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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CcLk5pxKJjY9kR4QGHs9ynz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005016201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100778</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210410</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amplitude das Ondas F como Preditor de Tromboembolismo e de Sucesso da Cardiovers&#227;o El&#233;trica em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Persistente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5614-3543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campelo</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffer</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Kiszka</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-875X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dagostin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5606-5960</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Italo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Renan Teixeira Campelo &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>renantccampelo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Campelo RT, Scheffer MK; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR, Scheffer MK; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Campelo RT, Fran&#231;a JID; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR, Carvalho GD; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR, Carvalho GD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>778</fpage>
      <lpage>788</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; classificada, de acordo com a amplitude das ondas fibrilat&#243;rias (f), em ondas finas (FAf) e ondas grossas (FAg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Correlacionar a amplitude das ondas f com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que indiquem alto risco de tromboembolismo e avaliar o seu impacto no sucesso da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, que incluiu 57 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar persistente submetidos a CVE. A amplitude m&#225;xima das ondas f foi aferida na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1. FAg foi definida quando f&#8805;1,0 mm e FAf quando f&lt;1,0mm. Os achados foram correlacionados com as vari&#225;veis indicadas. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>FAg (n=35) associou-se a maior sucesso na CVE (94,3% vs. 72,7%, p=0,036) mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis como idade e IMC (p=0,026, OR=11,8). Pacientes com FAf (n=22) necessitaram mais choques e maior energia para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal (p=0,019 e p=0,027, respectivamente). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a amplitude das ondas f e par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A amplitude de f n&#227;o se associou a par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais que indicam alto risco de tromboembolismo. FAg associou-se a maior chance de sucesso na revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal por meio da CVE. Maior n&#250;mero de choques e energia foram necess&#225;rios para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal em pacientes com FAf.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; classificada, de acordo com a amplitude das ondas fibrilat&#243;rias (f), em: FA de ondas finas (FAf) e FA de ondas grossas (FAg). Grande controv&#233;rsia existe quanto ao valor da amplitude de f como marcador para inferir riscos e contribuir no direcionamento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com FA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a amplitude das ondas f e o risco de tromboembolismo determinado por par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, assim como a avalia&#231;&#227;o do seu impacto no resultado da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE) em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar (FANV) persistente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, observacional, com base na an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios de 57 pacientes, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa local.</p>
      <p>Pacientes de ambos os sexos, portadores de FANV persistente (dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;7 dias, n&#227;o revertidos previamente) submetidos a CVE com ou sem sucesso e que possu&#237;am eletrocardiograma (ECG) pr&#233; e p&#243;s CVE (realizados imediatamente antes e ap&#243;s 1 hora da CVE, respectivamente) foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Constitu&#237;ram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: flutter atrial, pacientes que apresentaram cardiovers&#227;o qu&#237;mica e prontu&#225;rios n&#227;o identificados ou ECGs pr&#233;/p&#243;s CVE extraviados ou com qualidade t&#233;cnica comprometida.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Os ECGs pr&#233; e p&#243;s CVE, registrados com velocidade de 25mm/s, foram digitalizados. A aferi&#231;&#227;o da amplitude das ondas f foi realizada com aux&#237;lio do programa <italic>Cardio Calipers 3.3</italic> na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1. A FA foi classificada de acordo com a amplitude das ondas f em FAg, quando a amplitude m&#225;xima era &#8805; 1,0mm, e FAf quando &lt;1,0mm, medida pela deflex&#227;o m&#225;xima da onda por t&#233;cnica previamente descrita ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A amplitude m&#225;xima da onda f em V1 foi calculada com amplia&#231;&#227;o do sinal em at&#233; 10x para melhor precis&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Foram identificadas sempre dentro do intervalo T-QRS, atentando-se para distin&#231;&#227;o correta das ondas U e ondas T. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas por dois examinadores independentes e cegos para os resultados do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ECOTE) e da CVE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Subtipos de FA com base na amplitude das ondas f em V1. No topo, FAg. Abaixo, FAf. Fonte: arquivo pessoal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>C&#225;lculo da amplitude da onda f, partindo do pico ao vale. Fonte: arquivo pessoal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da onda p em DII assim como a for&#231;a terminal da onda p em V1 (&#237;ndice de Morris) foram analisadas no ECG p&#243;s CVE, conforme t&#233;cnica descrita por Peter et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Realiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise do ECOTE</title>
        <p>O ECOTE foi realizado com ecocardi&#243;grafo <italic>General Eletric</italic> com transdutor transesof&#225;gico. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens seguiu a orienta&#231;&#227;o da se&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiografia institucional e foi baseada nas diretrizes atuais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dados como tamanho e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, presen&#231;a de trombo/contraste espont&#226;neo e velocidade de fluxo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) foram obtidos. Contraste espont&#226;neo foi definido pela presen&#231;a de &#8220;fuma&#231;a&#8221; em redemoinho na cavidade atrial, e classificado em discreto (quando vista apenas com grande ganho de sinal) e significativo (quando ocupava grande parte da cavidade atrial e visualizada mesmo com baixo ganho do sinal). Trombo atrial foi definido como massa intracavit&#225;ria circunscrita, uniformemente consistente e ecorrefletiva, diferente do endoc&#225;rdio atrial e da musculatura pectinada, e presente em mais de um plano de imagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Realiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise da CVE</title>
        <p>A prescri&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos por pelo menos uma semana antes da CVE foi permitida. Os pacientes tamb&#233;m poderiam estar em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es coadjuvantes a depender das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas subjacentes e do controle da resposta ventricular.</p>
        <p>Os choques foram realizados por m&#233;dico assistente, cego para o resultado do ECOTE contanto que o paciente estivesse em uso de anticoagulante oral de a&#231;&#227;o direta (DOAC) ou antagonista de vitamina K (INR alvo entre 2-3) por pelo menos 3 semanas. Utilizou-se cardioversor de corrente cont&#237;nua bif&#225;sica com p&#225;s colocadas na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax (segundo espa&#231;o intercostal direito) e linha hemiclavicular esquerda (sexto espa&#231;o intercostal). Os choques eram sincronizados com o pico da onda R e realizados com intensidades crescentes de energia. O protocolo era interrompido ap&#243;s restabelecimento do ritmo sinusal ou ap&#243;s se encerrarem as aplica&#231;&#245;es das cargas.</p>
        <p>Em caso de recorr&#234;ncia imediata, o procedimento era repetido seguindo o mesmo protocolo. Considerado o insucesso, era realizado apenas o controle da resposta ventricular. Sucesso foi definido como a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal por pelo menos 1 hora ap&#243;s o procedimento. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral foi mantida por no m&#237;nimo 4 semanas ap&#243;s a CVE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas pela m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), conforme normalidade dos dados, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas pela frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e porcentagem.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise de diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> -Student para amostras independentes ou o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis quantitativas (dependendo da suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade dos dados testados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas empregou-se o teste Exato de Fisher.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o poder discriminativo da amplitude m&#225;xima de f medida em V1 no sucesso do procedimento, ajustou-se uma curva ROC. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte foi considerado o crit&#233;rio de Youden.</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica foi usado para ajuste univariado e multivariado da f m&#225;xima como preditora do sucesso na CVE. No modelo multivariado foram inclu&#237;das as vari&#225;veis explicativas com p valores &lt;0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada ou na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos FAg e FAf.</p>
        <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de concord&#226;ncia (CCC) e o C.b ( <italic>correct bias</italic> ) foram utilizados para medir a concord&#226;ncia intraobservador e interobservador, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos primeiros 20 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Destes, 2 apresentaram insucesso na CVE (10%) e 18 tiveram sucesso (90%), com m&#233;dias de f-m&#225;x em V1 respectivamente iguais a 0,45 e 1,01 e desvio padr&#227;o comum igual a 0,37. Considerando o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, poder do teste de 90% e aloca&#231;&#227;o de 9 para 1 (supondo que a cada 10 pacientes 9 t&#234;m sucesso), para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 0,56 na f-m&#225;x em V1 na compara&#231;&#227;o de casos com sucesso e insucesso, um total de 53 casos seria necess&#225;rio. O c&#225;lculo foi feito com o programa Stata/SE v.14.1. StataCorpLP, USA.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 19.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 92 pacientes selecionados, apenas 57 atingiram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Em 8 (14%; IC95%: 5,0%-23,1%) deles n&#227;o se obteve sucesso na CVE ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos e exclu&#237;dos do estudo. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ECG: eletrocardiograma; CVE: cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica; FAg: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas finas; FAf: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas grossas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes era idosos do sexo masculino. A comorbidade mais frequente foi hipertens&#227;o e mais da metade apresentava CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc&#8805;2. O anticoagulante mais utilizado foi a varfarina e cinco pacientes estavam sob uso de DOAC. A maioria foi pr&#233;-tratada com amiodarona e grande parte vinha em uso de betabloqueador ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais e com base na amplitude de f m&#225;xima em V1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o geral N=57</th>
                  <th>FAg (f-m&#225;x V1 <italic>&#8805;</italic> 1mm) N=35 (61,4%)</th>
                  <th>FAf (f-m&#225;x V1&lt;1mm) N=22 (38,6%)</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,53&#177;10,86</td>
                  <td align="center">61,43&#177;12,41</td>
                  <td align="center">61,68&#177;8,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,933</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (70,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (65,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (77,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,391</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,1&#177;22,8</td>
                  <td align="center">81,0&#177;18,13</td>
                  <td align="center">94,23&#177;27,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">2,79&#177;0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90&#177;0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05&#177;0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">29,77&#177;6,04</td>
                  <td align="center">28,44&#177;4,62</td>
                  <td align="center">31,88&#177;7,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (82,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (77,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (90,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (24,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,758</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (22,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,286</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,151</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVP</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,880</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (29,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (31,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (61,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (63,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da FA (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (90-365)</td>
                  <td align="center">210 (90&#8211;365)</td>
                  <td align="center">225 (60&#8211;365)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Varfarina</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (91,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (88,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (95,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DOAC</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (94,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (97,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (90,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,553</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propafenona</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,553</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (73,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (74,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,44&#177;11,55</td>
                  <td align="center">54,09&#177;13,64</td>
                  <td align="center">57,59&#177;6,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,91&#177;5,14</td>
                  <td align="center">47,20&#177;5,31</td>
                  <td align="center">46,45&#177;4,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,599</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume indexado AE (ml/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td align="center">52,38&#177;13,73</td>
                  <td align="center">53,57&#177;14,57</td>
                  <td align="center">50,38&#177;12,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,405</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade fluxo AAE (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,26&#177;9,69</td>
                  <td align="center">28,71&#177;8,99</td>
                  <td align="center">32,83&#177;10,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contraste espont&#226;neo</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (56,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (57,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombo AE</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRO-BNP pr&#233;-CVE</td>
                  <td align="center">1090 (595-1960)</td>
                  <td align="center">1280 (565&#8211;2450)</td>
                  <td align="center">870 (626-1344)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR pr&#233;-CVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,30&#8211;1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,25&#8211;1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,50&#8211;1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR pr&#233;-CVE</td>
                  <td align="center">2,73 (2,47&#8211;3,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,73 (2,50&#8211;3,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,63 (2,43&#8211;3,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F-m&#225;xima V1 (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11&#177;0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41&#177;0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64&#177;0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice Morris p&#243;s-CVE</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (63,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (47,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,366</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o p-DII p&#243;s CVE (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">128,41&#177;26,42</td>
                  <td align="center">130,38&#177;20,54</td>
                  <td align="center">124,35&#177;36,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,542</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Vari&#225;veis quantitativas descritas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas descritas por frequ&#234;ncia (percentual); *Associa&#231;&#227;o entre FAg e FAf: teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis quantitativas); teste exato de Fisher (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas); p&lt;0,05. FAg: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas grossas; FAf: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas finas; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o: DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IVP: insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DOAC: anticoagulante oral de a&#231;&#227;o direta; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; CVE: cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica; PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; INR: rela&#231;&#227;o normalizada internacional.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>A FEVE m&#233;dia da maioria dos pacientes era preservada. Apenas 7 (12,3%) apresentavam valores &lt; 40%. A despeito da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, trombo e/ou contraste espont&#226;neo significativo no AE foram observados em 35 pacientes. Os valores m&#233;dios de PRO-BNP e PCR (Prote&#237;na C reativa) pr&#233;-CVE foram elevados. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>A amplitude das ondas f-m&#225;xima medidas em V1 variou de 0,3 a 2,9mm. O &#237;ndice de Morris esteve alterado na maioria dos pacientes que restauraram o ritmo sinusal e a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da onda P em DII nesses pacientes era elevada ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas com base na amplitude de f</title>
        <p>N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, exceto o peso. O grupo FAf era composto por pacientes com valores de peso mais elevados em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo FAg ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sucesso na CVE</title>
        <p>Nenhum par&#226;metro interferiu no sucesso da CVE. Apenas a presen&#231;a de FAg favoreceu esse desfecho (94,3% vs 72,7%, p=0,036; OR 6,17; IC 95% 1,21-34,5) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es entre par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos com o sucesso na cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>N (57)</th>
                  <th>Sucesso N=49 (86%)</th>
                  <th>Insucesso N=8 (14%)</th>
                  <th>p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">62,55&#177;10,40</td>
                  <td align="center">55,25&#177;12,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (88,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,748</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (Kg)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">84,82&#177;23,39</td>
                  <td align="center">94,00&#177;18,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,94&#177;0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07&#177;0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,244</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">29,46&#177;6,03</td>
                  <td align="center">31,65&#177;6,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (89,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (10,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (85,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,975</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,332**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICC</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (85,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,977</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVP</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,5&#8211;3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (82,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (91,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da FA (dias)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">210 (100&#8211;370)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (75&#8211;270)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarona</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (88,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Propafenona</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (88,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,443</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">55,67&#177;11,68</td>
                  <td align="center">54&#177;11,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,702</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">47,24&#177;5,11</td>
                  <td align="center">44,88&#177;5,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,229</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume indexado AE (ml/m <sup>2</sup> )</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">52,67&#177;14,12</td>
                  <td align="center">50,29&#177;11,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,665</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade fluxo AAE (cm/s)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">29,43&#177;8,81</td>
                  <td align="center">35,25&#177;13,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contraste espont&#226;neo</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (90,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,262</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombo AE</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRO-BNP pr&#233;-CVE</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1195 (564&#8211;2005)</td>
                  <td align="center">776 (649&#8211;1272)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,607</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR pr&#233;-CVE</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,25&#8211;1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 (0,55&#8211;1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,142</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>INR pr&#233;-CVE</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,72 (2,50&#8211;3,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,72 (2,24&#8211;2,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,836</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F-m&#225;xima V1 (mm)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,15&#177;0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85&#177;0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;1 (FAg)</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (94,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;1 (FAf)</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (72,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Vari&#225;veis quantitativas descritas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas descritas por frequ&#234;ncia (percentual); *Modelos de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica univariados e teste de Wald, p&lt;0,05. ** Teste exato de Fisher, p&lt;0,05. FAg: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas grossas; FAf: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas finas; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o: DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IVP: insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; CVE: cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica; PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; INR: rela&#231;&#227;o normalizada internacional.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Forest plot com OR e IC 95% dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados ao sucesso na cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (an&#225;lise univariada). FAg: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas grossas; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o: DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IVP: insufici&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa;</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ajustou-se uma curva operacional com vistas a determinar o melhor ponto de corte da f m&#225;xima em V1 associada ao sucesso da CVE. O valor de 1,0mm foi o que apresentou melhor acur&#225;cia ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC da m&#225;xima amplitude de f em V1 como preditor de sucesso da cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes com FAf receberam, em mediana, 3 (2&#8211;3,5) choques comparados com 2 (1&#8211;3) no grupo com FAg (p=0,019). Quando analisados apenas os que obtiveram sucesso na CVE, o grupo FAf necessitou maior n&#250;mero de choques para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal [3 (1&#8211;3) vs 2 (1&#8211;2), p=0,064] ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ). Da mesma forma, as energias m&#225;xima e cumulativa (soma das cargas) utilizadas para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal foram maiores no grupo FAf [150J (150&#8211;200J) vs 150J (100&#8211;150J), p=0,027 e 320J (200&#8211;450J) vs 200J (100&#8211;300J), p=0,020; respectivamente] ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#250;mero de choques aplicados em cada grupo (A) e n&#250;mero de choques necess&#225;rios (B) para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal em ambos os grupos. FAg: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas grossas; FAf: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas finas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Energias m&#225;xima (A) e cumulativa (B) necess&#225;rias para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal em ambos os grupos. FAg: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas grossas; FAf: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de ondas finas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de FAg associou-se ao sucesso da CVE (B=2,470, p=0,026), independentemente de idade e IMC, favorecendo em 11,8 vezes o evento revers&#227;o para o ritmo sinusal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variabilidades intra e interobservador</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo da variabilidade intraobservador mostrou CCC e Cb de 0,90 e 0,98 para f m&#225;xima em V1, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, os valores de CCC e Cb para variabilidade interobservador foram de 0,90 e 0,98, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, a amplitude das ondas f n&#227;o se associou com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos de maior risco de tromboembolismo. No entanto, contribuiu na predi&#231;&#227;o da revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal por meio da CVE.</p>
      <p>Diversos fatores que proporcionam o aumento do risco de tromboembolismo em pacientes com FA est&#227;o relacionados entre si dificultando a an&#225;lise individual como fatores independentes. Na amostra estudada, todos os pacientes estavam sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena (maioria sob uso de varfarina e com controle rigoroso do INR pr&#233;-CVE). Nas publica&#231;&#245;es que propuseram avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a amplitude de f e tromboembolismo, nenhuma amostra era composta por 100% dos pacientes anticoagulados adequadamente. No estudo de Icen et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> por exemplo, 89% dos pacientes estavam em uso de anticoagulantes e relatos de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos foram descritos em pacientes fora da faixa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. No estudo por Nakagawa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> apenas 54% dos pacientes estavam sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena. J&#225; na pesquisa realizada por Yamamoto et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apenas aqueles com contraste espont&#226;neo ou trombo tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (75%). Todos esses estudos apresentavam diferen&#231;as percentuais quanto &#224; terap&#234;utica anticoagulante entre os grupos definidos com base na amplitude de f.</p>
      <p>Apesar da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adequada em todos os pacientes da amostra, 56,1% exibiam contraste espont&#226;neo significativo e 8,8% possu&#237;am trombo no AE, evidenciando que outros mecanismos, n&#227;o tratados pela anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, ainda estariam presentes aumentando o risco de tromboembolismo. Mesmo assim, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa desses achados com a amplitude das ondas f, fato este tamb&#233;m encontrado por Nakagawa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se associou &#224; amplitude de f na an&#225;lise de Yamamoto et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> entretanto, os autores reportaram maior percentual de pacientes com trombo no AE e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos no grupo FAf, o que pode ser explicado pela menor porcentagem de pacientes sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesse grupo durante o seguimento.</p>
      <p>Contrariando esses achados, Li et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> encontraram rela&#231;&#227;o entre FAg e a presen&#231;a de contraste espont&#226;neo, trombo no AE e disfun&#231;&#227;o no AAE. Apesar de ambos os grupos serem mais uniformes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia anticoagulante, os autores n&#227;o reportaram sobre as diferen&#231;as no escore CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc entre os grupos, o que poderia estar influenciando na varia&#231;&#227;o de trombog&#234;nese entre eles. Al&#233;m disso, havia uma diferen&#231;a de um m&#234;s entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECOTE e do ECG, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do com os achados. No presente estudo, pacientes com FAg e FAf apresentavam valores semelhantes para CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc, idade, IMC e outros par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. Todos estavam sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e o ECOTE e ECG foram realizados no mesmo momento.</p>
      <p>Na presente amostra, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com estenose mitral. O motivo foi que a estase sangu&#237;nea causada pela obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo na valva mitral predisp&#245;e a altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, que no caso estariam mais relacionados ao pr&#243;prio fator obstrutivo do que com a amplitude das ondas f. Particularmente, portadores de estenose apresentam AE dilatados e hipertr&#243;ficos, com aumento da press&#227;o intracavit&#225;ria atrial. Uma vez que pacientes com estenose mitral s&#227;o, na sua maioria, de etiologia reum&#225;tica, apresentam idade mais jovem e menos comorbidades, apesar de maiores, os &#225;trios s&#227;o menos remodelados eletricamente gerando circuitos reentrantes maiores, que se expressam por um vetor resultante mais proeminente no ECG (FAg). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto ao tamanho do AE, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos e esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com diversas outras publica&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Isso se d&#225; pelo fato de que a dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o traduz de maneira fidedigna o grau de remodelamento el&#233;trico, estrutural e histol&#243;gico sofrido pelo &#225;trio. Em ambos os grupos, os valores encontrados para di&#226;metro e volume atriais eram elevados o que diminuiu a influ&#234;ncia dessa vari&#225;vel sobre as ondas f.</p>
      <p>J&#225; quanto a avalia&#231;&#227;o do AAE, observamos redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de fluxo do AAE em ambos os grupos, por&#233;m, sem diferen&#231;as entre eles. Apesar de ser uma estrutura anexa ao AE, o AAE contribui para a atividade el&#233;trica e mec&#226;nica atrial. Correlacionar suas altera&#231;&#245;es com a amplitude de f &#233; um desafio uma vez que muitos fatores podem influenciar na sua performance, tais como: a morfologia, fun&#231;&#227;o (medida pela velocidade de fluxo ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o), grau de fibrose e a &#225;rea do orif&#237;cio de entrada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Li et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre FAg, em pacientes com FANV, e baixa velocidade de fluxo no AAE, resultados contradit&#243;rios aos de Yamamoto et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Nakagawa et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> que mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com o grupo FAf. Por outro lado, Blackshear et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> ao avaliarem 53 pacientes envolvidos no <italic>SPAF III</italic> , n&#227;o encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre a amplitude de f e a velocidade de fluxo no AAE, justificando o achado por discord&#226;ncia temporal entre o ECG e o ECOTE. No presente estudo, houve correla&#231;&#227;o temporal satisfat&#243;ria entre o ECG e o ECOTE e, mesmo assim, n&#227;o se demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com a amplitude de f.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com a amplitude da onda f. Os grupos continham pacientes com idades, sexo e escore CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc semelhantes, conferindo maior homogeneidade e diminuindo a interfer&#234;ncia sobre outras vari&#225;veis. Dado que a amplitude de f traduz informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o remodelamento atrial, esperar&#237;amos que pacientes com FAf apresentassem maiores escores CHA <sub>2</sub> DS <sub>2</sub> VASc, dura&#231;&#227;o de FA e idades mais elevadas. Nesse contexto, o tamanho da amostra pode ter sido um fator limitante.</p>
      <p>Dentre as comorbidades apresentadas, a hipertens&#227;o foi mais prevalente no grupo FAf (90,9% vs. 77,1%) concordando com achados de Yilmaz et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e Icen et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> em pacientes com FANV. O IMC tamb&#233;m tendeu a ser maior no grupo FAf o que pode ter sido um fator confundidor, uma vez que esta rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi descrita na literatura.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados laboratoriais, no grupo FAf, os valores de PCR foram mais elevados, apesar de n&#227;o ser estatisticamente significativos. Dado que este representa a presen&#231;a de processo inflamat&#243;rio e est&#225; relacionado com o risco de AVC e progn&#243;stico em pacientes com FA, &#233; plaus&#237;vel esperar-se valores mais elevados em pacientes com FAf, j&#225; que estes apresentam &#225;trios remodelados com mais frequ&#234;ncia em decorr&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos fatores, inclusive aqueles que geram inflama&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> J&#225; os n&#237;veis de PRO-BNP encontraram-se elevados em ambos os grupos. Esse achado &#233; frequente em portadores de FA e atua como marcador de cardiopatia atrial, al&#233;m de ser indicativo de maior risco de AVC e morte nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No tocante a taxa de sucesso da CVE, esta foi de 86%, semelhante a estudos pr&#233;vios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No estudo de Zhao et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> apesar da presen&#231;a de FAg associar-se a maiores taxas de manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal ap&#243;s 6 semanas da CVE (72% vs. 42%), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no sucesso imediato do procedimento entre os grupos (100% FAg vs. 94% FAf). Dados sobre doen&#231;a valvar mitral, entretanto, n&#227;o foram mencionados e isso justificaria a recorr&#234;ncia precoce da FA ap&#243;s CVE. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> J&#225; no presente estudo, a presen&#231;a de FAg foi fator preditor independente para revers&#227;o imediata ao ritmo sinusal. Al&#233;m de maiores taxas de sucesso da CVE, a presen&#231;a de FAg resultou na necessidade de menor n&#250;mero de choques, assim como menor energia m&#225;xima e cumulativa comparada com a FAf. Isso &#233; relevante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pois contribui como mais um fator para a decis&#227;o de indica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da CVE em pacientes com FA persistente.</p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que a FAg esteja relacionada a presen&#231;a de mais m&#250;sculo vi&#225;vel nos &#225;trios que acomodam circuitos de reentrada mais organizados, facilitando a anula&#231;&#227;o das frentes de onda por meio da cardiovers&#227;o. A idade, o tipo de arritmia e dura&#231;&#227;o da FA, fatores que influenciam nas taxas de sucesso da CVE, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> n&#227;o influenciaram no poder discriminat&#243;rio da amplitude das ondas f por n&#227;o diferirem entre os grupos formados.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; deriva&#231;&#227;o analisada, escolhemos V1 por ser a que mais expressa altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#225;trios devido &#224; proximidade, por apresentar valores mais elevados da amplitude de f facilitando a medi&#231;&#227;o, e por ter sido deriva&#231;&#227;o aplicada pela maioria dos estudos publicados no t&#243;pico desde 1966.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao ponto de corte utilizado para classificar a FA, optamos pelo valor de 1,0 mm baseado no fato de que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa entre os achados quando se utiliza o valor de 0,5mm e 1mm, conforme demonstrado por Peter et al., e o valor mais alto facilita sua mensura&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte menores implica na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas mais acuradas de medi&#231;&#227;o e mais erros de aferi&#231;&#227;o, sendo poucos os ganhos em sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos antiarr&#237;tmicos como pr&#233;-tratamento antes da CVE foi permitida para melhor estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da atividade el&#233;trica atrial e como preven&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia precoce da arritmia. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O fato de a quase totalidade ter usado amiodarona diminui as interfer&#234;ncias entre os grupos no resultado da CVE. Al&#233;m disso, Nault et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> demonstraram n&#227;o haver influ&#234;ncia de antiarr&#237;tmicos como amiodarona na amplitude de f.</p>
      <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que o tamanho pequeno da amostra possa ter influenciado nos resultados, particularmente quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a amplitude de f. Estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para firmar essas rela&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A amplitude de f n&#227;o se associou a altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que sinalizam maior risco de tromboembolismo. Onda f m&#225;xima &#8805;1,0mm medida na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 associou-se a maior chance de sucesso na revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal por meio da CVE em pacientes com FANV persistente. Maior n&#250;mero de choques e energia foram necess&#225;rios para revers&#227;o ao ritmo sinusal em pacientes com FAf comparados com FAg.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Renan Teixeira Campelo pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 09597319.2.0000.5462/n&#250;mero do parecer: 3.244.400. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>F Wave Amplitude as a Predictor of Thromboembolism and Success of Electrical Cardioversion in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5614-3543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campelo</surname>
            <given-names>Renan Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffer</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Kiszka</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-875X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dagostin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5606-5960</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Italo Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Renan Teixeira Campelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: renantccampelo@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR; Acquisition of data: Campelo RT, Scheffer MK; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR, Scheffer MK; Statistical analysis: Campelo RT, Fran&#231;a JID; Writing of the manuscript: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR, Carvalho GD; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Campelo RT, Armaganijan L, Moreira DAR, Carvalho GD.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is classified according to the amplitude of fibrillatory waves (f) into fine waves (fAF) and coarse waves (cAF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To correlate the amplitude of f waves with clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic variables that indicate a high risk of thromboembolism and to assess their impact on the success of electrical cardioversion (ECV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective, observational study that included 57 patients with persistent non-valvular AF who underwent ECV. The maximum amplitude of f waves was measured in lead V1. cAF was defined when f &#8805; 1.0mm and fAF when f &lt; 1.0mm. The findings were correlated with the indicated variables. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>cAF (n = 35) was associated with greater success in ECV (94.3% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.036) even after adjusting for variables such as age and BMI (p = 0.026, OR = 11.8). Patients with fAF (n = 22) required more shocks and more energy to revert to sinus rhythm (p = 0.019 and p = 0.027, respectively). There was no significant association between f-wave amplitude and clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The amplitude of f wave was not associated with echocardiographic, clinical and laboratory parameters that indicate a high risk of thromboembolism. cAF was associated with a higher chance of success reverting to sinus rhythm employing ECV. A greater number of shocks and energy were required for reversion to sinus rhythm in patients with fAF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromboembolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is classified, according to the amplitude of the fibrillatory waves (f), into fine wave AF (fAF) and coarse wave AF (cAF). There is great controversy regarding the value of f-amplitude as a marker for inferring risks and contributing to the direction of therapeutic strategies in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the amplitude of f waves and the risk of thromboembolism determined by the clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic parameters, as well as to assess their impact on the outcome of electrical cardioversion (ECV) in patients with persistent non-valvular AF (NVAF).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective, observational study based on the analysis of medical records of 57 patients approved by the local research ethics committee.</p>
        <p>Patients of both genders with persistent NVAF (duration &gt; 7 days, not previously reversed) undergoing ECV with or without success and who had pre and post-ECV electrocardiogram (ECG) (performed immediately before and 1 hour after ECV, respectively) were included in the analysis.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were: atrial flutter, patients who had pharmacologic cardioversion, and non-interpretable ECG.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>Pre and post ECV ECG, recorded at a speed of 25 mm/s, were digitized. F wave amplitude was measured in lead V1 using the CardioCalipers&#174; 3.3 program. AF was classified according to the amplitude of f waves in cAF, when the maximum amplitude was &#8805; 1.0mm, and fAF when &lt; 1.0mm, measured by the maximum wave deflection by the previously described technique ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The maximum amplitude of the f (f-max) wave in V1 was calculated with signal magnification up to 10x for better accuracy ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). They were always identified within the T-QRS interval, paying attention to the correct distinction between U and T waves. Measurements were performed by two independent examiners who were blinded to the results of the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) and ECV.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>AF subtypes based on the amplitude of f waves in V1. At the top, cAF. On the bottom, fAF. Source: personal archive.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Calculation of wave f amplitude from peak to valley. Source: personal archive.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The duration of the p wave in lead II and the terminal deflection of the p wave in V1 (Morris index) were analyzed on the ECG after ECV, according to the technique described by Peter et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conducting and analyzing the TEE</title>
          <p>The TEE was performed with a <italic>General Electric</italic> echo with a transesophageal transducer. The acquisition of images followed the guidance of the institutional echocardiography section and was based on current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Data such as left atrium (LA) size and volume, ejection fraction (LVEF), presence of thrombus/spontaneous contrast, and left atrial appendage (LAA) flow velocity were obtained. Spontaneous contrast was defined by the presence of swirling &#8220;smoke&#8221; in the atrial cavity and classified as discrete (when seen only with high signal gain) and significant (when it occupied a large part of the atrial cavity and visualized even with low signal gain). Atrial thrombus was defined as a circumscribed, uniformly consistent and echo reflective intracavitary mass, different from the atrial endocardium and pectineal musculature and present in more than one imaging plane.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conducting and analyzing the ECV</title>
          <p>Prescription of antiarrhythmic drugs for at least one week before ECV was allowed. Patients could also be on adjunctive medications depending on underlying clinical conditions and control of the ventricular response.</p>
          <p>Shocks were performed by an attending physician, blinded to the TEE result, as long as the patient had been on a direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC) or vitamin K antagonist (target INR between 2-3) for at least 3 consecutive weeks. A biphasic direct current cardioverter was used with paddles placed in the anterior chest region (second right intercostal space) and left midclavicular line (sixth intercostal space). The shocks were synchronized with the peak of the R wave and performed with increasing intensities of energy. The protocol was interrupted after sinus rhythm was reestablished or after the loading applications had ended.</p>
          <p>In case of immediate recurrence, the procedure was repeated following the same protocol. When considering failure, the control of the ventricular response was performed. Success was defined as the maintenance of sinus rhythm for at least 1 hour after the procedure. Oral anticoagulation was continued for at least 4 weeks after ECV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Quantitative variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR), according to data normality, and categorical variables as absolute frequency and percentage.</p>
          <p>To analyze the difference between groups, the <italic>t</italic> -Student test was used for independent samples or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables (depending on the assumption of normality of the data assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). For categorical variables, Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used.</p>
          <p>A ROC curve was fitted to assess the discriminative power of the maximum amplitude of f waves measured in V1 in the success of the procedure. To determine the cutoff point, the Youden criteria were considered.</p>
          <p>A logistic regression model was used for uni and multivariable adjustment of maximum f as a predictor of success in ECV. In the multivariable model were included explanatory variables with p values &lt; 0.10 in the univariable analysis or the comparison of the cAF and fAF groups.</p>
          <p>The correlation coefficient of agreement (CCC) and C.b ( <italic>correct bias</italic> ) were used to measure intraobserver and interobserver agreement, respectively.</p>
          <p>The sample size was calculated based on evaluating the first 20 patients included in the study. Of these, 2 were unsuccessful in ECV (10%), and 18 were successful (90%), with average f-max in V1 respectively equal to 0.45 mm and 1.01 mm (SD &#177; 0.37 mm). Considering the significance level of 5%, test power of 90% and allocation of 9 to 1 (assuming that in every 10 patients, 9 are successful), to detect a difference of 0.56 mm in f-max in V1 in comparison to successful and unsuccessful cases, a total of 53 cases would be required. The calculation was performed using the Stata/SE v.14.1 program, StataCorpLP, USA.</p>
          <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0. The significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 92 selected patients, only 57 met the eligibility criteria. In 8 (14%; 95% CI: 5.0%-23.1%) of them, ECV was not successful ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study flowchart. AF: atrial fibrillation; ECG: electrocardiogram; NVAF: non-valvular AF; cAF: coarse f-waves atrial fibrillation; fAF: fine f-waves atrial fibrillation; ECV: electrical cardioversion.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical features</title>
          <p>Patients were predominantly elderly males. The most frequent comorbidity was hypertension, and more than half had CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc &#8805; 2. The most used anticoagulant was warfarin, and five patients were on DOACs. Most were pre-treated with amiodarone and were using &#946;-blockers ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>General characteristics and based on the maximum f amplitude in V1</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>General population N=57</th>
                    <th>cAF (f-max V1 &#8805; 1 mm) N=35 (61.4%)</th>
                    <th>fAF (f-max V1 &lt; 1 mm) N=22 (38.6%)</th>
                    <th>p*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.53&#177;10.86</td>
                    <td align="center">61.43&#177;12.41</td>
                    <td align="center">61.68&#177;8.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.933</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (70.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (65.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (77.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.391</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.1&#177;22.8</td>
                    <td align="center">81.0&#177;18.13</td>
                    <td align="center">94.23&#177;27.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body surface (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.79&#177;0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">1.90&#177;0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">2.05&#177;0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.77&#177;6.04</td>
                    <td align="center">28.44&#177;4.62</td>
                    <td align="center">31.88&#177;7.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (82.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (77.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (90.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.287</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (24.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (22.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.758</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (15.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (22.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.286</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.151</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (12.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PAD</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.880</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (8.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (29.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (31.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (61.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (63.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF duration (days)</td>
                    <td align="center">210 (90-365)</td>
                    <td align="center">210 (90&#8211;365)</td>
                    <td align="center">225 (60&#8211;365)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.938</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Warfarin</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (91.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (88.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (95.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.639</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DOAC</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (8.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amiodarone</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (94.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (97.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (90.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.553</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Propafenone</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.553</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#946;-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (73.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (74.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (72.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55.44&#177;11.55</td>
                    <td align="center">54.09&#177;13.64</td>
                    <td align="center">57.59&#177;6.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.948</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.91&#177;5.14</td>
                    <td align="center">47.20&#177;5.31</td>
                    <td align="center">46.45&#177;4.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.599</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA indexed volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">52.38&#177;13.73</td>
                    <td align="center">53.57&#177;14.57</td>
                    <td align="center">50.38&#177;12.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.405</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAA flow speed (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">30.26&#177;9.69</td>
                    <td align="center">28.71&#177;8.99</td>
                    <td align="center">32.83&#177;10.49</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spontaneous contrast</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (56.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (57.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (54.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA thrombus</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (8.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.639</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-ECV pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">1090 (595-1960)</td>
                    <td align="center">1280 (565&#8211;2450)</td>
                    <td align="center">870 (626-1344)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-ECV CRP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61 (0.30&#8211;1.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.25&#8211;1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10 (0.50&#8211;1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.070</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-ECV INR</td>
                    <td align="center">2.73 (2.47&#8211;3.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.73 (2.50&#8211;3.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.63 (2.43&#8211;3.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.948</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum F in V1 (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11&#177;0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41&#177;0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64&#177;0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-ECV Morris Index</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (63.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (47.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.366</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-ECV P wave duration in lead II (ms)</td>
                    <td align="center">128.41&#177;26.42</td>
                    <td align="center">130.38&#177;20.54</td>
                    <td align="center">124.35&#177;36.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.542</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Quantitative variables described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range); categorical variables described by frequency (percentage). *Association between cAF and fAF: t-Student test for independent samples or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test (quantitative variables); Fisher&#8217;s exact test (categorical variables); p &lt; 0.05. cAF: coarse f-waves atrial fibrillation; fAF: fine f-waves atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; PAD: peripheral artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulant; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage; ECV: electric cardioversion; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C reactive protein; INR: international normalized ratio.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory and echocardiographic features</title>
          <p>The mean LVEF was preserved. Only 7 patients (12.3%) had LVEF &lt; 40%. Despite anticoagulation, thrombus and/or significant spontaneous contrast in the LA were observed in 35 patients. The mean values of pre-ECV pro-BNP and C-reactive protein (CRP) were high ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic characteristics</title>
          <p>The amplitude of the f-max waves measured in V1 ranged from 0.3 to 2.9 mm. The Morris index was altered in most patients who had restored sinus rhythm, and the mean duration of the P wave in lead II in these patients was high ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Features based on the amplitude of f waves</title>
          <p>There were no differences between groups regarding clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, except for weight. The fAF group consisted of patients with higher weight values than the cAF group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ECV success</title>
          <p>None of the parameters interfered with the success of ECV. Only the presence of cAF favored this outcome (94.3% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.036; OR 6.17; 95% CI 1.21-34.5) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Association among echocardiographic, laboratory and electrocardiographic parameters with success in electric cardioversion</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>N (57)</th>
                    <th>Success N=49 (86%)</th>
                    <th>Failure N=8 (14%)</th>
                    <th>p*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">62.55&#177;10.40</td>
                    <td align="center">55.25&#177;12.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Gender Female</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (88.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (11.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (85%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.748</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (Kg)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">84.82&#177;23.39</td>
                    <td align="center">94.00&#177;18.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.296</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body surface (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.94&#177;0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">2.07&#177;0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.244</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">29.46&#177;6.03</td>
                    <td align="center">31.65&#177;6.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.344</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">47</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (89.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (10.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.126</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (85.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.975</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.332**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (85.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.977</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PAD</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1&#8211;3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.5&#8211;3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.200</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (82.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (17.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (91.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF duration (days)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">210 (100&#8211;370)</td>
                    <td align="center">135 (75&#8211;270)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.190</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amiodarone</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (88.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Propafenone</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (66.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#914;-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (88.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.443</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">55.67&#177;11.68</td>
                    <td align="center">54&#177;11.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.702</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">47.24&#177;5.11</td>
                    <td align="center">44.88&#177;5.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.229</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA indexed volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">52.67&#177;14.12</td>
                    <td align="center">50.29&#177;11.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.665</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAA flow speed (cm/s)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">29.43&#177;8.81</td>
                    <td align="center">35.25&#177;13.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.125</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spontaneous contrast</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (90.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (9.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.262</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA thrombus</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.690</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-ECV pro-BNP</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1195 (564&#8211;2005)</td>
                    <td align="center">776 (649&#8211;1272)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.607</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-ECV CRP</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.60 (0.25&#8211;1.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71 (0.55&#8211;1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.142</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre-ECV INR</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.72 (2.50&#8211;3.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.72 (2.24&#8211;2.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.836</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum F in V1 (mm)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.15&#177;0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85&#177;0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">0.118</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 1 (cAF)</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (94.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;1 (fAF)</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (72.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Quantitative variables described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range); categorical variables described by frequency (percentage). *Univariable logistic regression model and Wald test, p &lt; 0.05. ** Fisher&#8217;s exact test, p &lt; 0.05. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; PAD: peripheral artery disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage; ECV: electric cardioversion; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C reactive protein; INR: international normalized ratio; cAF: coarse f-waves atrial fibrillation; fAF: fine f-waves atrial fibrillation.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Forest plot with OR and 95% CI of clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic parameters related to success in electric cardioversion (univariable analysis). cAF: coarse f-waves atrial fibrillation; CRP: C reactive protein; LA: left atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BMI: body mass index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>An operational curve was fitted to determine the best cutoff point for maximum f in V1 associated with the success of ECV. The value of 1.0 mm was the one with the best accuracy ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>ROC curve of maximum f amplitude in V1 as a successful predictor of electric cardioversion.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Patients with fAF received a median of 3 (IQR 2&#8211;3.5) shocks compared with 2 (IQR 1&#8211;3) in the cAF group (p = 0.019). When analyzing only those with successful ECV, the fAF group required a greater number of shocks to revert to sinus rhythm [3 (IQR 1&#8211;3) vs. 2 (IQR 1&#8211;2), p = 0.064] ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ). Likewise, the maximum and cumulative energies (sum of loads) used for reversion to sinus rhythm were higher in the fAF group [150J (IQR 150&#8211;200J) vs. 150J (IQR 100&#8211;150J), p = 0.027 and 320J (IQR 200&#8211;450J) vs. 200J (IQR 100&#8211;300J), p = 0.020; respectively] ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Number of shocks delivered in each group (A) and number of shocks needed (B) for reversion to sinus rhythm in both groups. cAF: coarse f-waves atrial fibrillation; fAF: fine f-waves atrial fibrillation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Maximum (A) and cumulative (B) energies necessary for reversion to sinus rhythm in both groups. cAF: coarse f-waves atrial fibrillation; fAF: fine f-waves atrial fibrillation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0778-10410-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the multivariable analysis, the presence of cAF was associated with the success of ECV (B = 2.470, p = 0.026), regardless of age and BMI, favoring reversion to sinus rhythm by 11.8 times.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intra and interobserver variability</title>
          <p>The calculation of intraobserver variability showed CCC and C.b of 0.90 and 0.98 for maximum f in V1, respectively. Likewise, the CCC and C.b values for interobserver variability were 0.90 and 0.98, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, the amplitude of f waves was not associated with the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters suggestive of increased risk of thromboembolism. However, it contributed to the prediction of reversion to sinus rhythm using ECV.</p>
        <p>Several factors that increase the risk of thromboembolism in patients with AF are related to each other, making individual analysis difficult as independent factors. In the studied sample, all patients were on full anticoagulation (most were on warfarin and had strict pre-ECV INR control). In the publications that proposed to evaluate the correlation between f amplitude and thromboembolism, no sample consisted of 100% of patients adequately anticoagulated. In the study conducted by Icen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> for example, 89% of the patients were using anticoagulants and reports of thromboembolic events were described in patients outside the anticoagulation range. In the study of Nakagawa et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> only 54% of patients were on full anticoagulation. In the research carried out by Yamamoto et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> only those with spontaneous contrast or thrombus were indicated for anticoagulation (75%). All these studies showed percentage differences in anticoagulant therapy between groups defined based on f amplitude.</p>
        <p>Despite adequate anticoagulation in all patients in the sample, 56.1% had significant spontaneous contrast, and 8.8% had LA thrombus, showing that other mechanisms not treated by anticoagulation would still be present, increasing the risk of thromboembolism. Even so, there was no significant correlation between these findings and the amplitude of f waves, a fact also found by Nakagawa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Similarly, the presence of spontaneous contrast was not associated with f amplitude in the analysis by Yamamoto et al.;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> however, the authors reported a higher percentage of patients with LA thrombus and thromboembolic events in the fAF group, which can be explained by the lower percentage of patients on anticoagulation in this group during follow-up.</p>
        <p>Contrary to these findings, Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> found a relationship between cAF and the presence of spontaneous contrast, LA thrombus and LAA dysfunction. Although both groups were more uniform concerning anticoagulant therapy, the authors did not report on differences in the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc score between them, which could influence the variation in thrombogenesis. In addition, there was a difference of one month between the performance of the TEE and the ECG, which may have contributed to the findings. In the present study, patients with cAF and fAF had similar values for CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc, age, BMI and other clinical parameters. All were on anticoagulation, and the TEE and ECG were performed simultaneously.</p>
        <p>In the present sample, patients with mitral stenosis were not included. The reason is that blood stasis caused by flow obstruction in the mitral valve predisposes to echocardiographic changes, which in this case would be more related to the obstructive factor itself than to the amplitude of the f waves. Particularly, patients with stenosis have dilated and hypertrophic LA, with increased atrial intracavitary pressure. Since patients with mitral stenosis are mostly of rheumatic etiology and present younger age and fewer comorbidities, despite being larger, the atria are less electrically remodeled, generating larger reentrant circuits, which are expressed by a more prominent resultant vector in the ECG (cFA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As for LA size, no significant differences were observed between the groups, and these findings agree with several other publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This is because atrial dilation does not reliably reflect the degree of electrical, structural, and histological remodeling suffered by the atrium. In both groups, the values found for atrial diameter and volume were high, which reduced the influence of this variable on the f waves.</p>
        <p>As for the evaluation of the LAA, we observed a reduction in the flow velocity of the LAA in both groups, however, without differences between them. The LAA contributes to atrial electrical and mechanical activity despite being a structure attached to the LA. Correlating its changes with the amplitude of f is a challenge since many factors can influence its performance, such as morphology, function (measured by flow velocity or ejection fraction), degree of fibrosis, and the area of the entry orifice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> showed a correlation between cAF in patients with NVAF, and low flow velocity in the LAA, results contradictory to those of Yamamoto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and Nakagawa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ,</sup>who showed an association with the fAF group. On the other hand, Blackshear et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> when evaluating 53 patients involved in SPAF III, did not find a relation between the amplitude of f-waves and the flow velocity in the LAA, justifying the finding due to temporal discordance between the ECG and the TEE. In the present study, there was a satisfactory temporal correlation between these exams; even so, no significant association was demonstrated with the amplitude of f.</p>
        <p>Likewise, clinical variables showed no association with f-wave amplitude. The groups contained patients with similar age, sex and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc score, providing greater homogeneity and reducing interference with other variables. Given that the amplitude of f translates information about atrial remodeling, we would expect patients with fAF to have higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc scores, duration of AF, and older ages. In this context, the sample size may have been a limiting factor.</p>
        <p>Among the comorbidities presented, hypertension was more prevalent in the fAF group (90.9% vs. 77.1%), in agreement with the findings of Yilmaz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and Icen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in patients with NVAF. BMI also tended to be higher in the fAF group, which may have been a confounding factor since this relationship has not been described in the literature.</p>
        <p>Regarding laboratory data, in the fAF group, CRP values were higher, although not statistically significant. Given that this represents the presence of an inflammatory process and is related to the risk of stroke and prognosis in patients with AF, it is plausible to expect higher values in patients with fAF since they have more frequently remodeled atria as a result of multiple factors, including those that generate inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> On the other hand, pro-BNP levels were found to be high in both groups. This finding is frequent in patients with AF and acts as a marker of atrial heart disease, in addition to being indicative of a higher risk of stroke and death in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Similar to previous studies, the ECV success rate was 86%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In the study conducted by Zhao et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> despite cAF being associated with higher rates of maintenance of sinus rhythm after 6 weeks of ECV (72% vs. 42%), there was no difference in the immediate success of the procedure between the groups (100% cAF vs. 94% fAF). However, data on mitral valve disease were not reported, which would justify the early recurrence of AF after ECV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In the present study, the presence of cAF was an independent predictor for immediate reversion to sinus rhythm. In addition to higher ECV success rates, the presence of cAF resulted in the need for fewer shocks and lower maximum and cumulative energy compared to fAF. This is relevant in clinical practice as it contributes as one more factor to deciding whether or not to indicate ECV in patients with persistent AF.</p>
        <p>It is possible that cAF is related to the presence of more viable muscle in the atria that accommodate more organized reentry circuits, facilitating the cancellation of wave fronts through cardioversion. Age, type of arrhythmia and duration of AF, factors that influence the success rates of ECV,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> did not influence the discriminatory power of the amplitude of f waves because they did not differ between the groups formed.</p>
        <p>As for the lead analyzed, we chose V1 because it is the one that most expresses changes in the atria due to proximity, for presenting higher values of the f amplitude, facilitating measurement, and for having been the lead applied by most studies published on the topic since 1966.</p>
        <p>As for the cutoff point used to classify AF, we chose the value of 1.0 mm based on the fact that there is no significant difference between the findings when using the value of 0.5 mm and 1 mm, as demonstrated by Peter et al. and the highest value facilitates its measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Using smaller cutoff points implies more accurate measurement techniques and more measurement errors, with few gains in sensitivity and specificity.</p>
        <p>The use of antiarrhythmic drugs as a pre-treatment before ECV was allowed for better stabilization of atrial electrical activity and to prevent early recurrence of arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The fact that almost all of them used amiodarone reduces the interference between the groups in the ECV result. In addition, Nault et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> demonstrated that antiarrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone did not influence the f amplitude.</p>
        <p>It is possible that the small sample size may have influenced the results, particularly regarding the association between echocardiographic parameters and f amplitude. Studies with a greater number of patients are needed to establish these relationships.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The amplitude of f was not associated with clinical and echocardiographic changes that signal a higher risk of thromboembolism. Maximum f wave &#8805; 1.0 mm measured in lead V1 was associated with a higher chance of success in restoring sinus rhythm through ECV in patients with persistent NVAF. A greater number of shocks and energy was required for reversion to sinus rhythm in patients with fAF compared with cAF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Renan Teixeira Campelo, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number CAAE: 09597319.2.0000.5462/grant: 3.244.400. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
