<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WmMmYdmWMCyNv6JTpy9SRFv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100747</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210564</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210564</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ocorre Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s uma Sess&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cio Aer&#243;bico Agudo em Pacientes com Angina Refrat&#225;ria?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1240-0856</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Giuliano de S&#225; Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4060-4672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Regina Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6785-7506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Morumbi, 627. CEP <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>luciana.matos@einstein.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>747</fpage>
      <lpage>753</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>N&#227;o est&#225; claro se o exerc&#237;cio &#233; seguro em pacientes com formas mais avan&#231;adas de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, como aqueles com angina refrat&#225;ria (AR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Visamos determinar o efeito de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico agudo (SEAA) nos n&#237;veis de troponina T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade (TnT-as) em pacientes com AR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico longitudinal, n&#227;o randomizado e n&#227;o controlado. Os participantes foram recrutados de abril de 2015 a janeiro de 2019. Em uma escala visual de dor de 0 a 10, a dor classificada at&#233; 3 foi considerada como o n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo permitido para continuar o exerc&#237;cio. Avaliamos TnT-as na linha de base e 3 horas ap&#243;s a SEAA. O protocolo consistiu em 5 minutos de aquecimento, 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca correspondente ao limiar anaer&#243;bio ou limiar de angina obtido no teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar e 5 minutos de resfriamento. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p menores que 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 32 pacientes com AR (61 &#177; 9 anos, 59,4% do sexo masculino). A concentra&#231;&#227;o basal de TnT-as foi de 10,9 ng/L (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 9,1 a 13,0 ng/L). A TnT-as coletada 3 horas ap&#243;s a SEAA foi de 11,1 ng/L (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 9,1 a 13,5 ng/L). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a ocorreu na TnT-as antes e ap&#243;s a SEAA (p = 0,657).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Uma &#250;nica SEAA realizada no limiar de angina com correspondente escala visual de dor n&#227;o alterou a TnT-as em pacientes com AR, sugerindo que nenhuma les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica significativa foi provocada pelo exerc&#237;cio e que este protocolo de exerc&#237;cio pode ser considerado seguro.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP)</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/00345-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angina refrat&#225;ria (AR) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e debilitante caracterizada por angina pectoris com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 3 meses, com importante comprometimento da qualidade de vida, como resultado de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana no quadro de doen&#231;a arterial que n&#227;o pode ser controlada por terapia medicamentosa em pacientes n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria (cirurgia ou angioplastia). Apesar da complexidade da doen&#231;a, esses pacientes apresentam baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos combinados, incluindo uma incid&#234;ncia de morte de aproximadamente 2% a 3% ao ano e uma incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de 3,5% ao ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias crescentes mostram que o exerc&#237;cio &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia importante no tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Demonstrou-se que o exerc&#237;cio aumenta o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano e perif&#233;rico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o treinamento f&#237;sico melhora o controle neurovascular em pacientes com DAC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> o que parece estar associado &#224; melhora do controle barorreflexo arterial. Al&#233;m disso, o treinamento de exerc&#237;cio melhora a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e reduz a mortalidade nesse grupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o exerc&#237;cio &#233; seguro em pacientes com formas mais avan&#231;adas de DAC, como aqueles com AR, porque, pelo menos teoricamente, o exerc&#237;cio poderia provocar isquemia grave e/ou prolongada, levando a danos no mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>A troponina T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade (TnT-as) &#233; um marcador espec&#237;fico de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, essa prote&#237;na est&#225; relacionada ao progn&#243;stico de pacientes com AR. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a TnT-as &#233; um preditor significativo de mortalidade e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Alguns pesquisadores t&#234;m sugerido que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnT-as ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um sinal de isquemia induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que depende da intensidade e da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, relatamos os n&#237;veis de TnT-as ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico agudo (SEAA) em pacientes com AR. N&#243;s hipotetizamos que o exerc&#237;cio de intensidade moderada feito no limiar anaer&#243;bico ou limiar de angina confirmado por uma escala visual subjetiva de dor n&#227;o alteraria os n&#237;veis de TnT-as neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo cl&#237;nico longitudinal, n&#227;o randomizado e n&#227;o controlado, realizado para avaliar as respostas &#224; SEAA programada em pacientes com AR acompanhados em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio. A presente an&#225;lise fez parte do estudo intitulado &#8220;Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Angina Refrat&#225;ria&#8221;. O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (CAAE: 24308213.7.0000.0068), submetido e aprovado no Clinical Trials (NCT03218891). As investiga&#231;&#245;es seguiram a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>De abril de 2015 a janeiro de 2019, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes entre 45 e 75 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, com angina sintom&#225;tica (classe funcional de angina da Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] de II a IV) com pelo menos 3 meses de dura&#231;&#227;o sob terapia medicamentosa otimizada, que n&#227;o eram eleg&#237;veis para procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos ou de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea e nos quais foi poss&#237;vel documentar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica por ecocardiografia de estresse f&#237;sico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) marca-passos permanentes ou desfibriladores card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis; 2) pacientes com ritmo n&#227;o sinusal; 3) hist&#243;rico recente (&lt; 3 meses) de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica); 4) comprometimento funcional causado por qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que impe&#231;a o exerc&#237;cio; e 5) restri&#231;&#227;o de atividade (classe D) de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da American Heart Association para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos durante o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
        <p>O teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) foi realizado em esteira motorizada (modelo T2100, GE Healthcare, EUA) utilizando um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio incremental (Balke 2,5 mph). A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi registrada continuamente por meio de eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Ergo PC, Micromed, Brasil). As sa&#237;das de oxig&#234;nio e di&#243;xido de carbono foram medidas por an&#225;lise respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o (SensorMedics, VmaxAnalyzer Assembly, Encore 29S, EUA). Foi realizado o TECP seguindo as diretrizes, assim como os crit&#233;rios para defini&#231;&#227;o do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo e a determina&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bio. O limiar de angina foi determinado na FC exata em que o paciente se queixou de sintomas de angina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da troponina T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Foi utilizado um ensaio de alta sensibilidade comercialmente dispon&#237;vel para cTnT (Troponin T, kit Elisa, Roche Diagnostics, Alemanha), com um limite de detec&#231;&#227;o de 3 ng/L e um ponto de corte do percentil 99 de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia aparentemente saud&#225;vel de &lt; 14 ng/mL. Considerando que o pico de libera&#231;&#227;o de TnT-as induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio ocorre nas primeiras 1 a 4 horas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> medimos o n&#237;vel de TnT-as 3 horas ap&#243;s a SEAA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escala de dor</title>
        <p>Uma escala visual num&#233;rica de dor foi adotada e utilizada tanto para determinar a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio quanto para reduzir a sua intensidade. A escala foi graduada de 0 (sem dor) a 10 (dor intensa). A dor classificada at&#233; 3 (leve a moderada) foi considerada como o n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo permitido para continuar o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico. Quando a dor atingiu intensidade superior a 3 (moderada), o exerc&#237;cio foi interrompido ou sua intensidade foi reduzida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico agudo</title>
        <p>O protocolo consistiu em um total de 40 minutos de exerc&#237;cio: 5 minutos de aquecimento, 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo em esteira motorizada na FC correspondente ao limiar anaer&#243;bio ou limiar de angina obtido no TECP e 5 minutos de desaquecimento. Foi recomendado exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo; entretanto, interrup&#231;&#245;es breves ou redu&#231;&#227;o de intensidade foram permitidas se o paciente apresentasse angina moderada ou percep&#231;&#227;o moderada de esfor&#231;o. O exerc&#237;cio foi reiniciado quando os sintomas n&#227;o foram mais observados. Os pacientes foram monitorados continuamente por telemetria. A administra&#231;&#227;o de 5 mg de dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual foi administrada conforme necess&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), conforme apropriado, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram estudadas por meio de histogramas e <italic>boxplots</italic>, bem como por testes de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Modelos de equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada foram ajustados para investigar varia&#231;&#245;es entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es antes e ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para comparar grupos com e sem AR, uso de nitrato durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e classe funcional da CCS, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dosagem de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel. Foram realizados ajustes com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama e fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, considerando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de um mesmo paciente nos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Para comparar a presen&#231;a de angina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es observadas nas dosagens de troponina, foi utilizado o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas num&#233;ricas foram investigadas por meio do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Um modelo linear generalizado com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama e fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica foi ajustado para comparar os grupos com e sem angina durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC naquela sess&#227;o. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM Corp), considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas basais</title>
        <p>Foram recrutados 92 pacientes e 60 deles foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o atenderem aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. O estudo incluiu 32 pacientes com AR (61 &#177; 9 anos, 59,4% do sexo masculino), 40,6% com classe funcional de angina da CCS II, 21,9% com classe III e 37,5% com classe IV. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e as medica&#231;&#245;es antianginosas utilizadas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes (90,6%) fazia uso de uma combina&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 3 antianginosos, 93,8% aspirina, 100% estatina e 34,4% insulina. A an&#225;lise do TECP demonstrou um tempo total de exerc&#237;cio m&#233;dio de 344,5 &#177; 139,5 segundos. A FC do limiar de angina e do limiar anaer&#243;bio foi de 88,5 &#177; 15,9 batimentos por minuto (bpm) e 84,6 &#177; 11,9 bpm, respectivamente. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico foi de 16,1 &#177; 3,4 mL/kg/min.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Dados cl&#237;nicos</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(N=32)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61&#177;9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29,1&#177;4,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">CA, cm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100,6&#177;10,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FC em repouso, bpm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61&#177;7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PAS, mmHg (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">124&#177;16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">PAD, mmHg (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77&#177;11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Tempo diagn&#243;stico das DAC, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12&#177;9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FEVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica, % (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54&#177;9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o obstrutivo de DAC (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a de 1 vaso</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a de 2 vasos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a de 3 vasos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Achados laboratoriais (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78,0&#177;26,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44,3&#177;12,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129,6&#177;54,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HBA1C, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,2&#177;1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Uso de medicamentos antianginosos (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nitratos de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Trimetazidina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ivabradina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da isquemia documentada pelo ecocardiograma de estresse demonstrou que 62,5% dos pacientes apresentavam isquemia na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda, 41% na art&#233;ria circunflexa e 37% nos territ&#243;rios da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita. A maioria (66%) dos pacientes apresentou isquemia em apenas 1 territ&#243;rio coronariano, 28% em 2 territ&#243;rios e 6% em 3 territ&#243;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Respostas ao exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o basal de TnT-as foi de 10,9 ng/L (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 9,1 a 13,0 ng/L) e 3 horas ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio foi de 11,1 ng/L (IC 95%: 9,1 a 13,5 ng/L). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas nas dosagens de TnT-as antes e ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o (p = 0,657, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de TnT-as diminu&#237;ram em 21,9% dos pacientes, n&#227;o se alteraram em 31,2% e aumentaram em 46,9%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores m&#233;dios estimados e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% para dosagem de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel antes e ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio (n = 32)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Dosagem de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (ng/L)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Antes da SE</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">10,9 (9,1; 13,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ap&#243;s a SE</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">11,1 (9,1; 13,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Varia&#231;&#227;o (ap&#243;s a SE &#8211; antes da SE)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,2 (&#8211;0,8; 1,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor p</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0,657</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dias estimadas (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%); SE: sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. Teste estat&#237;stico: modelos de equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa generalizada</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da FC mantida durante a SAAE foi de 82,8 &#177; 7,8 bpm, com 37,5% dos pacientes atingindo a FC do limiar anaer&#243;bio. Durante a sess&#227;o, 53,1% dos pacientes apresentaram angina na m&#233;dia de 81,2 &#177; 8,5 bpm e, destes, 52,9% n&#227;o atingiram o limiar de angina do TECP. Por outro lado, dos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram angina durante a SEAA, 40% atingiram o limiar de angina do TECP. Os pacientes que apresentaram angina durante a SEAA tiveram FC da SEAA significativamente maior (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 6,3 bpm) do que aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram (p = 0,018; IC 95%, 1,1 a 11,5 bpm). No entanto, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FC da SEAA e os valores de delta do n&#237;vel de TnT-as (R = &#8722;0,25; p = 0,176) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Os valores de delta das concentra&#231;&#245;es de TnT-as n&#227;o diferiram entre os pacientes que apresentaram angina durante a sess&#227;o e aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram (medianas de 0,0 [IIQ: 0,0 a 2,0] e 1,0 [IIQ: &#8722;1,0 a 1,0], respectivamente [p = 0,941]).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre FC da SEAA e delta da TnT-as. bpm: batimentos por minuto; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SEAA: sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico agudo; TnT-as: troponina T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0747-10564-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Apenas 12,5% de todos os pacientes necessitaram de nitrato sublingual de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para al&#237;vio da angina durante a SEAA, e destes, apenas 1 (25%) atingiu o limiar de angina do TECP durante a sess&#227;o. N&#227;o ocorreram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os n&#237;veis de TnT-as e o uso de nitrato durante a SEAA (p = 0,077) ou entre os n&#237;veis de TnT-as e a classe funcional de angina da CCS dos pacientes (p = 0,395). Nenhum evento adverso ocorreu durante a SEAA ao longo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a especificamente investigar les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por TnT-as ap&#243;s uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com AR. Nossos resultados demonstram que uma SEAA realizada at&#233; o limiar de angina correspondente ao n&#237;vel 3 na escala visual de dor de 0 a 10 n&#227;o alterou a concentra&#231;&#227;o de TnT-as nem causou complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em pacientes com AR. Portanto, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico pode ser indicado de forma mais abrangente como parte do tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o um passo importante na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois uma das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas mais importantes dos pacientes com AR &#233; a baixa toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, limitando suas atividades di&#225;rias e piorando sua qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico poderia ser inclu&#237;do como parte do tratamento cl&#237;nico seguro da AR. Habitualmente, esses pacientes apresentam restri&#231;&#245;es a atividades f&#237;sicas devido ao medo de que o exerc&#237;cio possa exacerbar os sintomas ou desencadear eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes. A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tratamento estabelecido para pacientes com DAC (classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#227;o &#233; claramente recomendada para pacientes com AR, devido &#224; falta de evid&#234;ncias quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a e aos efeitos ben&#233;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A TnT-as &#233; um biomarcador reconhecido para diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As concentra&#231;&#245;es de troponina, mesmo abaixo do percentil 99, predizem resultados adversos em pacientes e na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em pacientes com DAC, incluindo aqueles com AR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a TnT-as &#233; um importante marcador progn&#243;stico de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A baixa TnT-as circulante foi identificada como o mais forte preditor de morte e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o fatal. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o se deve &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de rupturas silenciosas de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas vulner&#225;veis, que levam &#224; microemboliza&#231;&#227;o e subsequentemente ao microinfarto em &#225;reas do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o supridas por circula&#231;&#227;o colateral suficiente, elevando os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de TnT-as antes da ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As troponinas card&#237;acas tamb&#233;m podem ser liberadas com o exerc&#237;cio; por&#233;m, os mecanismos subjacentes e o valor cl&#237;nico real desse aumento n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> V&#225;rias teorias t&#234;m sido propostas para explicar o mecanismo subjacente &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de troponina, seguida em muitos casos por anormalidades da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o documentadas por ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; o mais preocupante dos mecanismos propostos, pois pode resultar em desfecho cl&#237;nico negativo. Outro mecanismo bem aceito &#233; a libera&#231;&#227;o de uma troponina n&#227;o ligada que existe no citosol do cardiomi&#243;cito atrav&#233;s do aumento da permeabilidade da membrana do cardiomi&#243;cito (desencadeada pelo estresse de cisalhamento do exerc&#237;cio). Isso poderia explicar a curta dura&#231;&#227;o (&lt; 1 semana) do aumento da TnT-as ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>A magnitude da resposta da TnT-as depende da dura&#231;&#227;o e, principalmente, da intensidade da atividade f&#237;sica, e o significado progn&#243;stico de longo prazo da libera&#231;&#227;o repetitiva de troponina induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o &#233; completamente conhecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Muitos autores consideram benignos esses aumentos nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de troponina induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio, pois ocorrem com frequ&#234;ncia, est&#227;o presentes mesmo em indiv&#237;duos (aparentemente) saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o s&#227;o acompanhados de sintomas cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Por outro lado, um estudo recente observou que TnT-as basal e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio foram preditores independentes de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores em uma coorte de idosos caminhantes de longa dist&#226;ncia, chamando a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que altos n&#237;veis de troponina podem n&#227;o ser apenas um resposta fisiol&#243;gica benigna, mas um marcador progn&#243;stico precoce de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando a falta de consenso sobre a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da TnT-as p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio no progn&#243;stico, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses estudos deve levar os seguintes fatores em considera&#231;&#227;o: 1) a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, 2) a intensidade e o volume de exerc&#237;cio aplicado, 3) os ensaios de medida de TnT-as, 4) a experi&#234;ncia de treinamento, 5) o tempo de coleta de sangue e 6) a presen&#231;a de sintomas durante o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante desses pontos controversos e dos nossos achados, parece que a atividade f&#237;sica, especialmente em pacientes com DAC, pode ser praticada com seguran&#231;a quando n&#227;o &#233; seguida por aumento da TnT-as p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, orientando a prescri&#231;&#227;o de uma &#8220;dose-alvo otimizada&#8221;. Dessa maneira, minimiza os poss&#237;veis efeitos nocivos do exerc&#237;cio, alcan&#231;ando benef&#237;cios m&#225;ximos para a sa&#250;de e, adicionalmente, mudando os paradigmas de limitar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios abaixo do limiar de isquemia ou de angina.</p>
      <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico baseado no limiar de dor associado &#224; escala visual de dor &#233; amplamente utilizado e aceito em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Nesses pacientes, esse tipo de treinamento &#233; considerado uma forma de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em pacientes com DAC, o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realmente recomendado na intensidade abaixo da isquemia induz&#237;vel. A intensidade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio deve ser prescrita 10 batimentos abaixo do limiar de isquemia, geralmente controlada por altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em pacientes com AR, que s&#227;o extremamente limitados na realiza&#231;&#227;o de tarefas di&#225;rias devido &#224; angina e cujos sintomas s&#227;o desencadeados por estressores f&#237;sicos e emocionais, &#233; um desafio definir a FC baseada no exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Em nossos pacientes com AR, 25% apresentaram TnT-as acima do percentil 99 da normalidade (&gt; 14 ng/L), ou seja, com maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Apesar disso e da presen&#231;a de angina moderada (at&#233; 3 de 10 na escala visual de dor), em mais da metade dos pacientes, n&#227;o observamos aumento significativo de TnT-as ap&#243;s SEAA ou eventos cl&#237;nicos durante a sess&#227;o. A angina, como outras dores cr&#244;nicas, &#233; um sintoma subjetivo e muito individual e, obviamente, deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o para a seguran&#231;a desses pacientes. &#201; essencial destacar que nossos pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, apesar de apresentarem angina. Portanto, a prescri&#231;&#227;o de intensidade de exerc&#237;cio baseada em modifica&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o parece ser uma estrat&#233;gia adequada em pacientes com AR.</p>
      <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio ressaltarmos que os pacientes que apresentaram angina durante a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio apresentaram FC mais elevada do que os pacientes sem angina. Por&#233;m, os pacientes sem angina treinaram at&#233; o limiar anaer&#243;bio ou esfor&#231;o moderado, que &#233; a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio recomendada para pacientes com DAC. Esses resultados refor&#231;am que nossa proposta de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios pode ser considerada segura para aplica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com AR.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da TnT-as foi feita com base em amostras em 2 pontos: antes e 3 horas ap&#243;s a SEAA. A &#250;ltima foi definida com base na evid&#234;ncia de que qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de TnT-as j&#225; &#233; detect&#225;vel naquele momento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Portanto, n&#227;o acreditamos que tenha interferido em nossos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Uma &#250;nica SEAA realizada no limiar de angina com correspondente escala visual de dor (at&#233; 3 de 10) n&#227;o alterou a TnT-as em pacientes com AR, sugerindo que nenhuma les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica significativa foi provocada pelo exerc&#237;cio. Portanto, conclu&#237;mos que este protocolo de exerc&#237;cio pode ser considerado seguro para pacientes com AR.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O que se sabe sobre o assunto e o que este estudo acrescenta?</title>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico melhora a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a qualidade de vida e reduz a mortalidade nesse grupo de pacientes; entretanto, a seguran&#231;a da atividade f&#237;sica ainda &#233; questionada para pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria e muitas vezes &#233; um impedimento para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, impactando assim na qualidade de vida desta popula&#231;&#227;o. Este manuscrito cria um paradigma para estudos futuros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por FAPESP</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Carla de S&#225; Pinto Montenegro pela Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) pelo apoio financeiro para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo (Processo: 2014/00345-0).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poppi</surname>
              <given-names>NT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gowdak</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dourado</surname>
              <given-names>LO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adam</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>TN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mioto</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Prospective Study of Patients with Refractory Angina: Outcomes and the Role of High-sensitivity Troponin T</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.22599</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Poppi NT, Gowdak LH, Dourado LO, Adam EL, Leite TN, Mioto BM, et al. A Prospective Study of Patients with Refractory Angina: Outcomes and the Role of High-sensitivity Troponin T. Clin Cardiol. 2017;40(1):11-7. doi: 10.1002/clc.22599.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hambrecht</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erbs</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linke</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kr&#228;nkel</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Regular Physical Activity Improves Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease by Increasing Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>3152</fpage>
          <lpage>3158</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Hambrecht R, Adams V, Erbs S, Linke A, Kr&#228;nkel N, Shu Y, et al. Regular Physical Activity Improves Endothelial Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease by Increasing Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Circulation. 2003;107(25):3152-8. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000074229.93804.5C.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>DG</given-names></name><name><surname>Nicolau</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name><name><surname>Lage</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name><name><surname>Toschi-Dias</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name> de <name><surname>Matos</surname><given-names>LD</given-names></name> <name><surname>Alves</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name> <etal/></person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Long-term Exercise Training on Autonomic Control in Myocardial Infarction Patients</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1049</fpage>
          <lpage>1056</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.176644</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Martinez DG, Nicolau JC, Lage RL, Toschi-Dias E, de Matos LD, Alves MJ, et al. Effects of Long-term Exercise Training on Autonomic Control in Myocardial Infarction Patients. Hypertension. 2011;58(6):1049-56. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.176644.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akyildiz</surname>
              <given-names>ZI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ergene</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Frequency of Angina and Quality of Life in Outpatients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Turkey: Insights from the PULSE Study</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>259</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2143/AC.69.3.3027827</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Akyildiz ZI, Ergene O. Frequency of Angina and Quality of Life in Outpatients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Turkey: Insights from the PULSE Study. Acta Cardiol. 2014;69(3):253-9. doi: 10.2143/AC.69.3.3027827.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Youn</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mortality Reduction with Physical Activity in Patients with and Without Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>43</issue>
          <fpage>3547</fpage>
          <lpage>3555</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz564</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Jeong SW, Kim SH, Kang SH, Kim HJ, Yoon CH, Youn TJ, et al. Mortality Reduction with Physical Activity in Patients with and Without Cardiovascular Disease. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(43):3547-55. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz564.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Twerenbold</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tanglay</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichlin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Honegger</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagener</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Benefit of High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I in the Detection of Exercise-induced Myocardial Ischemia</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>173</volume>
          <fpage>8</fpage>
          <lpage>17</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2015.11.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Lee G, Twerenbold R, Tanglay Y, Reichlin T, Honegger U, Wagener M, et al. Clinical Benefit of High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I in the Detection of Exercise-induced Myocardial Ischemia. Am Heart J. 2016;173:8-17. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.11.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balady</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ades</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittner</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comoss</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foody</surname>
              <given-names>JAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Programs: 2007 Update</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Nurs</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>425</fpage>
          <lpage>426</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.JCN.0000297376.60637.c8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Balady GJ, Williams MA, Ades PA, Bittner V, Comoss P, Foody JAM, et al. Core Components of Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Programs: 2007 Update. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22(6):425-6. doi: 10.1097/01.JCN.0000297376.60637.c8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baker</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leckie</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrington</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-induced Cardiac Troponin Elevation: An Update on the Evidence, Mechanism and Implications</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>186</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.03.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Baker P, Leckie T, Harrington D, Richardson A. Exercise-induced Cardiac Troponin Elevation: An Update on the Evidence, Mechanism and Implications. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019;22:181-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.03.001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High-Sensitivity Troponin in the General Population: Time for a New Normal?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>571</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ho JE. High-Sensitivity Troponin in the General Population: Time for a New Normal? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(5):569-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aakre</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physical Activity, Exercise and Cardiac Troponins: Clinical Implications</article-title>
          <source>Prog Cardiovasc Dis</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>108</fpage>
          <lpage>115</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Aakre KM, Omland T. Physical Activity, Exercise and Cardiac Troponins: Clinical Implications. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;62(2):108-15. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shave</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>George</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atkinson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Middleton</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whyte</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin T Release: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2099</fpage>
          <lpage>2106</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1249/mss.0b013e318153ff78</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Shave R, George KP, Atkinson G, Hart E, Middleton N, Whyte G, et al. Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin T Release: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(12):2099-106. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318153ff78.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Asbury</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Probert</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wright</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbir</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fox</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Rehabilitation to Improve Physical Functioning in Refractory Angina: A Pilot Study</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>170</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000339224</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Asbury EA, Webb CM, Probert H, Wright C, Barbir M, Fox K, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation to Improve Physical Functioning in Refractory Angina: A Pilot Study. Cardiology. 2012;122(3):170-7. doi: 10.1159/000339224.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fihn</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gardin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abrams</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berra</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blankenship</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dallas</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>3097</fpage>
          <lpage>3137</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2012;126(25):3097-137. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Knuuti</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wijns</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraste</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbato</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funck-Brentano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>407</fpage>
          <lpage>477</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Coronary Syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McGillion</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arthur</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carroll</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Victor</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L'allier</surname>
              <given-names>PL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Management of Patients with Refractory Angina: Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Pain Society joint guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <supplement>2 Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2011.07.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 McGillion M, Arthur HM, Cook A, Carroll SL, Victor JC, L'allier PL, et al. Management of Patients with Refractory Angina: Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Pain Society joint guidelines. Can J Cardiol. 2012;28(2 Suppl):20-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.07.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mannheimer</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camici</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chester</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeJongste</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eliasson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Problem of Chronic Refractory Angina; Report from the ESC Joint Study Group on the Treatment of Refractory Angina</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/euhj.2001.2706</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Mannheimer C, Camici P, Chester MR, Collins A, DeJongste M, Eliasson T, et al. The Problem of Chronic Refractory Angina; Report from the ESC Joint Study Group on the Treatment of Refractory Angina. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(5):355-70. doi: 10.1053/euhj.2001.2706.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Westermann</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neumann</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#246;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blankenberg</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High-sensitivity Assays for Troponin in Patients with Cardiac Disease</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>472</fpage>
          <lpage>483</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2017.48</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Westermann D, Neumann JT, S&#246;rensen NA, Blankenberg S. High-sensitivity Assays for Troponin in Patients with Cardiac Disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(8):472-83. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.48.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mair</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindahl</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammarsten</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#252;ller</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giannitsis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huber</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How is Cardiac Troponin Released from Injured Myocardium?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>553</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2048872617748553</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Mair J, Lindahl B, Hammarsten O, M&#252;ller C, Giannitsis E, Huber K, et al. How is Cardiac Troponin Released from Injured Myocardium? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7(6):553-60. doi: 10.1177/2048872617748553.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aengevaeren</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopman</surname>
              <given-names>MTE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakker</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>George</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DHJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin I Increase and Incident Mortality and Cardiovascular Events</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>804</fpage>
          <lpage>814</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041627</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Aengevaeren VL, Hopman MTE, Thompson PD, Bakker EA, George KP, Thijssen DHJ, et al. Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin I Increase and Incident Mortality and Cardiovascular Events. Circulation. 2019;140(10):804-14. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041627.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Omland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabatine</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christophi</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rice</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jablonski</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Sensitive Cardiac Troponin T Assay in Stable Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2538</fpage>
          <lpage>2547</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa0805299</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Omland T, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, Christophi CA, Rice MM, Jablonski KA, et al. A Sensitive Cardiac Troponin T Assay in Stable Coronary Artery Disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(26):2538-47. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805299.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Omland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aakre</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Troponin Increase After Endurance Exercise</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>140</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>815</fpage>
          <lpage>818</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042131</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Omland T, Aakre KM. Cardiac Troponin Increase After Endurance Exercise. Circulation. 2019;140(10):815-8. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042131.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wild</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujisawa</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferry</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Cardiac Troponin Release</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041874</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Marshall L, Lee KK, Stewart SD, Wild A, Fujisawa T, Ferry AV, et al. Effect of Exercise Intensity and Duration on Cardiac Troponin Release. Circulation. 2020;141(1):83-5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041874.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tulloh</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ware</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prendergast</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Raised Troponin T and Echocardiographic Abnormalities After Prolonged Strenuous Exercise&#8211;&#8211;the Australian Ironman Triathlon</article-title>
          <source>Br J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>605</fpage>
          <lpage>609</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bjsm.2005.022319</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Tulloh L, Robinson D, Patel A, Ware A, Prendergast C, Sullivan D, et al. Raised Troponin T and Echocardiographic Abnormalities After Prolonged Strenuous Exercise&#8211;&#8211;the Australian Ironman Triathlon. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(7):605-9. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.022319.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shave</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baggish</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>George</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scharhag</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whyte</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin Elevation: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Implications</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>169</fpage>
          <lpage>176</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.037</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Shave R, Baggish A, George K, Wood M, Scharhag J, Whyte G, et al Exercise-Induced Cardiac Troponin Elevation: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(3):169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.037.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eijsvogels</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoogerwerf</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oudegeest-Sander</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hopman</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of Exercise Intensity on Cardiac Troponin I Release</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>171</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.050</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Eijsvogels TM, Hoogerwerf MD, Oudegeest-Sander MH, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH. The Impact of Exercise Intensity on Cardiac Troponin I Release. Int J Cardiol. 2014;171(1):3-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.11.050.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brzezinski</surname>
              <given-names>RY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milwidsky</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shenhar-Tsarfaty</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise-induced Cardiac Troponin in the Era of High Sensitivity Assays: What Makes Our Heart Sweat?</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.03.057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Brzezinski RY, Milwidsky A, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S. Exercise-induced Cardiac Troponin in the Era of High Sensitivity Assays: What Makes Our Heart Sweat? Int J Cardiol. 2019;288:19-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.03.057.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McDermott</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Exercise Training for Intermittent Claudication</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1612</fpage>
          <lpage>1620</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2017.05.111</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 McDermott MM. Exercise Training for Intermittent Claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2017;66(5):1612-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.05.111.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giannitsis</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katus</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Troponin Level Elevations not Related to Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>623</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2013.129</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Giannitsis E, Katus HA. Cardiac Troponin Level Elevations not Related to Acute Coronary Syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(11):623-34. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.129.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does Myocardial Injury Occur After an Acute Aerobic Exercise Session in Patients with Refractory Angina?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1240-0856</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Giuliano de S&#225; Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4060-4672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Regina Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6785-7506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein &#8211; Reabilita&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Morumbi, 627. Postal Code <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>luciana.matos@einstein.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>It is unclear whether exercise is safe in patients with more advanced forms of coronary artery disease, such as those with refractory angina (RA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We aimed to determine the effect of an acute aerobic exercise session (AAES) on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) levels in patients with RA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This was a longitudinal, non-randomized, and non-controlled clinical study. Participants were recruited from April 2015 to January 2019. On a visual pain scale from 0 to 10, pain rated up to 3 was considered as the top level allowed to continue exercising. We assessed hs-cTnT at baseline and 3 hours after the AAES. The protocol consisted of 5 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise at heart rate corresponding to the anaerobic threshold or angina threshold obtained in the cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and 5 minutes of cooling down. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Thirty-two patients with RA were included (61 &#177; 9 years, 59.4% male). The baseline hs-cTnT concentration was 10.9 ng/L (95% confidence interval: 9.1 to 13.0 ng/L). The hs-cTnT collected 3 hours after the AAES was 11.1 ng/L (95% confidence interval: 9.1 to 13.5 ng/L). No difference occurred in hs-cTnT before and after AAES (p = 0.657).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>A single AAES performed at the angina threshold with corresponding visual pain scale did not alter hs-cTnT in patients with RA, suggesting that no significant myocardial injury was elicited by exercising and that this exercise protocol can be considered safe.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP)</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014/00345-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Refractory angina (RA) is a chronic and debilitating condition characterized by angina pectoris lasting &gt; 3 months, with an important impairment of quality of life, as a result of coronary insufficiency in the setting of artery disease that cannot be controlled by medical therapy in patients who are not eligible for coronary revascularization (surgery or angioplasty). Despite the complexity of the disease, these patients present low incidence of combined events, including an approximately 2% to 3% per year incidence of death and a 3.5% per year incidence of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Growing evidence shows that exercise is an important strategy in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Exercise has been shown to increase coronary and peripheral blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Likewise, exercise training improves neurovascular control in patients with CAD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which seems to be associated with improvement in arterial baroreflex control. Moreover, exercise training improves exercise tolerance and quality of life<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and reduces mortality in this group of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is still unclear whether exercise is safe in patients with more advanced forms of CAD, such as those with RA, because, at least theoretically, exercise could provoke severe and/or prolonged ischemia, leading to myocardial damage.</p>
        <p>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) is a specific myocardial injury (MI) marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Also, this protein is related to the prognosis of patients with RA. Previous studies have shown that hs-cTnT is a significant predictor of mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Some investigators have suggested that elevation of hs-cTnT after physical exercise is a sign of exercise-induced ischemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which depends upon exercise intensity and duration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, we report the levels of hs-cTnT after an acute aerobic exercise session (AAES) in patients with RA. We hypothesized that moderate-intensity exercise done at the anaerobic threshold or angina threshold confirmed by a subjective visual pain scale would not alter the levels of hs-cTnT in this group of patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a longitudinal, non-randomized, and non-controlled clinical study performed to evaluate the responses to programmed AAES in patients with RA followed in a tertiary university hospital. This analysis was part of the study entitled &#8220;Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Refractory Angina&#8221;. The sample size was defined by convenience. The study was approved by the ethics and research committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (CAAE: 24308213.7.0000.0068), submitted to and approved in Clinical Trials (NCT03218891). Investigations followed the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>From April 2015 to January 2019, we enrolled patients of both sexes, aged 45 to 75 years, with symptomatic angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] angina functional class II to IV) with at least 3 months of duration on optimal medical therapy, in whom myocardial ischemia could be documented by physical stress echocardiography, and who were not eligible for surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) permanent pacemakers or implantable cardiac defibrillators; 2) patients with nonsinus rhythm; 3) history of recent (&lt; 3 months) acute coronary syndrome or myocardial revascularization (percutaneous or surgical); 4) functional impairment caused by any clinical condition preventing exercise; and 5) activity restriction (class D) according to the American Heart Association criteria for risk stratification of events during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
          <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was performed on a motorized treadmill (T2100 model, GE Healthcare, USA) using a graded exercise protocol (Balke 2.5 mph). Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded using a 12-lead electrocardiogram (Ergo PC, Micromed, Brazil). The oxygen and carbon dioxide outputs were measured by breath-by-breath analysis (SensorMedics, VmaxAnalyzer Assembly, Encore 29S, USA). CPET was performed following the guidelines, as well as the criteria for defining maximal effort and determination of the anaerobic threshold. The angina threshold was determined at the exact HR at which the patient complained of angina symptoms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T analysis</title>
          <p>A commercially available high-sensitivity assay for cTnT (Troponin T, Elisa kit, Roche Diagnostics, Germany), with a detection limit of 3 ng/L and a 99th percentile cut-off from an apparently healthy reference population of &lt; 14 ng/mL was utilized. Because exercise-induced hs-cTnT peak release occurs within the first 1 to 4 hours,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> we measured the hs-cTnT level at 3 hours post-AAES.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pain scale</title>
          <p>A visual numeric pain scale was adopted and used either to determine exercise interruption or to reduce its intensity. The scale was graded from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain). Pain rated up to 3 (mild to moderate) was considered as the top level allowed to continue aerobic exercise. When the pain reached an intensity higher than 3 (moderate), exercise was interrupted, or its intensity was reduced.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute aerobic exercise session protocol</title>
          <p>The protocol consisted of a total of 40 minutes exercising: 5 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise on a motorized treadmill at HR corresponding to the anaerobic threshold or angina threshold obtained in the CPET, and 5 minutes of cool-down. Continuous exercise was recommended; however, brief interruptions or reduction in intensity were allowed if the patient experienced moderate angina or moderate effort perception. The exercise was restarted when the symptoms were no longer observed. Patients were continuously monitored by telemetry. Administration of 5 mg of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate was administered as needed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR) as appropriate, and categorical variables are expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. The distributions of numerical variables were studied using histograms and boxplots, as well as by Shapiro-Wilk normality tests. Generalized estimating equation models were adjusted to investigate variations between the assessments before and after a physical exercise session to compare groups with and without RA, nitrate use during the physical exercise session, and CCS functional class, in relation to the dosage of ultrasensitive troponin. Adjustments were performed with gamma distribution and logarithmic linkage function, considering the correlation between the measurements of the same patient in both evaluation moments. To compare the presence of angina in relation to the variations observed in troponin dosages, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used. Correlations between numerical measures were investigated using Spearman's correlation coefficient. A generalized linear model with gamma distribution and logarithmic link function was fitted to compare groups with and without angina during the physical exercise session in relation to HR during that session. The analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp), considering a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline measures</title>
          <p>A total of 92 patients were recruited, and 60 of them were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. The study included 32 patients with RA (61 &#177; 9 years, 59.4% male), 40.6% with CCS II angina functional class, 21.9% with CCS III, and 37.5% with CCS IV. The clinical characteristics of the patients and antianginal medications used by patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. Most patients (90.6%) were on a combination of at least 3 antianginal drugs, 93.8% aspirin, 100% statin, and 34.4% insulin. The CPET analysis demonstrated a mean total exercise time of 344.5 &#177; 139.5 seconds. HR of angina threshold and anaerobic threshold were 88.5 &#177; 15.9 beats per minute (bpm) and 84.6 &#177; 11.9 bpm, respectively. Peak oxygen consumption was 16.1 &#177; 3.4 mL/kg/min.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="49%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Clinical data</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">(N=32)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age, years (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61&#177;9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Male (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">29.1&#177;4.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">AC, cm (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100.6&#177;10.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Resting HR, bpm (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61&#177;7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">SBP, mmHg (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">124&#177;16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DBP, mmHg (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77&#177;11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Past medical history (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">93.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous smoking</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Family history of CAD</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous acute myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">CAD diagnostic time, years (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12&#177;9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Echocardiographic LVEF, % (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54&#177;9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>CAD obstructive pattern (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">One-vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Two-vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Three-vessel disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Laboratory findings (mean&#177;SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78.0&#177;26.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44.3&#177;12.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">129.6&#177;54.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">HBA1C, %</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7.2&#177;1.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Antianginal drugs in use (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#946;-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcium channel blockers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">84.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Long-acting nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">93.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Trimetazidine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">96.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ivabradine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>AC: abdominal circumference; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The analysis of ischemia documented by the stress echocardiogram demonstrated that 62.5% of the patients had ischemia in the left anterior descending artery, 41% in the circumflex artery, and 37% in the right coronary artery territories. Most (66%) patients had ischemia in only 1 coronary territory, 28% in 2 territories, and 6% in 3 territories.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Responses to exercise</title>
          <p>The baseline hs-cTnT concentration was 10.9 ng/L (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.1 to 13.0 ng/L), and 3 hours after the exercise session it was 11.1 ng/L (95% CI: 9.1 to 13.5 ng/L). No significant differences were found in hs-cTnT dosages before and after the session (p =0.657, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The hs-cTnT levels decreased in 21.9% of patients, did not change in 31.2%, and increased in 46.9%.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimated mean values and 95% confidence intervals for ultrasensitive troponin dosage before and after an exercise session (n=32)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Assessment</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Ultrasensitive troponin dosage (ng/L)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Before EX</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">10.9 (9.1; 13.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">After EX</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">11.1 (9.1; 13.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Variation (after EX &#8211;before EX)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">0.2 (&#8211;0.8; 1.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">0.657</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Values expressed as estimated averages (95% confidence interval); EX: exercise session. Statistical test: generalized estimating equation models.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The mean HR maintained during AAES was 82.8 &#177; 7.8 bpm, with 37.5% of patients achieving the HR of anaerobic threshold. During the session, 53.1% of patients experienced angina at the mean of 81.2 &#177; 8.5 bpm, and, of these, 52.9% did not achieve CPET angina threshold. On the other hand, of the patients who did not have angina during AAES, 40% achieved a CPET angina threshold. Patients who experienced angina during AAES had a significantly higher AAES HR (mean difference: 6.3 bpm) than those who did not (p = 0.018; 95% CI, 1.1 to 11.5 bpm). However, no correlation was noted between AAES HR and delta hs-cTnT levels (R = &#8722;0.25; p = 0.176) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). The delta hs-cTnT concentrations did not differ between patients who experienced angina during the session and those who did not (medians of 0.0 [IQR: 0.0 to 2.0] and 1.0 [IQR: &#8722;1.0 to 1.0], respectively [p = 0.941]).</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationship between AAES HR and delta hs-cTnT. AAES: acute aerobic exercise session; bpm: beats per minute; HR: heart rate; hs-cTnT: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0747-10564-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Only 12.5% of all patients required short-term sublingual nitrate for relief of angina during AAES, and of these, only 1 (25%) had reached the CPET angina threshold during the session. No significant differences occurred between hs-cTnT levels and nitrate use during AAES (p = 0.077) or between hs-cTnT levels and CCS functional class of angina of patients (p = 0.395). No adverse events occurred during AAES throughout the study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically investigate MI by hs-cTnT after a single exercise session in patients with RA. Our results demonstrate that an AAES performed up to the angina threshold corresponding to 3 on the visual pain scale from 0 to 10 did not alter hs-cTnT concentration or cause clinical complications in patients with RA. Therefore, physical exercise may be more comprehensively indicated as part of nonpharmacological treatment of these patients.</p>
        <p>These results are an important step in clinical practice, because one of the most important clinical characteristics of patients with RA is low exercise tolerance, limiting their daily activities and worsening their quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In this context, physical exercise could be included as part of safe clinical treatment of RA. Habitually, these patients are restricted in physical activities because of the fear that exercise may exacerbate symptoms or trigger recurrent cardiovascular events. Cardiac rehabilitation, an established treatment for CAD patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> (class I, level of evidence A), is not clearly recommended for patients with RA, because of the lack of evidence regarding the safety and beneficial effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hs-cTnT is a recognized biomarker for diagnosis of myocardial infarction and MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Troponin concentrations, even below the 99th percentile, predict adverse outcomes in patients and the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In patients with CAD, including those with RA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> hs-cTnT is an important prognostic marker of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Low circulating hs-cTnT was identified as the strongest predictor of death and nonfatal MI. A possible explanation is due to the occurrence of silent ruptures of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, which lead to microembolization and subsequent microinfarction in areas of myocardium not supplied by sufficient collateral circulation, elevating hs-cTnT plasma levels before MI and cardiovascular death occurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac troponins can also be released with exercise; however, the underlying mechanisms and the real clinical value of this increase are not completely understood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism underlying troponin release, followed in many cases by documented echocardiographic ejection fraction abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> MI is the most concerning proposed mechanism, because it could result in a negative clinical outcome. Another well accepted mechanism is the release of an unbound troponin that exists in cardiomyocyte cytosol through the increased membrane permeability of cardiomyocytes (triggered by the shear stress of exercise). This could explain the short duration (&lt; 1 week) of hs-cTnT increase after exercise.</p>
        <p>The magnitude of the hs-cTnT response depends on the duration and, principally, intensity of physical activity, and the long-term prognostic significance of repetitive, exercise-induced troponin release is not completely known.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Many authors consider these exercise-induced increases in troponin concentrations benign, because they occur frequently, are present even in (apparently) healthy individuals, and are not accompanied by clinical symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> On the other hand, a recent study observed that baseline and postexercise hs-cTnT were independent predictors of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in a cohort of older long-distance walkers, calling attention to the fact that high troponin levels may not be only a benign physiological response, but an early prognostic marker of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the lack of consensus about the clinical relevance of postexercise hs-cTnT on prognosis, the interpretation of these studies must take the following into account: 1) population evaluated, 2) intensity and volume of exercise applied, 3) hs-cTnT measurement assays, 4) training experience, 5) blood sample timing, and 6) presence of symptoms during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In view of these controversial points and our findings, it seems that physical activity, especially in patients with CAD, may be safely practiced when it is not followed by an increase in postexercise hs-cTnT, guiding the prescription of an &#8220;optimal target dose.&#8221; Accordingly, it minimizes the possible harmful effects of exercising, achieving maximal health benefits, and additionally changing paradigms of limiting exercise prescription below ischemia or angina threshold.</p>
        <p>Physical training based on the pain threshold associated with the visual pain scale is widely used and accepted in patients with peripheral arterial disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In these patients, this type of training is considered a form of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In patients with CAD, exercise is actually recommended at the intensity below inducible ischemia. The aerobic exercise intensity should be prescribed 10 beats below the ischemia threshold, usually controlled by electrocardiographic changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In patients with RA, who are extremely limited in performing daily tasks due to angina and whose symptoms are triggered by both physical and emotional stressors, it is a challenge to define exercise-based HR.</p>
        <p>In our patients with RA, 25% had hs-cTnT above the 99th percentile of normality (&gt; 14 ng/L), that is, at a higher risk of cardiovascular events. In spite of this and the presence of moderate angina (up to 3 of 10 on visual pain scale), in more than a half of the patients, we did not observe a significant increase in hs-cTnT after AAES or clinical events during the session. Angina, like other chronic pain, is a subjective and very individual symptom and it should, of course, be taken into consideration for the safety of these patients. It is essential to highlight that our patients did not experience electrocardiographic alterations during the exercise session, even though they experienced angina. Therefore, an exercise intensity prescription based on electrocardiographic modifications does not appear to be an appropriate strategy in patients with RA.</p>
        <p>We have to emphasize that patients who experienced angina during the exercise session had higher HR than patients without angina. However, the patients without angina trained to the anaerobic threshold or moderate effort, which is the recommended exercise intensity for CAD patients. These results reinforce that our proposed exercise prescription may be considered safe to apply in patients with RA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The hs-cTnT analysis was made based on 2-point samples: before and 3 hours after an AAES. The last one was defined based on evidence that any change in hs-cTnT level is already detectable at that time;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> therefore, we do not believe that it interfered with our results.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>A single AAES performed at the angina threshold and corresponding visual pain scale (up to 3 of 10) did not alter hs-cTnT in patients with RA, suggesting that no significant MI was elicited by exercising. Therefore, we conclude that this exercise protocol can be considered safe for patients with RA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>What is known about the topic and what does this study add?</title>
          <p>Exercise training improves exercise tolerance and quality of life and reduces mortality in this group of patients; however, the safety of physical activity is still questioned for patients with refractory angina and is often an impediment to performing cardiac rehabilitation, thus impacting this population's quality of life. This manuscript creates a paradigm for future studies of rehabilitation in patients with refractory angina.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carla de S&#225; Pinto Montenegro, from Faculdade Israelita de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de Albert Einstein.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) for the financial support for carrying out this study (Process: 2014/00345-0).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
