 &#8211; 1.25)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.73 (0.59 &#8211; 0.90)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Significant reduction of CV death or hospitalization due to HF and total hospitalizations only in women</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EMPEROR-Preserved (Empagliflozin)</td>
                    <td align="center">45%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF</td>
                    <td align="center">HR 0.79 (0.69 &#8211; 0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>H: HR 0.81 (0.69 &#8211; 0.96)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>M: HR 0.75 (0.61 &#8211; 0.92)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Significant reduction of CV death or hospitalization due to HF in men and women</td>
                    <td align="center">NS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DELIVER (Dapagliflozin)</td>
                    <td align="center">44%</td>
                    <td align="center">CV death or hospitalization due to HF or visit to the emergency room</td>
                    <td colspan="4">On going</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN14001">
                  <p>CV: cardiovascular; M: men; HR: hazard ratio; HF: heart failure; W: women; NS: nonsignificant; CPA: cardiopulmonary arrest.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Usually, in both chronic and acute HF, clinical trials especially directed to women are scarce and the evidence derive from subanalysis of large studies in which women are underrepresented. However, the identification of potential RFs for the development of HF in women and</p>
          <p>the institution of measures for their control, or even their reversion, can impact prognosis. Prospective multicenter registries could provide more accurate evidence in the female population.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Arrhythmias</title>
        <p>There are some electrophysiological differences between sexes regarding the occurrence, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of arrhythmias, and they can affect both depolarization and repolarization. Women more often have sinus tachycardia and nodal reentry tachycardia, while ventricular arrhythmias are less common. In the long QT syndrome type 2, women are known to have a higher risk of sudden death and of pro-arrhythmia from cardiovascular or non-cardiovascular drugs. Pregnancy increases the risk of supraventricular tachycardia and reduces the occurrence of <italic>torsades de pointes,</italic> whose risk is increased in the long QT syndrome during the puerperium.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.1. Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiac Sudden Death</title>
          <p>The CSD is an important public health problem of high global incidence. In the United States of America, in 2016, there were 366 494 CSD, and 178 823 (48.8%) in women. The most common cause of CSD is IHD; in women, however, CSD more often is due to non-ischemic causes. In women, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation is less documented (19.4% women <italic>vs</italic> 26.7% men, p&lt;0.001), which reduces the probability of survival as compared to men, who are resuscitated and treated with defibrillator.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The ICD is the therapy of choice for the primary or secondary prophylaxis of CSD. However, women are underrepresented in clinical trials (inclusion of women varies from 16% to 29%) and the sex-based analyses of subgroups are limited.<sup><xref rid="B78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref></sup>One registry of 236 084 Medicare beneficiaries from 1991 to 2015 evidenced that men received more ICD than women in both primary (3.2 times more) and secondary (2.4 times more) prevention. In addition, women are at a higher risk for complications related to the ICD procedure (7.2% <italic>vs</italic> 4.8%, p&lt;0.001), particularly pneumothorax requiring intervention, cardiac tamponade, and ICD mechanical complications that need revision.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3.2. Atrial Fibrillation</title>
          <p>Around the world, 29.4 million women are estimated to have AF. Although the AF incidence is higher among men, older women more often have AF, considering their life expectancy is longer.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>Women with arrhythmia have more symptoms and report poorer quality of life as compared to men ( <xref rid="f15001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.3</xref> ),<sup><xref rid="B79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref></sup>in addition to having peculiar predictors of AF. A study with 34 221 women has reported that SAH was a risk predictor, obesity was another important risk marker, and the dynamic weight changes were deleterious. Women who practice vigorous physical activity have a 28% reduction in the incidence of AF. Regarding middle-aged healthy women, an increased incidence of AF was observed in those who had two or more drinks per day, the excessive consumption of alcohol being a predictor of AF among them. A large prospective study has shown the association of multiparity and higher risk. Another prospective study, assessing 30 034 menopausal women, has shown no increase in the risk in addition to that related to age, while monotherapy with estrogen associated with an increased risk of arrhythmia.<sup><xref rid="B80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f15001">
              <label>Figure 4.3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Differences of symptoms between women and men with atrial fibrillation. 72</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf15-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Women more often have paroxysmal AF and higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, but are less often submitted to both cardioversion and AF and flutter ablation. In addition, they more often undergo ablation of the atrioventricular node and pacemaker implantation, more often have strokes and thromboembolism, and are more often hospitalized due to all causes.<sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Few studies on heart rate and rhythm control have assessed the differences between sexes. Women less often undergo catheter ablation with isolation of the pulmonary veins and usually have worse results, because of later indication, more comorbidities, or higher presence of atrial fibrosis and foci outside the pulmonary veins.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>A study with 2789 patients with recent-onset AF and large women&#8217;s representativity (46%) has shown that early rhythm control associated with a smaller risk of adverse cardiovascular events, without affecting the length of hospital stay.<sup><xref rid="B81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women with AF are at higher risk for stroke, which is even more severe and extensive at ages over 65 years.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref> </sup>Studies with DOACs (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban) have shown a smaller risk of major bleeding in women, but a higher risk of stroke/systemic embolism with the use of warfarin, although women represented only 35% to 40% of those studies&#8217; samples.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>There was a reduction in all-cause mortality and a significant reduction in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage with the use of DOACs as compared to warfarin in women. In studies assessing the left atrial appendage occlusion as an alternative to anticoagulation for stroke prevention in AF, women were underrepresented and the primary outcome of efficacy composed by stroke, systemic embolism, and cardiovascular death did not vary between sexes.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref> </sup>Women with AF have a higher risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, in addition to more cardiac events, and a higher risk of stroke and HF.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>The major differences of symptoms between sexes in AF are shown in <xref rid="t43001" ref-type="table">Chart 4.1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t43001">
              <label>Chart 4.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Summary of the differences of symptoms between sexes in individuals with atrial fibrillation. 15</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>WOMEN</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>MEN</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">
                      <bold>EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher than in the total population</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher risk of death and stroke due to AF</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Increase of incidence and prevalence with time</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Age-adjusted prevalence</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">
                      <bold>SYMPTOMS AND QUALITY OF LIFE</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Longer symptom duration</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Worse quality of life in the scores</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">
                      <bold>PREVENTION AND RISK OF STROKE</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Stroke due to AF is more severe and disabling</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Receive more anticoagulation for prevention</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Longer time in the therapeutic range with warfarin</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">
                      <bold>HEART RATE AND RHYTHM CONTROL</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher risk of CV events and pro-arrhythmia with AAD</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher risk of adverse events with catheter ablation</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher indication for cardioversion and AF ablation</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN15001">
                  <p>AAD: antiarrhythmic drugs; AF: atrial fibrillation; CV: cardiovascular.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the major causes of death worldwide, and they share RFs, such as age, obesity, tobacco use, family history, and diet.</p>
        <p>Women&#8217;s most common malignant neoplasms are breast, lung, and colorectal cancers, responsible for 50% of the new diagnoses, of which breast cancer represents 30%.<sup><xref rid="B82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Advances in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer caused an important reduction in mortality, mainly due to the perception of acute and chronic adverse cardiovascular effects resulting from the oncological treatment, which affect the quality and expectancy of life of the survivors, who require lifelong follow-up.</p>
        <p>The different forms of treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, can lead to cardiotoxicity through different mechanisms, the risk being directly related to detection of the underlying cardiac disease, cardiovascular RFs, and previous cardiotoxic oncological treatment.</p>
        <p>Although there is no risk score validated, age and LVEF previous to treatment are two strong risk predictors suggested.<sup><xref rid="B83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis of cardiotoxicity can be done through the confirmation of new cardiovascular change during or even years after treatment, such as a clinical change and/or alteration in cardiovascular biomarkers and/or imaging, and it is an exclusion diagnosis done after investigating other etiologies.</p>
        <p>According to the Brazilian Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology, ventricular dysfunction related to cancer therapy is defined as a reduction &#8805; 10% in LVEF to a value below the lower limit of normality (LVEF &lt; 50%), and cardiovascular imaging should be repeated in 2 to 3 weks.<sup><xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ventricular dysfunction can occur during treatment or even years after its end, and that is the reason long-term surveillance is important, mainly in those who develop cardiotoxicity during treatment or are at high risk for that.</p>
        <p>Echocardiography is the method of choice to detect myocardial dysfunction before, during, and after cancer treatment. Three-dimensional echocardiogram has better accuracy to assess ventricular function. In its absence, two-dimensional Simpson is recommended to assess volumes and LVEF. The SLG is a tool to predict with high sensitivity the later reduction in LVEF. A reduction &#8805; 15% in SLG as compared to baseline is considered abnormal and an early ventricular dysfunction marker. Magnetic resonance imaging is gold-standard for the assessment of cardiac function, indicated in cases with limitation of echocardiography.<sup><xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is fundamental to detect subclinical cardiac abnormalities that can influence the clinical decisions regarding the choice of treatment, indication for cardioprotection, or increase of surveillance, such as asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Anthracycline is the most used CTX drug for breast cancer treatment and has a histologically proven cardiotoxic effect via necrosis of cardiomyocytes, which leads to irreversible lesions. The association of cumulative anthracycline doses and the risk of HF is exponential: 5% incidence of HF with a cumulative dose of 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, and 48% incidence of HF with a cumulative dose of 700 mg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another CTX drug used for breast cancer treatment, trastuzumab, can cause cardiotoxicity, and, because it is not associated with necrosis of cardiomyocytes, the lesions caused are partially or totally reversible after treatment interruption.</p>
        <p>Fluoropyrimidine, used to treat colorectal cancer, can cause vasospasm and consequent myocardial ischemia, with or without electrocardiographic changes. The symptoms can appear at any time during treatment, but bolus injection can be less cardiotoxic, because the vasospasm can be related to accumulation of metabolites rather than to the peak effect of the drugs.<sup><xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup></p>
        <p>If the patient develops HF and LVEF &lt; 40% during treatment, the CTX drug should be temporarily suspended according to a decision shared by the cardiologist and the oncologist, and the HF therapy should be initiated based on guidelines and consensus.</p>
        <p>Cardiotoxicity prevention should be performed in all patients undergoing cancer treatment. General measures, such as proper control of RFs, specific cardioprotective pharmacological interventions, and imaging- and biomarker-based surveillance strategies have an overall beneficial effect, but there is heterogeneity in results and no consensus on the recommendations for cardioprotective pharmacotherapy ( <xref rid="f16001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.4</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f16001">
            <label>Figure 4.4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Measures for the prevention of cardiotoxicity in women. CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf16-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Although the recommendations are controversial, cardioprotective drugs have been tested, such as dexrazoxane, an iron chelator with proven cardioprotective action, and neurohormonal inhibitors that have a cardiac anti-remodeling action, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta-blockers, and statins.<sup><xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup>The use of dexrazoxane in patients with metastatic breast cancer with high cumulative dose of anthracycline (doxorubicin dose &gt; 250 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) should be considered.<sup><xref rid="B86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Aerobic exercise is considered a promising nonpharmacological strategy to prevent and/or treat CTX-induced cardiotoxicity. If there is a reduction in LVEF that meets the definition of cardiotoxicity, the guideline-based treatment of HF should be considered.</p>
        <p><xref rid="f17001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.5</xref> summarizes the major aspects related to cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f17001">
            <label>Figure 4.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Summary of the major aspects related to cardiotoxicity. 2D: two-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor; CTX: chemotherapy; DM: diabetes mellitus; EF: ejection fraction; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf17-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t44001" ref-type="table">Charts 4.2</xref> , <xref rid="t45001" ref-type="table">4.3</xref> , <xref rid="t46001" ref-type="table">4.4</xref> show the recommendations for the management of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and arrhythmia in women.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t44001">
          <label>Chart 4.2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the management of ischemic heart disease in women.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of ischemic heart disease in women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>LE</th>
                <th>References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>In obstructive and non-obstructive coronary disease, the differences in clinical findings of ACS/CCS should be known, diagnosis and treatment should be improved, and the classical CVRFs and female-sex-specific RFs should be identified and treated.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>69&#8211;73</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In obstructive and non-obstructive coronary disease, the risk enhancing factors should be identified (psychosocial factors and social determinants of health).</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>69&#8211;73</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In spontaneous dissection, minimize the emotional triggers, avoid hormone therapy (estrogen, progesterone, &#946;-human chorionic gonadotropin), avoid future pregnancies, cardiac rehabilitation, preferably with modified protocol, avoiding heavy isometric exercises and intense aerobic activities.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>69&#8211;71,73</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In vasospasm, avoid aggravating factors: use of illegal drugs, amphetamines, butane gas, alcohol, and medications for migraine.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>69,71&#8211;73</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In microvascular disease, it is important to modify CVRFs (body weight loss and stress control).</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>69,72</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In coronary thrombosis and embolism, early diagnosis of the underlying causes and thrombosis/infection prophylaxis are important.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>69,73</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16001">
              <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ACS/CCS: acute coronary syndrome/chronic coronary syndrome; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor; RF: risk factor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t45001">
          <label>Chart 4.3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the management of heart failure in women.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of ischemic heart failurein women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>LE</th>
                <th>References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Takotsubo syndrome is related to menopause (estrogen deficiency), but hormone replacement has no impact on reducing the risk of HF.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>10,76</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Control risk factors that predispose to PPCM: hypertension, diabetes, obesity, eclampsia.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>10,76</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In HFpEF and HFrEF, control risk factors, such as body weight and glucose, lipid and blood pressure levels, practice regular physical activity, and cease tobacco use.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>10,74&#8211;76</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Use of statin would have a potential benefit, but there is scarce specific sex-related evidence, thus, it should not be recommended.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>10</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The identification of potential risk factors for the development of HF in women and the institution of measures to control them or even reverse them could impact prevention.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>10,70,76</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17001">
              <p>CCR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; PPCM: peripartum cardiomyopathy.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t46001">
          <label>Chart 4.4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the management of arrhythmias in women.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of arrhythmias in women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>LE</th>
                <th>References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesity and SAH are predictors of risk for AF in women; the control of body weight and blood pressure levels is an important preventive measure.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>14,15,81</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The prevalence of AF increases with age and in women after menopause; menopausal hormone therapy has no beneficial effect.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>80</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vigorous physical activity seems to reduce the incidence of AF in women.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>80</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excessive alcohol consumption is a predictor of AF in women; alcohol consumption control to less than 2 drinks/day can reduce the risk.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>80</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18001">
              <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; AF: atrial fibrillation; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Stroke</title>
        <p>Women face a disproportionately high burden of mortality and disability from stroke.<sup><xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref></sup>Multiple specific RF have been observed, such as pregnancy, PE, GD, use of oral contraceptives, postmenopausal use of hormones, and women&#8217;s hormonal variations.<sup><xref rid="B88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref></sup>The strongest or most prevalent RF for stroke in women are: AF, migraine with aura, DM, SAH, depression, and psychosocial stress. Despite the higher proportion of stroke throughout life, there are no specific guidelines on screening and treatment to reduce the risk of stroke in women.<sup><xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is worth emphasizing the need for awareness and systematic education of the youngest age groups, including women at childbearing age, alerting to the increasing incidence of stroke with age and its association with obstetric complications, such as GH, premature births, and GD, in addition to hormonal contraception. The risk is progressively higher in the presence of classical RF, such as obesity, dyslipidemias, SAH, and DM, which can appear throughout life, including at younger ages.<sup><xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although more than half of the cases of stroke occur in women, the inclusion of women in clinical trials on stroke treatment has been smaller than that of men. A better representation of the female sex in those studies is necessary.<sup><xref rid="B89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref> , <xref rid="B90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.6. Peripheral Artery Disease</title>
        <p>Peripheral artery disease is a prevalent condition with substantial morbidity and mortality, rarely diagnosed and treated in the general population.<sup><xref rid="B91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref></sup>Its frequency in women is equal to that in men.<sup><xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref></sup>Differences in pathophysiology and RFs can contribute to the late and often atypical presentation of PAD in women ( <xref rid="f18001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.6</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f18001">
            <label>Figure 4.6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Differences in peripheral artery disease presentation in women. 7 CVD: cardiovascular disease; CRD: chronic renal disease; IHD: ischemic heart disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; RF: risk factor; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf18-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Unawareness about PAD hinders the outcomes of all patients, but the challenges are even bigger for women, who, as compared to men, suffer from more severe pain, have poorer quality of life, and are at higher risk for CVD</p>
        <p>and their concomitant events.<sup><xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref></sup>In addition, the use of evidence-based therapy is less frequent in women as compared to men.<sup><xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although the recognition and control of traditional RFs are important in both sexes, they seem to have a different effect and smaller general significance for women with PAD than for men.<sup><xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref> , <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref> </sup>Because the treatment of traditional RFs offers protection for both sexes, ideal care should be ensured to everybody.<sup><xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref></sup>Recognizing sex-specific RFs (ex. pregnancy) or predominantly female factors (ex. depression) can allow adequate risk stratification and adoption of early preventive measures.<sup><xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref> , <xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.7. Dementia</title>
        <p>Although the impacts of menopausal estrogen deprivation on women&#8217;s cognitive function are not clearly known, literature data have shown that women seem to be at higher risk of developing dementia and age-related memory changes than men, and little is known about such differences at younger ages.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>Studies have shown that perimenopausal women respond better to memory-related tasks, which attenuates years after menopause.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>There is epidemiological and biological evidence that serum estrogen concentration and, thus, ovarian activity relate to better memory and cognition performance.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref> </sup>Symptoms, such as dullness of mind, forgetfulness, and difficulty to find the words are common in perimenopausal women.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>In addition, as shown in the SWAN study, the reduced cognitive function in women seems to be related to neither anxiety nor depression, factors known to be increased in that phase of women&#8217;s life.<sup><xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the major pathologic characteristics of AD, a cause of dementia in the general population, is the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the central nervous system. Data from the literature have suggested that estrogen can have an important role in preventing amyloid buildup, in addition to acting on the cognitive function.<sup><xref rid="B104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref></sup>Researchers have suggested that the reduced concentration of sexual steroid hormones after menopause can account for the higher prevalence and severity of AD in women.<sup><xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref></sup>Several studies have been performed to define whether MHT would be effective to prevent those neurological disorders.<sup><xref rid="B105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref> , <xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Despite the conflicting epidemiological evidence regarding the use of MHT as a preventive measure against cognitive dysfunction and AD reduction in menopause, a meta-analysis of clinical trials has shown the absence of those benefits. Women over the age of 65 years without dementia who used estrogen isolated or associated with progesterone showed no consistent evidence regarding those benefits, not even the younger ones (early menopause and perimenopause).<sup><xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, we suggest that MHT should not be prescribed to preserve cognitive function in postmenopausal women. In addition, there is lack of robust evidence of cognitive benefits for women using MHT at younger ages (for example, perimenopausal). Thus, MHT should not be prescribed to preserve cognitive function in younger women. Even results of the WHI study have not shown that the early initiation of MHT would be necessary to provide later cognitive benefits in women, not even prevent IHD (&#8220;the critical window hypothesis&#8221;).<sup><xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A cohort study has shown the major causes of cognitive changes and dementia in younger men and women (under the age of 55 years): AD (34%), vascular dementia (18%), frontoparietal dementia (12%), alcoholism-related dementia (10%), and others, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease and multiple sclerosis.<sup><xref rid="B108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref></sup>In AD, 10% of the cases related to a genetic mutation and the prevalence of dementia doubled every 5 years after the age of 35 years.</p>
        <p>There are vascular RFs related to early dementia, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, renal disease, CVD, SAH, chronic alcoholism, and drug intoxication.<sup><xref rid="B109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.8. Valvular Heart Disease</title>
        <p>Rheumatic disease is the major cause of acquired valvular heart disease in children and young adults aged less than 40 years in emerging countries.<sup><xref rid="B110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.8.1. Aortic Stenosis</title>
          <p>In young women, the etiology of aortic stenosis isolated is congenital and often the structural lesion is bicuspid valve.<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>Aortic stenosis isolated of rheumatic etiology is rare, usually concomitant with other valvular lesions, such as aortic insufficiency or mitral lesions. With aging, degenerative valvular calcification is the major mechanism of disease. When compared to men, considering the same degree of valvular calcification, women tend to higher severity of aortic stenosis due to the valvular apparatus fibrosis, which is more pronounced than calcification.</p>
          <p>Women with low-gradient aortic stenosis and low ejection fraction do not value their symptoms and present at more advanced disease stages, with worse functional capacity, more frequent syncope, and more eccentric left ventricular remodeling. Such manifestations can justify their higher mortality as compared to men ( <xref rid="f19001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.7</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f19001">
              <label>Figure 4.7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Sex-related differences in clinical course of low-gradient aortic stenosis with low ejection fraction. Adapted from Bartko et al. 110</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf19-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Women referred for aortic valve surgical replacement have more severe dyspnea on exertion, higher frailty scores, and more severe valvular obstruction degree for the same anatomic pattern of valvular area and mean transvalvular aortic pressure gradient.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>Women&#8217;s smaller body surface implicates in technically more delicate surgical interventions, explaining the worse postoperative survival.</p>
          <p>Of the patients submitted to transcatheter aortic valve implantation, women are older, have better left ventricular function, lower prevalence of CAD, but have comorbidities associated with DM and AF. Anatomical characteristics of the female sex, such as the shorter distance between coronary ostia and valvular ring and higher prevalence of valvular and aortic calcification, account for the higher incidence of coronary obstruction during the procedure. The smaller diameter of peripheral vessels causes more vascular complications and bleeding.<sup><xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Currently, there is no therapy to prevent the progression of aortic stenosis.<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>However, clinical trials have formulated strategies to delay disease progression with DPP-4 inhibitors,<sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup>tested in elderly and individuals with DM, but with no specific reference to women. The lack of control of tobacco use, dyslipidemia, creatinine serum levels and plasma calcium levels seems to cause an annual absolute and percent reduction in the aortic valve area.<sup><xref rid="B111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref> , <xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.8.2. Mitral Valve Disease</title>
          <p>Mitral insufficiency has an etiology-dependent natural history, and its clinical follow-up requires preventive measures based on the stratification of the disease&#8217;s anatomical degree. Mitral insufficiency can have an insidious course, thus it requires the periodic assessment of the development of anatomical and/or functional changes secondary to valvular disease and the appearance of complicating factors. Mitral insufficiency resulting from valvular prolapse is prevalent among women and its peculiar anatomic characteristics show predominance of myxomatous valves with anterior and bilateral leaflet prolapse, and extensive thickening of leaflets, which are less flaccid than in men.<sup><xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Women have smaller regurgitation volumes and atrial dimensions when indexed to body surface; therefore, many do not meet surgical criteria based on the increase of ventricular cavities in mitral insufficiency,<sup><xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref></sup>which can result in worse results after surgery.<sup><xref rid="B114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref></sup>However, those data are controversial because they are based on retrospective studies with a very limited cohort ( <xref rid="f20001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.8</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f20001">
              <label>Figure 4.8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Comparative evolution after minimally invasive surgery of the mitral valve between women and men. Adapted from Seeburger et al. 113</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf20-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In Brazil, rheumatic mitral stenosis is the major cause of acquired valvular disease in young women; however, calcification of the mitral valve apparatus can occur as age advances. In industrialized countries, with the eradication of rheumatic disease, the degenerative causes predominate,<sup><xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref></sup>with calcification and involvement of the base of leaflets and absence of commissural fusion, structural characteristics that limit percutaneous intervention. Therefore, surgical replacement of the mitral valve has been preferred to percutaneous/surgical commissurotomy, except in the presence of comorbidities that increase the surgical risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.8.3. Rheumatic Disease</title>
          <p>Primary prevention of acute rheumatic fever involves the prompt diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of the group A streptococcal infection with benzathine penicillin or other alternatives.<sup><xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref></sup>For both sexes, hygiene measures are essential to prevent disease spread and should be reinforced. Patients with history of acute rheumatic fever are at a high risk of recurrence and cardiac involvement in the case of subsequent group A streptococcal infection. For patients at risk of recurrence, long-lasting secondary antibiotic prophylaxis should be done, as recommended by the current guidelines in both sexes.</p>
          <p>Of the preventive measures against valvular heart disease in women, prophylaxis of infective endocarditis during delivery should be emphasized. Although controversial, the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Statement for Management of Pregnancy and Family Planning in Women with Heart Disease recommends prophylaxis in high-risk situations, indicating specific antibiotics for the genitourinary tract, such as ampicillin and gentamicin or vancomycin, in case of allergy to penicillin ( <xref rid="f21001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.9</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f21001">
              <label>Figure 4.9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Guidance for prophylaxis against infective endocarditis in pregnancy. IE: infective endocarditis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf21-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.9. Diabetes Mellitus, Preeclampsia, and Pregnancy Hypertensive Disorders</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.9.1. Diabetes Mellitus</title>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus manifests during pregnancy as type 1 DM, type 2 DM, or GD, and associates with maternal and fetal complications, such as PE, prematurity, and perinatal death. Management of DM during pregnancy should be individualized according to the presence of prognostic determinants of pregnancy, such as blood glucose level, disease duration, presence of comorbidities, target-organ lesions, polyhydramnios, fetal macrosomia, and other fetal malformations.<sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The prevention of those complications involves lifestyle changes, mainly body weight control and healthy diet before and during pregnancy. A meta-analysis with 44 studies, assessing the influence of physical activity and nutrition on body weight control in 7278 pregnant women, has shown a mean reduction of 1.42 kg in weight gain and a reduction in the risk of PE (RR 0.74; CI 0.60 &#8211; 0.92), with no fetal impairment.<sup><xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regular physical exercise practice improves functional capacity, reduces the risk of depression, prevents excessive weight gain, helps control metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, mainly PE, other forms of SAH, and DM developed during pregnancy. When physical activity is moderate or vigorous, there is a reduction in the GD risk by 50% and in the PE occurrence by 22% and 35%, respectively. The risk is even lower if the physical activity is initiated before and maintained since the beginning of pregnancy. Studies have shown that 5 to 6 hours/week of physical exercise reduce the risk of PE by 40%. Thus, women without obstetric or cardiovascular contraindications should be physically active throughout the entire pregnancy. The recommendation is 150 minutes of moderate exercise, comprising aerobic and resistance training, stretching, and yoga, distributed in at least three days per week.<sup><xref rid="B118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.9.2. Pregnancy Hypertensive Disorders</title>
          <p>Pregnancy hypertensive disorders, comprising different forms of SAH, are among the major causes of maternal and perinatal complications and mortality around the world, being considered indisputable markers of future CVD.<sup><xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Several strategies have been proposed to prevent PE; however, none is unequivocally effective. Nutritional interventions, such as vitamins C and E, fish oil, garlic supplementation, vitamin D, folic acid, or sodium restriction,<sup><xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref></sup>have no proven efficacy. Calcium replacement is one of the few strategies that showed benefit for patients at high risk for SAH or PE, mainly those whose daily dietary calcium intake is insufficient. A systematic review of 13 studies including 15 730 patients with low daily dietary calcium intake (&lt; 600 mg/day) has shown that a supplementation equal to or higher than 1.0 g/day reduced the relative risk of SAH by 35% and that of PE by 55%, and higher doses (&#8805; 1g) were more beneficial regarding those outcomes.<sup><xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The use of ASA between the 12<sup>th</sup>and 16<sup>th</sup>weeks of pregnancy at daily doses between 75 mg and 150 mg is considered moderately effective to reduce the risk of PE in high-risk patients ( <xref rid="f22001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.10</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f22001">
              <label>Figure 4.10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations for the use of acetylsalicylic acid in preeclampsia prophylaxis. Adapted from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Statement for Management of Pregnancy and Family Planning in Women with Heart Disease &#8211; 2020. 11 APS: antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; FH: family history; NB: newborn; PE: preeclampsia; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; SGA: small for gestational age.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf22-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The ASPRE trial ( <italic>Performance of Screening for Preterm Preeclampsia)</italic> , using a PE prediction model (Doppler ultrasound in the first trimester, mean blood pressure measurement, and inflammatory markers), has shown a 62% reduction in the relative risk of PE with 150 mg of ASA at night, initiating between the 11<sup>th</sup>and 13<sup>th</sup>gestational week and ending at the 36<sup>th</sup>gestational week.<sup><xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref></sup>A recent review corroborated the 18% reduction in the relative risk of proteinuria in PE, as well as a reduction in the number needed to treat to 61, with low fetal, neonatal, and postpartum bleeding risk.<sup><xref rid="B123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding GH as a RF for future CVD, a systematic analysis<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>has shown that GH in primigravida was associated with a higher risk of CVD (RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.17-1.80) and IHD (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.23-1.73), but of neither stroke (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.96-1.65) nor thromboembolic events (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73&#8211;1.07). Women with one or more pregnancies with GH had a higher risk of CVD (RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.42-2.31), IHD (RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.33-2.51) and HF (RR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.47-2.13), but not of stroke (RR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.75-2.99). Additional studies are necessary to assess the correlation between GH and subsequent CVD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.10. Adolescent Pregnancy</title>
        <p>Of the health problems in adolescence (individuals between 10 years and 20 years incomplete), pregnancy represents 400 000 cases per year, and children from adolescent mothers represented 18% of the live births in Brazil in 2015, with demographic predominance in the Northeastern region.<sup><xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></sup>Of the factors contributing to increase the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy, the following stand out: early sexual activity start, inadequate use of contraceptives, difficulty in accessing family planning programs, and mainly misinformation on sexual and reproductive rights ( <xref rid="f23001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.11</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f23001">
            <label>Figure 4.11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Significant factors of teenage pregnancy. 125</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf23-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>According to the WHO, adolescent pregnancy increases the likelihood of maternal, fetal, and neonatal complications, in addition to worsening previous socioeconomic problems and influencing the future of generations.<sup><xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref></sup>The factors contributing to maternal complications in adolescent pregnancy are shown in <xref rid="f24001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.12</xref> .<sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f24001">
            <label>Figure 4.12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Factors contributing to maternal complications of adolescent pregnancy. 125</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf24-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>According to the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics, sexual abstinence isolated is not a strategy to reduce the adolescent pregnancy rates. In addition, studies have shown that abstinence neither contributes to delay the start of sexual life nor reduces the number of partners among adolescents. According to those studies, sexual education alone for abstinence has no significant effect on reducing adolescent pregnancy (OR 0.7; 95% CI, 0.38-1.45; p = 0.38) as compared to broader sexual education, which proved more effective (OR 0.4; 95% CI, 0.22-0.69; p = 0.001).<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Brazilian Society of Pediatrics&#8217; Practical Guide to Prevent Adolescent Pregnancy considers that one of the most important prevention factors is education on sexuality and reproductive health supported by scientific evidence and health promotion programs.<sup><xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref></sup>The guidance should focus on biological aspects, mutual respect, responsible sexual activities, and use of safe and effective contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy and protect against sexually transmitted infections.<sup><xref rid="B127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Prescribing contraception to adolescents is a hard task, because building a trustful relationship requires time. However, pediatric healthcare providers are considered the most reliable professionals by adolescents and their families, and usually the only source of reproductive counselling.<sup><xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref></sup>Strategies for successful reproductive counselling are shown in <xref rid="t47001" ref-type="table">Chart 4.5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t47001">
            <label>Chart 4.5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Strategies for pregnancy prevention. 125</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">In the clinic for adolescents, have an exclusive space to provide information on sexual health and contraceptive methods</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensure confidentiality about the discussions on one&#8217;s sexuality</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Present contraceptives emphasizing efficacy, tolerance, side effects, contraception advantages, and clinical benefits of the methods</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>After prescription, follow up to identify side effects, adhesion, and satisfaction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regulate long-acting reversible contraceptive methods and hormonal contraceptives in the pediatric practice</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Current guidelines and best practices for contraception include the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (MEC),<sup><xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref></sup>the WHO Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, and the Recommendations and Reports of the U.S. Center for Disease Control.<sup><xref rid="B129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref></sup>The Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics reinforces the last version of the MEC-WHO document, which indicates that age alone is not the reason to delay the use of any reversible method, and that social and behavioral issues should be considered individually.<sup><xref rid="B131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Contraceptives can be divided into hormonal and non-hormonal (behavioral, mechanical and barrier methods) and have variable contraceptive failure. Their efficacy can be calculated by use of the Pearl index, which considers the number of pregnancies/100 women/year ( <xref rid="f25001" ref-type="fig">Figure 4.13</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref> , <xref rid="B132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f25001">
            <label>Figure 4.13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Methods of contraception and Pearl index (pregnancies/100 women/year).</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Adapted from U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016.<sup>132</sup>IUD: intrauterine device.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf25-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref rid="t48001" ref-type="table">Charts 4.6</xref> , <xref rid="t49001" ref-type="table">4.7</xref> , and <xref rid="t50001" ref-type="table">4.8</xref> show the recommendations for the management of cardiotoxicity, stroke, PAD, dementia and other female-sex-specific diseases and situations.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t48001">
          <label>Chart 4.6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the management of cardiotoxicity in women.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of cardiotoxicity in women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>LE</th>
                <th>References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Identification and control of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, tobacco use, and dyslipidemia.</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> &gt;</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>85,86</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Use of cardioprotective drugs: anti-remodeling drugs can be considered for patients with signs of subclinical cardiotoxicity or patients at high cardiovascular risk.</td>
                <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>85,86</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>For patients with EF of 40-50%, ACEI/AT1 and beta-blocker should be initiated before treatment.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>85,86</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consider the use of dexrazoxane for patients with metastatic breast cancer with elevated cumulative dose of anthracycline (doxorubicin &gt; 250 mg/m<sup>2</sup>).</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>85,86</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Surveillance strategies with biomarkers and imaging.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>85</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Aerobic exercise is considered a promising nonpharmacological strategy to prevent chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>85,86</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19001">
              <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; AT1: angiotensin receptor type 1; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t49001">
          <label>Chart 4.7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the management of stroke, PAD, and dementia in women.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of stroke, PAD, and dementia in women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>LE</th>
                <th>References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Strengthen women&#8217;s awareness of the progressive incidence of stroke and its association with obstetric complications (GH, premature birth, GD) and hormonal contraception.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>87</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alert women about the progressively higher risk of stroke in the presence of classical risk factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemias, SAH, and DM.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>87</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Treatment of traditional risk factors protects against PAD in both sexes.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>100</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>In PAD, the recognition of sex-specific risk factors, such as pregnancy complications, or predominantly female factors, such as depression, allows proper risk stratification and adoption of early preventive measures.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>101,102</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estrogen is suggested to have an important role in preventing amyloid buildup in Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, in addition to acting in the cognitive function.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>107</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20001">
              <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; DM: diabetes mellitus; GD: gestational diabetes; GH: gestational hypertension; PAD: peripheral artery disease; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t50001">
          <label>Chart 4.8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the management of pregnancy-specific situations.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of pregnancy-specific in women</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                <th>CR</th>
                <th>LE</th>
                <th>References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>For infective endocarditis prophylaxis during delivery, the association of ampicillin (2.0g) and gentamicin (1.5mg/kg) should be administered one hour before delivery in patients at high risk for infective endocarditis.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>11</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Changes in lifestyle, mainly body weight control and healthy diet, before and throughout pregnancy are important to prevent gestational diabetes.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>117</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regular physical exercise practice during pregnancy for women without obstetrical contraindication reduces the risk of depression, prevents excessive weight gain, helps control metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, mainly PE, other forms of SAH, and DM.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>118</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nutritional interventions, such as vitamins C and E, fish oil, vitamin D, folic acid, and sodium restriction are measures to prevent PE.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/aaaf189af448d83dd6990b37315094ad03e96923.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/509cfd503e4899eb9d647b8a21ffe1f8666fea6b.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>119</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The use of ASA before the 16th gestational week reduces the risk of early PE (before the 34th week) in high-risk patients.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>122</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Calcium replacement can be beneficial to prevent PE in patients considered to be at high risk and whose daily dietary calcium intake is insufficient (&lt; 600 mg/day).</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>121</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexual abstinence as a measure to prevent adolescent pregnancy contributes neither to delay the beginning of sexual life nor to reduce the occurrence of pregnancy.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>126</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The prevention of adolescent pregnancy requires education on the efficacy, safety, and tolerance of the contraceptive measures available, as well as supervision until adulthood.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>129</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>The prescription of contraceptives should be based on the WHO eligibility criteria.</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <alternatives>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                    <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                  </alternatives>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>132</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21001">
              <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; DM: diabetes mellitus; PE: preeclampsia; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; WHO: World Health Organization.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Cardiac Investigative Methods: Peculiarities in Women</title>
        <p>In clinical practice, risk scores and symptoms are used to estimate the probability of CVR and identify individuals who would benefit from tests. Most prediction models overestimate risk, and imaging tests are usually used when the pretest probability is intermediate. Based on Bayes theorem, the proportion of false-positive tests reduces as the disease prevalence in a population increases, while the proportion of false-negative decreases as the disease prevalence in a population decreases. In women, coronary obstructive lesions are less common and the pathophysiology of IHD have peculiarities, such as involvement of the microcirculation, thinner vessels, and higher vascular reactivity with consequent vasospasm. Thus, sensitivity and specificity of the tests in women can be different from those in men. This chapter aimed to report the differences in interpretation, accuracy, and indication of the tests that help diagnose IHD in women.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Electrocardiogram</title>
          <p>The ECG is influenced by sex, mainly regarding the magnitude of the electrical signals. The QRS amplitude is smaller in women, mainly in the precordial leads, such as S wave in V2 and R wave in V5, interfering with the accuracy of the LVH diagnosis. Smaller left ventricular mass and presence of large breasts are the reasons for that. The Cornell criteria to assess LVH (addition of the R wave amplitude in aVL and the S wave in V3) improve precision by considering sex, being abnormal when &gt; 28 mm in men and &gt; 20 mm in women.</p>
          <p>The J point and T wave amplitude is smaller in women. However, the corrected QT interval is longer in women, being abnormal when &gt; 470 ms in women and &gt; 450 ms in men.<sup><xref rid="B133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Exercise Test</title>
          <p>The ET is safe and physiological, indicated to investigate myocardial ischemia, exertion-induced arrhythmias, and prognosis predictors in IHD. In women, the lower levels of hemoglobin, the smaller size of the coronary arteries, the inappropriate increase in catecholamines on exertion, and estrogen, because of its similarities with the digitalis molecule, can cause a false-positive depression of the ST segment.</p>
          <p>Because of the high prevalence in women of non-obstructive CAD, single-vessel lesions, and microvascular disease, the accuracy of ET varies with the pretest probability of IHD. According to the ACC/AHA guidelines, ET should be chosen to assess IHD in women with intermediate pretest probability, normal ECG, and who can reach maximum exercise. The ET has similar negative predictive value in women and men (78% and 81%, respectively), its positive predictive value being around 47%. Small electrocardiographic amplitude and poorer exercise performance hinder IHD assessment in women.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Carotid Ultrasound</title>
          <p>Measurement of IMT and atherosclerotic plaque detection are auxiliary tools to assess CVR. The IMT seems to reflect the presence of CVRFs and differs between sexes. Carotid atheromatous plaque reflects atherosclerotic burden, seems to be a stronger predictor of CVR than IMT, and does not differ between sexes. The IMT measure for risk reclassification can be used in some specific groups, in which classification by usual criteria is difficult or incomplete (family hypercholesterolemia, autoimmune disease, use of medications that induce increase in cholesterol levels) or women with at least two CVRFs. The IMT measure was studied and published in the ELSA project (Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health), which showed differences not only between sexes, but between ethnicities, and, as well known, between age ranges of a Brazilian population. Thus, the risk can be stratified in specific situations using data from the Brazilian population.<sup><xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Brazilian and international guidelines recommend that the presence of atheromatous plaque be considered an aggravating factor in patients at intermediate risk, a situation in which several women can be.<sup><xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Echocardiography is the most used tool in the CV diagnostic and prognostic investigation in men and women, without specific differences between the sexes. In addition to the diagnosis of regional contractility changes, it identifies other causes of chest pain, such as valvular heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, aortopathies, and pericardial diseases.<sup><xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Stress echocardiography is an appealing technique, mainly for young women or those at risk for breast cancer, because it does not rely on radiation. There are few studies assessing differences in stress echocardiography performance between the sexes. However, its specificity and precision are significantly higher than those of ET isolated, without significant differences between men and women. Stress echocardiography with dobutamine <italic>versus</italic> ET for the detection of IHD was more accurate in coronary stenosis &gt;50% in women with chest pain, with sensitivity of 70.4% vs 53.7% and specificity of 94.6% vs 73.6%. Higher accuracy was maintained after the exclusion of patients who did not achieve more than 85% of the heart rate predicted for age before ischemia induction. The AHA recommends adding images to exercise when assessing women at intermediate risk with an abnormal baseline ECG.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5. Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy</title>
          <p>The accuracy of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in women is similar to that of stress echocardiography, but lower as compared to that in men, possibly because of the smaller diameter of the cardiac chambers, which leads to lower image resolution in conventional gamma cameras. Another challenge is the attenuation caused by the breasts, which can lead to false-positive results.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup>In a meta-analysis comparing ET, stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and stress echocardiography, the sensitivity and specificity of each method were 61% and 70%, 78% and 64%, and 86% and 79%, respectively, and were similar to those in men, except for ET, whose values were lower in women.<sup><xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The WOMEN Trial has compared the effectiveness of ET with or without myocardial scintigraphy in symptomatic women at low/intermediate risk for CAD with ability to exercise. The authors showed that, only in women with intermediate/high pre-test risk, diagnostic accuracy improved when ET was combined with myocardial scintigraphy, and accuracy was higher for obstructive CAD: stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy had sensitivity of 78% (95% CI, 72%-83%) and ET had sensitivity of 61% (95% CI, 54%-68%). A negative stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy showed an excellent prognostic value in women, with 99% survival without events, including older women and different ethnicities, and similar to that in men. Thus, the pretest probability assessment for CAD is important in deciding which method use.<sup><xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref> , <xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>Exposure to radiation on scintigraphy in women seems little harmful; however, although controversial, it should be avoided in young women, for whom stress echocardiography should be preferred.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.6. Coronary Calcium Score and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography</title>
          <p>Population scores to predict CVR have lower accuracy in women, especially in the younger ones. Currently, the radiation dose of CCaS is similar to that of mammography (&lt; 1 mSv), and the CCaS has equal accuracy in men and women for risk stratification and prediction of events. For women with a CCaS greater than zero, the risk of events is higher than for men. Similarly, breast arterial calcification visualized on mammography correlates with the presence of coronary atherosclerosis and indicates the need for cardiological assessment.</p>
          <p>The CCaS has prognostic value in asymptomatic women at intermediate risk. A positive CCaS in asymptomatic women at intermediate risk is associated with a significantly higher rate of events, including death, acute myocardial infarction, CABG, and percutaneous coronary intervention (3.3% in those with CCaS &gt; 0 <italic>versus</italic> 1.0% in those with CCaS = 0, after a 37-month follow-up).<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Coronary CTA is a non-invasive anatomical test for IHD that provides information on the occlusion severity, plaque burden, and plaque instability risk. Considering the characteristics of IHD in women, coronary CTA can evidence the most prevalent non-obstructive pattern, which cannot be assessed on functional modalities. When compared to the latter, coronary CTA resulted in higher probability of coronary angiography in a obstructive IHD, in addition to a better correlation with future events. In the context of acute chest pain, because of the atypical characteristics of that complaint in women at the emergency unit, coronary CTA had a higher impact in the reducing the length of hospital stay in women than in men.<sup><xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref> , <xref rid="B143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.7. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging</title>
          <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a highly accurate method to investigate CV diseases without using radiation. This makes it an excellent option for women, especially those at childbearing age, pregnant, and undergoing breast cancer treatment. It is well known that a considerable part of female patients (25%) with ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50% na CMRI do not have echocardiographic changes when investigating cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the functional assessment of women&#8217;s IHD, the impact of the breasts and of the smaller myocardial mass in imaging tests is well known. This limitation does not apply to CMRI, which has similar accuracy in men and women. Considering the characteristics of the IHD pattern in the female population, that is the disparity between symptoms and anatomical findings, the CMRI became an excellent option for myocardial perfusion assessment because of its high spatial resolution and identical performance, regardless of sex. In addition, CMRI can evidence perfusion and/or myocardial changes, widening the differential diagnosis scope of chest pain (ex: infarctions due to thromboembolism or coronary dissection), and be particularly useful in approaching that symptom in women.<sup><xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref> , <xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref> </sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.8. Coronary Angiography</title>
          <p>There is evidence that the number of coronary angiographies performed in women is smaller than in men. However, when stratifying risk for women, the indication of coronary angiography is similar to that for men.<sup><xref rid="B144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref></sup>The CURE study shows that the indication of coronary angiography, angioplasty, and CABG was lower for women (48% x 61%).<sup><xref rid="B145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref></sup>The socioeconomic level results in higher vulnerability of access for low-income women, which could cause higher short-term mortality in ACS.<sup><xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A cross-sectional study with data from the VICTIM Registry has assessed patients diagnosed with STEMI from four hospitals (one public and three private hospitals) that offered primary angioplasty. The study included 878 patients with STEMI, 33.4% of whom were women. Women had smaller rates of fibrinolysis (total: 2.3%; women: 1.7%; and men: 2.6%) and of primary angioplasty (44% in women; 54.5% in men), resulting in higher in-hospital mortality (16.1% <italic>versus</italic> 6.7%).<sup><xref rid="B146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Normal coronary arteries on coronary angiography are more common in women, including in ACS, and can represent microvascular disease, vasospasm, or spontaneous thrombolysis.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The risk of vascular complications from coronary angiography can be higher in women with thinner femoral arteries, even with manual compression or use of collagen plug. In addition, women have a higher tendency to develop contrast-induced acute kidney injury, because they have more glomeruli, and to develop anemia.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p><xref rid="t51001" ref-type="table">Chart 5.1</xref> shows the differences in the interpretation of the complementary tests for IHD between sexes, and their accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages in women.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t51001">
              <label>Chart 5.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Diagnostic complementary tests for ischemic heart disease: differences between sexes in the interpretation of the tests, accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages when used in women.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">COMPLEMENTARY TEST</th>
                    <th align="left">Test interpretation differences between sexes</th>
                    <th align="left">Accuracy in women</th>
                    <th align="left">ADVANTAGES</th>
                    <th align="left">DISADVANTAGES</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ELECTROCARDIOGRAM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Smaller QRS amplitude: S wave in V2 and R wave in V5</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>QT interval is longer in women (RV &gt;470ms)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>J point and ST amplitude smaller in women</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>No difference between sexes</td>
                    <td>Uses Cornell criteria to diagnose LVH in women (RV &gt; 20mm)</td>
                    <td>Interferes with the accuracy of LVH diagnosis by use of the Sokolow criteria</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>EXERCISE TEST</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>ST-segment depression as false-positive</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Accuracy: 47%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Negative predictive value similar to that in men: 78%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Low cost</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Good negative predictive value when performed in patients who reach maximum exertion</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Low accuracy</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CAROTID ULTRASOUND</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>IMT is smaller in women</td>
                    <td>Similar</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>No radiation, good availability, and relatively low cost</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Atherosclerotic plaque is better risk predictor than IMT</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>May be useful in special subgroups in which the applicability of risk scores is worse</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Less accurate than CCaS</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>No difference between sexes</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Rest echo: No difference between sexes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Stress echo: similar accuracy in both sexes</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Stress echo is more accurate than ET, especially when baseline ECG is abnormal</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Identifies other diseases that can cause precordial pain</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>No radiation exposure</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Echo is examiner-dependent</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SCINTIGRAPHY</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Image attenuation due to the breasts</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Worse image resolution in conventional gamma cameras</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Sensitivity 78%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Specificity 64%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>More accurate than ET in women with intermediate/high PTP</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Excellent prognostic value when normal</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Breast exposure to radiation</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CORONARY CALCIUM SCORE</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>CCaS &gt; 0 in women indicates higher risk than in men</td>
                    <td>Similar accuracy for risk stratification and event prediction</td>
                    <td>Radiation similar to that of mammography (&lt;1mSv)</td>
                    <td>Limited availability of the test</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>No difference between sexes</td>
                    <td>Similar accuracy</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Identifies non-obstructive CAD, which is more prevalent in women, and better correlation with future events</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Reduction in the emergency department length of stay</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Limited availability of the test Radiation exposure</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>No difference between sexes</td>
                    <td>Similar accuracy</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>No radiation exposure</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Evidences perfusion and/or myocardial changes, improving the differential diagnosis scope of chest pain</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>Limited availability of the test</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>No difference between sexes</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Women have a higher frequency of normal coronary arteries on coronary angiography when that is requested</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td>No difference between sexes</td>
                    <td>Can diagnose vasospastic angina, when performed for that purpose</td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Higher risk of procedural complications: bleeding and acute renal lesion</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Does not assess ischemia due to microvascular disease</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN22001">
                  <p>CCaS: coronary calcium score; CAD: coronary artery disease; Echo: echocardiography; ET: exercise test; IMT: intimal-media thickness; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; PTP: pretest probability; RV: reference value.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref rid="t52001" ref-type="table">Chart 5.2</xref> shows the recommendations and levels of evidence of the diagnostic tests for IHD in women.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t52001">
              <label>Chart 5.2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations of diagnostic tests for ischemic heart disease in women.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of ischemic heart disease in women</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                    <th>CR</th>
                    <th>LE</th>
                    <th>References</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In chest pain, ECG maintains the usual classes of recommendation, especially in low/intermediate-risk women, considering the sex-related changes.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>25,133</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise test is recommended in symptomatic women at intermediate risk for IHD, with normal baseline ECG and who can achieve maximum exercise.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>25</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise test with imaging is recommended in women with ST segment-T changes at rest and who cannot exercise properly.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>25,140</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCaS: women at low/intermediate or inconsistent risk: improves risk assessment. High negative predictive value. It is a "bridge" test for coronary CTA when CCaS is positive in low-risk patients.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>143</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary CTA: risk stratifier in women; as effective as exercise test.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>143</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary CTA: high predictive accuracy to identify obstructive CAD and when present in low-risk women.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>143</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MRI indicated in women with suspected non-obstructive IHD (microvascular disease); advantage: it involves no ionizing radiation.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> b</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>144</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MRI in women with intermediate pretest probability, ST segment-T changes at rest on ECG and who cannot exercise properly.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>144</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN23001">
                  <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; CCaS: coronary calcium score; CTA: computed tomography angiography; ECG: electrocardiogram; IHD: ischemic heart disease; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Women&#8217;s Representation in Clinical Studies on Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors</title>
        <p>Sex and gender associate with environmental and occupational risks, risky behaviors, health care, and its perception by human beings, influencing the prevalence of diseases and the results of their treatments differently in men and women.<sup><xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref> , <xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref> </sup>Considering that the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications differ between sexes, men and women differ in the profile of adverse events and the results of treatments.<sup><xref rid="B148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref></sup>Knowing this, clinical trials on diagnosis and treatment need to maintain in their samples the representativeness of men and women observed in the human population and proportional to the prevalence of the disease studied.</p>
        <p>However, the analysis of clinical studies performed in recent decades about CVDs and their risk factors has shown that, despite some advances, women are still underrepresented in those studies.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref> , <xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref> , <xref rid="B149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In 121 clinical trials funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) between 1965 and 1998, excluding the studies performed with only one sex, women represented on average 38% of the samples, without significant profile changes over time.<sup><xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup>The analysis showed that the women&#8217;s representation in studies on CAD and SAH was proportional to the prevalence of those diseases in the female sex; however, in studies on HF and arrhythmias, the women&#8217;s representation was lower than the prevalence of those diseases in the female sex.<sup><xref rid="B87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The systematic review of 135 clinical trials used to support the recommendations of the American Heart Association&#8217;s Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update has shown that the women&#8217;s representation in studies published between 1970 and 2006 increased over time (from 18% in 1970 to 34% in 2006), being higher in primary than in secondary prevention (43% <italic>versus</italic> 27%) and in studies on SAH, DM, and stroke, but lower in studies on HF, CAD, and dyslipidemia.<sup><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></sup>Despite that increase, the authors concluded that women were still underrepresented in clinical studies on CVDs and their risk factors, emphasizing that in only 31% of those studies the results were discussed based on differences between sexes.<sup><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The analysis of women&#8217;s participation and of the safety and efficacy reported according to sex in clinical studies on CVD that supported 36 approvals of medications from 2005 to 2015 by the USA Food and Drug Administration has shown that women represented, on average, 46% of those studies&#8217; samples.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>The authors concluded that there was proper representation of women in clinical studies on SAH, AF, and PH, but underrepresentation in studies on HF, CAD, and ACS. Minimal differences between sexes were reported in the efficacy and safety profiles of the medications assessed and approved.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The participation of women in 740 clinical studies on CVD registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov) between 2010 and 2017 was, on average, 38.2% of the total of 862 652 adults. Women were younger (&#8804; 55 years) and participated in studies of lifestyle intervention and on SAH, AF, and PH, although those studies were of shorter duration. However, in studies on high-complexity procedures, CAD, ACS, and HF, women were underrepresented.<sup><xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The analysis of this scenario evidences several barriers to be overcome to reach equity in representation of the subjects in clinical studies, to properly contemplate women in general as well as women from minority populations (ethnical and racial).<sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref> , <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref> </sup>Those barriers seem to relate to patients, assistant physicians, research team, study&#8217;s design, and society,<sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref></sup>and are shown in <xref rid="f26001" ref-type="fig">Figure 6.1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f26001">
            <label>Figure 6.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Barriers that contribute to the low representation of women in clinical studies on cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. 152,153</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf26-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Recommendations: A) scientific journals should ask authors of cardiovascular clinical studies to analyze sex/gender-specific differences; B) health equity should be integrated in the design of clinical studies, using a structure such as <italic>PROGRESS Plus (</italic> <bold><italic>P</italic></bold> <italic>lace of residence;</italic> <bold><italic>R</italic></bold> <italic>ace;</italic> <bold><italic>O</italic></bold> <italic>ccupation;</italic> <bold><italic>G</italic></bold> <italic>ender;</italic> <bold><italic>R</italic></bold> <italic>eligion;</italic> <bold><italic>E</italic></bold> <italic>ducation;</italic> <bold><italic>S</italic></bold> <italic>ocioeconomic status;</italic> <bold><italic>S</italic></bold> <italic>ocial capital; Plus=others)</italic> ; C) more women should integrate the research teams of clinical studies; D) medical education should comprise sex and gender particularities; E) population access to clinical trial sites should be facilitated.<sup><xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref> , <xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref> </sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Primary Prevention Measures in Women</title>
        <p>Women&#8217;s PHC occurs via the Health Care Network, according to the guidelines of the National Policy of Women&#8217;s Total Health Care from the Brazilian Ministry of Health.<sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup>Through the Basic Health Units, public health actions are implemented to reduce women&#8217;s morbidity and mortality throughout their life cycle, extending to their family and community.<sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Reproductive life planning, the set of actions to regulate fertility, and the contraceptive practices that are mainly adopted by women, including lesbians and bisexuals, whose desire or right to maternity need to be ensured, should be contemplated by the PHC teams, which need to initiate the necessary measures for their implementation.<sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In prenatal care, the Family Health Teams should stratify maternal and fetal risks, considering reproductive history, individual characteristics, and unfavorable sociodemographic conditions. The recruitment of women of reproductive age (10-49 years) is essential to stratify pregnancies at risk for complications, such as: extremes of age (under 15 years and over 35 years), low body weight and overweight or obesity, unsafe family situation, non-acceptance of pregnancy (mainly in adolescents), low schooling, women with heart disease, chronic hypertension and/or history of gestational hypertensive disorder, and gestational diabetes mellitus. In puerperium, special attention should be given to women&#8217;s psychic and social conditions, as well as protection and support to breastfeeding, which should be exclusive in the first six months of life.<sup><xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref> , <xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Menopausal transition is associated with an increased risk for CVD, mainly attributed to atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and insulin resistance, and with an increased risk for arterial hypertension.<sup><xref rid="B156" ref-type="bibr">156</xref></sup>The MHT should be individualized, considering personal and family risks for gynecological neoplasia, in addition to cardiovascular risk stratification. The MHT should be systematically accompanied in PHC. Estrogen replacement can reduce the serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-c because of the increased synthesis of LDL-c receptors. Benefits from MHT were observed when introduced before the age of 60 years and in women whose menstrual cycles ceased less than 10 years before (preferably in the first 5 years); however, it can be harmful if outside the window of opportunity, increasing cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2019, some of the indicators of woman&#8217;s health agreed upon in the Brazilian prevention program, <italic>Programa Previne Brasil,</italic> were as follows: pregnant women registered in the PHC, mean number of prenatal visits, prenatal follow-up initiated in the first trimester, pregnant women with up-to-date vaccines, home visits for pregnant women, adolescent pregnancy, proportion of normal deliveries, maternal deaths, cytopathology of the uterine cervix, screening with mammography in women from 50 to 69 years. It is worth noting the lack of any cardiovascular health indicator agreed upon in that prevention program.<sup><xref rid="B157" ref-type="bibr">157</xref></sup>In addition, the OECD has recently released a report on the PHC in Brazil, in which women&#8217;s CVDs have not been mentioned. Regarding women, that report only made suggestions for the management of breast and ovary neoplasms; however, in percentage terms, CVDs cause twice more deaths than all other neoplasms in Brazil.<sup><xref rid="B158" ref-type="bibr">158</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A paradigm change in the basic assumptions of the public policies on women&#8217;s total health is necessary, especially considering that CVDs are the major cause of death of women in most of their life cycle ( <xref rid="f27001" ref-type="fig">Figure 7.1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f27001">
            <label>Figure 7.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Primary Health Care strategies for women&#8217;s cardiovascular health. CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf27-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nonpharmacological therapies incorporating lifestyle changes (exercises, body weight loss, smoking cessation, and healthy diet) should be recommended as first-line strategy in PHC. The efficacy of such measures is directly associated with better understanding, sensitization, and motivation built during the Family Health Team follow-up. The management of healthy dietary habits, regular physical activity practice, and mental health should be individualized.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup>Examples of validated tools for patients&#8217; assessment, in addition to clinical history and physical exam, are the food guide for the Brazilian population ( <italic>Guia Alimentar para a Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</italic> ), the World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior, the stress and depression scales, and the questionnaires of spirituality.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Of all possible interventions in PHC, the most cost-effective is smoking cessation. The harmful effects of regular and electronic cigarette smoking are greater in women, specifically because of the loss of estrogen protection on the vascular endothelium.<sup><xref rid="B159" ref-type="bibr">159</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil and around the world, violence against women is a serious public health problem, because it is one of the major causes of female morbidity and mortality. In PHC, actions that can ensure sexual rights in the perspective of women&#8217;s autonomy regarding their bodies should be developed.<sup><xref rid="B160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the challenges to control CVD in Brazil and recognizing PHC as an important strategy for health promotion, risk factor prevention, early diagnosis, and care to individuals with CVD, a critical review to improve health actions for women in the Family Health Teams and PHC is suggested ( <xref rid="f27001" ref-type="fig">Figure 7.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B160" ref-type="bibr">160</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Women&#8217;s Burnout, Quality of Life and Spirituality</title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Burnout</title>
          <p>Burnout is a psychological syndrome resulting from chronic stress at work, characterized by emotional exhaustion, cynicism/disengagement, and reduced professional efficacy.<sup><xref rid="B161" ref-type="bibr">161</xref></sup>The dimensions of burnout were significantly associated with an increased risk for diseases, regardless of sociodemographic factors and depressive symptoms. In a study with 5671 participants [predominantly physicians, mean age of 44.1 years (range, 18 to 70 years), 62.4% women], a digital health app was used for online research about professional burnout measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey. By use of network analysis and logistic regression, the study has shown the association of high emotional exhaustion with arterial hypertension and other chronic diseases after adjusting for age, sex, educational level, and depressive symptoms.<sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Work conditions have a well-known impact on the health of workers, and women, because they make up a great proportion of the global workforce and are overloaded with double journey, show high rates of burnout. A study conducted with Brazilian female physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic has reported that 61.6% of the participants had signs of burnout, such as emotional exhaustion, frequent negative feelings, and dissatisfaction with their capability for work ( <xref rid="f28001" ref-type="fig">Figure 8.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f28001">
              <label>Figure 8.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Study performed with Brazilian female physicians during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings emphasized the higher susceptibility of women to psychosocial factors, with a significant impact on quality of life, which can cause burnout, minimized by spirituality, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic. 162</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf28-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>It is worth noting that women are more exposed to stress and psychosocial adversities than men are, in addition to being more vulnerable to the effects of such exposures. Depression, unfavorable socioeconomic factors, and post-traumatic stress disorder are more prevalent in women than in men and tend to show more robust associations with cardiometabolic risk in women.<sup><xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Quality of Life</title>
          <p>According to the World Health Organization, QoL is &#8220;an individual&#8217;s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in regard to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns&#8221;. The QoL is directly related to the higher incidence of chronic diseases, mainly CVD. The standard indicators of QoL include job, wealth, environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure, socialization, religious beliefs, safety, protection, and liberty.<sup><xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">163</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In a study assessing the QoL of Brazilian female physicians, most participants reported having good QoL (71.7%) and being satisfied with their health (55%), but 64.8% reported not really enjoying their lives. In addition, they considered the following aspects of their lives satisfactory: sleep, 62.9%; ability to perform daily chores, 54.7%; capability for work, 64.4%; personal relationships, 57.7%; support from friends, 61%; conditions of the household, 84%; and access to healthcare, 81.4%. Only 36.6% considered their sexual life satisfactory, and around 94% had, at least occasionally, negative feelings ( <xref rid="f28001" ref-type="fig">Figure 8.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A study conducted with 1387 women in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais state, has assessed the QoL by using the WHOQOL-Brief and according to four domains. The authors reported that women with CVD were older than 50 years and had low educational level and statistically significant lower values for all four domains as compared to women without disease or those with chronic respiratory disease. The domain with the lowest score was environment, which relates to socioeconomic condition because it contains questions related to financial resources, leisure opportunities, safety, etc. These findings emphasize the higher susceptibility of women with CVD to psychosocial factors, with significant impact on QoL.<sup><xref rid="B164" ref-type="bibr">164</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. Spirituality</title>
          <p>&#8220;Spirituality is a set of moral, mental, and emotional values that guide thoughts, behaviors, and attitudes in the circumstances of intra- and interpersonal relationships, motivated by the will, and capable of being observed and measured&#8221;. Spirituality must be differentiated from religiousness. &#8220;Religion is an organized system of beliefs, practices, and symbols destined to facilitate the proximity with the Divine and promote the understanding of one&#8217;s relationships and responsibilities with the others in the community&#8221;.<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In addition to the behavioral aspects, the beneficial relationship of spirituality, religiousness, and the physiological and pathophysiological variables of several clinical entities, including women&#8217;s CVDs, has been shown.<sup><xref rid="B165" ref-type="bibr">165</xref></sup>Spiritual anamnesis has been more and more introduced in medical offices and hospitals, being part of the clinical history, especially in severe, chronic, progressive, debilitating, and terminal diseases. There are validated tools for assessment, based on health scales (FICA, FAITH, SPIRIT e HOPE).<sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> , <xref rid="B163" ref-type="bibr">163</xref> - <xref rid="B173" ref-type="bibr">173</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>A study with Brazilian female physicians, using a survey with questions based on the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs field-test instrument (WHOQOL-SRPB), has reported that the respondents believed that spirituality comforted and reassured them (73.2%) and that they found spiritual force in hard times (70.6%), with good connection of body, mind, and spirit (67.8%), even though only 53.4% reported inner peace and 50.7% reported being optimistic. In addition, 72.7% of the respondents reported finding strength in faith, and 44.3% found support in religious or spiritual communities ( <xref rid="f28001" ref-type="fig">Figure 8.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In conclusion, health needs to be understood in the physical, social, psychoemotional, and spiritual context, respecting the individuality and singularity of the female sex.<sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup></p>
          <p><xref rid="t53001" ref-type="table">Chart 8.1</xref> shows the recommendations for the management of women&#8217;s spirituality and health.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t53001">
              <label>Chart 8.1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Recommendations for the management of women&#8217;s spirituality and health.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">Recommendations for the management of women&#8217;s spirituality and health</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="4">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Recommendation</th>
                    <th>CR</th>
                    <th>LE</th>
                    <th>References</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brief screening on spirituality and religiousness.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spiritual anamnesis of patients with chronic diseases or of poor prognosis.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Respect and support patient&#8217;s religion, beliefs, and personal rituals that do not jeopardize treatment.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>C</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Offer professional support to patients in pain or with spiritual demands.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>C</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Organizational religiousness associates with mortality reduction.</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <alternatives>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/eacd63f3b15638e43504a3f0a68c800fe1ac872d.tif"/>
                        <inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d8f5d4ad4273fd3f47032484a1e8656552dabe1f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
                      </alternatives>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spiritual anamnesis of stable or ambulatory patients.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> Ia</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Questionnaires (DUREL, FICA, HOPE, or FAITH) to assess spirituality.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Meditation, techniques for relaxation and fighting stress.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> a</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>B</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Techniques for spiritual strengthening, such as forgiveness, gratitude, and resilience.</td>
                    <td align="center"><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/d7ae79c2efa9ab7a98db81e3be55f17c6dc1a94e.tif"/><inline-graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/d3WptpKVSbrdDWVf7vJT8Ry/799d398da3206e70d3560910ffdd077b8a949a2f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/></alternatives> b</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>C</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <sup>26,163-173</sup>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN24001">
                  <p>CR: class of recommendation; LE: level of evidence.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Cardiovascular Implications of COVID-19 in Pregnancy</title>
        <p>The major complications reported in patients with COVID-19 are: myocardial injury, heart failure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, Takotsubo syndrome, and cardiac arrhythmias.<sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup>Those complications are more frequent in older women, with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and with comorbidities.<sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup>There is great concern about women during pregnancy and puerperium, who are more susceptible to severe forms of COVID-19, which can result in premature or emergency cesarean delivery, elevating the risk of neonatal and maternal death ( <xref rid="f29001" ref-type="fig">Figure 9.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f29001">
            <label>Figure 9.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preventive measures for pregnant women with COVID-19. NT-proBNP: N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf29-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>During pregnancy, the predominant immune response is via T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, which protects the fetus, but increases mother&#8217;s vulnerability to viral infections, which are more effectively fought by Th1 cells.<sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup>The vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can occur through the transplacental route, during delivery and while breastfeeding. The SARS-CoV-2 transmission via blood is still uncertain.<sup><xref rid="B162" ref-type="bibr">162</xref></sup>The physiological changes of pregnancy comprise the increase in plasma and systolic volume, and in cardiac output in the first half of pregnancy, with a gradual increase in heart rate, in addition to a decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance. Furthermore, pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state associated with increased risk of venous and pulmonary thromboembolism.<sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The COVID-19 clinical findings have some particularities in pregnancy, such as longer persistence of symptoms and lower frequency of fever and myalgia, as compared to non-pregnancy. The major risk factors for severe infection are older maternal age, high body mass index, and preexisting comorbidities, such as hypertension, preeclampsia, and diabetes.<sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref></sup>Pregnancy was associated with severe infection in 10%, admission to the intensive care unit in 4%, mechanical ventilation in 3%, and use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 0.2%.<sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref> , <xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">195</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In addition, perinatal complications were also more prevalent. When compared to pregnant women without infection, those with COVID-19 had a higher risk of premature delivery and stillbirth. Overall, 33% of the newborns from women with COVID-19 were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.<sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref> , <xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref> </sup>Even after adjusting to race, comorbidities, and age, pregnant women had a high likelihood to die as compared to their non-pregnant counterparts.<sup><xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">196</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The severe cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 are acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmia, fulminant heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and spontaneous dissections of the coronary and vertebral arteries, which have higher mortality.<sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The potential contributors to acute cardiac injury in COVID-19 are:<sup><xref rid="B191" ref-type="bibr">191</xref></sup>acute changes in myocardial supply and demand due to tachycardia, hypotension, and hypoxemia, resulting in type 2 myocardial infarction;<sup><xref rid="B192" ref-type="bibr">192</xref></sup>acute coronary syndrome due to acute atherothrombosis in a virus-induced thrombotic and inflammatory condition;<sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup>microvascular dysfunction due to diffuse microthrombi or vascular lesion;<sup><xref rid="B194" ref-type="bibr">194</xref></sup>stress-related cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo syndrome);<sup><xref rid="B195" ref-type="bibr">195</xref></sup>non-ischemic myocardial injury due to hyperinflammatory cytokine storm;<sup><xref rid="B196" ref-type="bibr">196</xref></sup>or direct viral toxicity to cardiomyocytes and myocarditis. The medicamentous treatment of heart failure in pregnancy has particularities that should be considered to avoid teratogenicity.<sup><xref rid="B193" ref-type="bibr">193</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In cases of ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome, coronary angiography should be preferentially performed and followed by percutaneous treatment. In 15 pregnant patients with COVID-19 and myocardial injury, 13.3% had atrial fibrillation, 2 had supraventricular tachycardia, and 2 patients developed <italic>torsades de pointes.</italic> <sup><xref rid="B197" ref-type="bibr">197</xref></sup>The use of medications that can prolong the QT interval should be carefully considered.</p>
        <p>COVID-19 can both predispose to preeclampsia and worsen its course. The virus generates a pathophysiological state similar to that of preeclampsia, characterized by systemic hyperinflammation, direct endothelial injury, thrombogenesis, and immune dysregulation; in addition, the virus affects the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increasing the incidence of preeclampsia in infected patients.<sup><xref rid="B198" ref-type="bibr">198</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The decision about interrupting pregnancy should be based on the usual guidelines, which consider gestational age, hemodynamic conditions, fetal suffering, and maternal risk. Non-complicated COVID-19 should not be an indication for pregnancy interruption. The type of delivery should follow the obstetrical recommendations.<sup><xref rid="B199" ref-type="bibr">199</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Future Perspectives on Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Healthcare</title>
        <p>A multidisciplinary team is always recommended for preventive care and treatment in the follow-up of women with CVD. To raise awareness includes the creation of integrative health programs, involving communitarian leaders and agents, with new centers specializing in women&#8217;s cardiovascular health. It is important to specifically educate on self-care to prevent CVD, proper use of oral contraception, prenatal follow-up, long-term follow-up of CVRFs, as well as the psychosocial and socioeconomic aspects involving CVDs in the female sex.<sup><xref rid="B200" ref-type="bibr">200</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Primary prevention in women should focus on the effective treatment of traditional risk factors, such as SAH, dietary risks, dyslipidemia, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. The lack of specific risk scores for women indicates long-term risk stratification, considering life course and the female-sex-specific factors, such as the presence of depression, as well as the psychosocial factors.<sup><xref rid="B200" ref-type="bibr">200</xref></sup>It is worth emphasizing that the frequency of HFpEF in women is higher than in men; in addition, women more often have HFpEF than HFrEF, and treatment should</p>
        <p>be initiated with the clinical diagnosis of HF, regardless of the ejection fraction, because of the greater relevance of the cognitive deficit associated with HF in the female sex.<sup><xref rid="B201" ref-type="bibr">201</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The major attributable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular outcomes in both sexes is SAH. The BP control is essential to reduce the incidence of HFpEF and HFrEF.<sup><xref rid="B202" ref-type="bibr">202</xref> , <xref rid="B203" ref-type="bibr">203</xref> </sup>However, women have lower rates of BP control as compared to men, mainly at more advanced age groups.<sup><xref rid="B204" ref-type="bibr">204</xref></sup>Strategies that include BP measurement outside the medical office, such as BP self-measurement, home and ambulatory BP monitoring, using semi-automated equipment are desirable. In addition, remote monitoring using digital platforms and apps, with continuous BP monitoring without cuffs and synchronized with smartphones, represents the use of technology and wearables of easy access, favoring the clinical results, and might help better BP control.<sup><xref rid="B205" ref-type="bibr">205</xref> , <xref rid="B206" ref-type="bibr">206</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Because of the medical, surgical, and technological evolution in recent decades, more than 90% of individuals with CC born nowadays survive until adulthood. The especial attention to women with CC requires planning strategies to address their needs.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup>Thus, centers specialized in CC should be created with multidisciplinary teams that include physicians, nurses, psychologists, and social workers for contraception counselling or pregnancy planning. The risks of an adult patient with CC, treated or not during childhood, especially regarding contraception and pregnancy, should always be considered, because 3% to 10% of the babies from those mothers can have congenital cardiac lesions.<sup><xref rid="B207" ref-type="bibr">207</xref></sup>Women of reproductive age with cardiopathy should be approached by a multidisciplinary team, a &#8220;cardio-obstetrical team&#8221;, for pre-conceptional counselling to define pregnancy, delivery and puerperium planning, including specialized cardiological care and family planning after delivery.<sup><xref rid="B208" ref-type="bibr">208</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevention and treatment of CVDs in women require solid health systems supported by professionals knowing the specificities of CVDs in women, in addition to coordinated efforts with productive partnerships between society, physicians, researchers, and the community.<sup><xref rid="B70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The &#8220;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8221;, published in 2019, suggests the creation of a permanent group to promote and implement policies directed to women&#8217;s cardiovascular health. That group should play a leadership role in Brazilian health policies, providing managers with an overview of the relevance of CVD in the female sex, so that strategies can be developed to reduce the prevalence of risk factors and improve diagnosis and treatment, therefore reducing CVD mortality and morbidity ( <xref rid="f30001" ref-type="fig">Figure 10.1</xref> ).<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f30001">
            <label>Figure 10.1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Perspectives for management of cardiovascular diseases in women according to the &#8216;Women&#8217;s Letter&#8217;. 4 CV: cardiovascular; NCD: noncommunicable disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0815-20734-gf30-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>November 2022 issue, vol. 119(5), pages 815-882</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the &#8220;Position Statement on Women&#8217;s Cardiovascular Health &#8211; 2022&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220734, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(5):815-882, on page 818, make the following correction:</p>
          <p>Correct the conflict of interest statement of the author Maria Cristina de Oliveira Izar:</p>
          <p>&#8220;Financial declaration</p>
          <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
          <p>- Bayer/Xarelto; Daiichi Sankyo/Lixiana; Libbs/Propafenona e Amiodarona; Pfizer/Eliquis.&#8221;</p>
          <p>To:</p>
          <p>&#8220;Financial declaration</p>
          <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international</p>
          <p>pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
          <p>- Amgen: Repatha; Amryt Pharma: Lojuxta; AstraZeneca: Dapagliflozina; Ach&#233;: Trezor, Trezete; Biolab: Livalo; Abbott: Lipidil; EMS: Rosuvastatina; Eurofarma: Rosuvastatina; Sanofi: Praluent, Zympass, Zympass Eze, Efluelda; Libbs: Plenance, Plenance Eze; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic, Victoza; Servier: Acertamlo, Alertalix; PTCBio: Waylivra.</p>
          <p>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
          <p>- PTCBio: Waylivra; Amgen: Repatha; Novartis: Inclisiran, Pelacarsen; NovoNordisk: Ziltivekimab.</p>
          <p>Other relationships</p>
          <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
          <p>- Novo Nordisk: Diabetes.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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