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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">c8tNJ6fHNjxLxjbWFkwm9Lx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100776</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220646</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220646</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o do Mapeamento Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Superf&#237;cie por Meio de Exerc&#237;cio em Pequenos Animais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Alberto Pastore</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 AB. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>776</fpage>
      <lpage>777</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Condicionamento F&#237;sico Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>Mapeamento Potencial de Superf&#237;cie Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>H&#225; mais de 100 anos, mapas registrando os potenciais el&#233;tricos do cora&#231;&#227;o tentam representar a distribui&#231;&#227;o, na superf&#237;cie do t&#243;rax, desses eventos el&#233;tricos internos. Os registros, em seu in&#237;cio com Waller, tentaram definir um vetor resultante de uma fonte bipolar, o &#8220;vetor do cora&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, presumindo essa distribui&#231;&#227;o de potenciais como se um bipolo el&#233;trico fosse colocado dentro do t&#243;rax e aplicado &#224; superf&#237;cie corporal, com um terceiro eletrodo adicionando o componente sagital do vetor. Os tr&#234;s seriam suficientes para fornecer toda a informa&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma (ECG) a ser extra&#237;da das medi&#231;&#245;es da superf&#237;cie corporal. Somente nas d&#233;cadas de 30 e 40 procurou-se aumentar o n&#250;mero de eletrodos no t&#243;rax para detectar eventos ocorrendo em regi&#245;es card&#237;acas pr&#243;ximas &#224;s deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. Ap&#243;s 1950, finalmente, estudos demonstraram que a complexidade das informa&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas geradas no interior do cora&#231;&#227;o era muito maior que as geradas por um bipolo &#250;nico, com m&#250;ltiplas frentes de ondas nos ventr&#237;culos criando correntes que fluem para fora e para dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o em locais diversos; a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais exibiria, portanto, m&#225;ximas e m&#237;nimas variando no tempo, localizadas geralmente em &#225;reas n&#227;o exploradas pelo eletrocardiograma convencional.</p>
    <p>Novos m&#233;todos complementando o ECG e o vetorcardiograma (VCG) adicionaram mais eletrodos (dorso e precordial direito), e a partir de Wilson, o ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es passou a contar com tr&#234;s eletrodos bipolares e tr&#234;s unipolares modificados no plano frontal, al&#233;m de seis unipolares no t&#243;rax anterior (precordiais). Esses s&#227;o suficientes para registrar a maior parte das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os eventos el&#233;tricos no cora&#231;&#227;o. Por&#233;m, a express&#227;o global da atividade el&#233;trica mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o pode ser captada sem que haja um n&#250;mero maior de deriva&#231;&#245;es registradas simultaneamente.</p>
    <p>O Mapeamento Eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de Superf&#237;cie <italic>(BSPM, body surface potential mapping)</italic> tem a possibilidade de detalhar espacialmente, de forma n&#227;o invasiva, os componentes el&#233;tricos n&#227;o bipolares, al&#233;m do componente bipolar da atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o. &#201; sens&#237;vel aos eventos regionais dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o, pois capta a distribui&#231;&#227;o potencial na superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea e permite avaliar os v&#225;rios aspectos do campo card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Avaliar manualmente um grande n&#250;mero de eletrogramas registrados ao mesmo tempo exige processamento computadorizado, raz&#227;o pela qual somente a partir da d&#233;cada de 60, com a evolu&#231;&#227;o da inform&#225;tica, a t&#233;cnica de BSPM tornou-se utiliz&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica. Nas d&#233;cadas de 70 e 80, foram desenvolvidos v&#225;rios sistemas de coloca&#231;&#227;o de eletrodos tor&#225;cicos.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia do BSPM no Brasil teve in&#237;cio em 1990,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> quando conseguimos adquirir o equipamento da Fukuda Denshi 7100, o primeiro a ser fabricado no mundo e para uso do qual realizamos treinamento no Jap&#227;o (T&#243;quio).</p>
    <p>Desta forma, desenvolvemos, nestas tr&#234;s &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, trabalhos pioneiros em todas as especialidades da Cardiologia, nas quais tivemos a parceria no desenvolvimento de pesquisas e teses publicadas de diversos colegas do InCor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A Bioengenharia do InCor-HCFMUSP tem trabalhado no desenvolvimento de um sistema BSPM com 64 deriva&#231;&#245;es totalmente nacional desde 2016, para o qual a Unidade de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso tem contribu&#237;do.</p>
    <p>Nessa constru&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foram aprovadas e publicadas as primeiras experi&#234;ncias na an&#225;lise do BSPM, incluindo vetorcardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do BSPM tem sido muito promissora, principalmente do ponto de vista experimental, pois agrega a possibilidade de colocar um n&#250;mero muito maior de deriva&#231;&#245;es que o ECG convencional e uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de mapas isopotenciais e is&#243;cronos.</p>
    <p>Nesta publica&#231;&#227;o do grupo russo liderado pela Dra. Irina Roshchevskaya,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> muito reconhecida em trabalhos experimentais com pequenos animais na Eletrocardiografia, encontramos experi&#234;ncias interessantes.</p>
    <p>A primeira delas &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do BSPM em pequenos animais, cuja adapta&#231;&#227;o dos eletrodos &#233; um grande desafio, trazendo uma experi&#234;ncia inovadora neste campo.</p>
    <p>Os autores avaliaram a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cios exaustivos agudos em esteira, em ratos n&#227;o treinados, utilizando o BSPM em combina&#231;&#227;o com o ECG convencional.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos mapas isopotenciais, atrav&#233;s do BSPM, para avaliar a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; uma ferramenta bem estudada. Neste estudo, a originalidade est&#225; no uso deste recurso em ratos submetidos a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico exaustivo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do BSPM, nesses animais submetidos ao exerc&#237;cio exaustivo, n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o espacial das distribui&#231;&#245;es dos potenciais de superf&#237;cie corporal durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Houve, sim, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o da fase m&#233;dia e na dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bem como mudan&#231;as na amplitude do extremo negativo dos BSPMs.</p>
    <p>Os resultados mostraram que esta atividade causa altera&#231;&#245;es revers&#237;veis nas caracter&#237;sticas temporais e de amplitude do BSPM durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, provavelmente relacionadas a altera&#231;&#245;es na excita&#231;&#227;o da massa principal do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular. Estes achados podem contribuir para a an&#225;lise da atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca em atletas de alta performance.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Mapeamento Potencial de Superf&#237;cie Corporal durante a Despolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Ratos Ap&#243;s Exerc&#237;cio Exaustivo Agudo</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Applicability of Body Surface Potential Mapping Through Exercise in Small Animals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6134-629X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pastore</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Alberto Pastore &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Eletrocardiografia de Repouso - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 AB. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira Cesar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>ecg_pastore@incor.usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Conditionning</kwd>
        <kwd>Animal</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Surface Potential Mapping</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The electrical potentials of the heart have been recorded for over a hundred years to represent the distribution of these internal electrical events on the torso surface. Such recordings that started with Waller tried to establish a resultant vector from a bipolar source, the &#8220;heart vector,&#8221; assuming that this distribution of potentials would act as if an electrical bipole was inserted inside the thorax and applied to the body surface, with a third electrode adding the sagittal component of the vector. The three would be enough to supply all the electrocardiogram (ECG) information extracted from measurements from the body surface. It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that the number of electrodes on the chest surface was tentatively increased to detect events occurring in cardiac areas near the precordial leads. Finally, after 1950 some studies demonstrated that the complexity of the electrical information generated inside the heart was far greater than that generated by a sole bipole, with multiple wavefronts in the ventricles creating currents that flow into and from the heart in several places; the potentials, therefore, would exhibit maximum and minimum distributions varying with time, usually located in areas unexplored by the conventional electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>New methodologies complementing the ECG and vectorcardiogram (ECG) added new electrodes (dorsal and right precordial leads), and, since Wilson, the 12-lead ECG started to have three bipolar and three unipolar modified leads in the frontal plane, in addition to six unipolar (precordial) leads on the anterior chest, which can record most of the information about electrical events in the heart. However, the myocardial electrical activity global expression cannot be captured without a larger number of simultaneously recorded leads.</p>
      <p>The body surface potential mapping (BSPM) can provide, spatially and noninvasively, in great detail, both the electrical non-bipolar components and the bipolar component of the cardiac electrical activity. It is responsive to regional events inside the heart by capturing the distribution of potentials on the body surface and evaluating the various aspects within the cardiac field.</p>
      <p>Manual assessment of a large number of electrograms recorded simultaneously demands computerized processing, and for this reason, it was only in the 1960s that the BSPM became usable in medical practice. Several systems were developed in the 1970s and 1980s to deploy electrodes across the torso.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the experience with the BSPM methodology began early in the 1990s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> when we could acquire the 87-lead Fukuda Denshi 7100 equipment, the first to be manufactured in the world; we were trained for its use at the manufacturer's premises in Japan (Tokyo).</p>
      <p>During the last three decades, thereby, we developed pioneering studies in all the specialties of Cardiology, including our partnership with colleagues developing doctoral theses at InCor HCFMUSP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Biomedical Engineering Department of InCor HCFMUSP has been working on the development of a fully nationalized 64-lead BSPM equipment since 2016, with the contribution of the Electrocardiography Unit of InCor.</p>
      <p>The first experiences with the BSPM analysis with this new equipment, including vectorcardiography, have already been approved and published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The evolution of BSPM utilization has been very promising, especially from the experimental viewpoint, since it enables placing a much bigger number of electrodes than with standard ECG and forward evaluation of isopotential and isochronal maps.</p>
      <p>In the article by the Russian group headed by Dr. Irina Roshchevskaya,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> who has deep knowledge in experimental work with Electrocardiography in small animals, we find interesting experiences, such as using BSPM in small animals with a very challenging adaptation of electrodes; this work brings us an innovative experience in this field.</p>
      <p>The authors evaluated the electrical activity of the heart of untrained rats during ventricular depolarization after the performance of acute exhaustive exercises on a treadmill using the BSPM combined with the standard ECG.</p>
      <p>Using isopotential maps obtained from the BSPM to assess the heart's electrical activity during ventricular depolarization is an extensively studied tool. The novelty of this study is the use of this resource in rats submitted to exhaustive physical exercise. BSPM evaluation of these animals under such conditions did not reveal any alteration of the spatial pattern of body surface potential distribution during ventricular depolarization. What could be seen was a decrease in the duration of the middle phase and in the overall duration of the ventricular depolarization, as well as in the amplitude of BSPM negative extremum.</p>
      <p>The results showed that this activity causes reversible alterations of BSPM temporal features and amplitudes during ventricular depolarization, which are related to alterations of the main ventricular myocardial mass excitability. These findings may contribute to the analysis of cardiac electrical activation in high-performance athletes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Body Surface Potential Mapping during Ventricular Depolarization in Rats after Acute Exhaustive Exercise</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
