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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sJx5T4MFdCwLctHxhBGHG7Q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005017203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100809</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20211031</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aneurisma Perfurado da V&#225;lvula Mitral: Um Problema de Inflama&#231;&#227;o ou Gradientes de Press&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3437-1822</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4982-3545</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2462-307X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#243;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Penafiel</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: In&#234;s Oliveira &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Avenida do Hospital Padre Am&#233;rico 210, 4560-136, Guilhufe, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal <email>E-mail:ines.spoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira I, Cruz I, Neto A, Bragan&#231;a B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira I, Cruz I; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira I, Abreu G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Abreu G, Azevedo J, Andrade A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>809</fpage>
      <lpage>812</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Endocardite Bacteriana</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>V&#225;lvula Mitral/anormalidades</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Valvular</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Aneurismas da v&#225;lvula mitral (AVM) s&#227;o incomuns e geralmente evoluem de forma aguda como manifesta&#231;&#227;o de endocardite infecciosa (EI). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O AVM como uma complica&#231;&#227;o tardia de EI em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMH) &#233; bastante incomum, levantando considera&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao papel do processo infeccioso e das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas inerentes &#224; cardiomiopatia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apresentamos um relato de caso de um paciente com CMH e ruptura de aneurisma no folheto da v&#225;lvula mitral (VM) secund&#225;rio a EI tratada anteriormente.</p>
      <p>Um paciente do sexo masculino de 68 anos de idade com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e dislipidemia foi internado com um hist&#243;rico de 3 semanas de mal-estar, febre e dor abdominal recente no lado esquerdo. O exame f&#237;sico revelou um sopro card&#237;aco sist&#243;lico de grau II/VI no &#225;pex card&#237;aco, febre, sensibilidade abdominal no quadrante superior esquerdo e les&#245;es purp&#250;ricas nos membros inferiores. O exame de sangue indicou neutrofilia, prote&#237;na C reativa de 211 mg/L, al&#233;m de culturas sangu&#237;neas positivas para Staphylococcus aureus sens&#237;vel &#224; meticilina. A tomografia computadorizada abdominal revelou emboliza&#231;&#227;o do ba&#231;o, sem abcessos.Os ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e transesof&#225;gico (ETE) revelaram uma massa polipoide altamente m&#243;vel e no lado atrial do folheto anterior da VM sugestiva de vegeta&#231;&#227;o, com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve sem evid&#234;ncia de abscesso, aneurisma ou perfura&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula; hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) sem presen&#231;a de gradiente sist&#243;lico intraventricular (GSIV) e movimento sist&#243;lico anterior (MSA) da VM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). O diagn&#243;stico de EI e CMH foi estabelecido, sendo tratado adequadamente com flucloxacilina com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel. Depois de tr&#234;s meses de acompanhamento, foi realizada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, confirmando o diagn&#243;stico de CMH: aumento da massa do VE (96 g/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) com hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (espessura m&#225;xima de 20 mm na parede inferoseptal), sem defeitos de perfus&#227;o, mas com evid&#234;ncia de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio intramural na parede inferoseptal, e MSA da VM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 2</xref> ). O ecocardiograma foi repetido e, al&#233;m de evid&#234;ncia de CMH obstrutiva com um GSIV em repouso de 44 mmHg, foi identificado um aneurisma do folheto anterior da VM. Foram observados dois jatos mitrais regurgitantes, um devido &#224; coapta&#231;&#227;o incompleta dos folhetos e outro devido ao aneurisma perfurado, quantificando a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) global em moderada (grau II/IV) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref> ). A dose de betabloqueador foi aumentada e adotou-se a estrat&#233;gia de acompanhamento pr&#243;ximo. Verificou-se a manuten&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas do aneurisma no acompanhamento ambulatorial do paciente ap&#243;s 2 anos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica bidimensional revelando hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e movimento sist&#243;lico anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral, como massa polipoide m&#243;vel no lado atrial do folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula altamente sugestivo de vegeta&#231;&#227;o (&#8594;); B) Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica tridimensional, vista frontal da v&#225;lvula mitral revelando uma estrutura polipoide aderente a seu folheto anterior (&#8594;), correspondendo a uma vegeta&#231;&#227;o. FAVM: folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral; Ao: aorta; VA: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FPVM: folheto posterior da v&#225;lvula mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A, B, C, E) Avalia&#231;&#227;o de imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica mostrando hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com espessura m&#225;xima de 20 mm na parede inferoseptal (C)); D) vista de tr&#234;s c&#226;maras mostrando movimento sist&#243;lico anterior do folheto da v&#225;lvula mitral (*); F) Vista do eixo curto m&#233;dio-ventricular revelando a presen&#231;a de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio localizado na parede m&#233;dia inferoseptal (&#8594;), sugerindo fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica bidimensional revelando uma protuber&#226;ncia sacular no folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral com expans&#227;o sist&#243;lica na dire&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, sugerindo um aneurisma no folheto (&#8594;); B) Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada (grau II/IV) atrav&#233;s do aneurisma do folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral; C) Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica transesof&#225;gica tridimensional, vista frontal mostrando a protuber&#226;ncia sacular localizada no folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral correspondendo ao aneurisma do folheto (&#8594;). FAVM: folheto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral; Ao: aorta; VA: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FPVM: folheto posterior da v&#225;lvula mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>O AVM &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara, mas potencialmente s&#233;ria. A literatura publicada mostra que ela se desenvolve principalmente no folheto anterior da VM na manifesta&#231;&#227;o aguda da EI da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (VA), devido &#224; dire&#231;&#227;o do jato a&#243;rtico regurgitante e dissemina&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do processo infeccioso at&#233; a VM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Isso leva a inflama&#231;&#227;o localizada, fraqueza de tecidos, forma&#231;&#227;o de abscesso com drenagem posterior e, eventualmente &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas variam de uma protuber&#226;ncia sacular, geralmente dif&#237;cil de identificar devido &#224; presen&#231;a de vegeta&#231;&#245;es, a uma grande protuber&#226;ncia do folheto na dire&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, que pode estar associada a v&#225;rios graus de RM e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica dependem do significado hemodin&#226;mico das les&#245;es valvulares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Num manuscrito de Reid et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> cinco pacientes com AVM do folheto anterior da VM (como manifesta&#231;&#227;o da EI da VA) s&#227;o descritos considerando as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e patol&#243;gicas. Foram relatados sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e v&#225;rios graus de regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvular. Quatro passaram pela substitui&#231;&#227;o de VA e apenas dois tiveram interven&#231;&#227;o da VM, j&#225; que os AVM n&#227;o haviam sido diagnosticados &#8211; foram identificados na aut&#243;psia, destacando a import&#226;ncia de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria detalhada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os estudos de aut&#243;psia detectaram que o AVM tinha material necr&#243;tico cercado por vegeta&#231;&#245;es no folheto anterior, poupando-se os folhetos posteriores da VM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Menos frequente ainda &#233; o achado de AVM em pacientes como doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo, que raramente foram relatados, sugerindo uma conex&#227;o entre fragilidade do tecido e seu desenvolvimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O folheto anterior da VM tamb&#233;m &#233; o folheto da v&#225;lvula mais frequentemente afetado na EI em pacientes com CMH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora atualmente n&#227;o exista associa&#231;&#227;o direta estabelecida entre EI e CMH, essa cardiomiopatia era considerada uma condi&#231;&#227;o de risco moderado para o desenvolvimento do EI, tendo em vista os relat&#243;rios publicados mostrando uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a doen&#231;a infecciosa e CMH. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O aumento da suscetibilidade &#224; EI parece se dever principalmente a anormalidades estruturais nos folhetos da VM, tais como o alongamento do folheto, deslocamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares e microtrauma cont&#237;nuo do endoc&#225;rdio valvular pelo contato mitral-septal durante MSA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi sugerido que a obstru&#231;&#227;o do canal de sa&#237;da do VE &#233; um fator contribuinte importante no desenvolvimento de MSA e EI, j&#225; que a grande diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o e o estresse de cisalhamento na VM nessa manifesta&#231;&#227;o leva a MSA, e a alta velocidade e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo turbulento na CMH obstrutiva lesiona o endoc&#225;rdio da v&#225;lvula. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste caso, o AVM se desenvolveu como complica&#231;&#227;o tardia da EI da pr&#243;pria VM, que &#233; incomum, n&#227;o apenas por ser encontrado com mais frequ&#234;ncia na EI de VA, mas tamb&#233;m devido &#224; sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o subaguda. Acreditamos que caracter&#237;sticas estruturais do folheto anterior da VM t&#237;picas de CMH formaram um substrato suscet&#237;vel &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de vegeta&#231;&#245;es nesse folheto. Especulamos que a inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o da terapia com antibi&#243;tico e a resolu&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de MSA da VM e alto GSIV, tiveram um papel na forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma no folheto anterior da VM.</p>
      <p>Dependendo das condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e do ambiente local, o tamanho do aneurisma pode aumentar e complicar, levando &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A complica&#231;&#227;o mais nefasta &#233; a RM grave aguda com edema pulmonar, devido ao rompimento do AVM, ou como resultado do defeito de coapta&#231;&#227;o do folheto causada por seu efeito de massa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na manifesta&#231;&#227;o da CMH obstrutiva, a presen&#231;a de um GSIV significativo parece contribuir para o crescimento do aneurisma, aumentando sua propens&#227;o de gerar uma protuber&#226;ncia na dire&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio, crescer e se perfurar. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em nosso caso, o tamanho do AVM permaneceu razoavelmente est&#225;vel ao longo do tempo. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que o aumento na dose de betabloqueador impediu o crescimento do AVM, diminuindo o GSIV caracter&#237;stico dessa cardiomiopatia e a turbul&#234;ncia do fluxo contra o folheto da VM - uma hip&#243;tese que ainda requer estudo confirmat&#243;rios, j&#225; que faltam dados publicados sobre a quest&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico, o ETT e o ETE s&#227;o os m&#233;todos de escolha para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de AVM e de perfura&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O ETE tem mais sensibilidade e especificidade para les&#245;es aneurism&#225;ticas, permitindo uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica mais precisa do tecido. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A tomografia computadorizada e as imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica s&#227;o &#250;teis na avalia&#231;&#227;o valvular, mas h&#225; poucos dados que consideram sua fun&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o e no diagn&#243;stico dos aneurismas valvulares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A abordagem ideal ao AVM n&#227;o foi definida, dependendo do tamanho e das consequ&#234;ncias hemodin&#226;micas da les&#227;o valvular. Em pequenos aneurismas com RM leve ou moderada, uma abordagem conservadora parece razo&#225;vel, conforme decidido neste caso; por&#233;m, na RM grave, a cirurgia &#233; a &#250;nica op&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o AVM &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara, mas potencialmente fatal, da EI. O objetivo deste caso &#233; destacar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es desse processo infeccioso e lembrar que certas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas podem ter maior propens&#227;o a desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es e resultados desfavor&#225;veis, devido &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e gradientes de press&#227;o.</p>
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  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Reid C, Chandraratna PAN, Harrison E, Kawanishi DT, Chamdrasoma P, Nimalasurija et al. Mitral valve aneurysm: clinical features, echocardiographic-pathologic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol.1983;2(3):460-4. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097 (83)80272-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097 (83)80272-1</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mitral Valve Perforated Aneurysm: An Issue of Inflammation or Pressure Gradients?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3437-1822</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4982-3545</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2462-307X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#243;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Aurora</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: In&#234;s Oliveira &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar T&#226;mega e Sousa, Avenida do Hospital Padre Am&#233;rico 210, 4560-136, Guilhufe, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal E-mail:ines.spoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira I, Cruz I, Neto A, Bragan&#231;a B; Acquisition of data: Oliveira I, Cruz I; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira I, Abreu G; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Abreu G, Azevedo J, Andrade A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endocarditis, Bacterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve/abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurysm, Valvular</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemia/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>Mitral valve aneurysms (MVA) are uncommon and usually develop acutely in the setting of infective endocarditis (IE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> MVA as a late complication of IE in a patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is rather unusual, raising considerations regarding the role of the infectious process and the hemodynamic conditions inherent to the cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> We present a case report of a patient with HCM and a ruptured aneurysm of the mitral valve (MV) leaflet, secondary to previously treated IE.</p>
        <p>A 68-year-old male patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia was admitted to a hospital with a 3-week history of malaise, fever, and recent left-sided abdominal pain. His physical examination revealed a grade II/VI systolic heart murmur at the cardiac apex, fever, abdominal tenderness in the left upper quadrant, and purpuric lesions in the inferior limbs. Blood analyses showed neutrophilia and C-Reactive Protein of 211mg/L. Positive blood cultures indicated Staphylococcus aureus methicillin-sensitive. Abdominal Computed Tomography revealed spleen embolization, with no abscess. Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) disclosed a highly mobile polypoid mass in the atrial side of the anterior MV leaflet, suggestive of a vegetation, with mild mitral regurgitation and no evidence of abscess, aneurysm, or valve perforation; asymmetrical left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy with the presence of an increased intraventricular systolic gradient (IVSG) and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the MV ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The diagnosis of IE in HCM was established and treated accordingly with flucloxacillin, presenting a favorable clinical evolution. After three months of follow-up, cardiac magnetic resonance was performed, confirming the diagnosis of HCM: an increased LV mass (96g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) with asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy (maximal thickness of 20mm in the inferoseptal wall), with no perfusion defects but with evidence of intramural late gadolinium enhancement in the inferoseptal wall,and SAM of the MV ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Echocardiography was repeated and, in addition to evidence of obstructive HCM with a rest IVSG of 44 mmHg, an aneurysm of the anterior leaflet of the MV was identified. Two mitral regurgitant jets were observed, one due to incomplete coaptation of the leaflets and another through the perforated aneurysm, quantifying global mitral regurgitation (MR) in a moderate (grade II/IV) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">figure 3</xref> ). The beta-blocker dose was increased, and a strategy of close follow-up was adopted. Maintenance of the characteristics of the aneurysm was verified in outpatient follow-up after 2 years.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) 2-D Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation revealing left ventricular hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, with a polypoid mobile mass in the atrial side of the anterior valve leaflet, highly suggestive of a vegetation (&#8594;); B) 3-D Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation, &#8220;en-face&#8221; view of the mitral valve, revealing a polypoid structure adherent to its anterior leaflet (&#8594;), corresponding to a vegetation. AMVL: anterior mitral valve leaflet; Ao: aorta; AV: aortic valve; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; MV: mitral valve; PMVL: posterior mitral valve leaflet.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A, B, C, E) Magnetic Resonance Imaging evaluation showing asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy, with maximal thickness of 20 mm in the inferoseptal wall (C)); D) 3-Chamber view depicting systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve leaflet (*); F) Mid-ventricular short-axis view revealing the presence of intramyocardial late gadolinium enhancement located in the inferoseptal mid wall (&#8594;), suggestive of myocardial fibrosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) 2-D Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation depicting a saccular bulge in the anterior mitral valve leaflet with systolic expansion towards the left atrium, suggestive of a leaflet aneurysm (&#8594;); B) Moderate mitral regurgitation (grade II/IV) through the aneurysm of the anterior mitral valve leaflet; C) 3-D Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation, &#8220;en-face&#8221; view showing the saccular bulge located on the anterior mitral valve leaflet corresponding to the leaflet aneurysm (&#8594;). AMVL: anterior mitral valve leaflet; Ao: aorta; AV: aortic valve: LA: left atrium: LV: left ventricle: MV: mitral valve; PMVL: posterior mitral valve leaflet.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>MVA are rare but potentially serious conditions. Published literature shows that they mostly develop in the anterior MV leaflet in the acute setting of IE of the aortic valve (AV), due to the aortic regurgitant jet direction and secondary spreading of the infectious process to the MV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This leads to localized inflammation, tissue weakness, abscess formation with posterior drainage, and eventually to the formation of an aneurysm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Echocardiographic features vary from a small saccular bulges, often difficult to identify due to the presence of vegetations, to a large leaflet protuberance towards the left atrium, which may be associated with various degrees of MR and thrombus formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Clinical manifestations and surgical indications depend on the hemodynamic significance of the valvular lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In a manuscript from Reid et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> five patients with MVA of the anterior MV leaflet, in the setting of AV IE, were described, considering clinical, echocardiographic, and pathological features. Symptoms of heart failure and various degrees of valve regurgitation were reported. Four underwent AV replacement, while only two received MV intervention, as the MVA had not been previously diagnosed &#8211; these were identified in an autopsy, highlighting the importance of a detailed preoperative evaluation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Autopsy studies found that MVA had necrotic material surrounded by vegetations in the anterior leaflet, with a sparring of the posterior MV leaflets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even less frequent is the finding of MVA in patients with connective tissue diseases, which has seldom been reported, suggesting a connection between tissue fragility and their development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The anterior MV leaflet is also the most often affected valve leaflet in IE in patients with HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although nowadays no direct association is established between IE and HCM, this cardiomyopathy used to be considered a moderate-risk condition for IE development, in view of the published reports depicting an association of the infectious disease and HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Increased leaflet susceptibility to IE seems to be primarily due to structural abnormalities in MV leaflets, such as leaflet elongation and papillary muscle displacement, along with continuous microtrauma of the valve endocardium by mitral-septal contact during SAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> LV outflow tract obstruction has also been suggested as an important contributor for SAM and IE development, as the high pressure difference and the shear stress on the MV in this setting leads to SAM, and the high velocity and turbulent blood flow in obstructive HCM damages the valve endocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this case, the MVA developed as a late complication of IE of the MV itself, which is unusual, not only because it is more often found in AV IE, but also due to its subacute presentation. We believe that structural characteristics of the anterior MV leaflet, typical of HCM, formed a susceptible substrate for vegetations to develop in this leaflet. It can therefore be speculated that possible persistent latent inflammation after completing antibiotic therapy and resolving systemic inflammatory markers, coupled with the presence of the SAM of the MV and a high IVSG, have played a role in aneurysm formation in the anterior MV leaflet.</p>
        <p>Depending on hemodynamic conditions and local environment, aneurysm size may increase and complicate, leading to clinical deterioration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The most dreadful complication is acute severe MR and pulmonary edema due to MVA perforation or as a result of a leaflet coaptation defect caused by its mass effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the setting of obstructive HCM, the presence of a significant IVSG seems to be a contributor to the growth of an aneurysm, increasing its propensity to bulge towards the atrium, growing and perforating.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In our case, MVA size has remained reasonably stable over time. We thus hypothesize that the increase in beta blocker dose may have prevented MVA growth, decreasing the IVSG characteristic of this cardiomyopathy and the flow turbulence against the MV leaflet &#8211; a hypothesis that still requires further confirmatory studies, as data published on the issue is scarce.</p>
        <p>Regarding the diagnosis, TTE and TEE are the methods of choice for identifying MVA and perforation of the valve leaflets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> TEE has a higher sensitivity and specificity for aneurysmal lesions, enabling a more accurate morphologic tissue characterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful in valvular evaluation, but little data exists considering their role in the evaluation and diagnosis of valvular aneurysms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An optimal approach to MVA has not yetbeen defined, depending on the size and hemodynamic consequences of the valvular lesion. In small aneurysms with mild or moderate MR, a conservative approach seems reasonable, as decided in this case, while in severe MR, surgery is the only reasonable option.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In conclusion, MVA are rare but potentially life-threatening complications of IE. The purpose of this case is to highlight possible complications of this infectious process and to remind that certain heart conditions may have an increased propensity to develop complications and unfavorable outcomes due to the interplay between inflammation and pressure gradients.</p>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
