<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="editorial" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CrgxPcY7tK4Rwqzt5mgT39D</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100764</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220692</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220692</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tendo Sintomas de um Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio? Ligue para o seu Servi&#231;o M&#233;dico de Emerg&#234;ncia Imediatamente!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4683-0179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Digital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Digital, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Lisboa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Intensiva</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Intensiva &#8211; Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Hospital da Luz Lisboa &#8211; Medicina Intensiva &#8211; Avenida Lus&#237;ada, 100, <postal-code>1500-650</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>dferreira@hospitaldaluz.pt</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>764</fpage>
      <lpage>765</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A reperfus&#227;o oportuna das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias oclu&#237;das &#233; fundamental para salvar as c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas isqu&#234;micas em risco no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (STEMI). Esse fato levou ao conceito de &#8220;Tempo &#233; m&#250;sculo&#8221; relacionado ao manejo do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Independentemente de qual estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o &#233; escolhida (l&#237;tica ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o bem-sucedida &#233; fundamental para o progn&#243;stico do paciente a curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O tempo isqu&#234;mico total &#233; o principal determinante do tamanho do infarto no STEMI. Ele foi dividido, desde o artigo de Terkelsen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> em &#8216;atraso do paciente&#8217; e &#8216;atraso do sistema&#8217;, sugerindo que o &#250;ltimo, mas n&#227;o o primeiro, pode ser influenciado pelos sistemas e provedores de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>O atraso do paciente (definido como o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o primeiro contato m&#233;dico (PCM), pode ser atribu&#237;do a v&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas individuais, mas tamb&#233;m societ&#225;rias dos pacientes que apresentam STEMI e tem sido objeto de muitos estudos no passado. Depende em grande parte do conhecimento do paciente sobre os sintomas e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Por outro lado, as organiza&#231;&#245;es hospitalares t&#234;m feito grandes esfor&#231;os nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas para alcan&#231;ar a reperfus&#227;o oportuna das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias oclu&#237;das, reduzindo os tempos porta-agulha ou porta-bal&#227;o e buscando modalidades melhores e mais seguras de terapias de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No entanto, h&#225; outra fra&#231;&#227;o crucial do tempo total de isquemia sempre que o PCM ocorre no ambiente pr&#233;-hospitalar. O chamado atraso do Sistema M&#233;dico de Emerg&#234;ncia (SME) pode ter um papel importante na redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo do primeiro contato m&#233;dico (PCM) at&#233; a reperfus&#227;o, seja pelo in&#237;cio da terapia l&#237;tica na fase pr&#233;-hospitalar ou pelo redirecionamento dos pacientes para o hospital mais pr&#243;ximo com instala&#231;&#245;es de ICP dispon&#237;veis, ignorando assim os hospitais regionais que podem n&#227;o ter essas instala&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes STEMI da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> indicam que todos os componentes do atraso do sistema (incluindo o atraso do SME) representam a qualidade do atendimento, e recomenda-se mensur&#225;-los como indicadores de qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O atraso do SME depende em grande parte das pol&#237;ticas das autoridades locais, regionais ou nacionais quanto &#224; organiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de ambul&#226;ncia e dos protocolos implementados no atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p>Neste n&#250;mero dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Vieira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> apresentam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o muito minuciosa da implanta&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de ambul&#226;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar sobre mortalidade por IAM no estado de Minas Gerais no sudeste brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os principais desfechos deste estudo foram as taxas de mortalidade total e intra-hospitalar por IAM e as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IAM. Como mencionam os autores, esses desfechos foram escolhidos devido &#224; sua alta relev&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica e cl&#237;nica e ao maior potencial de associa&#231;&#227;o com a implanta&#231;&#227;o do sistema de ambul&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um estudo muito abrangente dos m&#250;ltiplos fatores que podem influenciar os desfechos do IAM durante o per&#237;odo 2008-2016, foi encontrada uma redu&#231;&#227;o modesta (como assumido pelos autores), mas significativa na mortalidade atribu&#237;vel ao IAM, e um dos principais fatores deste resultado poderia ser explicado pela implementa&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de primeira resposta de ambul&#226;ncia pr&#233;-hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados por Ferreira et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Eles publicaram uma an&#225;lise da mortalidade por IAM nas diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil, ao longo de 21 anos. Seus achados mostraram uma impressionante redu&#231;&#227;o de 68% nas taxas de mortalidade por IAM na regi&#227;o Sudeste do Brasil, o que pode ser, pelo menos parcialmente, explicado pelos resultados do estado de Minas Gerais no per&#237;odo de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o do estudo de Vieira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A boa articula&#231;&#227;o entre os servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e os hospitais locais/regionais, com a ado&#231;&#227;o de protocolos comuns de atendimento ao IAM e a implanta&#231;&#227;o de sistemas coronarianos acelerados, s&#227;o bons exemplos de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de e iniciativas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica que se traduzem em melhores resultados ap&#243;s um AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, nem mesmo o sistema de ambul&#226;ncia mais bem implementado ou os melhores protocolos de atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar dar&#227;o os resultados desejados se os pacientes n&#227;o ativarem oportunamente a resposta do SME.</p>
    <p>Grandes esfor&#231;os devem ser feitos para educar os pacientes que apresentam sintomas que possam levantar a suspeita de ter um IAM para ligar imediatamente para o n&#250;mero de emerg&#234;ncia do EMS e pedir assist&#234;ncia (que pode incluir o envio de uma ambul&#226;ncia com equipe e equipamentos adequados) em vez de ir aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de por meio de transporte pr&#243;prio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Impacto da Implanta&#231;&#227;o de um Sistema de Ambul&#226;ncia Pr&#233;-Hospitalar sobre Mortalidade por Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio em um Pa&#237;s em Desenvolvimento</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maroko</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kjekshus</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobel</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Covell</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braunwald</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors Influencing Infarct Size Following Experimental Coronary Artery Occlusions</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1971</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01cir.43.1.67</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Maroko PR, Kjekshus JK, Sobel BE, Watanabe T, Covell JW, Ross Jr E, Braunwald E. Factors Influencing Infarct Size Following Experimental Coronary Artery Occlusions. Circulation. 1971;43(1):67&#8211;82. Doi:10.1161/01cir.43.1.67</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Westerhout</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnefoy</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welsh</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutitie</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The influence of time from symptom onset and reperfusion strategy on 1-year survival in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A pooled analysis of an early fibrinolytic strategy versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention from CAPTIM and WEST</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>161</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>290</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.033</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Westerhout CM, Bonnefoy E, Welsh RC, Steg PG, Boutitie F, Armstrong PW. The influence of time from symptom onset and reperfusion strategy on 1-year survival in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A pooled analysis of an early fibrinolytic strategy versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention from CAPTIM and WEST. Am Heart J. 2011;161(2):283&#8211;90. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.10.033.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luca</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suryapranata</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ottervanger</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Time Delay to Treatment and Mortality in Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1223</fpage>
          <lpage>1225</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000121424.76486.20</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Luca GD, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM. Time Delay to Treatment and Mortality in Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2004;109(10):1223&#8211;5. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000121424.76486.20</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Terkelsen</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maeng</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>LO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tilsted</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trautner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>System Delay and Mortality Among Patients With STEMI Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>304</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>771</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2010.1139</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Terkelsen CJ, S&#248;rensen JT, Maeng M, Jensen LO, Tilsted HH, Trautner S, et al. System Delay and Mortality Among Patients With STEMI Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JAMA. 2010;304(7):763&#8211;71. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1139</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>If &#8220;Time Is Muscle,&#8221; Then the Patient's Knowledge Must Save Time</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220392</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Ferreira D. If &#8220;Time Is Muscle,&#8221; Then the Patient's Knowledge Must Save Time. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(1):35&#8211;6. Doi:10.36660/abc.20220392</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khalfallah</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allaithy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maria</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Patient Unawareness and Socioeconomic Factors on Patient Presentation to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210521</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Khalfallah M, Allaithy A, Maria DA. Impact of Patient Unawareness and Socioeconomic Factors on Patient Presentation to Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;119(1):25&#8211;34. DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210521</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bucciarelli-Ducci</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2017;39(2):119&#8211;77. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>RCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcolino</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LGS e</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>DN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>A de O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of the Impact of the Implementation of a Pre-Hospital Ambulance System on Acute yocardial Infarction Mortality in a Developing Country</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>756</fpage>
          <lpage>763</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210953</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Vieira RCP, Marcolino MS, Silva LGS e, Pereira DN, Nascimento BR, Jorge A de O, et al. Assessment of the Impact of the Implementation of a Pre-Hospital Ambulance System on Acute yocardial Infarction Mortality in a Developing Country. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 119(5):756-763. DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210953</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>L de CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>MTB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality Due to Acute Myocardial Infarction in Brazil from 1996 to 2016: 21 Years of Disparities in Brazilian Regions</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>849</fpage>
          <lpage>859</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190438</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ferreira L de CM, Nogueira MC, Carvalho MS, Teixeira MTB. Mortality Due to Acute Myocardial Infarction in Brazil from 1996 to 2016: 21 Years of Disparities in Brazilian Regions. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(5):849&#8211;59. Doi:10.36660/abc.20190438</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abreu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matias-Dias</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of public health initiatives on acute coronary syndrome fatality rates in Portugal</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.repc.2019.05.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Abreu D, Sousa P, Matias-Dias C, Pinto F. Impact of public health initiatives on acute coronary syndrome fatality rates in Portugal. Rev Port Cardiol. 2020;39(1):27&#8211;34. DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2019.05.010</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marques</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa PMimoso</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The impact of direct access to primary angioplasty on reducing the mortality associated with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: The experience of the Algarve region of Portugal</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>647</fpage>
          <lpage>654</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.repc.2012.07.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Marques N, Faria R, Sousa PMimoso J, Brand&#227;o V, Gomes V, et al. The impact of direct access to primary angioplasty on reducing the mortality associated with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: The experience of the Algarve region of Portugal. Rev Port Cardiol. 2012;31(10):647&#8211;54. DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2012.07.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Having Symptoms of an Acute Myocardial Infarction? Call Your Emergency Medical Service Immediately!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4683-0179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Digital, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Intensiva &#8211; Hospital da Luz Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel Ferreira &#8226;</bold> Hospital da Luz Lisboa &#8211; Medicina Intensiva &#8211; Avenida Lus&#237;ada, 100, <postal-code>1500-650</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>dferreira@hospitaldaluz.pt</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Timely reperfusion of the occluded coronary arteries is critical to saving at-risk ischemic myocardial cells in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This fact led to the concept of &#8220;Time is Muscle&#8221; related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Independently of what reperfusion strategy is chosen (lytics or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)), the time from symptom onset to successful reperfusion is critical to the patient's short- and long-term prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Total ischemic time is the major determinant of infarct size in STEMI. It has been divided, since Terkelsen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> paper, into &#8216;patient delay&#8217; and &#8216;system delay,&#8217; suggesting that the latter, but not the former, can be influenced by the healthcare systems and providers.</p>
      <p>The patient delay (defined as the time between the initiation of symptoms and the first medical contact (FMC), can be attributed to several individual, but also societal characteristics of the patients presenting with STEMI and has been the subject of many studies in the past. It largely depends on the patient's knowledge of coronary disease-related symptoms and presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>On the other hand, hospital organizations have made large efforts in the last decades to achieve timely reperfusion of the occluded coronary arteries by reducing the door-to-needle or door-to-balloon times and looking for better and safer modalities of reperfusion therapies.</p>
      <p>However, there is another crucial fraction of the total ischemic time whenever the FMC occurs in the pre-hospital setting. The so-called Emergency Medical System (EMS) delay can play a major role in the reduction of the interval from first medical contact (FMC) to reperfusion, either by starting lytic therapy in the pre-hospital phase or by redirecting the patients to the nearest hospital with available PCI facilities, thus bypassing the regional hospitals that might not have those facilities available.</p>
      <p>The 2017 European Society of Cardiology STEMI guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> indicate that all components of the system delay (including the EMS delay) represent the quality of care, and it is recommended to measure them as quality indicators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The EMS delay largely depends on the local, regional, or national authorities' policies regarding the organization of the ambulance services and the implemented protocols regarding acute coronary syndrome's pre-hospital care.</p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Vieira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> present a very thorough evaluation of the implementation of a pre-hospital ambulance system on AMI mortality in the state of Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This study's main outcomes were total and in-hospital mortality rates due to AMI and hospitalization rates AMI-related. As the authors mention, these outcomes were chosen due to their high epidemiological and clinical relevance and the highest association potential with the ambulance system implementation.</p>
      <p>After a very comprehensive study of the multiple factors that might influence the AMI outcomes during the 2008-2016 period, a modest (as assumed by the authors) but significant reduction in mortality attributable to AMI was found, and one of the major factors of this outcome could be explained by the implementation of a pre-hospital ambulance first-response system.</p>
      <p>These results are in line with the ones reported by Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> They published an analysis of the mortality due to AMI in the different regions of Brazil over 21 years. Their findings have shown an impressive 68% reduction in AMI mortality rates in the Southeast region of Brazil, which can be, at least partially, explained by the Minas Gerais state results in the overlapping period of the Vieira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> study.</p>
      <p>The good coordination between the emergency medical services and the local/regional hospitals, with the adoption of common protocols regarding AMI care and the implementation of coronary fast-track systems, are good examples of health policies and public health initiatives that translate into better outcomes after an AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, not even the better-implemented ambulance system or the best pre-hospital care protocols will give the desired outcomes if the patients do not timely activate the EMS response.</p>
      <p>Large efforts should then be put into educating patients presenting with symptoms that might raise the suspicion of having an AMI to immediately call their EMS emergency number and ask for assistance (that might include the dispatch of an ambulance with the proper crew and equipment) rather than going to the health services by their own means of transportation.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Assessment of the Impact of the Implementation of a Pre-Hospital Ambulance System on Acute Myocardial Infarction Mortality in a Developing Country</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
