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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fcfqSJBxd3b4pRwwvbwdGyh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005014203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100766</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20211058</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mapeamento Potencial de Superf&#237;cie Corporal durante a Despolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Ratos Ap&#243;s Exerc&#237;cio Exaustivo Agudo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6140-1252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ivonin</surname>
            <given-names>Alexey G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smirnova</surname>
            <given-names>Svetlana L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roshchevskaya</surname>
            <given-names>Irina M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Comparative Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Syktyvkar</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="RU">Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Syktyvkar &#8211; Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laboratory of Pharmacological Screening</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Research Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Moscow</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="RU">Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Laboratory of Pharmacological Screening &#8211; Research Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology , Moscow &#8211; Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexey G. Ivonin &#8226; Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences &#8211; 24 Kommunisticheskaya str. Syktyvkar 167982 &#8211; Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa E-mail: <email>alexivonin@mail.ru</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ivonin AG, Smirnova SL, Roshchevskaya IM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ivonin AG, Roshchevskaya IM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Ivonin AG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>766</fpage>
      <lpage>775</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico exaustivo pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es significantes nas propriedades el&#233;tricas do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar, atrav&#233;s do mapeamento potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal, a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Ratos machos com doze semanas de idade foram submetidos a exerc&#237;cio agudo em esteira a 36 m/min at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. Eletrocardiogramas unipolares (ECGs) da superf&#237;cie do tronco foram registrados em ratos anestesiados com zoletil tr&#234;s a cinco dias antes (Pr&#233;-Ex), 5 e 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo (P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10, respectivamente) simultaneamente com ECGs nas deriva&#231;&#245;es dos membros. Os mapas potenciais de superf&#237;cie corporal instant&#226;neos (BSPMs, <italic>body surface potential maps</italic> ) foram analisados durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Comparado com o Pr&#233;-Ex, uma conclus&#227;o precoce da segunda invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial, uma conclus&#227;o precoce da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bem como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o da fase m&#233;dia e a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs foram reveladas no P&#243;s-Ex5. Al&#233;m disso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex, um aumento na amplitude do extremo negativo do BSPM no pico da onda R no ECG na deriva&#231;&#227;o II (pico RII) e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na amplitude do extremo negativo do BSPM a 3 e 4 ms ap&#243;s o pico RII foram demonstrados no P&#243;s-Ex 5. No P&#243;s-Ex 10, os par&#226;metros dos BSPMs n&#227;o diferiram daqueles do Pr&#233;-Ex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Em ratos, o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo causa altera&#231;&#245;es revers&#237;veis nas caracter&#237;sticas temporais e de amplitude dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, provavelmente relacionadas a altera&#231;&#245;es na excita&#231;&#227;o da massa principal do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios</kwd>
        <kwd>Agudo</kwd>
        <kwd>Mapeamento de Potencial de Superf&#237;cie Corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, o excesso de exerc&#237;cio pode causar danos ao organismo, principalmente ao cora&#231;&#227;o. V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s epis&#243;dios agudos de exerc&#237;cios de resist&#234;ncia prolongados em indiv&#237;duos aparentemente saud&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O excesso de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ser um gatilho para arritmias ventriculares malignas, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em pessoas suscet&#237;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A pesquisa sobre o impacto do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo no sistema cardiovascular &#233; essencial. Mas, em humanos, &#233; dif&#237;cil determinar objetivamente a exaust&#227;o em condi&#231;&#245;es de laborat&#243;rio, uma vez que ela &#233; medida pela incapacidade do indiv&#237;duo de manter o regime de exerc&#237;cios por esfor&#231;o volitivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, a vantagem dos modelos animais (por exemplo, ratos, camundongos) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de respostas fisiol&#243;gicas a exerc&#237;cios exaustivos &#233; que existem crit&#233;rios objetivos para a defini&#231;&#227;o de exaust&#227;o, como a incapacidade de um animal continuar correndo apesar dos est&#237;mulos externos durante um teste de corrida em esteira <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ou afundar em uma piscina durante um teste de nata&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Numerosos estudos em animais de laborat&#243;rio mostraram danos ao tecido mioc&#225;rdico e comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associados &#224; apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos, estresse oxidativo e respostas inflamat&#243;rias ap&#243;s epis&#243;dios agudos de exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#201; relatado que o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo causa altera&#231;&#245;es nos padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos em ratos, sugerindo altera&#231;&#245;es na despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O mapeamento potencial da superf&#237;cie corporal com base em um registro simult&#226;neo de potenciais gerados pelo cora&#231;&#227;o, a partir de v&#225;rios locais, em toda a superf&#237;cie do tronco, fornece mais informa&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e diagn&#243;sticas sobre eventos el&#233;tricos no mioc&#225;rdio em compara&#231;&#227;o com a eletrocardiografia convencional. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ao utilizar o mapeamento potencial da superf&#237;cie corporal, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o em ratos de laborat&#243;rio durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais experimentais</title>
        <p>Ratos albinos machos n&#227;o consangu&#237;neos de doze semanas de idade (n=24), pesando entre 200 e 300 g, foram adquiridos da <italic>Stolbovaya Branch of the Scientific Center for Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency</italic> (Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa). Os ratos foram alojados em gaiolas grupais em uma sala com temperatura controlada (22 &#177; 2&#176;C) sob um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas e alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o comercial padr&#227;o para roedores e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic> . Todos os procedimentos e protocolos experimentais foram realizados de acordo com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio publicado pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> (Publica&#231;&#227;o NIH No. 85-23, revisado em 1996) e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da <italic>Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</italic> (Syktyvkar, Federa&#231;&#227;o Russa).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>Uma esteira motorizada para roedores (Panlab / Harvard Apparatus, Espanha) foi utilizada para criar o exerc&#237;cio agudo exaustivo para ratos. Pulsos el&#233;tricos leves (0,5 mA) da grade eletrificada na parte traseira da esteira motivaram os animais a se exercitarem. Antes do experimento, os ratos foram acostumados ao exerc&#237;cio em esteira por tr&#234;s dias consecutivos (10 min/dia, 12-36 m/min, 0&#176; de inclina&#231;&#227;o). Apenas alguns ratos, capazes de correr em modo adaptativo, foram selecionados para o estudo mais aprofundado. No dia do teste de exerc&#237;cio, os ratos correram a uma velocidade de 36 m/min e inclina&#231;&#227;o de 0&#176; at&#233; a exaust&#227;o. A exaust&#227;o foi definida como o ponto em que o rato n&#227;o conseguia mais correr, apesar de ser empurrado contra a grade de choque pela esteira em movimento. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O tempo de corrida at&#233; a exaust&#227;o foi calculado com o software Sedacom vers&#227;o 2.0 (Panlab / Harvard Apparatus, Espanha).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiografia convencional e mapeamento potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal</title>
        <p>O registro da atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca foi realizado tr&#234;s a cinco dias antes (Pr&#233;-Ex), 5 e 10 minutos ap&#243;s (P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10, respectivamente) o exerc&#237;cio agudo exaustivo. Os ratos foram anestesiados com Zoletil (combina&#231;&#227;o de tiletamina/zolazepam, Virbac, Fran&#231;a) na dose de 3,5 mg/100 g, i.m. e colocados em dec&#250;bito dorsal sobre uma almofada de aquecimento para manter a temperatura corporal aproximadamente em 37&#176;C. Eletrocardiogramas unipolares (ECGs) foram registrados a partir de eletrodos agulha subcut&#226;neos, distribu&#237;dos uniformemente ao redor do tronco, desde o n&#237;vel da jun&#231;&#227;o cervicotor&#225;cica at&#233; as margens costais inferiores ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Foram utilizados 64 eletrodos no Pr&#233;-Ex e 32 eletrodos no P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10. Simultaneamente com ECGs unipolares da superf&#237;cie do tronco, ECGs foram registrados em deriva&#231;&#245;es de membros bipolares. O terminal central Wilson serviu como refer&#234;ncia para deriva&#231;&#245;es unipolares do tronco. Os dados foram adquiridos utilizando um sistema de computador multicanal (largura de banda de 0,05-1000 Hz, taxa de amostragem de 4000 Hz e precis&#227;o de 16 bits). Os ratos tiveram um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s a cinco dias para se recuperar da anestesia antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. Para registro dos potenciais card&#237;acos p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, os ratos foram anestesiados imediatamente ap&#243;s a exaust&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Posi&#231;&#245;es dos eletrodos na superf&#237;cie corporal do rato utilizando 64 deriva&#231;&#245;es unipolares no tronco. Quatro fileiras de eletrodos de agulha foram colocados na superf&#237;cie ventral e quatro fileiras na superf&#237;cie dorsal do corpo (oito eletrodos em cada fileira). Ao usar 32 deriva&#231;&#245;es unipolares do tronco, o n&#250;mero de fileiras de eletrodos nas superf&#237;cies ventral e dorsal do corpo diminuiu duas vezes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o dos intervalos R-R e os par&#226;metros de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, dura&#231;&#227;o e amplitude das ondas R e S, soma das amplitudes das ondas R e S) foram analisados no ECG na deriva&#231;&#227;o II do membro (ECG <sub>II</sub> ). Os intervalos R-R foram usados para calcular a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC). Com base nos ECGs unipolares, foram constru&#237;dos mapas equipotenciais (isopotenciais) instant&#226;neos da superf&#237;cie corporal, refletindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais card&#237;acos em cada instante de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em um padr&#227;o plano da superf&#237;cie tor&#225;cica alinhado a um plano retangular. Os mapas potenciais de superf&#237;cie corporal (BSPMs, <italic>body surface potential maps</italic> ) analisaram a localiza&#231;&#227;o espacial e as trajet&#243;rias de deslocamento das &#225;reas e extremos de potenciais positivos e negativos na superf&#237;cie do t&#243;rax, as amplitudes dos extremos em instantes sequenciais de tempo durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, as amplitudes m&#225;ximas dos extremos para toda a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e o momento em que os extremos atingiram amplitudes m&#225;ximas. As caracter&#237;sticas temporais dos BSPMs foram apresentadas em ms em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda RII (at&#233; o pico R <sub>II</sub> &#8211; com sinal negativo).</p>
        <p>De acordo com a din&#226;mica espa&#231;o-temporal da distribui&#231;&#227;o do potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal, as seguintes fases de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram diferenciadas: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Fase inicial &#8211; desde a forma&#231;&#227;o de um padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o potencial card&#237;aco, correspondente &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, at&#233; a conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o de &#225;reas potenciais positivas e negativas.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fase m&#233;dia &#8211; desde a conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o at&#233; a conclus&#227;o da segunda invers&#227;o de &#225;reas potenciais.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Fase terminal &#8211; desde a conclus&#227;o da segunda invers&#227;o de &#225;reas potenciais at&#233; o desaparecimento do padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o potencial correspondente &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Para cada rato, as caracter&#237;sticas do ECG <sub>II</sub> e BSPMs foram determinadas de tr&#234;s a cinco batimentos no Pr&#233;-Ex, P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo pacote de <italic>software</italic> Statistica (vers&#227;o 10.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, EUA). A normalidade dos dados cont&#237;nuos foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal foram apresentadas como mediana, primeiro e terceiro quartis. Para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas, seguida do teste de compara&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Dunnett como an&#225;lise <italic>post-hoc</italic> . Quando os dados n&#227;o estavam distribu&#237;dos normalmente, foi realizado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Friedman, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon com ajuste de Bonferroni. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em n&#237;vel alfa de 0,05, exceto para o teste de Wilcoxon, no qual o n&#237;vel alfa foi ajustado para 0,025 (de acordo com o n&#250;mero de compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas) para evitar erro tipo I. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por conveni&#234;ncia. Foram considerados dados <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> indicando que at&#233; 10% dos ratos de fornecedores comerciais se recusam a correr em esteira e precisam ser eliminados dos estudos de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desempenho no exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>Dos 24 ratos utilizados em sess&#245;es de familiariza&#231;&#227;o de corrida, 20 foram selecionados para o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo de acordo com sua capacidade de corrida. Nesses ratos, o tempo de corrida at&#233; a exaust&#227;o foi de 19,5 &#177; 5,6 min.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros convencionais de ECG</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra os achados do ECG <sub>II</sub> . N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significantes nos valores de FC ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira. Comparados aos valores do Pr&#233;-Ex, a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS <sub>II</sub> e a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda R <sub>II</sub> foram menores no P&#243;s-Ex 5. Comparados com os do Pr&#233;-Ex, a amplitude da onda S <sub>II</sub> e a soma das amplitudes das ondas R <sub>II</sub> e S <sub>II</sub> foram maiores no P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10. N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as significantes na dura&#231;&#227;o da onda S <sub>II</sub> ou na amplitude da onda R <sub>II</sub> ap&#243;s corrida exaustiva em esteira.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros ECG II antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em esteira</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;-Ex</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-Ex 5</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s-Ex 10</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">480,3 &#177; 23,3</td>
                  <td align="center">484,5 &#177; 25,2</td>
                  <td align="center">490,7 &#177; 28,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS <sub>II</sub> , ms</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3 &#177; 1,2*</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda R <sub>II</sub> , ms</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 0,9*</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da onda S <sub>II</sub> , ms</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amplitude da onda R <sub>II</sub> , mV</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 &#177; 0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amplitude da onda S <sub>II</sub> , mV</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,28 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,35 &#177; 0,18*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,35 &#177; 0,19*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Soma das amplitudes das ondas R <sub>II</sub> e S <sub>II</sub> , mV</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,20*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98&#177;0,20*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (n = 20). Pr&#233;-Ex: antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 5: 5 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 10: 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Dunnett; *p &lt; 0,05 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Padr&#227;o espacial dos BSPMs</title>
        <p>Antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo, o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal, correspondente ao in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi observado antes do aparecimento do complexo QRS no ECG <sub>II</sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , instante Pr&#233;-Ex,&#8211;9 ms). Nesse caso, a &#225;rea dos potenciais card&#237;acos positivos cobria a parte cranial do t&#243;rax ventral e todo o dorso do t&#243;rax, com o extremo positivo localizado principalmente no ter&#231;o cranial do t&#243;rax lateral esquerdo. A &#225;rea de potenciais negativos e o extremo negativo localizavam-se na parte caudal do t&#243;rax ventral. Durante a subida da onda R <sub>II</sub> , ocorreu a primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial nos BSPMs e, como resultado, as &#225;reas positivas e negativas mudaram suas posi&#231;&#245;es relativas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , Pr&#233;-Ex, instante &#8211;5,5 ms). Ao t&#233;rmino da primeira invers&#227;o, o extremo positivo localizava-se de forma caudal no t&#243;rax ventral, e o extremo negativo localizava-se cranialmente, mais frequentemente no dorso. No instante do pico da onda R <sub>II</sub> , a localiza&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas e extremos nos BSPMs permaneceu essencialmente inalterada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , Pr&#233;-Ex, instante 0 ms). Durante a descida das ondas R <sub>II</sub> e S <sub>II</sub> , a segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potenciais foi observada nos BSPMs e, como consequ&#234;ncia, a &#225;rea de potenciais negativos se localizou na parte caudal do t&#243;rax, lateralmente ou ventralmente &#224; esquerda, enquanto a &#225;rea de potenciais positivos ocupou a superf&#237;cie tor&#225;cica remanescente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , Pr&#233;-Ex, instante 4,0 ms). Ao completar a segunda invers&#227;o, o extremo positivo se deslocou cranialmente e lateralmente &#224; direita, com o extremo negativo sendo localizado caudalmente no lado esquerdo do t&#243;rax. Durante a transi&#231;&#227;o da onda S <sub>II</sub> para a onda T <sub>II</sub> , foi registrado um padr&#227;o nos BSPMs de uma posi&#231;&#227;o inst&#225;vel das &#225;reas positiva e negativa, que indicava a conclus&#227;o da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , Pr&#233;-Ex, instante 5,5 ms). Ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo, as distribui&#231;&#245;es potenciais espaciais durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram bastante semelhantes &#224;s do Pr&#233;-Ex ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mapas equipotenciais da superf&#237;cie corporal durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira do mesmo rato. As &#225;reas de potenciais positivos (preenchidas) e negativos s&#227;o mostradas. Os sinais, mais e menos, denotam a localiza&#231;&#227;o dos extremos positivo e negativo, respectivamente. Abaixo de cada mapa, s&#227;o mostrados o tempo relativo ao pico da onda RII e as amplitudes dos extremos positivo e negativo. Perto de cada mapa, o ECGII &#233; mostrado com um marcador de tempo (linha vertical). O espa&#231;amento de contorno isopotencial &#233; de 0,2 mV. Em cada mapa, a parte esquerda representa a superf&#237;cie ventral do corpo e a direita representa a superf&#237;cie dorsal do corpo. Pr&#233;-Ex: antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 5: 5 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 10: 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas temporais dos BSPMs</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significantes no momento do in&#237;cio da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou no momento da conclus&#227;o da primeira invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es potenciais nos BSPMs ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Comparada com a do Pr&#233;-Ex, a segunda invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es potenciais nos BSPMs foi conclu&#237;da significantemente mais cedo no P&#243;s-Ex 5 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Al&#233;m disso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex, a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs foi conclu&#237;da significantemente mais cedo no P&#243;s-Ex 5 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros temporais dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira. O tempo &#233; mostrado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda RII. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (n = 20). Pr&#233;-Ex: antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 5: 5 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 10: 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Dunnett; *p &lt; 0,05 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significantes na dura&#231;&#227;o das fases inicial e terminal da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs ap&#243;s corrida exaustiva em esteira ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com as do Pr&#233;-Ex, a dura&#231;&#227;o da fase m&#233;dia e a dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular diminu&#237;ram no P&#243;s-Ex 5 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o das fases individuais e dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio agudo exaustivo em esteira. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (n = 20). Pr&#233;-Ex: antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 5: 5 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 10: 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. ANOVA de medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Dunnett; *p &lt; 0,05 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos extremos de BSPM</title>
        <p>Durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, as amplitudes dos extremos positivo e negativo dos BSPMs pr&#233; e p&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira aumentaram progressivamente, atingindo valores m&#225;ximos pr&#243;ximos ao pico da onda R <sub>II</sub> , depois diminu&#237;ram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> , <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es significantes nas amplitudes m&#225;ximas dos extremos dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, nem no momento em que os extremos atingiram amplitudes m&#225;ximas ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Amplitudes dos extremos do BSPM em diferentes instantes de tempo durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular antes e ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em esteira</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="10">Momento, ms</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>-5</th>
                  <th>-4</th>
                  <th>-3</th>
                  <th>-2</th>
                  <th>-1</th>
                  <th>0</th>
                  <th>1</th>
                  <th>2</th>
                  <th>3</th>
                  <th>4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Extremo positivo, mV</td>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-Ex</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 (0,06; 0,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 (0,19; 0,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 (0,41; 0,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 (0,80; 1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (0,90; 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,79; 1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 (0,54; 0,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45 (0,17; 0,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,29; 0,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 (0,33; 0,52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-Ex 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 (0,05; 0,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 (0,19; 0,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 (0,43; 0,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 (0,67; 1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,78; 1,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 (0,77; 1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 (0,39; 0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33 (0,22; 0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 (0,19; 0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 (0,20; 0,46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s -Ex 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 (0,06; 0,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,19; 0,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67 (0,44; 0,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,56;1,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 (0,75; 1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 (0,76; 1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 (0,28; 0,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39 (0,18; 0,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41 (0,21; 0,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4 (0,2; 0,53)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Extremo negativo, mV</td>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-Ex</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,14 (-0,11; -0,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,28 (-0,16; -0,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,40 (-0,26; -0,52)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,58 (-0,38; -0,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,64 (-0,51; -0,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,71 (-0,62; -0,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,58 (-0,49; -0,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,42 (-0,29; -0,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,28 (-0,20; -0,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16 (-0,09; -0,27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s -Ex 5</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,14 (-0,07; -0,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,26 (-0,18; -0,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,42 (-0,27; -0,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,57 (-0,41;-0,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,65 (-0,58; -0,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,77 (-0,68; -0,92)*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,65 (-0,44; -0,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,39 (-0,22; -0,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,21 (-0,14; -0,30)*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,08 (-0,05; -0,189)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s -Ex 10</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,16 (-0,08; -0,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,29 (-0,17; -0,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,45 (-0,30; -0,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,60 (-0,40; -0,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,66 (-0,55; -0,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,75 (-0,60; -0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,67 (-0,45; -0,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,39 (-0,20; -0,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,23 (-0,13; -0,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,12 (-0,06; -0,23)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>O tempo &#233; mostrado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda RII. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como mediana, primeiro e terceiro quartis (n = 20). Pr&#233;-Ex: antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 5: 5 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 10: 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. Teste de Wilcoxon com ajuste de Bonferroni; *p &lt; 0,025 vs. Pr&#233;-Ex no mesmo tempo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Amplitudes m&#225;ximas de extremos positivo (A) e negativo (B) nos BSPMs durante despolariza&#231;&#227;o e o momento em que os extremos positivo e negativo atingiram amplitudes m&#225;ximas (C e D, respectivamente) antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em esteira. O tempo &#233; mostrado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico da onda RII. Os dados s&#227;o expressos em mediana, primeiro e terceiro quartis, valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo (n = 20). Pr&#233;-Ex: antes do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 5: 5 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo; P&#243;s-Ex 10: 10 minutos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo. Teste de Friedman, p &gt; 0,05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As amplitudes dos extremos de BSPM em diferentes instantes de tempo durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Devido &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es individuais nos tempos de in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs, o intervalo de tempo correspondente &#224; despolariza&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos em todos os animais estudados (ou seja, de -5 a 4 ms em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pico R <sub>II</sub> ) foi analisado. Em cada momento analisado do intervalo de tempo escolhido, n&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es significantes na amplitude do extremo positivo do BSPM ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira. No momento do pico R <sub>II</sub> , a amplitude do extremo negativo do BSPM no P&#243;s-Ex 5 foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , momento 0 ms). Al&#233;m disso, a 3 e 4 ms ap&#243;s o pico R <sub>II</sub> , as amplitudes do extremo negativo do BSPM no P&#243;s-Ex 5 foram menores em compara&#231;&#227;o com as do Pr&#233;-Ex ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> , momentos 3 e 4 ms).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, avaliamos a atividade el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em esteira em ratos previamente n&#227;o treinados, utilizando mapeamento potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal em combina&#231;&#227;o com eletrocardiografia convencional.</p>
      <p>A resposta cardiovascular imediata ao exerc&#237;cio for&#231;ado em esteira em roedores &#233; o aumento da FC <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> garantindo o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Em ratos Wistar, a acelera&#231;&#227;o da FC, durante a corrida em esteira, &#233; determinada predominantemente pela atividade do nervo auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco, especialmente pelo aumento do fluxo simp&#225;tico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC, ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, &#233; provavelmente a manifesta&#231;&#227;o da reativa&#231;&#227;o vagal. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores em ratos n&#227;o treinados demonstraram o decl&#237;nio da FC para o n&#237;vel inicial aos 10 minutos ap&#243;s corrida exaustiva aguda em esteira. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No presente estudo, em ambas as situa&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo (P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10), os valores da FC foram quase iguais aos da linha basal (Pr&#233;-Ex). Em nossa opini&#227;o, esses resultados podem ser explicados por uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FC para o n&#237;vel pr&#233;-exerc&#237;cio nos primeiros 5 minutos ap&#243;s a corrida at&#233; a exaust&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Em seres humanos saud&#225;veis, a resposta do ECG ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico consiste tanto em uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS ou em nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O encurtamento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS com o exerc&#237;cio em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#233; atribu&#237;do ao aumento da velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, devido ao aumento do t&#244;nus adren&#233;rgico. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Enquanto isso, o prolongamento do QRS com o exerc&#237;cio &#233; considerado um achado anormal do ECG e pode servir como marcador de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Foi observado o prolongamento significante da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, acompanhado pelo comprometimento da capacidade funcional card&#237;aca em ratos Sprague-Dawley saud&#225;veis, que foram submetidos a exerc&#237;cio exaustivo aguda em esteira, em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus controles sedent&#225;rios. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Encontramos uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS <sub>II</sub> e da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda R <sub>II</sub> no P&#243;s-Ex em compara&#231;&#227;o com a do Pr&#233;-Ex, enquanto no P&#243;s-Ex 10, esses par&#226;metros retornaram ao n&#237;vel pr&#243;ximo ao Pr&#233;-Ex. &#201; geralmente aceito que, em humanos, a onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es de membros no ECG representa a despolariza&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito, e a onda S reflete predominantemente a excita&#231;&#227;o das partes basais dos ventr&#237;culos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A g&#234;nese das ondas R e S em ECGs em ratos &#233; semelhante &#224; de humanos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Assim, nossos resultados sugerem que as mudan&#231;as na dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em ratos estavam relacionadas a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria na dura&#231;&#227;o da excita&#231;&#227;o da maior parte do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular.</p>
      <p>Em humanos aparentemente saud&#225;veis, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda R, com ou sem aumento da amplitude da onda S, &#233; observada nos ECGs no exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o na amplitude da onda R, com exerc&#237;cio extenuante, &#233; atribu&#237;da a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> bem como a altera&#231;&#245;es na ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> enquanto presume-se que o aumento na amplitude da onda S est&#225; relacionado a deslocamentos do eixo el&#233;trico ou altera&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o ventricular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, a amplitude da onda R <sub>II</sub> n&#227;o se alterou ap&#243;s a corrida exaustiva em esteira. Entretanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex, a amplitude da onda S <sub>II</sub> aumentou no P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10. Uma vez que a soma das amplitudes das ondas R <sub>II</sub> e S <sub>II</sub> tamb&#233;m aumentou no P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10, as varia&#231;&#245;es na amplitude da onda S <sub>II</sub> ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo provavelmente n&#227;o foram resultado de um desvio do eixo QRS. Devido &#224; falta de um segmento ST isoel&#233;trico em ratos, o aumento da amplitude da onda S no ECG de ratos &#233; considerado como depress&#227;o do segmento ST e &#233; interpretado como um sinal de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Assim, no presente estudo, o aumento da amplitude da onda S <sub>II</sub> em ratos exaustos pode ser causado por altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio nos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essa suposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Mudan&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o espacial dos potenciais card&#237;acos na superf&#237;cie do corpo, durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, s&#227;o indicadores de altera&#231;&#245;es na dire&#231;&#227;o das frentes de onda de excita&#231;&#227;o nos ventr&#237;culos card&#237;acos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Miller et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> observaram mudan&#231;as significantes na trajet&#243;ria de migra&#231;&#227;o do extremo negativo, bem como o aparecimento dos extremos anteriores positivos adicionais nos BSPMs durante o complexo QRS, no exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que eles consideraram como sendo devido a um atraso na ativa&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio da excita&#231;&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo direito e septo intraventricular.</p>
      <p>Takala et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> n&#227;o revelaram altera&#231;&#245;es nos padr&#245;es espaciais dos BSPMs do intervalo QRS-tempo ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. No presente estudo, os padr&#245;es espaciais do BSPM durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram semelhantes aos observados anteriormente em ratos Wistar saud&#225;veis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> As localiza&#231;&#245;es das &#225;reas e extremos, e sua din&#226;mica nos BSPMs em P&#243;s-Ex 5 e P&#243;s-Ex 10 foram quase id&#234;nticas &#224;quelas no Pre-Ex, o que sugeriu que a dire&#231;&#227;o principal da onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o em ventr&#237;culos de ratos n&#227;o mudou muito com o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em esteira.</p>
      <p>Em ratos, a primeira invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial nos BSPMs, durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, &#233; causada por um rompimento da onda de excita&#231;&#227;o no subepic&#225;rdio, tanto da base do ventr&#237;culo direito quanto do &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e a segunda invers&#227;o resultou da mudan&#231;a na dire&#231;&#227;o da onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e ao cone excretor da aorta. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Durante a fase inicial da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs, a onda de excita&#231;&#227;o, em ratos, propaga-se pelo sistema condutor e depois move-se atrav&#233;s do mioc&#225;rdio em dire&#231;&#227;o endo-epic&#225;rdica. Durante as fases m&#233;dia e terminal da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs, h&#225; excita&#231;&#227;o da massa principal do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular e da base do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, respectivamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, no P&#243;s-Ex 5, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex, foi demonstrado uma conclus&#227;o precoce da segunda invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es potenciais, uma conclus&#227;o precoce da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bem como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o da fase m&#233;dia e da dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nos BSPMs, o que parece ser resultado de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o da massa principal do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular. No P&#243;s-Ex 10, os par&#226;metros temporais dos BSPMs n&#227;o diferiram do Pr&#233;-Ex. Assim, no presente estudo, as mudan&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas temporais do BSPM, subsequentes ao exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo em esteira, foram causadas por uma redu&#231;&#227;o revers&#237;vel na dura&#231;&#227;o da fase m&#233;dia da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, enquanto as dura&#231;&#245;es das fases inicial e terminal permaneceram essencialmente inalteradas. Comparado com o eletrocardiograma convencional, o mapeamento potencial de superf&#237;cie corporal permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa do est&#225;gio de despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, cuja dura&#231;&#227;o se alterou consideravelmente em consequ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio exaustivo de ratos em esteira.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito do exerc&#237;cio extenuante nos par&#226;metros de amplitude do BSPM, Mirvis <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> descreveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o na amplitude do extremo positivo e um aumento na amplitude do extremo negativo nos mapas isopotenciais da superf&#237;cie anterior do t&#243;rax em diferentes pontos do complexo QRS durante o exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis. Outros autores <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> revelaram a diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude m&#225;xima do extremo positivo do BSPM durante o QRS, com exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, o que eles supuseram ser resultado das mudan&#231;as nas frentes de onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o na parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em nosso estudo, as amplitudes m&#225;ximas dos extremos positivo e negativo do BSPM durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e o tempo em que os extremos atingiram as amplitudes m&#225;ximas n&#227;o se alteraram significantemente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio exaustivo em esteira. Enquanto isso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex, a amplitude do extremo negativo do BSPM no instante do pico R <sub>II</sub> e 3 e 4 ms ap&#243;s o pico R <sub>II</sub> mudou no P&#243;s-Ex 5. As causas exatas dessas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o claras. Como mostramos, no momento de 3 ms ap&#243;s R <sub>II</sub> -pico, a segunda invers&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potencial nos BSPMs ainda continuava no Pr&#233;-Ex, ao passo que j&#225; estava completa no P&#243;s-Ex 5. Portanto, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da amplitude dos extremos negativos do BSPM 3 e 4 ms ap&#243;s o pico R <sub>II</sub> no P&#243;s-Ex 5 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Pr&#233;-Ex pode estar associada a uma conclus&#227;o precoce da segunda invers&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#245;es dos potenciais nos BSPMs.</p>
      <p>Em resumo, de acordo com os resultados, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a mostrar as distribui&#231;&#245;es potenciais de superf&#237;cie corporal durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio exaustivo agudo. Sugerimos que as mudan&#231;as transit&#243;rias nas caracter&#237;sticas temporais e de amplitude dos BSPMs observadas em ratos, ap&#243;s corrida em esteira at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, foram fisiol&#243;gicas e refletiram o comportamento el&#233;trico do cora&#231;&#227;o em exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico extenuante.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, nossos resultados s&#227;o restritos apenas a ratos machos adultos jovens e n&#227;o podem ser aplicados diretamente &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de ratos de laborat&#243;rio como um todo. Em segundo lugar, no presente estudo, o registro da atividade el&#233;trica card&#237;aca foi realizado em animais anestesiados com zoletil. Embora tenha sido demonstrado que o zoletil tem um efeito cardiovascular m&#237;nimo, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> a influ&#234;ncia desse anest&#233;sico nos dados obtidos n&#227;o pode ser completamente exclu&#237;da.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nossos dados mostraram que o exerc&#237;cio agudo em esteira at&#233; a exaust&#227;o n&#227;o alterou o padr&#227;o espacial das distribui&#231;&#245;es de potenciais de superf&#237;cie corporal durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, mas induziu a diminui&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o da fase m&#233;dia e da dura&#231;&#227;o total da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, bem como as mudan&#231;as na amplitude do extremo negativo dos BSPMs durante a despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mirvis</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Body Surface Distribution of Exercise-induced QRS Changes in Normal Subjects</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>988</fpage>
          <lpage>996</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(80)90356-2</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Saha DC, Saha AC, Malik G, Astiz ME, Rackow EC. Comparison of cardiovascular Effects of Tiletamine-zolazepam, Pentobarbital, and Ketamine-xylazine in Male Rats. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2007;46(2):74-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Saha</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saha</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Astiz</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rackow</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of cardiovascular Effects of Tiletamine-zolazepam, Pentobarbital, and Ketamine-xylazine in Male Rats</article-title>
          <source>J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Body Surface Potential Mapping during Ventricular Depolarization in Rats after Acute Exhaustive Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6140-1252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ivonin</surname>
            <given-names>Alexey G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smirnova</surname>
            <given-names>Svetlana L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roshchevskaya</surname>
            <given-names>Irina M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar &#8211; Russian Federation</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laboratory of Pharmacological Screening &#8211; Research Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow &#8211; Russian Federation</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Alexey G. Ivonin &#8226; Department of Comparative Cardiology &#8211; Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences &#8211; 24 Kommunisticheskaya str. Syktyvkar 167982 &#8211; Russian Federation E-mail: alexivonin@mail.ru</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Ivonin AG, Smirnova SL, Roshchevskaya IM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ivonin AG, Roshchevskaya IM; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Ivonin AG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Exhaustive physical exercise can cause substantial changes in the electrical properties of the myocardium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate, using body surface potential mapping, the electrical activity of the heart in rats during ventricular depolarization after acute exhaustive exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Twelve-week-old male rats were submitted to acute treadmill exercise at 36 m/min until exhaustion. Unipolar electrocardiograms (ECGs) from the torso surface were recorded in zoletil-anesthetized rats three to five days before (Pre-Ex), 5 and 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise (Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10, respectively) simultaneously with ECGs in limb leads. The instantaneous body surface potential maps (BSPMs) were analyzed during ventricular depolarization. P values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compared with Pre-Ex, an early completion of the second inversion of potential distributions, an early completion of ventricular depolarization, as well as a decrease in the duration of the middle phase and the total duration of ventricular depolarization on BSPMs were revealed at Post-Ex 5. Also, compared with Pre-Ex, an increase in the amplitude of negative BSPM extremum at the R-wave peak on the ECG in lead II (R<sub>II</sub>-peak) and a decrease in the amplitude of negative BSPM extremum at 3 and 4 ms after R<sub>II</sub>-peak were showed at Post-Ex 5. At Post-Ex 10, parameters of BSPMs did not differ from those at Pre-Ex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>In rats, acute exhaustive exercise causes reversible changes in the temporal and amplitude characteristics of BSPMs during ventricular depolarization, most likely related to alterations in the excitation of the main mass of the ventricular myocardium.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Surface Potential Mapping</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The beneficial effects of regular physical exercise on public health, including reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, have been well established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, excessive exercise can cause damage to the body, especially the heart. A number of studies have demonstrated a transient deterioration in cardiac function after acute bouts of prolonged endurance exercise in apparently healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Excessive physical exercise may be a trigger for malignant ventricular arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in susceptible persons.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Research on the impact of exhaustive exercise on the cardiovascular system is essential. But, in humans, it is difficult to objectively determine exhaustion under laboratory conditions, since it is measured by the inability of the subject to maintain the exercise regimen by volitional effort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this regard, the advantage of model animals (e.g., rats, mice) in evaluating physiological responses to exhaustive exercises is that there are objective criteria for the definition of exhaustion, such as the inability of an animal to continue running despite the external stimuli during a treadmill running test<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> or sinking to the bottom of the pool during a forced swimming test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Numerous studies in laboratory animals have shown myocardial tissue damage and cardiac function impairment associated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses after acute bouts of exhaustive exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It has been reported that acute exhaustive exercise causes changes in electrocardiographic patterns in rats, suggesting ventricular depolarization alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Body surface potential mapping based on a simultaneous register of cardiac-generated potentials, from multiple sites, over the entire torso surface, provides more physiological and diagnostic information about electrical events in the myocardium, compared with conventional electrocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> By using body surface potential mapping, the present study aimed to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart in laboratory rats during ventricular depolarization after acute exhaustive exercise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental animals</title>
          <p>Twelve-week-old male outbred albino rats (n=24), weighing between 200 and 300 g, were purchased from the Stolbovaya Branch of the Scientific Center for Biomedical Technologies of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency (Russian Federation). The rats were housed in group cages in a temperature-controlled room (22 &#177; 2&#176;C) under a 12-h light/dark cycle and fed standard commercial rodent chow and water <italic>ad libitum</italic> . All experimental procedures and protocols were carried out in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996) and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar, Russian Federation).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise protocol</title>
          <p>A motorized rodent treadmill (Panlab / Harvard Apparatus, Spain) was used to create acute exhaustive exercise for rats. Mild electrical pulses (0.5 mA) from the electrified grid on the rear of the treadmill motivated the animals to exercise. Before experimentation, the rats were accustomed to treadmill exercise for three consecutive days (10 min/day, 12-36 m/min, 0&#176; incline). Only certain rats, capable of running in an adaptive mode, were selected for further study. On the day of the exercise test, the rats were running at a speed of 36 m/min and 0&#176; incline until exhaustion. Exhaustion was defined as the point at which the rat could not run anymore, despite being pushed against the shock grid by the moving treadmill belt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The running time to exhaustion was computed using Sedacom version 2.0 software (Panlab / Harvard Apparatus, Spain).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conventional electrocardiography and body surface potential mapping</title>
          <p>The registration of heart electrical activity was performed three to five days before (Pre-Ex), 5 and 10 minutes after (Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10, respectively) acute exhaustive exercise. The rats were anesthetized with Zoletil (tiletamine / zolazepam combination, Virbac, France) at a dose of 3.5 mg / 100 g, i.m. and placed in the supine position on a heating pad to maintain body temperature approximately at 37&#176;C. Unipolar electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from subcutaneous needle electrodes, evenly distributed around the torso from the level of the cervicothoracic junction to the inferior rib margins ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). A total of 64 electrodes at Pre-Ex and 32 ones at Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10 were used. Simultaneously with unipolar ECGs from the surface of the torso, ECGs were recorded in bipolar limb leads. The Wilson central terminal served as a reference for the unipolar torso leads. The data were acquired using a multichannel computer system (bandwidth of 0.05-1000 Hz, sampling rate of 4000 Hz, and accuracy of 16 bits). The rats had a period of three to five days to recover from anesthesia prior to exhaustive exercise. To register post-exercise cardiac potentials, the rats were anesthetized immediately after exhaustion.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Positions of electrodes on the rat&#8217;s body surface using 64 unipolar torso leads. Four rows of needle electrodes were placed on the ventral, and four rows on the dorsal surface of the body (eight electrodes in each row). When using 32 unipolar torso leads, the number of electrode rows on the ventral and dorsal body surfaces decreased twice.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The duration of R-R intervals and ventricular depolarization parameters (QRS duration, R- and S-wave duration and amplitude, the sum of R- and S-wave amplitudes) were analyzed on the ECG in the limb lead II (ECG<sub>II</sub>). The R-R intervals were used to compute the heart rate (HR). Based on unipolar ECGs, instantaneous body surface equipotential (isopotential) maps were constructed, reflecting the distribution of cardiac potentials in each instant of ventricular depolarization on a flat pattern of the chest surface aligned to a rectangular plane. The body surface potential maps (BSPMs) analyzed the spatial location and shifting trajectories of the areas and extrema of positive and negative potentials on the thorax surface, the amplitudes of extrema in sequential time instants during ventricular depolarization, the maximum amplitudes of extrema for the whole ventricular depolarization, and the time when the extrema reached maximum amplitudes. Temporal characteristics of the BSPMs were presented in ms, relative to the peak of R<sub>II</sub>-wave (up to the R<sub>II</sub>-peak &#8211; with a minus sign).</p>
          <p>According to the spatial-temporal dynamics of body surface potential distribution, the following phases of ventricular depolarization were differentiated:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Initial phase &#8211; from the formation of a cardiac potential distribution pattern, corresponding to ventricular depolarization, to the completion of the first inversion of positive and negative potential areas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Middle phase &#8211; from completion of the first inversion to completion of the second inversion of potential areas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Terminal phase &#8211; from the completion of the second inversion of potential areas to the disappearance of potential distribution pattern corresponding to ventricular depolarization.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>For each rat, characteristics of ECG<sub>II</sub>and BSPMs were determined from the three to five beats at Pre-Ex, Post-Ex 5, and Post-Ex 10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The statistical analysis was performed using a Statistica software package (version 10.0, StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA). Continuous data normality was checked using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Normally distributed variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and non-normally distributed variables were presented as median, first and third quartiles. For the data with normal distribution, the repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by Dunnett&#8217;s multiple comparison test as a <italic>post-hoc</italic> analysis. When the data were non-normally distributed, the non-parametric Friedman test, followed by Wilcoxon&#8217;s test with Bonferroni adjustment, was performed. A statistical significance was established at an alpha level of 0.05, except for Wilcoxon&#8217;s test, in which the alpha level was adjusted to 0.025 (according to the number of pairwise comparisons) to avoid a type I error. The sample size was determined by convenience. Data<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> have been taken into account that up to 10% of rats from commercial vendors refuse to run on a treadmill and should be eliminated from exercise studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise performance</title>
          <p>Of 24 rats used to get familiarized with running sessions, 20 were selected for the acute exhaustive exercise according to their running ability. In these rats, the running time to exhaustion was 19.5 &#177; 5.6 min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conventional ECG parameters</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the ECG<sub>II</sub>findings. There were no statistically significant changes in HR values after exhaustive treadmill exercise. Compared with those at Pre-Ex, the QRS<sub>II</sub>duration and R<sub>II</sub>-wave duration were lower at Post-Ex 5. Compared with those at Pre-Ex, the S<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitude and the sum of R<sub>II</sub>- and S<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitudes were higher at Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10. There were no significant changes in either the S<sub>II</sub>-wave duration or the R<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitude after exhaustive treadmill running.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>ECGII parameters before and after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Pre-Ex</th>
                    <th>Post-Ex 5</th>
                    <th>Post-Ex 10</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">480.3 &#177; 23.3</td>
                    <td align="center">484.5 &#177; 25.2</td>
                    <td align="center">490.7 &#177; 28.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>QRS<sub>II</sub>duration, ms</td>
                    <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 1.1</td>
                    <td align="center">15.3 &#177; 1.2*</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>R<sub>II</sub>-wave duration, ms</td>
                    <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.0</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 0.9*</td>
                    <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S<sub>II</sub>-wave duration, ms</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>R<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitude, mV</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62 &#177; 0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>S<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitude, mV</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.28 &#177; 0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.35 &#177; 0.18*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.35 &#177; 0. 19*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sum of RII- and SII-wave amplitudes, mV</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 &#177; 0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.20*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98&#177;0.20*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (n = 20). Pre-Ex: before exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 5: 5 minutes after exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 10: 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise. HR: heart rate. Repeated measures ANOVA and Dunnett&#8217;s post-hoc test; *p &lt; 0.05 vs. Pre-Ex.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Spatial pattern of BSPMs</title>
          <p>Before exhaustive exercise, the body surface potential distribution pattern, corresponding to the onset of ventricular depolarization, was observed prior to the appearance of the QRS complex on ECG<sub>II</sub>( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , Pre-Ex, instant &#8211;9 ms). In this case, the area of the positive cardiac potentials covered the cranial part of the ventral chest and the entire dorsal chest, with the positive extremum being located mainly in the cranial third of the left-lateral chest. The area of negative potentials, and the negative extremum, were located in the caudal part of the ventral chest. During the upslope of R<sub>II</sub>-wave, the first inversion of potential distributions occurred on BSPMs, and as a result, the positive and negative areas changed their relative positions ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , Pre-Ex, instant &#8211;5.5 ms). By the completion of the first inversion, the positive extremum was located caudally on the ventral chest, and the negative extremum was located cranially, more frequently on the back. In the instant of the R<sub>II</sub>-wave peak, the location of areas and extrema on BSPMs remained essentially unchanged ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , Pre-Ex, instant 0 ms). During the downslope of R<sub>II</sub>- and S<sub>II</sub>-waves, the second inversion of potential distributions was observed on the BSPMs, and as a consequence, the area of negative potentials was located in the caudal part of the chest, left laterally or ventrally, while the area of positive potentials occupied the remaining chest surface ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , Pre-Ex, instant 4.0 ms). By the completion of the second inversion, the positive extremum shifted cranially and right laterally, with the negative extremum being located caudally on the left lateral chest. During the transition from S<sub>II</sub>-wave to T<sub>II</sub>-wave, a pattern was recorded on the BSPMs of an unstable position of the positive and negative areas, which indicated the completion of the ventricular depolarization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , Pre-Ex, instant 5.5 ms). After exhaustive exercise, spatial potential distributions during ventricular depolarization were quite similar to those at Pre-Ex ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Body surface equipotential maps during ventricular depolarization before and after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise in the same rat. The areas of positive (filled) and negative potentials are shown. The signs, plus and minus, show the location of the positive and negative extrema, respectively. Below each map, the time relative to the RII-wave peak and the amplitudes of the positive and negative extrema are shown. Near to each map, ECGII is shown with a time marker (vertical line). The isopotential contour spacing is 0.2 mV. In each map, the left part represents the ventral body surface, and the right represents the dorsal body surface. Pre-Ex: before exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 5: 5 minutes after exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 10: 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Temporal characteristics of BSPMs</title>
          <p>There were no significant changes in either the time of ventricular depolarization onset or the time of the first inversion completion of potential distributions on BSPMs after exhaustive treadmill exercise ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). Compared with that at Pre-Ex, the second inversion of potential distributions on BSPMs was completed significantly earlier at Post-Ex 5 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). In addition, compared with that at Pre-Ex, ventricular depolarization on BSPMs was completed significantly earlier at Post-Ex 5 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Temporal parameters of BSPMs during ventricular depolarization, before and after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise. The time is shown relative to the RII-wave peak. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (n = 20). Pre-Ex: before exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 5: 5 minutes after exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 10: 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA and Dunnett&#8217;s post-hoc test; *p &lt; 0.05 vs. Pre-Ex.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>No significant changes in the duration of the initial and the terminal phases of ventricular depolarization were observed on the BSPMs after exhaustive treadmill running ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ). Compared with those at Pre-Ex, the duration of the middle phase and the total duration of ventricular depolarization decreased at Post-Ex 5 ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Duration of individual phases and total duration of ventricular depolarization on BSPMs before and after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (n = 20). PreEx: before exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 5: 5 minutes after exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 10: 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA and Dunnett&#8217;s post-hoc test; *p &lt; 0.05 vs. Pre-Ex.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of BSPM extrema</title>
          <p>During ventricular depolarization, the amplitudes of positive and negative BSPM extrema pre- and post-exhaustive treadmill exercise progressively increased, reaching maximum values near the peak of the R<sub>II</sub>-wave, then decreased ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> , <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). There were no significant changes in either the maximum amplitudes of BSPM extrema during ventricular depolarization, or the time when extrema reached maximum amplitudes after acute exhaustive exercise ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Amplitudes of BSPM extrema at different time moments during ventricular depolarization before and after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="10">Time moment, ms</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>-5</th>
                    <th>-4</th>
                    <th>-3</th>
                    <th>-2</th>
                    <th>-1</th>
                    <th>0</th>
                    <th>1</th>
                    <th>2</th>
                    <th>3</th>
                    <th>4</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Positive extremum, mV</td>
                    <td>Pre-Ex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19 (0.06; 0.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44 (0.19; 0.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 (0.41; 0.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89 (0.80; 1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 (0.90; 1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92 (0.79; 1.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74 (0.54; 0.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45 (0.17; 0.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 (0.29; 0.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 (0.33; 0.52)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-Ex 5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14 (0.05; 0.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34 (0.19; 0.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57 (0.43; 0.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88 (0.67; 1.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.78; 1.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 (0.77; 1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76 (0.39; 0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33 (0.22; 0.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44 (0.19; 0.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34 (0.20; 0.46)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post -Ex 10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19 (0.06; 0.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 (0.19; 0.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67 (0.44; 0.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.56;1.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 (0.75; 1.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 (0.76; 1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61 (0.28; 0.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39 (0.18; 0.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41 (0.21; 0.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4 (0.2; 0.53)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Negative extremum, mV</td>
                    <td>Pre-Ex</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.14 (-0.11; -0.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.28 (-0.16; -0.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.40 (-0.26; -0.52)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.58 (-0.38; -0.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.64 (-0.51; -0.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.71 (-0.62; -0.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.58 (-0.49; -0.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.42 (-0.29; -0.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.28 (-0.20; -0.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.16 (-0.09; -0.27)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post -Ex 5</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.14 (-0.07; -0.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.26 (-0.18; -0.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.42 (-0.27; -0.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.57 (-0.41;-0.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.65 (-0.58; -0.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.77 (-0.68; -0.92)*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.65 (-0.44; -0.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.39 (-0.22; -0.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.21 (-0.14; -0.30)*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.08 (-0.05; -0.189)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post -Ex 10</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.16 (-0.08; -0.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.29 (-0.17; -0.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.45 (-0.30; -0.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.60 (-0.40; -0.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.66 (-0.55; -0.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.75 (-0.60; -0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.67 (-0.45; -0.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.39 (-0.20; -0.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.23 (-0.13; -0.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.12 (-0.06; -0.23)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>The time is shown relative to the RII-wave peak. Data are expressed as median, first and third quartiles (n = 20). Pre-Ex: before exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 5: 5 minutes after exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 10: 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise. Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni adjustment; *p &lt; 0.025 vs. Pre-Ex at the same time.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Maximum amplitudes of positive (A) and negative (B) extrema on BSPMs during ventricular depolarization, and the time when positive and negative extrema reached maximum amplitudes (C and D, respectively) before and after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise. The time is shown relative to the RIIwave peak. Data are expressed as median, first and third quartiles, minimum and maximum (n = 20). PreEx: before exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 5: 5 minutes after exhaustive exercise; Post-Ex 10: 10 minutes after exhaustive exercise. Friedman test, p &gt; 0.05.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0766-11058-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The amplitudes of BSPM extrema at different moments during ventricular depolarization are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Due to the individual variations in the onset and completion times of ventricular depolarization on BSPMs, the time range corresponding to the depolarization of ventricles in all studied animals (i.e. from -5 to 4 ms relative to R<sub>II</sub>-peak) was analyzed. At each analyzed moment of the chosen time range, no significant changes in the amplitude of positive BSPM extremum were observed after exhaustive treadmill exercise. At the R<sub>II</sub>-peak, the amplitude of negative BSPM extremum at Post-Ex 5 was higher compared with that at Pre-Ex ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> , instant 0 ms). Additionally, 3 and 4 ms after R<sub>II</sub>-peak, the amplitudes of negative BSPM extremum at Post-Ex 5 were lower compared with those at Pre-Ex ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> , moments 3 and 4 ms).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the present study, the electrical activity of the heart was evaluated during ventricular depolarization after acute exhaustive treadmill exercise in previously untrained rats, by using body surface potential mapping in combination with conventional electrocardiography.</p>
        <p>The immediate cardiovascular response to forced treadmill exercise in rodents is an increase in HR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> ensuring an increase in cardiac output. In Wistar rats, the HR acceleration, during treadmill exercise, is predominantly determined by the cardiac autonomic nerve activity, especially by an augmentation in sympathetic outflow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The decrease in HR, after physical exercise cessation, is likely the manifestation of vagal reactivation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Previous studies on untrained rats have demonstrated the decline in HR to the initial level at 10 minutes after acute exhaustive treadmill running.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In the present study, in both situations after exhaustive exercise (Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10), HR values were nearly equal to that at baseline (Pre-Ex). In our opinion, these results could be explained by a decrease in HR to the pre-exercise level within the first 5 minutes following running until exhaustion.</p>
        <p>In healthy human subjects, the ECG response to physical exercise consists of either a decrease in the QRS duration or no changes in QRS duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The shortening of the QRS duration with exercise in healthy individuals is attributed to enhanced intraventricular conduction velocity, due to increased adrenergic tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Meanwhile, QRS prolongation with exercise is considered an abnormal ECG finding and might be used as a marker of myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The significant prolongation of the duration of QRS, accompanied by the impairment of the cardiac functional capacity, was observed in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats, which were submitted to acute exhaustive treadmill exercise, compared with their sedentary control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> We found a decrease in the QRS<sub>II</sub>duration and R<sub>II</sub>-wave duration at Post-Ex compared with those at Pre-Ex, while at Post-Ex 10 these parameters returned to near Pre-Ex level. It is generally accepted that, in humans, the R-wave in limb leads of ECG represents the depolarization of the left and right ventricles, and S-wave reflects predominantly the excitation of the basal parts of ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The genesis of R- and S-waves on ECGs in rats is similar to that in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Thus, our results suggested that the changes in QRS duration after acute exhaustive exercise in rats were related to a transient decrease in the excitation duration in most of the ventricular myocardium.</p>
        <p>In apparently healthy humans, a decrease in the R-wave amplitude, with or without an increase in the S-wave amplitude, is observed on ECGs at maximal exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The reduction in the R-wave amplitude, with strenuous exercise, is attributed to a decrease in the ventricular end-diastolic volume,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> as well as to changes in cardiac electrical activation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> while the increase in S-wave amplitude is assumed to be related to electrical axis shifts or ventricular conduction alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In this study, the R<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitude did not alter after exhaustive treadmill running. However, compared with Pre-Ex, the amplitude of S<sub>II</sub>-wave increased at Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10. Since the sum of the R<sub>II</sub>- and S<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitudes also increased at Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10, variations in S<sub>II</sub>-wave amplitude following exhaustive exercise were probably not the result of a QRS axis deviation. Because of the lack of an isoelectric ST-segment in rats, the increase in the S-wave amplitude on rat ECGs is regarded as the ST-segment depression and is interpreted as a sign of myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> So, in the present study, the increase in the amplitude of S<sub>II</sub>-wave in exhausted rats may be caused by exercise-induced ischemic alterations in heart ventricles. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to confirm this assumption.</p>
        <p>Changes in the spatial distribution of cardiac potentials on the body surface, during ventricular depolarization, are indicators of alterations in the direction of excitation wavefronts in the heart ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Miller et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> observed significant changes in the migration trajectory of negative extremum, as well as the appearance of additional anterior positive extrema on BSPMs during the QRS complex at maximal exercise in healthy subjects, which they considered to be due to a delay in the activation of the left ventricular free wall, relative to the onset of excitation in the right ventricle and intraventricular septum.</p>
        <p>Takala et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> disclosed no changes in spatial patterns of QRS-time BSPMs after maximal exercise in healthy individuals. In the present study, spatial BSPM patterns during ventricular depolarization were similar to those previously observed in healthy Wistar rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> The locations of areas and extrema, and their dynamics on BSPMs at Post-Ex 5 and Post-Ex 10 were almost identical to those at Pre-Ex, which suggested that the main direction of the activation wave in rat ventricles did not change greatly with acute exhaustive treadmill exercise.</p>
        <p>In rats, the first inversion of potential distributions on the BSPMs, during ventricular depolarization, is caused by a breakthrough of the excitation wave on the subepicardium of both the base of the right ventricle and the apex of the left ventricle, and the second inversion resulted from the change in the direction of the activation wave towards the base of the left ventricle and the excretory cone of the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> During the initial phase of ventricular depolarization on BSPMs, the excitation wave, in rats, spreads through the conducting system and then moves through the myocardium in an endo-epicardial direction. During the middle and terminal phases of ventricular depolarization on BSPMs, there is an excitation of the main mass of the ventricular myocardium, and the base of the left ventricle, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In this study, at Post-Ex 5, in comparison with Pre-Ex, an earlier completion of the second inversion of potential distributions, an earlier completion of ventricular depolarization, as well as a decrease in the duration of the middle phase and the overall duration of ventricular depolarization were demonstrated on BSPMs, which appears to have resulted from a decrease in the activation duration of the main mass of the ventricular myocardium. At Post-Ex 10, temporal parameters of BSPMs did not differ from those at Pre-Ex. Thus, in the present study, the changes in the temporal BSPM characteristics, subsequent to acute exhaustive treadmill exercise, were caused by a reversible reduction in the duration of the middle phase of ventricular depolarization, while the durations of the initial and terminal phases remained essentially unchanged. Compared with conventional electrocardiography, body surface potential mapping allowed a more accurate identification of the stage of ventricular depolarization, the duration of which was considerably altered as a result of exhaustive treadmill exercise in rats.</p>
        <p>Regarding the effect of strenuous exercise on the amplitude of BSPM parameters, Mirvis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> described a reduction in the amplitude of positive extremum and an increase in the amplitude of negative extremum on isopotential maps of the anterior surface of the thorax at different points of the QRS complex during submaximal exercise in healthy subjects. Other authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> revealed the decrease in the maximum amplitude of the positive BSPM extremum during QRS, with maximal exercise in healthy volunteers, which they surmised was a result from the changes in activation wavefronts in the left ventricular wall. In our study, the maximum amplitudes of positive and negative BSPM extrema during ventricular depolarization, and the time when the extrema reached maximum amplitudes, did not alter significantly after exhaustive treadmill exercise. Meanwhile, compared with those at Pre-Ex, the amplitude of negative BSPM extremum in the instant of R<sub>II</sub>-peak and 3 and 4 ms after R<sub>II</sub>-peak changed at Post-Ex 5. The exact causes of these changes are unclear. As we have shown, in the moment of 3 ms after R<sub>II</sub>-peak, the second inversion of potential distributions on BSPMs was still continuing at Pre-Ex, whereas it was already completed at Post-Ex 5. Therefore, the decrease in amplitude of the negative BSPM extremum 3 and 4 ms after R<sub>II</sub>-peak at Post-Ex 5 as compared with those at Pre-Ex may be associated with an earlier completion of the second inversion of potential distributions on BSPMs.</p>
        <p>In summary, according to the results, this is the first study to show the body surface potential distributions during ventricular depolarization following acute exhaustive exercise in rats. We suggest that the transient changes in temporal and amplitude characteristics of BSPMs observed in rats, after treadmill running until exhaustion, were physiological and reflected the electrical behavior of the heart at strenuous physical exercise.</p>
        <p>The present study has limitations. First, our results are restricted only to young adult male rats and cannot be applied directly to the population of laboratory rats as a whole. Second, in the current study, the recording of the heart electrical activity was performed in zoletil-anesthetized animals. Although it has been shown that zoletil has a minimal cardiovascular effect,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> the influence of this anesthetic on the obtained data cannot be completely excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our data showed that acute treadmill exercise until exhaustion did not alter the spatial pattern of body surface potential distributions during ventricular depolarization but induced the decrease in the duration of the middle phase, and the total duration of ventricular depolarization, as well as the changes in the amplitude of negative extremum of BSPMs during ventricular depolarization in rats.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
