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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DfKvQD5CDFLKKPVGmTXr8TB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100745</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220739</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220739</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico e Caracter&#237;sticas Associadas a Trombose de Pr&#243;tese Valvar: Insights de um Estudo Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes</bold> &#8226; Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. CEP <postal-code>22775-002</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>brunoferraz@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>745</fpage>
      <lpage>746</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;tese Valvar</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 60, a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca passou por importantes mudan&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a sua estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. O in&#237;cio do emprego das cirurgias de substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar utilizando pr&#243;teses modificou o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar em todo o mundo. Anualmente, s&#227;o implantadas mais de 280 mil pr&#243;teses valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a valvar de etiologia degenerativa, tem aumentado nos pa&#237;ses industrializados enquanto, infelizmente, a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica ainda &#233; observada com frequ&#234;ncia em muitas partes do mundo, sendo a etiologia mais prevalente de valvopatia no Brasil. A pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica &#233; a mais indicada para pacientes mais jovens, muitas vezes acometidos pela doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, explicando sua relev&#226;ncia em nosso pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar &#233; um evento incomum sendo mais frequente em pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, principalmente em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este evento &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de troca valvar, com incid&#234;ncia anual vari&#225;vel entre 0,5 e 6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e possui alta mortalidade, que, em alguns estudos, pode ultrapassar 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo &#8220;Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos e de Sobrevida de Pacientes p&#243;s Implante de Valva Mec&#226;nica, com &#202;nfase em Trombose de Pr&#243;tese Valvar&#8221; trouxe uma importante vis&#227;o sobre esse tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Trata-se de uma grande coorte retrospectiva onde foram identificados 473 implantes de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas de 2011 a 2017. Por ser um estudo conduzido no Brasil, a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica foi a principal causa de troca valvar, justificando o perfil de idade mais jovem desta popula&#231;&#227;o. Em contrapartida, a troca valvar a&#243;rtica foi mais prevalente (49,9%) seguida da troca mitro-a&#243;rtica (30,2%) e mitral (19,9%). Os autores justificaram esses achados baseados em duas hip&#243;teses: (1) prefer&#234;ncia de biopr&#243;teses em mulheres jovens e/ou (2) possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o por valvuloplastia percut&#226;nea na valvopatia mitral.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade geral observada neste estudo foi um pouco mais elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos, apesar de existir uma grande heterogeneidade nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. De qualquer forma, a mortalidade geral foi menor que a observada nacionalmente. Alguns estudos j&#225; demonstraram que o uso de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas confere maior sobrevida em popula&#231;&#245;es mais jovens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> com mortalidade de 26,4% em 15 anos. O estudo de Tagliari encontrou uma mortalidade de 16% no seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,4 anos. Destaca-se que a classe funcional ap&#243;s a cirurgia e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica foram as principais vari&#225;veis associadas a mortalidade.</p>
    <p>A trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar foi um evento raro, semelhante aos dados dispon&#237;veis na literatura. Al&#233;m disso, observamos que &#233; um evento geralmente tardio, com tempo m&#233;dio de ocorr&#234;ncia de 39 meses. A varfarina &#233; o anticoagulante de elei&#231;&#227;o no paciente portador de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica. No entanto, seu perfil farmacol&#243;gico que promove flutua&#231;&#245;es no n&#237;vel terap&#234;utico, podem expor o paciente &#224; um maior risco de trombose. Neste estudo, o INR dos pacientes que apresentaram trombose n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a aos que n&#227;o apresentaram trombose, demonstrando que outros fatores podem estar envolvidos. A forma&#231;&#227;o do <italic>pannus</italic>, fator pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico conhecido, associou-se &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose de pr&#243;tese. Por fim, o tabagismo, outro fator sabidamente pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, tamb&#233;m manifestou associa&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores que aumentam o risco de trombose deve ser avaliada nesses pacientes rotineiramente.</p>
    <p>O sangramento &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o temida em pacientes portadores de pr&#243;tese valvar. Sabemos que o risco de sangramento &#233; maior nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, comparada aos portadores de biopr&#243;teses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No estudo de Tagliari, esta complica&#231;&#227;o aconteceu em 23 doentes (4,86%), sendo que todos demandaram interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. O sangramento foi respons&#225;vel pela morte de 2 doentes. Em estudo de Labaf et al, idade e sangramento pr&#233;vio foram importantes preditores de sangramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em pacientes com pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica mitral, insufici&#234;ncia renal tamb&#233;m foi um preditor importante.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Tagliari &#233;, portanto, um interessante registro sobre a doen&#231;a valvar em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Sobretudo por mostrar a jovem popula&#231;&#227;o acometida por doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica com alta frequ&#234;ncia de realiza&#231;&#227;o de troca valvar mec&#226;nica e suas complica&#231;&#245;es. A mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; elevada, em concord&#226;ncia com as varia&#231;&#245;es observadas na literatura mundial. O status funcional e a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica foram associados a maior mortalidade. O tabagismo e a presen&#231;a de <italic>pannus</italic> foram destacados como fatores a serem atentamente observados neste grupo de pacientes considerando a hip&#243;tese levantada por este artigo de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com trombose de pr&#243;tese. Tais achados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da indica&#231;&#227;o correta de troca valvar e seguimento adequado desta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos e de Sobrevida de Pacientes p&#243;s Implante de Valva Mec&#226;nica, com &#202;nfase em Trombose de Pr&#243;tese Valvar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognosis and Characteristics Associated with Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis: Insights from a Brazilian Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes</bold> &#8226; Rede D&#8217;Or Sao Luiz &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. Postal Code <postal-code>22775-002</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>brunoferraz@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthetic Valve</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Since the 1960s, heart valve disease has undergone critical changes in its therapeutic strategy. The beginning of valve replacement surgeries using prostheses changed the prognosis of patients with valve disease worldwide. Annually, more than 280 thousand valve prostheses are implanted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The incidence of valvular disease of degenerative etiology has increased in industrialized countries while, unfortunately, rheumatic heart disease is still often observed in many parts of the world, being the most prevalent etiology of valvular heart disease in Brazil. The mechanical valve prosthesis is the most indicated for younger patients, often affected by the rheumatic disease, which explains its relevance in our country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A prosthetic valve thrombosis is an uncommon event that is more frequent in mechanical prostheses, especially in the mitral position.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This event is one of the most serious complications in the postoperative period of valve replacement, with an annual incidence that varies between 0.5 and 6%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and a high mortality rate, which, in some studies, can exceed 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study &#8220;Clinical Features and Survival Analysis of Patients after Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement, with an Emphasis on Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis&#8221; brought important insight into this topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This is a large retrospective cohort in which 473 mechanical prosthesis surgeries were identified from 2011 to 2017. To a study conducted in Brazil, the rheumatic disease was the main cause of valve replacement, justifying the younger age profile of this population. In contrast, aortic valve replacement was more prevalent (49.9%), followed by mitral-aortic valve replacement (30.2%) and mitral valve replacement (19.9%). The authors justified these findings based on two hypotheses: (1) preference for bioprosthesis in young women and/or (2) the possibility of intervention by percutaneous valvuloplasty in mitral valve disease.</p>
      <p>The overall mortality observed in this study was slightly higher than in other studies, despite the great heterogeneity in the studied populations. In any case, overall mortality was lower than that observed nationally. Some studies have already shown that mechanical prostheses lead to greater survival in younger populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> with a mortality rate of 26.4% in 15 years. Tagliari&#8217;s study found a mortality of 16% at a mean follow-up of 4.4 years. Notably, the functional class after surgery and chronic renal failure were the main variables associated with mortality.</p>
      <p>Prosthetic valve thrombosis was a rare event, similar to the data available in the literature. In addition, we observed that it is a generally late event, with a mean time of occurrence of 39 months. Warfarin is the anticoagulant of choice in patients with mechanical prostheses. However, its pharmacological profile, which promotes fluctuations in the therapeutic level, may expose the patient to a greater risk of thrombosis. In this study, the RNI of patients with thrombosis showed no difference from those who did not have thrombosis, showing that other factors may be involved. The formation of pannus, a known prothrombotic factor, was associated with a higher occurrence of prosthesis thrombosis. Finally, smoking, another known prothrombotic factor, was also associated. Thus, these patients should routinely evaluate identifying factors that increase the risk of thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Bleeding is a feared complication in patients with prosthetic valves. We know that the risk of bleeding is higher in this population compared to patients with bioprosthesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In Tagliari&#8217;s study, this complication occurred in 23 patients (4.86%), all of whom required hospitalization. Bleeding was responsible for the death of 2 patients. In a study by Labaf et al., age and previous bleeding were important predictors of bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Chronic kideny failure was also an important predictor in patients with mechanical mitral valve prosthesis.</p>
      <p>Tagliari&#8217;s study is an interesting record of valve disease in our population. Especially for showing the young population affected by the rheumatic disease with a high frequency of mechanical valve replacement and its complications. The mortality of the studied population was high, in agreement with the variations observed in the world literature. Functional status and chronic renal failure were associated with higher mortality. Smoking and pannus were highlighted as factors to be carefully observed in this group of patients, considering the hypothesis raised by this article of its relationship with prosthesis thrombosis. Such findings reinforce the importance of the correct indication of valve replacement and adequate follow-up of this population.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical Features and Survival Analysis of Patients after Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement, with an Emphasis on Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
