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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hcDbZvJwNJk8fXMNw6jr9GP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100789</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220680</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220680</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amplitude da Onda Fibrilar: Devemos Us&#225;-La Rotineiramente na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1451-1843</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Assis L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Carmo</bold> &#8226; Av. Beta Viana, 110. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>assiscarmo@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>789</fpage>
      <lpage>790</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais prevalente em todo o mundo e est&#225; associada a um aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, mesmo para pacientes com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ideal e tratamento de controle do ritmo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora estudos anteriores n&#227;o tenham mostrado o benef&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle da frequ&#234;ncia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> dados recentes sugerem que as estrat&#233;gias atuais de controle do ritmo, al&#233;m do controle dos sintomas, podem melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos duros, incluindo mortalidade e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo refere-se &#224;s tentativas de restaurar ou manter o ritmo sinusal e inclui drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e abla&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Apesar da melhora progressiva nas estrat&#233;gias de controle do ritmo ao longo dos anos, uma quantidade substancial de falhas na manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> principalmente em pacientes com formas persistentes de FA, ressalta a import&#226;ncia de selecionar adequadamente os pacientes para estrat&#233;gias de controle do ritmo.</p>
    <p>Existem fatores bem conhecidos associados ao aumento do risco de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o, como idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino, cardiovers&#227;o pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal, cardiopatia estrutural, maior &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, considerando o impacto da FA sobre os pacientes e a economia da sa&#250;de, os esfor&#231;os cont&#237;nuos para melhorar a sele&#231;&#227;o do paciente para o controle do ritmo continuam sendo fundamentais no manejo da FA.</p>
    <p>Nestes Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Campelo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> exploram a amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria como um preditor de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica bem-sucedida e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com m&#250;ltiplos marcadores de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos aumentados. Avaliaram retrospectivamente 57 pacientes submetidos &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. A onda fibrilat&#243;ria foi classificada de acordo com a amplitude na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1. Onda fibrilat&#243;ria &#8805;0,1 mV foi usada para definir FA de onda fibrilat&#243;ria grossa.</p>
    <p>A onda fibrilat&#243;ria grossa n&#227;o foi associada &#224; presen&#231;a de trombo atrial esquerdo nem ao contraste ecogr&#225;fico espont&#226;neo. A dura&#231;&#227;o da FA, o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e a velocidade do fluxo do &#225;trio esquerdo foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, o principal achado deste estudo foi a associa&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria com o sucesso da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. A cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica foi realizada com aumento progressivo de energia, e o sucesso agudo foi definido se o ritmo sinusal foi mantido uma hora ap&#243;s o procedimento. Embora semelhante a muitos estudos, essa defini&#231;&#227;o dificulta a obten&#231;&#227;o de conclus&#245;es amplas sobre quest&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas ou cl&#237;nicas, uma vez que a recorr&#234;ncia imediata e a aus&#234;ncia de revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal provavelmente t&#234;m significados muito diferentes.</p>
    <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o de Campelo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a onda fibrilat&#243;ria grossa foi associada ao sucesso agudo da cardiovers&#227;o (94,3% vs. 72,7%, p=0,036; OR 6,17; IC 95% 1,21-34,5). Al&#233;m disso, as energias m&#225;xima e cumulativa foram maiores no grupo FA fina. Esses achados est&#227;o intimamente relacionados a outros estudos que mostram uma associa&#231;&#227;o da FA fina ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia de fibrose atrial esquerda,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> uma vez que a fibrose atrial deve ser um importante marcador de m&#225; resposta &#224;s terapias de controle do ritmo.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por cateter, a ferramenta mais eficaz para controle de ritmo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> h&#225; estudos conflitantes correlacionando a amplitude da onda p fibrilat&#243;ria ao sucesso da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. Em 2009, Nault et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e recorr&#234;ncia de FA em 90 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre amplitude da onda F e recorr&#234;ncia de FA. Quarenta e tr&#234;s por cento dos pacientes com amplitude m&#233;dia da onda f &lt;0,05 mV na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 tiveram recorr&#234;ncia de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o com 12% daqueles com onda F &#8805;0,05 mV (p = 0,004).</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, Squara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria com a extens&#227;o das &#225;reas de baixa voltagem em 29 pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para FA. A amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria correlacionou-se inversamente com a extens&#227;o das &#225;reas de baixa voltagem do endoc&#225;rdio atrial esquerdo. No entanto, a amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria n&#227;o predisse a recorr&#234;ncia da FA ap&#243;s um seguimento de 23,3 &#177; 9,8 meses.</p>
    <p>No contexto da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica da FA, Zhao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> avaliaram 94 pacientes estratificados pela amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria e determinaram as taxas de sucesso agudo (4 h ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o) e m&#233;dio prazo (6 semanas ap&#243;s cardiovers&#227;o). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de sucesso agudo, energia m&#225;xima utilizada ou o n&#250;mero de choques necess&#225;rios. Em 6 semanas, no grupo de onda fibrilat&#243;ria grossa, 75% dos pacientes mantiveram SR vs. 40% no grupo de onda fibrilat&#243;ria fina (p = 0,006). Apesar da diferen&#231;a nas taxas de sucesso agudo, ambos os estudos mostram que as ondas fibrilat&#243;rias podem ter um papel na previs&#227;o de sucesso agudo ou de m&#233;dio prazo na estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo.</p>
    <p>Resumindo, Campelo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> fornecem mais evid&#234;ncias na amplitude da onda fibrilat&#243;ria utilizada como marcador de melhor resposta na estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo da FA. Mesmo com estudos conflitantes nesse cen&#225;rio, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias substanciais de que a onda fibrilat&#243;ria fina est&#225; associada &#224; extens&#227;o da fibrose atrial e pode levar a resultados piores nas terapias de controle do ritmo. No entanto, mais estudos com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes e avalia&#231;&#227;o de diferentes estrat&#233;gias para controle do ritmo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para serem utilizados rotineiramente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Amplitude das Ondas F como Preditor de Tromboembolismo e de Sucesso da Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Persistente</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fibrillatory Wave Amplitude: Should We Use It Routinely in Clinical Practice?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1451-1843</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Assis L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Carmo</bold> &#8226; Av. Beta Viana, 110. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>assiscarmo@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Stimulation Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Practice Guideline</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained arrhythmia worldwide and is associated with an increased burden of morbidity and mortality in different clinical scenarios, even for patients with optimal anticoagulation and rate control treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although previous studies did not show the benefit of rhythm control strategy compared to rate-control,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> recent data suggest that current rhythm control strategies, in addition to symptom control, can improve hard clinical outcomes, including mortality and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Rhythm control strategy refers to attempts to restore or maintain sinus rhythm and includes antiarrhythmic drugs, electrical cardioversion and atrial fibrillation ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Despite progressive improvement in rhythm control strategies over the years, a substantial amount of failure in maintaining sinus rhythm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mainly in patients with persistent forms of AF, underscores the importance of properly selecting patients for rhythm-control strategies.</p>
      <p>There are well-known factors associated with increased risk of AF recurrence after cardioversion, such as older age, female sex, previous cardioversion, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal impairment, structural heart disease, larger left atrial volume index, and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nevertheless, considering AF's burden on patients and the health economy, continuous efforts to improve patient selection for rhythm control remain pivotal in AF management.</p>
      <p>In this <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Campelo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> explore fibrillatory wave amplitude as a predictor of successful electrical cardioversion and its association with multiple markers of increased thromboembolic events. They retrospectively evaluated 57 patients who had undergone electrical cardioversion. The fibrillatory wave was classified according to amplitude in lead V1. Fibrillatory wave &#8805;0,1 mV was used to define coarse fibrillatory wave AF.</p>
      <p>The coarse fibrillatory wave was not associated with the presence of left atrial thrombus nor spontaneous echo contrast. AF duration left atrial volume and left atrial flow velocity were similar in both groups.</p>
      <p>Notwithstanding, the main finding of this study was the association of fibrillatory wave amplitude to electrical cardioversion success. Electrical cardioversion was performed with progressive energy increase, and acute success was defined if sinus rhythm was maintained one hour post-procedure. Although similar to many studies, this definition makes it difficult to draw broad conclusions concerning pathophysiological or clinical issues, given that immediate recurrence and absence of reversion to sinus rhythm probably have very different meanings.</p>
      <p>In Campelo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> population, coarse fibrillatory wave was associated to acute success cardioversion (94,3% vs. 72,7%, p=0,036; OR 6,17; IC 95% 1,21-34,5). In addition, maximum and cumulative energies were higher in the fine AF group. These findings are closely related to other studies showing an association of fine AF to increased prevalence of left atrial fibrosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> since atrial fibrosis is supposed to be an important marker of poor response to rhythm control therapies.</p>
      <p>Concerning catheter-based ablation of AF, the most effective tool for rhythm control therapies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> there are conflicting studies correlating fibrillatory p wave amplitude to AF ablation success. In 2009, Nault et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> assessed the association of fibrillatory wave amplitude with clinical, echocardiographic variables and AF recurrence in 90 patients who underwent AF ablation. An association between F-wave amplitude and AF recurrence was observed. Forty-three percent of patients with mean f wave amplitude &lt;0.05 mV in lead V1 had AF recurrence compared to 12% of those with F-wave &#8805;0.05 mV (p = 0.004).</p>
      <p>More recently, Squara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> evaluated the association of fibrillatory wave amplitude to the extent of low voltage areas in 29 patients who underwent catheter ablation for AF. The fibrillatory wave amplitude was inversely correlated to the extent of left atrial endocardial low-voltage areas. However, fibrillatory wave amplitude did not predict AF recurrence after a follow-up of 23.3 &#177; 9.8 months.</p>
      <p>In the context of electrical cardioversion of AF, Zhao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> evaluated 94 patients stratified by fibrillatory wave amplitude and determined acute (4 h after cardioversion) and medium-term (6 weeks after cardioversion) success rates. There was no difference in acute success rate, maximal energy used or the number of shocks required. At 6 weeks, in the coarse fibrillatory wave group, 75% of patients maintained SR vs. 40% in the fine fibrillatory wave group (p = 0.006). Despite the difference in acute success rates, both studies show that fibrillatory waves can have a role in predicting acute or medium-term success in the rhythm control strategy.</p>
      <p>In summary, Campelo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> provide further evidence in fibrillatory wave amplitude used as a marker of better response in rhythm control strategy of AF. Even with conflicting studies in this scenario, there is substantial evidence that fine fibrillatory wave is associated with the extent of atrial fibrosis and can lead to poorer results in rhythm control therapies. However, further studies with a larger number of patients and evaluation of different strategies for rhythm control are required to be routinely used in clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: F Wave Amplitude as a Predictor of Thromboembolism and Success of Electrical Cardioversion in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
