<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="letter" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CYj6BrgM33PqGGpGrqdLJGf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005014204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100804</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220080</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220080</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca durante a Pandemia da COVID-19: <italic>Insights</italic> de uma Coorte de Hospitais P&#250;blicos no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adam</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Kleber Renato Ponzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6704-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Elmiro Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgan</surname>
            <given-names>Louise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smith</surname>
            <given-names>Sidney C.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0674-5997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taniguchi</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Papa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; , Curitiba , PR &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; HCor, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna , Bel&#233;m , PA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital Ana Nery , Salvador , BA &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Messejana &#8211; Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza , CE &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Macei&#243;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Macei&#243; , Macei&#243; , AL &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label> 9 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia , Uberl&#226;ndia , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , RJ &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label> 11 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o , InCor, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label> 12 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">American Heart Association Inc</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Dallas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> American Heart Association Inc , Dallas , Texas &#8211; USA </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label> 13 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chapel Hill</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina &#8211; USA </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel M. Fernandes-Silva &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Rua General Carneiro, 181. CEP 80060-900, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mim247@mail.harvard.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fernandes-Silva MM, Bernardez-Pereira, Silva AS; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Passaglia LG, Pereira KRP, Guedes MAV, Souza Neto JD, de Paola AAV, Rivera MAM; an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fernandes-Silva MM; obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bernardez-Pereira, Silva AS; reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes-Silva MM, Adam EL; revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes-Silva MM, Adam EL, Bernardez-Pereira, Silva AS, Passaglia LG, Pereira KRP, Guedes MAV, Souza Neto JD, de Paola AAV, Rivera MAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>804</fpage>
      <lpage>808</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia, COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitais P&#250;blicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Saude/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O Brasil &#233; um dos principais pa&#237;ses afetados pela pandemia causada pelo novo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19), com mais de meio milh&#227;o de mortes em junho de 2021, o segundo maior n&#250;mero de mortes no mundo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O surto de COVID-19 parece ter afetado a presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidado em sa&#250;de a pacientes sem COVID-19, particularmente pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), aumentando o n&#250;mero de mortes pela pandemia. Estudos mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o em hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e um aumento em mortalidade por DCV durante o surto de COVID-19 em muitos pa&#237;ses. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Contudo, a maioria desses estudos envolveram pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, com poucos dados sobre admiss&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), e as causas para o aumento na mortalidade n&#227;o foram bem esclarecidas. N&#243;s avaliamos as mudan&#231;as na gravidade, causas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC, e mortalidade em 30 dias de pacientes admitidos por IC em hospitais p&#250;blicos inclu&#237;dos no programa Boas Pr&#225;ticas Cl&#237;nicas (BPC) em Cardiologia no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19 e comparadas com per&#237;odos pr&#233;vios.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Realizamos um estudo do tipo coorte usando dados do programa BPC, o qual encontra-se em andamento, e consiste em uma adapta&#231;&#227;o da iniciativa <italic>Get With The Guidelines</italic> , para melhorar a qualidade do cuidado cardiovascular e desfechos dos pacientes no Brasil. O delineamento, racional e procedimentos do estudo foram previamente publicados. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Inclu&#237;mos pacientes consecutivos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, admitidos com IC descompensada em hospitais p&#250;blicos terci&#225;rios afiliados ao Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) durante a pandemia por COVID-19 entre 12 de mar&#231;o de 2020 a 31 de outubro de 2020 (semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas 11 a 44). Os pacientes foram comparados com pacientes admitidos nos mesmos hospitais durante as mesmas semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas em 2019 e 2018.</p>
      <p>Caracter&#237;sticas basais espec&#237;ficas &#224; IC foram coletadas prospectivamente durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, por investigadores locais treinados, usando prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e entrevistas estruturadas com o paciente. Calculou-se o escore do algoritmo do registro ADHERE &#8211; <italic>Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry</italic> (ADHERE) &#8211; usando uma abordagem do tipo <italic>stepwise</italic> de acordo com medidas de press&#227;o arterial, creatinina, e nitrog&#234;nio ureico sangu&#237;neo, para estratificar pacientes com IC em risco baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O desfecho foi mortalidade por todas as causas em um seguimento de 30 dias. &#211;bito e data de &#243;bito foram verificados por meio de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos, descendentes e atestados de &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>Consentimento informado foi obtido de cada paciente, e o estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do centro coordenador do estudo (no. 48561715.5.1001.0060).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal usando a forma, simetria e curtose da distribui&#231;&#227;o, e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov se necess&#225;rio. N&#243;s comparamos caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, medidas de gravidade e tratamento entre os per&#237;odos de tratamento usando o teste t n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, apresentadas como mediana (percentis 25 e 75). Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como propor&#231;&#245;es e comparados usando o teste do qui-quadrado. Para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos do estudo e os desfechos, n&#243;s calculamos estimativas de Kaplan-Meier e comparamos a probabilidade de mortalidade por todas as causas usando o teste de log-rank. Realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o (riscos proporcionais) de Cox ajustado por idade, sexo, etiologia da IC (isqu&#234;mica, doen&#231;a de Chagas, outros), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI), e n&#237;vel educacional, e estratificado por renda, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) e IC pr&#233;via. A suposi&#231;&#227;o de risco proporcional foi testada com base nos res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld, sem viola&#231;&#227;o da suposi&#231;&#227;o de risco proporcional para os grupos estudados. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa Stata vers&#227;o 15.1 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante as semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas 11 a 44 nos anos 2018, 2019 e 2020, um total de 1084 pacientes foram admitidos com IC em sete centros eleg&#237;veis, representando seis estados (Alagoas, Bahia, Cear&#225;, Minas Gerais, Par&#225; e S&#227;o Paulo) no Brasil. Desses pacientes, n&#243;s exclu&#237;mos 218 por aus&#234;ncia de medidas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (n=86), creatinina (n=43), ureia no sangue (n=20) ou perda de seguimento (n=69). A an&#225;lise final foi realizada em 866 pacientes admitidos por IC.</p>
      <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dois anos anteriores, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 20% no n&#250;mero de pacientes admitidos com IC durante a pandemia de COVID-19, principalmente nos primeiros quatro meses (9,2 &#177; 4,2 interna&#231;&#245;es por semana durante a pandemia <italic>vs</italic> . 11,6 &#177; 3,0 antes da pandemia).</p>
      <p>A maioria das caracter&#237;sticas basais permaneceram as mesmas, mas a FEVE foi mais baixa. Doen&#231;a de Chagas e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o foram as etiologias mais comuns de IC, e hist&#243;ria de DRC foi mais prevalente durante a pandemia. Ainda, a gravidade da IC na admiss&#227;o parece ter aumentado durante o surto da COVID-19. Embora os perfis cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os per&#237;odos de estudo, os pacientes admitidos durante o surto da COVID-19 apresentaram escore de risco ADHERE significativamente pior ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas na admiss&#227;o dos pacientes internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes e durante o surto da COVID-19</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Antes do surto da COVID-19 (2018 - 2019)</th>
                <th>Durante o surto da COVID-19 (2020)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n=637</th>
                <th>n=229</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">59,83 &#177; 16,00</td>
                <td align="center">61,00 &#177; 14,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">275 (43,2)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, Kg/m <sup>2</sup> *</td>
                <td align="center">26,16 &#177; 5,56</td>
                <td align="center">27,03 &#177; 6,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia*</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,028</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">109 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (20,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">54 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (13,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">474 (74,4)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (65,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">43,51 &#177; 17,62</td>
                <td align="center">37,33 &#177; 15,07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IC pr&#233;via, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">395 (62,0)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (66,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TRC, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CDI, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo n&#237;vel educacional, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (41,6)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (52,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa renda, n (%)*</td>
                <td align="center">469 (73,7)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (74,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 [10,0, 33,0]</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 [9,0, 28,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Perfil cl&#237;nico</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,62</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quente e seco</td>
                <td align="center">56 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Quente e &#250;mido</td>
                <td align="center">368 (67,9)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (67,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frio e &#250;mido</td>
                <td align="center">92 (17,0)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (20,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frio e seco</td>
                <td align="center">26 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Risco ADHERE, n(%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,009</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">290 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (34,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">319 (50,1)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (58,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alto</td>
                <td align="center">28 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (7,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; BUN: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue. * Dados do perfil cl&#237;nico de 156 pacientes; dados de &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 56 pacientes; dados de renda de dois pacientes; e dados de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 23 pacientes eram faltantes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Mortalidade por todas as causas de pacientes internados por IC aumentou significativamente durante o surto da COVID-19 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). No per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 30 dias, 50/637 (7,8%) e 31/229 (13,5%) pacientes morreram antes e durante o surto da COVID-19, respectivamente. Ap&#243;s ajuste quanto a potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o no basal, o risco de morte em 30 dias foi aproximadamente duas vezes maior em pacientes admitidos durante o surto da COVID-19 (HR ajustado = 1,89 [IC95% 1,19, 3,03]; <italic>p</italic> =0,007), em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dois anos anteriores.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estimativas de Kaplan-Meier da probabilidade de morte em pacientes admitidos por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e antes e durante o surto de COVID-19. Antes do surto de COVID-19: semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas 11 a 44 em 2018 e 2019; durante o surto de COVID-19: semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas 11 a 44 em 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0804-20080-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Uma baixa ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de tratamento medicamentoso ou diet&#233;tico, e doen&#231;a renal aguda foram mais comumente relatados como fatores desencadeantes de descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC durante o surto de COVID-19, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo anterior ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). A frequ&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o como raz&#227;o de descompensa&#231;&#227;o durante o surto da COVID-19 n&#227;o foi diferente em compara&#231;&#227;o a antes do surto.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores desencadeantes de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por per&#237;odo de estudo. SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; DRA: doen&#231;a renal aguda. * p&lt;0,05 pelo teste do qui-quadrado comparando as propor&#231;&#245;es entre os dois per&#237;odos. Antes do surto de COVID-19: semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas 11 a 44 em 2018 e 2019; durante o surto de COVID-19: semanas epidemiol&#243;gicas 11 a 44 em 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0804-20080-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste grande registro de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC no Brasil, nossos principais achados foram: 1) a mortalidade em 30 dias aumentou aproximadamente duas vezes durante o surto de COVID-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o a antes da pandemia; 2) pacientes com IC eram mais propensos a desenvolverem IC descompensada por baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento e por doen&#231;a renal aguda; e 3) os pacientes foram admitidos em condi&#231;&#245;es piores, como indicado por um pior escore de risco ADHERE. Esses achados ajudam a entender o impacto da pandemia em pacientes com IC no Brasil, afetando o comportamento dos pacientes, interrompendo a presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, e aumentando o risco de morte por IC aguda.</p>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, existem poucos relatados do impacto da pandemia da COVID-19 sobre pacientes com IC. Similar a nossos achados, estudos da Alemanha e da Inglaterra descreveram que a mortalidade em curto prazo aumentou significativamente entre pacientes admitidos por IC durante o in&#237;cio da pandemia, o que n&#227;o foi descrito em estudos posteriores conduzidos na Dinamarca. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Tal fato indica que pacientes com DCV foram afetados em graus diferentes, dependendo do n&#237;vel de resposta de cada pa&#237;s &#224; pandemia. Nosso estudo mostrou um aumento na mortalidade por IC aguda em um pa&#237;s amplamente afetado, e que tal impacto teve dura&#231;&#227;o mais longa que os primeiros meses da pandemia.</p>
      <p>As causas para uma maior mortalidade s&#227;o multifatoriais. A n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao tratamento diet&#233;tico e medicamentoso como fatores desencadeantes de IC descompensada durante a pandemia da COVID-19 pode fornecer <italic>insights</italic> sobre os mecanismos para esses piores desfechos. O tratamento da IC &#233; complexo, e geralmente requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar centrado no paciente para melhorar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento em longo prazo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os piores desfechos da IC aguda pode refletir uma ruptura na presta&#231;&#227;o do cuidado no ambiente ambulatorial. Os servi&#231;os ambulatoriais foram interrompidos, e as equipes de cardiologia foram reorganizadas e transferidas para a presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidado da COVID-19 em muitos centros, alterando o foco das medidas efetivas essenciais para reduzir mortalidade dessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a perda do apoio social devido ao isolamento social pode ter afetado a continuidade do tratamento, particularmente entre indiv&#237;duos vulner&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Vale notar que as orienta&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de DCV durante a pandemia da COVID-19 focaram principalmente SCA, mas pacientes com IC tamb&#233;m foram muito afetados pela pandemia. Esfor&#231;os s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para continuar a prover cuidado adequado a esses pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de visando essa popula&#231;&#227;o, incluindo estrat&#233;gias para se manter a presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidado no ambulat&#243;rio, tais como telemedicina e monitoramento remoto, pode ajudar a reduzir a mortalidade durante a pandemia.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es: inclu&#237;mos somente hospitais p&#250;blicos, a maioria hospitais universit&#225;rios. Ainda, todos os hospitais em nosso estudo participavam do programa BPC, cujo objetivo &#233; melhorar a qualidade do cuidado de DCV e desfechos dos pacientes, de modo que as interna&#231;&#245;es no estudo podem n&#227;o refletir as interna&#231;&#245;es por IC em todos os hospitais p&#250;blicos no Brasil. Finalmente, nossos resultados n&#227;o representam os pacientes que n&#227;o foram internados ou aqueles que n&#227;o vieram ao hospital.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste grande registro de pacientes admitidos com IC em hospitais p&#250;blicos inclu&#237;dos no programa BPC no Brasil, um dos pa&#237;ses mais afetados pela pandemia da COVID-19, a baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento e doen&#231;a renal aguda foram as principais causas da descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e a mortalidade em 30 dias aumentaram duas vezes durante o surto da COVID-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o a per&#237;odos anteriores. Estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em resposta &#224; pandemia deveria garantir manuten&#231;&#227;o do cuidado a pacientes com IC, particularmente nos pa&#237;ses mais afetados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores expressam sua gratid&#227;o aos colegas participantes que ajudaram no recrutamento de pacientes para o programa BCP.</p>
      <p>O estudo recebeu apoio da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> , Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; HCor e o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de pelo PROADI-SUS.</p>
      <p>Os autores s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo delineamento, realiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lises deste estudo, e pela prepara&#231;&#227;o, edi&#231;&#227;o, e vers&#227;o final deste manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jul 12]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html">https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <source>COVID-19 Map - Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Jul 12</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html">https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Cannat&#224; A, Bromage DI, Rind IA, Gregorio C, Bannister C, Albarjas M, et al. Temporal trends in decompensated heart failure and outcomes during COVID-19: a multisite report from heart failure referral centres in London. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(12):12):2219-24. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1986">https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1986</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cannat&#224;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bromage</surname>
              <given-names>DI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rind</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gregorio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bannister</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albarjas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Temporal trends in decompensated heart failure and outcomes during COVID-19: a multisite report from heart failure referral centres in London</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <comment>12</comment>
          <fpage>2219</fpage>
          <lpage>2224</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1986">https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1986</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Normando PG, Araujo-Filho J de A, Fonseca G de A, Rodrigues REF, Oliveira VA, Hajjar LA, et al. Reduction in hospitalization and increase in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):371&#8211;80. doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200821</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Normando</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>J de A</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>G de A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>REF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hajjar</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduction in hospitalization and increase in mortality due to cardiovascular diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>380</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200821</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Butt JH, Fosb&#248;l EL, Gerds TA, Andersson C, Kragholm K, Biering-S&#248;rensen T, et al. All-cause mortality and location of death in patients with established cardiovascular disease before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(15):1516&#8211;23. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab028</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butt</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fosb&#248;l</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerds</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kragholm</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biering-S&#248;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>All-cause mortality and location of death in patients with established cardiovascular disease before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1516</fpage>
          <lpage>1523</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab028</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Bollmann A, Hohenstein S, K&#246;nig S, Meier-Hellmann A, Kuhlen R, Hindricks G. In-hospital mortality in heart failure in Germany during the Covid-19 pandemic. ESC Hear Fail. 2020;7(6):4416&#8211;9. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13011</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bollmann</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hohenstein</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#246;nig</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meier-Hellmann</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuhlen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hindricks</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-hospital mortality in heart failure in Germany during the Covid-19 pandemic</article-title>
          <source>ESC Hear Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>4416</fpage>
          <lpage>4419</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.13011</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, Schmidt C, Garberich R, Jaffer FA, et al. Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2020 Jun 9 [cited 2020 May 29];75(22):2871&#8211;2. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albaghdadi</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meraj</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garberich</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaffer</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduction in ST-Segment Elevation Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Activations in the United States During COVID-19 Pandemic</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>06</month>
          <day>9</day>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2020 May 29</date-in-citation>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2871</fpage>
          <lpage>2872</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.011</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. De Rosa S, Spaccarotella C, Basso C, Calabr&#242; MP, Curcio A, Filardi PP, et al. Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2083-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa409</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spaccarotella</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calabr&#242;</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curcio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filardi</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2083</fpage>
          <lpage>2088</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa409</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Toner L, Koshy AN, Ko J, Driscoll A, Farouque O. Clinical Characteristics and Trends in Heart Failure Hospitalizations: An Australian Experience During the COVID-19 Lockdown. JACC Hear Fail. 2020;8(10):872&#8211;5. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2020.05.014</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toner</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koshy</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driscoll</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farouque</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Characteristics and Trends in Heart Failure Hospitalizations: An Australian Experience During the COVID-19 Lockdown</article-title>
          <source>JACC Hear Fail</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>872</fpage>
          <lpage>875</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2020.05.014</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Papa Taniguchi F, Bernardez-Pereira S, Alves Silva S, Luiz Pinho Ribeiro A, Morgan L, Curtis AB, et al. Implementation of a Best Practice in Cardiology (BPC) Program Adapted from Get With The Guidelines&#174;in Brazilian Public Hospitals: Study Design and Rationale. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(1):92&#8211;9. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190393020/AOP</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Papa Taniguchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves Silva</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luiz Pinho Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morgan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Implementation of a Best Practice in Cardiology (BPC) Program Adapted from Get With The Guidelines&#174;in Brazilian Public Hospitals: Study Design and Rationale</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>92</fpage>
          <lpage>99</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190393020/AOP</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Fonarow GC. Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA. 2005;293(5):572. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.5.572</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fonarow</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>293</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>572</fpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.293.5.572</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Rohde LEP, Montera MW, Bocchi EA, Clausell NO, Albuquerque DC de, Rassi S, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda. Arq Bras Cardiol [Internet]. 2018 Sep 1 [cited 2019 Nov 15];111(3):436&#8211;539. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180190</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>NO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>DC de</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <year>2018</year>
          <month>09</month>
          <day>1</day>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2019 Nov 15</date-in-citation>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>436</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180190</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(6):776&#8211;803. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>776</fpage>
          <lpage>803</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.025</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. ESC Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of CV Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic. part 1-epidemiology,pathophysiology, and diagnosis. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab696</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <source>ESC Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of CV Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic. part 1-epidemiology,pathophysiology, and diagnosis</source>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab696</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 48561715.5.1001.0060. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por American Heart Association, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor) and Brazilian Ministry of Health through PROADI-SUS.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor,<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2022-0080-supplemental.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure Mortality during COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from a Cohort of Public Hospitals in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-9049</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Adam</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardez-Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Sabrina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8260-9212</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passaglia</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Kleber Renato Ponzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6704-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Resende</surname>
            <given-names>Elmiro Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bacal</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morgan</surname>
            <given-names>Louise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smith</surname>
            <given-names>Sidney C.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0674-5997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taniguchi</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Papa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; HCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna, Bel&#233;m, PA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana &#8211; Dr. Carlos Alberto Studart Gomes, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Macei&#243;, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">American Heart Association Inc, Dallas, Texas &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Miguel M. Fernandes-Silva &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Rua General Carneiro, 181. Postal Code 80060-900, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mim247@mail.harvard.edu</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data: Fernandes-Silva MM, Bernardez-Pereira, Silva AS; acquisition of data: Passaglia LG, Pereira KRP, Guedes MAV, Souza Neto JD, de Paola AAV, Rivera MAM; statistical analysis: Fernandes-Silva MM; obtaining financing: Bernardez-Pereira, Silva AS; writing of the manuscript: Fernandes-Silva MM, Adam EL; critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes-Silva MM, Adam EL, Bernardez-Pereira, Silva AS, Passaglia LG, Pereira KRP, Guedes MAV, Souza Neto JD, de Paola AAV, Rivera MAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemic</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Hospitals</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Delivery of Health Care/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Brazil is one of the most hit countries by the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (Coronavirus Disease, COVID-19), with more than half million deaths in June, 2021, the world&#8217;s second-highest number of deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It has been reported that the COVID-19 outbreak has affected the delivery of care of patients without COVID-19 (non-COVID-19 patients), particularly patients with cardiovascular (CV) diseases, increasing the death toll from the pandemic. Studies have shown a reduction in hospitalizations in tandem with an increase mortality from CV diseases during the outbreak in many countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, most of these reports focused on patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS ) in developed countries, with few data on heart failure (HF) admissions, and the reasons for the worse mortality are not well understood. We evaluated the changes in severity, reasons for decompensation and 30-day mortality of patients admitted for HF in public hospitals included in the Best Practices in Cardiology (BPC) program in Brazil during the COVID-19 outbreak and compared with previous periods.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>We performed a cohort study using data from the BPC program, which is an ongoing program adapted from the Get With The Guidelines initiative, to improve quality of cardiovascular care and patients&#8217; outcomes in Brazil. The study design, rationale and procedures have been previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> We included consecutive patients aged 18 years or older admitted with decompensated HF in tertiary public hospitals affiliated to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) during the COVID-19 outbreak from March 12<sup>th</sup>, 2020 to October 31<sup>st</sup>, 2020 (epidemiological weeks 11 to 44) and compared them with patients admitted in the same hospitals during the same epidemiological weeks in 2019 and 2018.</p>
        <p>Baseline HF-specific characteristics were prospectively collected during hospitalization, by trained local investigators, using medical charts and structured interviews with the patient. The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE) algorithm score was calculated using a stepwise approach according to systolic blood pressure, creatinine and urea nitrogen blood levels to stratify HF patients into low, intermediate and high risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The outcome was all-cause death in a 30-day follow up. Death and date of death were ascertained through medical records, next of kin and death certificates.</p>
        <p>Informed consent was obtained from every patient and this study was approved by the Coordinating Center&#8217;s Institutional Review Board (# 48561715.5.1001.0060).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were evaluated for the normal distribution using the shape, skewness, and kurtosis of distribution, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test if needed. We compared clinical characteristics, measures of severity and treatment between study periods using the unpaired t test for normally distributed variables, which were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables, presented as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). Categorical data was presented as proportions and compared using the chi-square test. To assess the association between study periods and the outcomes, we calculated Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared the probability of all-cause mortality using the log-rank test. A Cox (proportional hazards) regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, etiology of HF (ischemic, Chagas, other), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), and education levels, and stratified by income levels, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and previous HF was performed; the proportional hazard assumption was tested based on Schoenfeld residuals, with no violation for the proportional hazard assumption for the studied groups. P-values&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using Stata version 15.1 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the epidemiological weeks 11 to 44 in the years of 2018, 2019 and 2020, 1,084 patients were admitted for HF in seven eligible centers, representing six states ( <italic>Alagoas, Bahia, Cear&#225;, Minas Gerais, Par&#225;</italic> and <italic>S&#227;o Paulo</italic> ) in Brazil. From these, we excluded 218 patients due to missing systolic blood pressure (n=86), creatinine (n=43), blood urea levels (n=20) or loss to follow-up (n=69). The final analysis was performed in 866 patients admitted for HF.</p>
        <p>Compared with the previous two years, we observed a 20% reduction in the number of patients admitted for HF during the COVID-19 outbreak, particularly in the first four months (9.2 &#177; 4.2 vs 11.6 &#177; 3.0 admissions per week during <italic>vs</italic> . before outbreak, respectively).</p>
        <p>During COVID-19 outbreak, most baseline characteristics remained the same, but LVEF was lower than before the outbreak. Ischemic heart disease and Chagas disease were the most common etiology of HF, and history of CKD was more prevalent during the pandemic. Also, severity of HF at admission seemed to be worse during COVID-19 outbreak. Although clinical profiles did not differ between study periods, patients admitted during COVID-19 outbreak had significantly worse ADHERE risk score ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics at admission of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure before and during COVID-19 outbreak</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Before COVID-19 Outbreak (2018 to 2019)</th>
                  <th>During COVID-19 Outbreak (2020)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n=637</th>
                  <th>n=229</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">59.83 &#177; 16.00</td>
                  <td align="center">61.00 &#177; 14.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Women, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">275 (43.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup>*</td>
                  <td align="center">26.16 &#177; 5.56</td>
                  <td align="center">27.03 &#177; 6.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiology*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.028</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (20.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (13.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">474 (74.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (65.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">43.51 &#177; 17.62</td>
                  <td align="center">37.33 &#177; 15.07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous HF, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">395 (62.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (66.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (21.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRT, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICD, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low education, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (41.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (52.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low income, n(%)*</td>
                  <td align="center">469 (73.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (74.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Length of stay, days</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0 [10.0. 33.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 [9.0. 28.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Clinical profile</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.62</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Warm-dry</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Warm-wet</td>
                  <td align="center">368 (67.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (67.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cold-wet</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (17.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (20.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cold-dry</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ADHERE risk, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.009</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (34.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">319 (50.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (58.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (7.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; HF: heart failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; BUN: blood urea nitrogen. *Clinical profile was missing for 156 patients; BMI was missing for 56 patients; income level was missing for 2 patients; LVEF was missing for 23 patients.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>All-cause mortality of patients hospitalized for HF significantly increased during the COVID-19 outbreak ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). In the 30-day follow-up period, 50/637 (7.8%) and 31/229 (13.5%) patients died before and during the outbreak, respectively. After adjusting for potential baseline confounders, the risk of death in 30 days was approximately two times higher in patients admitted during the COVID-19 outbreak (adjusted HR = 1.89 [95% CI 1.19, 3.03]; <italic>p</italic> =0.007), as compared with the two previous years.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier estimates of the probability of death in patients admitted for heart failure before and during the COVID-19 outbreak.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Before COVID-19 outbreak: epidemiological weeks 11 to 44 in 2018 and 2019; during COVID-19 outbreak period: epidemiological weeks 11 to 44 in 2020</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0804-20080-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Poor compliance to either dietary and medication treatment recommendations, and acute kidney disease were more commonly reported as factors triggering HF decompensation during the COVID-19 outbreak, as compared with the previous period ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Infection as reason for decompensation during the COVID-19 outbreak was not different as compared with before the outbreak.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Factors triggering HF decompensation according to study period;.ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AKD: acute kidney disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>* p&lt;0.05 from Chi-square tests comparing the proportions between the two periods; before COVID-19 outbreak: epidemiological weeks 11 to 44 in 2018 and 2019; during COVID-19 outbreak period: epidemiological weeks 11 to 44 in 2020</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0804-20080-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this large registry of HF hospitalizations in Brazil, our main findings were: 1) the 30-day mortality increased roughly twice during the COVID-19 outbreak compared with before the pandemic; 2) patients with HF were more likely to decompensate due to poor treatment compliance and acute kidney disease; and 3) they were admitted in worse condition, as indicated by a worse ADHERE risk score. These findings help understand the impact of the pandemic in patients with HF in Brazil, affecting patients&#8217; behavior, disrupting the delivery of healthcare, and increasing the risk of dying from acute HF.</p>
        <p>So far, there are few reports of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HF patients. Similar to our findings, studies from Germany and England found that the short-term mortality significantly increased among patients admitted for HF during the beginning of the COVID pandemic, but this was not found in later studies from Denmark.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This indicates that patients with CV diseases have been differently affected depending on the country-level response to the pandemic. Our study showed an increase in mortality from acute HF in a largely affected country, and that this impact has lasted longer than the first few months of the outbreak.</p>
        <p>The reasons for the higher mortality are multifactorial. Non-adherence to dietary and drug treatment as factors triggering HF decompensation during the COVID-19 pandemic may provide insights on the mechanisms for these worse outcomes. Treatment of HF is complex, and it often requires a patient-centered multidisciplinary approach to improve long-term treatment compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The worse outcomes from acute HF may reflect a disruption in the delivery of care in the outpatient setting. Ambulatory services were interrupted, and cardiology teams were rearranged and transitioned to the care of COVID-19 in many centers, shifting the focus from effective measures that are essential to reduce mortality of this population. Moreover, loss of social support due to social isolation may have hampered continuity of treatment, particularly among vulnerable individuals.</p>
        <p>It should be noticed that guidance to manage CV diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic have mainly focused on ACS, but patients with HF have also been largely affected by the pandemic. Efforts should be made to continue providing adequate care for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Healthcare policies targeted to this population, including strategies to maintain delivery of outpatient care, such as telemedicine and remote monitoring, may help reduce mortality during the pandemic.</p>
        <p>Our study has limitations: we included only public hospitals, most of them university hospitals. Also, all hospitals in our study participated in the BPC program, which aims to improve quality of cardiovascular care and patients&#8217; outcomes, and this may not reflect HF admissions in all public hospitals in Brazil. Finally, our results do not represent those patients who were not admitted or who did not to come to the hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this large registry of patients admitted for HF in public hospitals included in the BPC program in Brazil, one of the most-affected countries by the COVID-19 pandemic, poor treatment compliance and acute kidney disease were the most common reasons for HF decompensation, and the 30-day mortality increased twice during the COVID-19 outbreak, as compared with previous periods. Public health strategies in response to the pandemic should ensure maintenance of care to HF patients, particularly in the most affected countries.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to express gratitude to the participating colleagues who helped in the recruitment of patients for the BPC program.</p>
        <p>This study is supported by the American Heart Association, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; HCor and Brazilian Ministry of Health through PROADI-SUS.</p>
        <p>The authors are solely responsible for the design, conduct and analyses of this study, the drafting and editing of the paper and its final contents.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number 48561715.5.1001.0060. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by American Heart Association, Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor) and Brazilian Ministry of Health through PROADI-SUS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2022-0080-supplemental.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
