<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RjnSVxdtbmMysnmLsKhxgWG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100734</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210544</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210544</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos e de Sobrevida de Pacientes p&#243;s Implante de Valva Mec&#226;nica, com &#202;nfase em Trombose de Pr&#243;tese Valvar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2721-5314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tagliari</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dalcol</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0955-9225</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedroso</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7007-7431</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tagliari</surname>
            <given-names>Thaisa Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9991-3739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5561-999X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Grande Rio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fiocruz</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: F&#225;bio Tagliari</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; Doen&#231;as Orovalvares &#8211; Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 8&#186; andar. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tagliari.fabio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>734</fpage>
      <lpage>744</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as oro-valvares t&#234;m preval&#234;ncia mundial expressiva, e a cirurgia de troca valvar melhorou a sobrevida dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Descrever aspectos cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais dos pacientes submetidos a implante valvar mec&#226;nico e determinar a incid&#234;ncia de trombose de pr&#243;teses valvares (TPV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte retrospectivo com seguimento at&#233; nove anos; as vari&#225;veis de estudo foram buscadas em prontu&#225;rios f&#237;sicos e eletr&#244;nicos. Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados pelo programa Jamovi 1.2.2.; p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Foram constru&#237;das curvas de Kaplan Meier, e realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox para fatores relacionados &#224; mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 473 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 46,9 &#177;11,3 anos. A doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica foi a principal etiologia. Em m&#233;dia de acompanhamento de 4,43 anos, a mortalidade foi de 16,1%. Pacientes com implantes de pr&#243;teses na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tiveram sobrevida melhor que os portadores em posi&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica (p=0,026). Entre os fatores ajustados para mortalidade, apenas classe funcional e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A incid&#234;ncia de TPV foi de 0,24/100 pacientes/ano, com primeiro evento ap&#243;s 1000 dias da cirurgia. Tabagismo e <italic>pannus</italic> foram estatisticamente associados a TPV. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na variabilidade de INR entre pacientes com e sem trombose por posi&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica, mas houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no INR pr&#233;-evento tromb&#243;tico comparado aos que n&#227;o apresentaram trombose (INR= 2,20[1,80-2,20] vs 2,80[2,20-3,40]; p= 0,040). Identificamos 4,4% de acidentes vasculares cerebrais e 5,2% de sangramentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se jovem e valvopatia reum&#225;tica foi frequente. A frequ&#234;ncia de TPV foi semelhante &#224; descrita na literatura, apesar da baixa renda e escolaridade da amostra.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as orovalvares apresentam preval&#234;ncia expressiva, afetando mais de 100 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, as valvopatias representam uma significativa parcela das interna&#231;&#245;es por doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Nesses pa&#237;ses, a doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica incide de maneira preponderante<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com impacto socioecon&#244;mico, atingindo sobremaneira a popula&#231;&#227;o mais humilde e jovem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o manejo cl&#237;nico seja eficaz na maioria dos casos, em casos mais graves de doen&#231;a valvar, a terapia cir&#250;rgica para reparo ou troca da valva afetada tem indica&#231;&#227;o absoluta. Na substitui&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca, s&#227;o usadas pr&#243;teses constitu&#237;das por material biol&#243;gico ou n&#227;o-biol&#243;gico (mec&#226;nicas), sendo as &#250;ltimas de extensa durabilidade e largamente utilizadas em pacientes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Contudo, comparativamente, as v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas mec&#226;nicas associam-se &#224; maior probabilidade de forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos devido a suas caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas, com incid&#234;ncia total de trombose valvar mec&#226;nica de 0,4 por 100 pacientes por ano. Importante destacar que a trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; de 0,5 por 100 pacientes por ano, aproximadamente cinco vezes mais frequente que em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (0,1 por 100 pacientes por ano).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste sentido, o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio deve ser rigoroso visto que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o inadequada pode favorecer &#224; trombose de pr&#243;tese com consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o, com ou sem tromboembolismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Logo, a prefer&#234;ncia pela v&#225;lvula mec&#226;nica deve ser individualizada mesmo em pacientes mais jovens, considerando as vari&#225;veis: risco de sangramento, n&#237;vel educacional e de compreens&#227;o do paciente, seu local de moradia e dist&#226;ncia dos recursos m&#233;dico-hospitalares na regi&#227;o, desejo do paciente quanto ao tipo de pr&#243;tese e desejo de engravidar nas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o escassos os estudos descrevendo trombose prot&#233;tica e seu manejo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, o presente trabalho pretende descrever as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, cir&#250;rgicas e os desfechos de pacientes submetidos a implante de pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica em uma institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica terci&#225;ria refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia de alta complexidade no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, com &#234;nfase na incid&#234;ncia de trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo do tipo coorte retrospectivo. Os pacientes foram identificados no banco de dados do Servi&#231;o de Doen&#231;as Orovalvares e no Registro de Cirurgias do Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia de um hospital terci&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis de estudo foram coletadas dos prontu&#225;rios f&#237;sicos e eletr&#244;nicos. Todos os pacientes operados que foram seguidos na institui&#231;&#227;o tiveram a verifica&#231;&#227;o do INR (raz&#227;o normalizada internacional) a cada quatro a seis semanas no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes que vinham em acompanhamento regular, mas faltaram por mais que 12 meses seguidos, foram pesquisados quanto &#224; possibilidade de &#243;bito junto ao Portal Extrajudicial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, uma vez que todos os pacientes com pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica t&#234;m consultas agendadas pelo menos semestralmente no ambulat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Foram estudados todos os pacientes adultos que tiveram pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas implantadas no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2017.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis de estudo</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis buscadas foram sexo, idade, condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, comorbidades, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; local de origem por regi&#245;es do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, etiologia e tipo de les&#227;o valvar original, classe funcional (NYHA) na consulta ambulatorial mais recente, dados funcionais e hemodin&#226;micos de ecocardiografia p&#243;s implante valvar e o mais atual, marcas e posi&#231;&#245;es valvares implantadas, n&#237;vel de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pela mensura&#231;&#227;o do tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o da protrombina (TAP) e valores de INR seriados nos &#250;ltimos seis meses ou pr&#233;vios ao diagn&#243;stico de trombose valvar ou &#243;bito. Foi calculada a incid&#234;ncia de trombose valvar, de acidente vascular cerebral e sangramentos, e avaliado tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de <italic>pannus</italic> associado &#224; trombose.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es operacionais</title>
        <p>Trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar (TPV) foi definida como qualquer trombo, na aus&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o, inserido ou perto da pr&#243;tese valvar, ocluindo parte do fluxo sangu&#237;neo ou interferindo com a fun&#231;&#227;o valvar.</p>
        <p>Novo epis&#243;dio TPV foi definido como aquele ocorrido mais de tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica em que foi documentada resolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo, confirmada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e por m&#233;todos complementares.</p>
        <p>Sangramento grave foi definido como aquele em que h&#225; risco iminente de morte, com interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de urg&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o, com uso de hemoderivados ou n&#227;o; sangramentos maiores foram definidos como aqueles potencialmente graves, com interna&#231;&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria, por&#233;m de conduta predominantemente conservadora, com uso ou n&#227;o de hemoderivados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram expressos como frequ&#234;ncias (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o software espec&#237;fico Jamovi, vers&#227;o 1.2.2. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelos testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Foi utilizado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias em mais de dois momentos foi realizada por an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas. A an&#225;lise de eventos (&#243;bito e trombose de pr&#243;tese) foi realizada por meio da Curva de Kaplan-Meier. O valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Os efeitos de vari&#225;veis sobre a sobrevida ap&#243;s implante valvar foram avaliados usando-se &#237;ndices de risco (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, HR) ajustados (aHR) e seus correspondentes intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC), que foram estimados por meio dos modelos de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de risco proporcional de Cox. As suposi&#231;&#245;es de risco proporcional para os ajustes dos modelos de regress&#227;o Cox foram testadas usando an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o e testes de qui-quadrado baseados em res&#237;duos Schoenfeld escalonados e tempos de sobreviv&#234;ncia transformados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia em 01/08/18, sob o n&#250;mero CAAE: 87442918.3.0000.5272, parecer no. 2.793.851.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de estudo, o total de trocas valvares na institui&#231;&#227;o foi de 1901 implantes, entre pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas e mec&#226;nicas. Um total de 473 (24,9%) foram implantes de pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) e, desses, 456 foram acompanhados at&#233; dezembro de 2019, com um seguimento m&#233;dio por paciente de 4,4 anos. Dezessete pacientes n&#227;o continuaram seguimento na institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o de pacientes com pr&#243;tese valvar e desfechos conforme localiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese valvar.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0734-10544-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Foram implantadas 609 pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas no total, sendo 49,9% na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, 30,2% na posi&#231;&#227;o mitral e a&#243;rtica, e 19,9% na mitral, das marcas St. Jude<sup>R</sup> (Minneapolis, USA), (n=465, 74,2%), ATS Medical<sup>R</sup> (Minnesota, USA) (n=159, 25,4%), Carbomedics<sup>R</sup> (Austin, USA) (n=1, 0,2%); modelos n&#227;o foram especificados em 0,3% dos casos (n=2).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nico-demogr&#225;ficas dos 473 pacientes do estudo de acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 46,9 <sup>&#177;</sup> 11,3 anos. A maior parte dos pacientes possu&#237;a o ensino fundamental (completo ou incompleto), e renda de at&#233; tr&#234;s sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos. Dentre as comorbidades, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica essencial foi a mais frequente, em mais da metade dos casos, seguida de dislipidemia em cerca de um quarto, e diabetes mellitus tipo 2. De todos os pacientes, 46,5% eram do munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro, e 37,3% eram oriundos de munic&#237;pios da Baixada Fluminense.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar mec&#226;nica, Janeiro de 2011 a Dezembro de 2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">A&#243;rtica (n=236)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mitral (n=96)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mitro-a&#243;rtica (n=141)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">(n = 473)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">148(62,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (32,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (36,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (37,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (67,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (63,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="7"><bold>Idade em anos</bold> (n = 473)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="7">p=0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">20-29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">30-39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (11,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (7,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (9,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">40-49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (14,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (19,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (30,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">50-59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (29,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (32,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">60-69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82 (34,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (26,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (22,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (7,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (6,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4"><bold>Escolaridade</bold> (n = 382)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Analfabeto</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">p=0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensino Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (40,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (57,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (54,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensino M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (30,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (16,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (22,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensino Superior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (9,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (6,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4"><bold>Renda mensal</bold> (em sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos) (n = 153)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">At&#233; 1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">p=0,697</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">De 1 a 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">De 2 a 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="20">
                  <bold>Comorbidades associadas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143(60,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (50,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (46,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (39,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (49,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (53,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DLP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (33,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (26,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (13,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154(66,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (73,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (86,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DM2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (13,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (17,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (5,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">197(86,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (82,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129 (94,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(3,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">217(92%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (96,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131 (92,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">AVE pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9(9,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (8,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">229(97,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86 (90,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129 (91,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">AIT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,672</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">232(99,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139 (99,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DRC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (7,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">232(98,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (92,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">135 (96,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (5,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">223(94,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (97,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137 (97,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,605</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">233(99,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Hepatopatias</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sim</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>N&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">233 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137(97,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</bold> (n = 473)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Presente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (54,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">217 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (45,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DLP: dislipidemia; DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Nota: Os n&#250;meros nas vari&#225;veis escolaridade, renda mensal, e comorbidades correspondem &#224;queles em que a informa&#231;&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel nos prontu&#225;rios, visto ser este um estudo retrospectivo</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica foi a etiologia predominante, em 57,7% dos casos, seguida da doen&#231;a valvar degenerativa (12,9%) e v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (12,1%). A endocardite infecciosa apresentou-se como a principal etiologia secund&#225;ria, motivando a segunda troca valvar em 24 (5,1%) dos casos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> mostra as etiologias por categorias mitral, a&#243;rtica e mitro-a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Etiologia de doen&#231;a valvar de base de acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica inserida.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0734-10544-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Foram encontradas como les&#245;es graves 107 casos de estenose a&#243;rtica (45,9%), 93 (39,9%) de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica e 16 (6,8%) de dupla les&#227;o a&#243;rtica; estenose mitral grave em 41 (44%), insufici&#234;ncia mitral em 30 (32,2%) e dupla les&#227;o mitral em 8 (8,6%).</p>
        <p>A classe funcional (CF) da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) de 422 pacientes relatada na &#250;ltima visita ambulatorial foi CF I em 323 (76,5%); CF II em 85 (20,1%), CF III em 12 (2,8%), e CF IV em apenas dois (0,5%).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de exames realizados ap&#243;s o implante valvar, e dados mais recentes obtidos no acompanhamento do paciente. Na compara&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma realizado logo ap&#243;s o implante cir&#250;rgico com o exame mais recente, as pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica apresentaram melhora de todos os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos (p&lt;0,001). Nas posi&#231;&#245;es mitral e mitro-a&#243;rtica, houve melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia e gradiente press&#243;rico m&#233;dio entre &#225;trio esquerdo e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos p&#243;s-implante valvar e o mais atual conforme posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PR&#201; ALTA HOSPITALAR [M&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana (IIQ)]</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">EXAME MAIS RECENTE (M&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana [IIQ])</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Pr&#243;tese posi&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica</bold> (n= 233)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54,1 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62,6 (12,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente VE/AO m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32,0 [25,0 - 41,8]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,0 [20,0 - 34,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente VE/AO m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18,0 [13,0 - 23,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,0 [11,5 - 15,8]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Pr&#243;tese posi&#231;&#227;o Mitral</bold> (n= 93)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54,2 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56,8 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente AE/VE m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,3 (4,55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,6 (4,04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente AE/VE m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,0 [4,0 - 6,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0 [4,0 - 5,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Pr&#243;tese nas posi&#231;&#245;es Mitro-a&#243;rtico</bold> (n= 141)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55,5 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61,2 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente VE/AO m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30,0 [23,0 - 39,5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29,0 [21,0 -40,5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente VE/AO m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17,0 [11,0 -23,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16,0 [11,0 -22,3]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente AE/VE m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,4 (5,05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12,4 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gradiente AE/VE m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,0 [3,0 - 6,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0 [3,0 - 5,0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AO: aorta; Gradiente: gradiente press&#243;rico; teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e o teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> mostra a curva de sobrevida das pr&#243;teses implantadas estratificadas por posi&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com implantes de pr&#243;teses na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tiveram sobrevida maior que os portadores em posi&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica (p=0,026). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre as demais compara&#231;&#245;es. Na curva de sobrevida, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as faixas et&#225;rias e g&#234;nero (Figuras Suplementares 1 e 2). Quando analisamos separadamente a sobrevida nos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar de base reum&#225;tica, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as posi&#231;&#245;es valvares. No entanto, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o reum&#225;ticos, houve diferen&#231;a de sobrevida entre as posi&#231;&#245;es, mas o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos que operaram a v&#225;lvula mitral ou a mitral e a&#243;rtica foi muito pequeno, sendo maior o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos operados na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (n=127) (Figuras Suplementares 3 e 4). Quando comparados reum&#225;ticos e n&#227;o reum&#225;ticos para a posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na sobrevida (Figura Suplementar 5).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva de sobrevida por posi&#231;&#227;o valvar em pacientes submetidos a troca valvar, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2017.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0734-10544-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A regress&#227;o de Cox para vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; sobrevida mostrou que o principal fator relacionado a &#243;bito foi classe funcional ap&#243;s o implante valvar. Para CF II, o aHR foi de 5,18 (2,17-12,39; p&lt;0,001), para CF III, aHR foi 41,13 (14,95-113,15, p&lt;0,001) e para CF IV, aHR=200,48 (21,60-1861,12, p&lt;0,001). Outro fator associado foi a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, cujo aHR foi de 3,52 (1,12-11,09; p=0,032). As posi&#231;&#245;es de troca valvar mec&#226;nica n&#227;o tiveram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante ap&#243;s o ajuste. Esses resultados s&#227;o apresentados na Figura Suplementar 6.</p>
        <p>Houve 76 (16,1%) &#243;bitos por todas as causas; 36 (7,4%) pacientes morreram em 30 dias. Considerando-se &#243;bitos por diferentes posi&#231;&#245;es das pr&#243;teses, a mortalidade em pacientes com pr&#243;teses a&#243;rticas foi de 6%, em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral de 8,2% e em posi&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica de 14,2%. As causas de morte mais frequentemente encontradas foram choque cardiog&#234;nico (R57.0), choque hipovol&#234;mico e coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada (R57.1 e D65). Dos 17 pacientes que foram perdidos para acompanhamento na institui&#231;&#227;o, um foi a &#243;bito segundo Portal Extrajudicial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, contudo n&#227;o estava explicitada a <italic>causa mortis</italic>.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia total de trombose por paciente foi de 1,1% (0,24 por 100 pacientes/ano), com sete eventos tromb&#243;ticos em cinco pacientes. A ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica ocorreu em tempo tardio ao implante valvar prot&#233;tico, sendo o primeiro evento a partir do quinto ano ap&#243;s cirurgia. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref> apresenta detalhadamente os dados dos pacientes com TPV.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, e desfechos dos cinco pacientes, em sete eventos, diagnosticados com trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Paciente</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">4</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Feminino</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Superior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fundamental</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Renda Familiar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 sal.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 sal.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 sal.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 sal.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 sal.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Etiologia prim&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cong&#234;nita/Bic&#250;spide</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pr&#243;teses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mitral 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A&#243;rtica 18 <break/>Mitral 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A&#243;rtica 21 <break/>Mitral 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A&#243;rtica 21 <break/>Mitral 29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A&#243;rtica 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Marca da pr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ATS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ATS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">St Jude <break/>ATS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">St Jude <break/>St Jude</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">St Jude</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo implante x evento(s) trombose (s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; 5 anos <break/>B &#8211; 7 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; 5 anos <break/>B &#8211; 2 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CF (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; I <break/>B &#8211; III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; II <break/>B &#8211; IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acompanhamento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Atual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Atual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Atual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Atual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o atual (&#243;bito)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pannus associado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tratamento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HNF+TT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; HNF+TT <break/>B &#8211; Cirurgia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; HNF+TT <break/>B &#8211; Cirurgia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cirurgia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cirurgia</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>A e B referem-se ao primeiro e ao segundo epis&#243;dio de trombose valvar prot&#233;tica, respectivamente, em um mesmo paciente; CF: classe funcional (NYHA); ATS: pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica bifolheto da empresa Medtronic; St. Jude: pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica bifolheto da empresa Abbott; HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; TT: terapia trombol&#237;tica; Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE (ventr&#237;culo esquerdo): Grau de insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo caracterizada como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz igual ou menor que 52% de acordo com a American Society of Echocardiography; Sal: sal&#225;rio(s).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>, &#233; apresentada a compara&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade mensal do valor de INR, do m&#234;s mais recente (INR6) ao mais distante (INR1), entre os pacientes com TPV e aqueles sem TPV. N&#227;o houve variabilidade significante do INR entre esses grupos ao longo do tempo. A aus&#234;ncia de valores entre os par&#234;nteses exprime n&#227;o haver desvio padr&#227;o pela presen&#231;a de apenas um paciente com trombose na amostra. De modo semelhante, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na variabilidade do INR quando os pacientes com sangramento foram comparados aos que n&#227;o tiveram sangramento.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variabilidade do valor de INR entre pacientes com e sem trombose de pr&#243;tese valvar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Trombose</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR m&#234;s 1 (n=52)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR m&#234;s 2 (n=144)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR m&#234;s 3 (n=256)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR m&#234;s 4 (n=335)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR m&#234;s 5 (n=381)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR m&#234;s 6 (n=407)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Sim</bold> (n=5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,70 (-)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,50 (-)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,37 (0,61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,00 (2,02)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,30 (0,673)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,06 (0,42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>N&#227;o</bold> (n=451)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,09 (1,45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,15 (1,30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,97 (1,12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,97 (1,23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,82 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,94 (1,26)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Valores est&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia (&#177;DP); INR: <italic>international normalized ratio</italic>; teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os valores de INR nas seis coletas anteriores ao evento de trombose, nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com TPV, e nas seis coletas anteriores &#224; &#250;ltima consulta, nos que n&#227;o tiveram TPV. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os valores de INR entre os pacientes com trombose e sem trombose em rela&#231;&#227;o a posi&#231;&#227;o do implante prot&#233;tico valvar. A aus&#234;ncia de valores em determinados meses dos INRs das pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral e a&#243;rtica impossibilita c&#225;lculos para efeito comparativo. O INR dos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com trombose foi significativamente menor que de pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram trombose [mediana 2,20 (1,80-2,20) e 2,80 (2,20-3,40), respectivamente, p=0,04] no m&#234;s anterior ao evento (INR m&#234;s 6), independentemente da posi&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica. Quando separamos por posi&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os INR dos pacientes que tiveram e n&#227;o tiveram TVP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref>). Foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre TPV e tabagismo (2/5 dentre os pacientes com TVP vs. 27/441 dentre os sem TPV). A presen&#231;a de <italic>pannus</italic> foi diagnosticada no ato cir&#250;rgico em 11 pacientes, sendo quatro associados &#224; trombose (p&lt;0,001). Dos sete eventos de TPV detectados em cinco pacientes, ocorreu um &#243;bito em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de cirurgia de troca valvar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise comparativa dos valores dos INR mensais entre os pacientes com trombose e sem trombose conforme posi&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica implantada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Pr&#243;tese/Posi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mitral (alvo INR=2,5 a 3,5)*</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mitro-a&#243;rtica (alvo INR=3)*</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">A&#243;rtica (Alvo 2,5 a 3,5)*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Trombose</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sim</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sim</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sim</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR m&#234;s 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,70 <break/>[4,70 - 4,70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,80 <break/>[2,55 - 4,00]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,193</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR m&#234;s 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,50 <break/>[1,50 - 1,50]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,15 <break/>[2,32 -3,60]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,163</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR m&#234;s 3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,70 <break/>[2,60 - 2,80]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,00 <break/>[2,30 - 3,50]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,70 <break/>[1,70-1,70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,70 <break/>[2,10-3,30]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,600</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR m&#234;s 4</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,85 <break/>[1,68 - 2,03]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,95 <break/>[2,40 - 3,73]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,30 <break/>[5,30-5,30]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 <break/>[2,20-3,20]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,063</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR m&#234;s 5</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,30 (-)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,94 (0,981)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 (0,141)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,05 (1,10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,70 <break/>[2,70-2,70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 <break/>[2,00-3,10]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,565</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR m&#234;s 6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 <break/>[2,60-2,60]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,00 <break/>[2,2-3,70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,20 <break/>[1,85 - 2,2]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,90 <break/>[2,20 - 3,50]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,80 <break/>[1,80-1,80]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 <break/>[2,10-3,30]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,073</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0,211</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para INR de acordo com Nishimura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>; teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e o teste de Mann-Whitney; INR: <italic>international normalized ratio</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, foram identificados 23 pacientes com sangramento, sendo oito (1,7%) classificados como grave, e 15 (3,5%) como maior. A taxa de sangramento foi de 1,02 por 100 pacientes por ano. Ocorreram dois &#243;bitos em pacientes com sangramento grave, um por tamponamento card&#237;aco e outro por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico hemorr&#225;gico. Acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos ocorreram em 4,4% da amostra, com incid&#234;ncia de 0,86 por 100 pacientes por ano.</p>
        <p>Foram identificados cinco pacientes com <italic>leak</italic> paraprot&#233;tico. Dois deles haviam tido endocardite infecciosa como motivo da troca valvar mec&#226;nica, dois outros fizeram <italic>leak</italic> ap&#243;s retroca valvar, e um deles era um reum&#225;tico com doen&#231;a mitro-a&#243;rtica. Dos cinco, apenas um precisou ser operado por conta do <italic>leak</italic> e foi a &#243;bito; em dois foi feita oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do <italic>leak.</italic></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo avaliou as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, cir&#250;rgicas e os desfechos de pacientes submetidos a implante de pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica em uma institui&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica terci&#225;ria de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia de alta complexidade no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, com &#234;nfase na incid&#234;ncia de trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica. Como resultados principais, observou-se nessa amostra de 473 pacientes propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante entre os sexos, em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura mais recente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> mas diferente do estudo de Brand&#227;o et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> publicado h&#225; tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas, no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, em que o g&#234;nero masculino correspondeu a 64,3%. O perfil socioecon&#244;mico revelou-se baixo, com a maioria apresentando renda mensal de at&#233; tr&#234;s sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos e ensino fundamental completo ou incompleto. A m&#233;dia de idade de nossos pacientes foi 47 anos, mais baixa que os descritos na literatura internacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> mas semelhante &#224;s m&#233;dias de artigos brasileiros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o que se d&#225; essencialmente por ser a etiologia reum&#225;tica a mais frequente causa de troca valvar no SUS. A maior parte dos pacientes era oriunda do munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro, seguida da regi&#227;o metropolitana I (Baixada Fluminense). A import&#226;ncia do local de moradia diz respeito &#224; poss&#237;vel facilidade de acesso para um bom seguimento ambulatorial da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica foi a mais frequente etiologia prim&#225;ria, acometendo mais da metade dos pacientes. A predomin&#226;ncia da valvopatia reum&#225;tica foi semelhante a dados nacionais, como em estudo no munic&#237;pio de Salvador e em artigo sobre dados de cirurgia de troca valvar nacional do SUS, contrastando com pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Dados da literatura brasileira, de popula&#231;&#245;es com perfis semelhantes em v&#225;rios aspectos &#224; da nossa amostra, mostram uma preval&#234;ncia de cirurgia em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral, diferentemente deste estudo, que foi em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. Acreditamos que m&#250;ltiplos fatores possam ser respons&#225;veis por essa diferen&#231;a, sendo os mais importantes i) a valvopatia reum&#225;tica frequentemente resulta em estenose mitral sobretudo em indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino; neste grupo, h&#225; a prefer&#234;ncia de implante de biopr&#243;teses na fase reprodutiva das mulheres; ii) para a valvopatia mitral, h&#225; a possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o por valvuloplastia mitral percut&#226;nea com bal&#227;o ou de comissurotomia cir&#250;rgica (sem troca); na v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica reum&#225;tica, isso n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel. Em nossa amostra, de fato, houve casos de implante mitral mec&#226;nico pr&#233;vio &#224; data do estudo e, na &#233;poca do estudo, o implante realizado se deu em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica apenas. Dentre os 67 pacientes reum&#225;ticos que tiveram apenas a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica trocada, a comissurotomia mitral cir&#250;rgica associada ao implante valvar a&#243;rtico mec&#226;nico foi realizada em sete (10,4%) pacientes. Havia les&#245;es reum&#225;ticas mitrais leves associadas ao implante a&#243;rtico em 34 (50,7%) pacientes, e em dois pacientes, observaram-se les&#245;es mitrais moderadas concomitantes, que n&#227;o sofreram interven&#231;&#227;o no ato cir&#250;rgico. As marcas ATS e St. Jude foram quase que exclusivas nos implantes cir&#250;rgicos. Verificamos melhor sobrevida nos pacientes com implante na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com dupla troca mitro-a&#243;rtica (p=0,026), o que corrobora outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as de sobrevida quanto ao g&#234;nero e idade embora somente 10 pacientes (17,1%) tinham mais que 65 anos em nossa amostra. Nossos resultados foram diferentes de um estudo brasileiro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que apresentou taxa de sobrevida superior do sexo feminino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo masculino no primeiro e quinto ano de seguimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores fortemente relacionados a &#243;bito p&#243;s troca valvar foram status funcional card&#237;aco no seguimento ambulatorial e a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica como comorbidade.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou mortalidade geral de 16%, sendo a de 30 dias de 7,4%, sendo a mais elevada na posi&#231;&#227;o mitro-a&#243;rtica. No estudo japon&#234;s de Tominaga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> publicado em 2005, em um acompanhamento por 10 anos em pacientes portadores da pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica tipo bifolheto Carbomedics, os autores relataram mortalidade precoce (hospitalar) de 2,8%, sendo 1,2% para posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, 3,6% mitral e 3,8% mitro-a&#243;rtica. Um artigo su&#237;&#231;o da d&#233;cada de 90<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e um estudo belga<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> descrevem &#243;bito intra-hospitalar de 5,7% e 5,2% respectivamente, taxas de mortalidade um pouco inferiores &#224; nossa. Vale comentar que as popula&#231;&#245;es de estudo s&#227;o demograficamente muito diferentes, predominando idosos. Em estudo nacional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> de v&#225;rios hospitais do SUS, verificou-se taxa de mortalidade de 22,1%, superior ao nosso; em um intervalo de dois anos, ocorreram 12,3% &#243;bitos, desses 8,5% na posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, 12,2% mitral e 18,4% na posi&#231;&#227;o mitro- a&#243;rtica. A sobrevida em seguimento em cinco anos em nosso trabalho foi de 83,4% versus 74,5% dos pacientes deste estudo brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando a ocorr&#234;ncia de TPV, nossos dados v&#227;o ao encontro da literatura internacional, em que a taxa anual foi de 0,1 a 5,7% e 0,3-1,3%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Expresso de outra maneira, a incid&#234;ncia de trombose da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi discretamente inferior aos 0,31 por 100 pacientes por ano no estudo de Van Nooten et al., o que demonstra a baixa taxa deste evento em nosso centro. O tempo m&#233;dio para o primeiro evento de trombose em nosso estudo foi superior ao encontrado em estudo canadense, em que foi de 39 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Considerando o n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a baixa taxa de trombose &#233; um resultado positivo, o que nos encoraja a considerar a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas para pacientes mais jovens com menos temor.</p>
      <p>O tabagismo, que se mostrou associado &#224; TPV de maneira estatisticamente significativa em nosso estudo, foi identificado por meio de prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, e sabidamente considerado um fator de hipercoagulabilidade secund&#225;ria, contribuinte no mecanismo pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, como descrito na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico de TPV mec&#226;nica foi realizado por presun&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos complementares dispon&#237;veis na institui&#231;&#227;o, sendo, para n&#243;s, o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transesof&#225;gico o de maior import&#226;ncia. A radioscopia revelou-se de valia no aux&#237;lio diagn&#243;stico complementar ao ecocardiograma. As estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas n&#227;o est&#227;o bem definidas, havendo diferen&#231;as entre as diretrizes europeia e americana, por exemplo. A diretriz americana relata complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224;s flutua&#231;&#245;es nos valores de INR com o uso da varfarina, sugerindo a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um &#237;ndice alvo &#250;nico de INR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Para pr&#243;teses em posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, INR alvo de 2,5; posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou posi&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica com fatores de risco associados (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tromboembolismo pr&#233;vio, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, condi&#231;&#227;o de hipercoagulabilidade), INR alvo de 3,0, associado ao uso de aspirina na dose de 75-100 mg (classe IA). J&#225; a diretriz europeia determina o valor de INR de acordo com a trombogenicidade da pr&#243;tese e fatores de risco associados do paciente, acrescentando a aspirina se houver doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica concomitante e/ou tromboembolismo apesar de INR adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Considerando valores de INR alvo nas diretrizes (entre 2,0 e 3,5), tanto do ponto de vista de efeito protetor antitromb&#243;tico como tamb&#233;m o fator sangramento, nossos pacientes com pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas em posi&#231;&#227;o mitral ou a&#243;rtica se apresentaram no alvo referido em apenas 40,6% das vezes, com base nos resultados laboratoriais dos seis meses anteriores a sua &#250;ltima consulta. H&#225; v&#225;rios artigos que dissertam sobre o desafio que &#233; manter o alvo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores de INR nos seis &#250;ltimos meses n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre pacientes que n&#227;o tiveram TPV e pacientes com TPV, tampouco quando comparados entre as posi&#231;&#245;es prot&#233;ticas. J&#225; quando todos os pacientes com TPV foram comparados aos sem TPV, detectamos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quanto ao &#250;ltimo INR aferido. Embora esper&#225;ssemos mais diferen&#231;as nessas compara&#231;&#245;es, isso n&#227;o ocorreu possivelmente pelo pequeno n&#250;mero de eventos da amostra.</p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o de <italic>pannus</italic> associou-se de maneira estatisticamente significante &#224; presen&#231;a de trombos. Tal fato est&#225; em conformidade com a literatura, em que v&#225;rios estudos sugeriram que a trombose ocorre com outras causas de disfun&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese valvar, como &#233; o caso do crescimento do <italic>pannus. A p</italic>resen&#231;a de <italic>pannus</italic> &#233; um fator pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento e desfechos dos pacientes com TPV, dos cinco pacientes, tr&#234;s pacientes utilizaram tratamento medicamentoso com heparina n&#227;o fracionada seguindo-se a terapia trombol&#237;tica. H&#225; publica&#231;&#245;es que dissertam sobre a efetividade da heparina n&#227;o fracionada de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, associada &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, em prevenir eventos tromboemb&#243;licos precoces em trombos obstrutivos e pequenos (&lt; 5 mm) ap&#243;s troca valvar mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> H&#225; consenso para seu uso somente em trombos n&#227;o obstrutivos e pequenos no lado esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o, ainda assim com efetividade reduzida, com recorr&#234;ncia de trombose em 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> J&#225; em trombos obstrutivos, comenta-se a inefetividade da heparina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, tr&#234;s pacientes submeteram-se &#224; a terapia trombol&#237;tica com o ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tissular recombinante (rT-PA). Houve boa resposta em todos eles, com recorr&#234;ncia de trombose em dois pacientes em intervalo de tempo de sete meses e dois anos respectivamente. A nossa amostra diminuta n&#227;o permite uma compara&#231;&#227;o precisa com dados da literatura. A heparina n&#227;o fracionada se mostrou inefetiva em nossos pacientes. As diretrizes americanas e europeias definem que o tratamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; o de escolha nas TPV mec&#226;nica para pacientes com classe funcional NYHA III e IV, a menos que sejam de alto risco cir&#250;rgico (classe IIa). Relatos de literatura t&#234;m refor&#231;ado a ideia de que a terapia trombol&#237;tica vem se consolidando cada vez mais no tratamento da TPV, entre eles os estudos TROIA e o PROMETEE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> utilizando baixas doses em infus&#227;o lenta e ultralenta de rT-PA respectivamente. O ato cir&#250;rgico na trombose de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica &#233; um procedimento de retroca valvar e seus riscos n&#227;o podem ser subestimados; h&#225; relatos de &#237;ndices de mortalidade em m&#233;dia de 12% nessas circunst&#226;ncias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Cirurgia na urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia tem sido a estrat&#233;gia de escolha, mas acompanha-se de significante mortalidade, variando de 7,1% a 69%, dependendo do estado funcional do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Dois de nossos pacientes submeteram-se diretamente ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, sendo em um deles evidenciada gravidez e endocardite infecciosa associada ao quadro.</p>
      <p>A taxa de sangramento em nosso estudo foi semelhante ao estudo italiano de 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Todos necessitaram interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, e tratamento e acompanhamento espec&#237;ficos. H&#225; estudo brasileiro de acompanhamento em 40,6 meses em pacientes que implantaram pr&#243;tese valvar mec&#226;nica, observando incid&#234;ncia de sangramento de 0,95% por paciente-ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outro trabalho comenta que em paciente sob uso de varfarina com INR na faixa de 2,5-4,5, a possibilidade de sangramento &#233; de 3% por paciente-ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos cerebrais vasculares isqu&#234;micos, os valores s&#227;o semelhantes aos de dados de literatura que relata 0,9 &#8211; 3,6 por 100 pacientes por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo s&#227;o ser um estudo de &#250;nico centro, abrangendo popula&#231;&#227;o atendida pelo SUS, de modo que as conclus&#245;es podem n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;veis a outros centros. Por ser de car&#225;ter retrospectivo, alguns dados n&#227;o foram pass&#237;veis de obten&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de eventos observado foi pequeno, como a pr&#243;pria trombose de pr&#243;tese e sangramentos, sendo fator limitante para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis possivelmente associadas a esses eventos. Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o seria a perda de eventos (TPV ou sangramento) que tenham ocorrido em outros hospitais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo &#233; jovem e tem um hist&#243;rico de trocas valvares cir&#250;rgicas anteriores, tendo a etiologia reum&#225;tica como a mais prevalente.</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia de TPV foi de 1,1% em conformidade com a literatura mundial, com eventos tardios ap&#243;s o implante. Dada a baixa escolaridade e renda de nossos pacientes, este achado foi positivo, o que nos encoraja a recomendar o implante de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas para pacientes neste perfil.</p>
      <p>Fatores associados &#224; TPV em todas as posi&#231;&#245;es valvares avaliadas em conjunto foram INR fora do alvo, tabagismo e presen&#231;a de <italic>pannus.</italic> Os fatores fortemente relacionados a &#243;bito p&#243;s-troca valvar mec&#226;nica foram <italic>status</italic> funcional card&#237;aco no seguimento ambulatorial e presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica como comorbidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de F&#225;bio Tagliari pelo Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iung</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease in the Adult</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>172</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2010.202</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Iung B, Vahanian A. Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease in the Adult. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8(3):162-72. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.202.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pi&#241;eiro</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;nchez</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacelar</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Valvopatias - SBC 2011/ I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias</article-title>
          <source>SIAC 2011</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <supplement>5 Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2011002000001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Grinberg M, Pi&#241;eiro DJ, S&#225;nchez CR, Bacelar AC, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Valvopatias - SBC 2011/ I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias - SIAC 2011. 2011;97(5 Suppl 1):1-67. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2011002000001.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WHO Library</publisher-name>
          <year>2004</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 World Health Organization. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease. Geneva: WHO Library; 2004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pibarot</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumesnil</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prosthetic Heart Valves: Selection of the Optimal Prosthesis and Long-term Management</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1034</fpage>
          <lpage>1048</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778886</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Pibarot P, Dumesnil JG. Prosthetic Heart Valves: Selection of the Optimal Prosthesis and Long-term Management. Circulation. 2009;119(7):1034-48. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.778886.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davidson</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eikelboom</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antithrombotic Management of Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves: Current Evidence and Future Trends</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>374</volume>
          <issue>9689</issue>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>576</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60780-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Sun JC, Davidson MJ, Lamy A, Eikelboom JW. Antithrombotic Management of Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves: Current Evidence and Future Trends. Lancet. 2009;374(9689):565-76. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60780-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>WY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhattacharyya</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanical and Surgical Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1934</fpage>
          <lpage>1941</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311856</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Lim WY, Lloyd G, Bhattacharyya S. Mechanical and Surgical Bioprosthetic Valve Thrombosis. Heart. 2017;103(24):1934-41. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311856.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dangas</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weitz</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giustino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehran</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2670</fpage>
          <lpage>2689</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.958</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Dangas GD, Weitz JI, Giustino G, Makkar R, Mehran R. Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(24):2670-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.958.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanical Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e57</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2009000900023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Lima MS, Vieira ML. Mechanical Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(3):e57. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2009000900023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
              <given-names>PMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>LCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stolf</surname>
              <given-names>NAG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verginelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An&#225;lise da Evolu&#231;&#227;o Tardia de 291 Pacientes Submetidos a Substitui&#231;&#227;o Valvar por Pr&#243;teses Met&#225;licas</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0102-76381995000100007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Brand&#227;o CMA, Pomerantzeff PMA, Brand&#227;o LCA, Grinberg M, Stolf NAG, Verginelli G, et al. An&#225;lise da Evolu&#231;&#227;o Tardia de 291 Pacientes Submetidos a Substitui&#231;&#227;o Valvar por Pr&#243;teses Met&#225;licas. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 1995;10(1):50-5. doi: 10.1590/S0102-76381995000100007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tartof</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reis</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riley</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgery for Valvular Heart Disease: A Population-based Study in a Brazilian Urban Center</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e37855</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0037855</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Ribeiro GS, Tartof SY, Oliveira DW, Guedes AC, Reis MG, Riley LW, et al. Surgery for Valvular Heart Disease: A Population-based Study in a Brazilian Urban Center. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37855. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037855.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>VMP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoy</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Migowski</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>RBM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Medium-term Outcomes of 78,808 Patients After Heart Valve Surgery in a Middle-income Country: A Nationwide Population-based Study</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>302</fpage>
          <lpage>302</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12872-017-0725-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Aquino Xavier RM, Azevedo VMP, Godoy PH, Migowski A, Ribeiro ALP, Chaves RBM, et al. Medium-term Outcomes of 78,808 Patients After Heart Valve Surgery in a Middle-income Country: A Nationwide Population-based Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):302. doi: 10.1186/s12872-017-0725-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hammermeister</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sethi</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grover</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oprian</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rahimtoola</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes 15 years After Valve Replacement with a Mechanical Versus a Bioprosthetic Valve: Final Report of the Veterans Affairs Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1152</fpage>
          <lpage>1158</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00834-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Hammermeister K, Sethi GK, Henderson WG, Grover FL, Oprian C, Rahimtoola SH. Outcomes 15 years After Valve Replacement with a Mechanical Versus a Bioprosthetic Valve: Final Report of the Veterans Affairs Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(4):1152-8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00834-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baykut</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grize</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schindler</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keil</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernet</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerkowski</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Eleven-year Single-center Experience with the ATS Open Pivot Bileaflet Heart Valve</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>847</fpage>
          <lpage>852</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Baykut D, Grize L, Schindler C, Keil AS, Bernet F, Zerkowski HR. Eleven-year Single-center Experience with the ATS Open Pivot Bileaflet Heart Valve. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(3):847-52. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.042.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Nooten</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caes</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fran&#231;ois</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Bellleghem</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bov&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandenplas</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Twenty years&#8217; Single-center Experience with Mechanical Heart Valves: A Critical Review of Anticoagulation Policy</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Valve Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>88</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Van Nooten GJ, Caes F, Fran&#231;ois K, Van Bellleghem Y, Bov&#233; T, Vandenplas G, et al. Twenty years&#8217; Single-center Experience with Mechanical Heart Valves: A Critical Review of Anticoagulation Policy. J Heart Valve Dis. 2012;21(1):88-98.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bernet</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baykut</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grize</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zerkowski</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Single-center Outcome Analysis of 1,161 Patients with St. Jude medical and ATS Open Pivot Mechanical Heart Valves</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Valve Dis</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>158</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Bernet FH, Baykut D, Grize L, Zerkowski HR. Single-center Outcome Analysis of 1,161 Patients with St. Jude medical and ATS Open Pivot Mechanical Heart Valves. J Heart Valve Dis. 2007;16(2):151-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tominaga</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurisu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ochiai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomita</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masuda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morita</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A 10-year Experience with the Carbomedics Cardiac Prosthesis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>789</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.08.067</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Tominaga R, Kurisu K, Ochiai Y, Tomita Y, Masuda M, Morita S, et al. A 10-year Experience with the Carbomedics Cardiac Prosthesis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(3):784-9. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.08.067.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kavinsky</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Localized Left Atrial Administration of tPA for the Treatment of Mechanical Mitral Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>151</fpage>
          <lpage>155</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ccd.21585</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Desai S, Kavinsky C. Localized Left Atrial Administration of tPA for the Treatment of Mechanical Mitral Valve Thrombosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72(2):151-5. doi: 10.1002/ccd.21585.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erwin</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyton</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with valvular heart disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>e57</fpage>
          <lpage>e185</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with valvular heart disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):e57-185. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.536.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sporn</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACC/AHA Versus ESC Guidelines on Prosthetic Heart Valve Management: JACC Guideline Comparison</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1707</fpage>
          <lpage>1718</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Singh M, Sporn ZA, Schaff HV, Pellikka PA. ACC/AHA Versus ESC Guidelines on Prosthetic Heart Valve Management: JACC Guideline Comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(13):1707-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.038.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Poli</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antonucci</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pengo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Migliaccio</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Testa</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lodigiani</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves: Quality of Anticoagulation and Thromboembolic Risk. The Observational Multicenter PLECTRUM Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>267</volume>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Poli D, Antonucci E, Pengo V, Migliaccio L, Testa S, Lodigiani C, et al. Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valves: Quality of Anticoagulation and Thromboembolic Risk. The Observational Multicenter PLECTRUM Study. Int J Cardiol. 2018;267:68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.042.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koertke</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zittermann</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wagner</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Secer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sciangula</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saggau</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Telemedicine-guided, Very Low-dose International Normalized Ratio Self-control in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Implants</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1297</fpage>
          <lpage>1305</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehu330</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Koertke H, Zittermann A, Wagner O, Secer S, Sciangula A, Saggau W, et al. Telemedicine-guided, Very Low-dose International Normalized Ratio Self-control in Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve Implants. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(21):1297-305. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu330.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>CSY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fong</surname>
              <given-names>AYY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jong</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ong</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>INR Control of Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve on Long-Term Warfarin Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>244</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.gheart.2018.08.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Tan CSY, Fong AYY, Jong YH, Ong TK. INR Control of Patients with Mechanical Heart Valve on Long-Term Warfarin Therapy. Glob Heart. 2018;13(4):241-4. doi: 10.1016/j.gheart.2018.08.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roudaut</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serri</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lafitte</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thrombosis of Prosthetic Heart Valves: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Considerations</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>137</fpage>
          <lpage>142</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.2005.071183</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Roudaut R, Serri K, Lafitte S. Thrombosis of Prosthetic Heart Valves: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Considerations. Heart. 2007;93(1):137-42. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.071183.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;rsoy</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kal&#231;&#305;k</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yesin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karakoyun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayam</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;nd&#252;z</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A global Perspective on Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges</article-title>
          <source>Anatol J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>980</fpage>
          <lpage>989</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2016.7486</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 G&#252;rsoy MO, Kal&#231;&#305;k M, Yesin M, Karakoyun S, Bayam E, G&#252;nd&#252;z S, et al. A global Perspective on Mechanical Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16(12):980-9. doi: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2016.7486.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lengyel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horstkotte</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>V&#246;ller</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mistiaen</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for the Management of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Valve Dis</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>567</fpage>
          <lpage>575</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Lengyel M, Horstkotte D, V&#246;ller H, Mistiaen WP. Recommendations for the Management of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2005;14(5):567-75.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caceres-Loriga</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heparin in the Treatment of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>423</fpage>
          <lpage>423</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hlc.2014.11.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Caceres-Loriga FM. Heparin in the Treatment of Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis. Heart Lung Circ. 2015;24(4):423. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.11.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;zkan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;nd&#252;z</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;rsoy</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karakoyun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Astarc&#305;o&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kal&#231;&#305;k</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultraslow Thrombolytic Therapy: A novel Strategy in the Management of PROsthetic MEchanical Valve Thrombosis and the prEdictors of outcomE: The Ultra-slow PROMETEE Trial</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>170</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>409</fpage>
          <lpage>418</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.025</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 &#214;zkan M, G&#252;nd&#252;z S, G&#252;rsoy OM, Karakoyun S, Astarc&#305;o&#287;lu MA, Kal&#231;&#305;k M, et al. Ultraslow Thrombolytic Therapy: A novel Strategy in the Management of PROsthetic MEchanical Valve Thrombosis and the prEdictors of outcomE: The Ultra-slow PROMETEE Trial. Am Heart J. 2015;170(2):409-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karthikeyan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Senguttuvan</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devasenapathy</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bahl</surname>
              <given-names>VK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Airan</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Urgent Surgery Compared with Fibrinolytic Therapy for the Treatment of Left-sided Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1557</fpage>
          <lpage>1566</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehs486</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Karthikeyan G, Senguttuvan NB, Joseph J, Devasenapathy N, Bahl VK, Airan B. Urgent Surgery Compared with Fibrinolytic Therapy for the Treatment of Left-sided Prosthetic Heart Valve Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(21):1557-66. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs486.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rangel</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Conservative Management of a Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis--Report of a Successful Case</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>e207</fpage>
          <lpage>e209</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hlc.2014.04.257</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Sousa C, Almeida J, Dias P, Almeida P, Rangel I, Ara&#250;jo V, et al. Conservative Management of a Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis--Report of a Successful Case. Heart Lung Circ. 2014;23(10):e207-9. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.04.257.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_GraficoSuplementar1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_GraficoSuplementar2.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_GraficoSuplementar3_Sobrevida_Reumaticos.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 4, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_GraficoSuplementar4_Sobrevida_NaoReumaticos.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 5, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_GraficoSuplementar5_Sobrevida_Posicao_Aortica.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar 6, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_GraficoSuplementar6_regress&#227;o_de_cox.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Features and Survival Analysis of Patients after Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement, with an Emphasis on Prosthetic Valve Thrombosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2721-5314</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tagliari</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amorim</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dalcol</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0955-9225</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Siciliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedroso</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7007-7431</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tagliari</surname>
            <given-names>Thaisa Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9991-3739</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5561-999X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lamas</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: F&#225;bio Tagliari</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; Doen&#231;as Orovalvares &#8211; Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 8&#186; andar. Postal code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>tagliari.fabio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Valvular heart diseases are highly prevalent in the world, and surgical valve replacement has improved patients&#8217; survival.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To describe clinical and laboratory data of patients undergoing mechanical valve replacement, and to determine the incidence of prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective cohort study with a follow-up of up to nine years. The study variables were collected from conventional and electronic medical charts. Statistical calculations were performed using the Jamovi software version 1.2.2.; a p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Kaplan Meier curves were constructed, and Cox regression analysis was performed for analysis of factors related to mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 473 patients were included, mean age of 46.9 &#177;11.3 years. Rheumatic disease was the most common etiology. In a mean follow-up period of 4.43 years, mortality rate was 16.1%. Patients with aortic prosthesis showed higher survival than patients with double implant (mitral and aortic) (p=0.026). Of the factors adjusted for mortality, only functional class and chronic renal failure showed statistically significant association. The incidence of PVT was 0.24/100 patients/year, and the first event occurred more than 1000 days after the implant. Smoking and pannus formation were significantly associated with PVT. No differences were found in INR variability between patients with and without thrombosis by prosthetic position, but significant differences were found in INR before thrombosis as compared with patients without thrombosis (INR= 2.20 [1.80-2.20] vs. 2.80 [2.20-3.40]; p= 0.040). The incidence of stroke and bleeding was 4.4% and 5.2% respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The study population was young, and rheumatic valve disease was common in this group. The prevalence of PVT was similar to that described in the literature, despite the low income and low educational level of our sample.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Valvular heart diseases (VHD) are highly prevalent, affecting more than 100 million people in the world.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In developing countries, like Brazil, VHD account for a large proportion of hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases. In these countries, rheumatic valve diseases are preponderant<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and represent a public health problem, with a greater impact on poorer and younger populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite effective pharmacotherapy in most cases, more severe cases of VHD may be absolute indication for surgical therapy. Surgical procedures involve valve repair or replacement by implantation of a mechanical or a biological prosthetic valve. Due to their higher durability, mechanical prostheses have been widely preferred in younger patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, as compared with biological prosthesis, mechanical valve prostheses have been associated with a higher probability of thrombus formation and thromboembolic events due to their physical properties, with an overall incidence of mechanical valve thrombosis of 0.4 per 100 patients per year. It is of note that the incidence of thrombosis of mitral valve prosthesis is 0.5 per 100 patients per year, approximately five times more frequent than in the aortic position (0.1 per 100 patients per year).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, a careful postoperative follow-up of patients undergoing surgical valve replacement should be performed, since inadequate anticoagulation may lead to PVT and consequent dysfunction, with or without thromboembolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, the choice for a mechanical prosthesis should be individualized even in younger patients, considering the variables: risk of bleeding, patient&#8217;s level of education and understanding, place of residence and distance from health facilities, patient&#8217;s preference and desire to become pregnant in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are few studies describing prosthetic thrombosis and its management in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Thus, the present study aimed to describe demographic, clinical, surgical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing mechanical heart valve replacement in a public tertiary hospital referral for cardiovascular care for users of the Brazilian Unified Health System, with emphasis on the incidence of mechanical prosthesis thrombosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective cohort study. Patients were identified in the database of the Department of VHD and in the Registry of the Department of Surgery of a tertiary hospital. The variables of interest were collected from electronic and conventional medical records. All patients that underwent surgery and were followed in the institution were monitored for INR (international normalized ratio) every 4-6 weeks at the anticoagulation outpatient center. Patients who had been regularly followed-up and were lost to follow-up for 12 consecutive months were checked for death at the website for out-of-court services of Rio de Janeiro state, since all patients with mechanical valve prosthesis had scheduled visits in the outpatient clinic every six months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>All adult patients who underwent mechanical valve prosthesis replacement in Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro. Between January 2011 and December 2017 were studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study variables</title>
          <p>The study variables were: sex, age, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, medications, presence of atrial fibrillation, region of residence (in the state of Rio de Janeiro), etiology and type of the original lesion, NYHA functional class in the last visit, echocardiogram functional and hemodynamic data after valve implantation and current ones, valve position and prosthesis brand, level of anticoagulation by measurement of prothrombin time and consecutive INR measurements in the last six months, or before the diagnosis of valve thrombosis or death. The incidence of valvular thrombosis, stroke and bleeding was calculated, and the type of intervention and presence or not of pannus associated with thrombosis was assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Operational definitions</title>
          <p>Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) was defined as any thrombus attached to or near a functioning valve, in the absence of infection, which occludes part of the blood flow or interferes with valvular function.</p>
          <p>A new PVT was defined as an episode of PVT occurring more than three months after therapeutic intervention in which thrombus resolution was documented, confirmed by clinical assessment and complementary tests.</p>
          <p>Severe bleeding was considered in case of an immediate risk of death, regardless of emergency surgical intervention or use of blood derivatives; major bleeding was defined as potentially severe bleeding, with mandatory hospitalization but predominantly conservative management, with or without the use of blood derivatives.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>Data were expressed as frequency (categorical variables), mean and standard deviation (continuous variables with normal distribution) or median and interquartile range (continuous variables without normal distribution). Statistical analysis was performed using the Jamovi software, version 1.2.2. Categorical variables were analyzed by the chi-square test and the Fisher&#8217;s exact test. The unpaired t-test was used for comparison of continuous variables with normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables without normal distribution. Comparison of means between more than two time points was made by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. Analysis of events (death and prosthetic thrombosis) was made using Kaplan-Meier curves. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and their respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated by Cox proportional hazard regression for analysis of the effects of variables on survival after valve replacement surgery. The assumptions of proportional hazards for the adjustments of the Cox regression model were tested by correlation analysis and the chi-square test based on scaled Schoenfeld residuals and transformed survival times.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical issues</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia ethics committee on August 01, 2018 (CAAE: 87442918.3.0000.5272, approval number 2.793.851).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the study period, the total of 1,901 valve replacements were performed in the institution, including both biological and mechanical prostheses. A total of 473 (24.9%) patients received metallic prostheses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>), and 456 of these were followed-up until December 2019, with a mean follow-up of 4.4 years per patient. Seventeen patients lost follow-up in the institution.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of inclusion of patients with valve prostheses and outcomes according to the location of the valve prosthesis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0734-10544-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A total of 609 mechanical prostheses were implanted, 49.9% of them in the aortic position, 30.2% in the mitral and aortic positions, and 19.9% in the mitral position. Protheses&#8217; brands were St. Jude<sup>R</sup> (Minneapolis, USA), (n=465, 74,2%), ATS Medical<sup>R</sup> (Minnesota, USA) (n=159, 25,4%), Carbomedics<sup>R</sup> (Austin, USA) (n=1, 0,2%). The models were not specified in 0.3% of the cases (n=2).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref> presents clinical and demographic characteristics of the 473 study patients according to prosthetic position. Mean age was 46.9 &#177; 11.3 years. Most patients had (some or completed) elementary school, and family income until three minimum wages. Among the comorbidities, essential systemic arterial hypertension was the most common, detected in more than 50% of patients, followed by dyslipidemia in approximately one fourth, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of all patients, 46.5% were from Rio de Janeiro, and 37.3% were from Baixada Fluminense region.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients undergoing mechanical valve replacement from January 2011 to December 2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Aortic (n=236)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mitral (n=96)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mitral-aortic (n=141)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">(n = 473)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">148(62.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (32.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (36.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p&lt;0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88 (37.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65 (67.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90 (63.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="7"><bold>Age (years)</bold> (n = 473)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="7">p=0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">20-29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (2.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">30-39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (11.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (7.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (9.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">40-49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35 (14.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (19.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (30.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">50-59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 (29.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (37.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (32.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">60-69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82 (34.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (26.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (22.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 (7.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (6.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4"><bold>Educational attainment</bold> (n = 382)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Illiterate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">p=0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Elementary school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (40.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (57.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (54.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">High school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73 (30.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (16.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (22.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Higher education</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22 (9.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (1.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (6.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="4"><bold>Family income</bold> (minimum salaries) (n = 153)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="4">p=0.697</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 - 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 - 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="20">Comorbidities</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">SAH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143(60.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (50.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66 (46.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (39.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (49.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75 (53.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DLP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (33.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25 (26.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (13.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154(66.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (73.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120 (86.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">DM2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 (13.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 (17.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (5.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">197(86.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77 (82.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129 (94.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (8.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(3.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">217(92%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (96.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131 (92.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Previous stroke</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9(9.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (8.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">229(97.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86 (90.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">129 (91.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">TIA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.672</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">232(99.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">139 (99.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">CRF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (7.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (3.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">232(98.3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89 (92.7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">135 (96.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">COPD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (5.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">223(94.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (97.9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137 (97.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.605</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">233(99.6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">140 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2">Hepatopathies</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Yes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (2.1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p=0.029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>No</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">233 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137(97.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"><bold>Atrial fibrillation</bold> (n = 473)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Present</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19 (8.0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (54.2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Absent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">217 (92%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44 (45.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DLP: dyslipidemia; DM2: type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; TIA: transient ischemic attack; CRF: chronic renal failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Note: Numbers in educational attainment, family income, and comorbidities correspond to those with data available in the medical charts, as this was a retrospective study.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Rheumatic valvular disease was the most common etiology (57.7%), followed by degenerative valve disease (12.9%) and bicuspid aortic valve (12.1%). Infective endocarditis was the main secondary etiology, leading to a second valve replacement surgery in 24 (5.1%) of the cases. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref> shows the etiologies by categories (mitral, aortic and double valve replacement, <italic>i.e.</italic>, mitral and aortic).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Etiology of heart valve disease by position of the mechanical valve prosthesis implanted.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0734-10544-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The following severe lesions were found: 107 aortic stenosis (45.9%), 93 (39.9%) aortic insufficiency and 16 (6.8%) double aortic arch; severe mitral stenosis in 41 (44%), mitral insufficiency in 30 (32.2%) and double valve in 8 (8.6%).</p>
        <p>The New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) of 422 patients reported in the last visit at the outpatient was FC I in 323 (76,5%); FC II in 85 (20,1%), FC III in 12 (2,8%), and FC IV in only two (0.5%).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref> describes echocardiographic data post-valve replacement and recent data obtained during patients&#8217; follow-up. As compared with the echocardiogram performed right after surgical implantation, more recent tests revealed that aortic prostheses showed improvement of the hemodynamic parameters (p&lt;0.001). In mitral position and double replacement (mitral and aortic positions), there was an improvement in the mean ejection fraction and mean pressure gradient between the left atrium and left ventricle.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of echocardiographic parameters between after implant and recent parameters by mechanical prothesis position</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">PRIOR TO HOSPITAL DISCHARGE <break/>(mean [SD] or median [IQR])</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">RECENT RESULTS <break/>(mean (SD) or median [IQR])</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-values</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Aortic valve prosthesis</bold> (n= 233)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.1 (14.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.6 (12.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.0 [25.0 - 41.8]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.0 [20.0 - 34.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.0 [13.0 - 23.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.0 [11.5 - 15.8]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Mitral valve prosthesis</bold> (n= 93)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.2 (2.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56.8 (13.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.3 (4.55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.6 (4.04)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.0 [4.0 - 6.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0 [4.0 - 5.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Mitral and aortic prosthesis</bold> (n= 141)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.5 (14.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.2 (12.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.0 [23.0 - 39.5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.0 [21.0 -40.5]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.0 [11.0 -23.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16.0 [11.0 -22.3]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.642</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maximum gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.4 (5.05)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.4 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.749</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean gradient LV/AO (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.0 [3.0 - 6.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0 [3.0 - 5.0]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; gradient LV/AO: pressure gradient between the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta; unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref> shows the survival curve for the implanted prosthesis by position. Patients with aortic prosthesis showed higher survival than patients with prosthesis in the mitral and aortic position (p=0.026). No other differences were seen in the other comparisons. In the survival curve, no statistical difference was seen between age groups or sex (Supplementary Figures 1 and 2). When we analyzed survival rates in patients with rheumatic valvular disease only, no difference was observed between valve positions. However, in non-rheumatic patients, a difference was observed between valve positions, although the number of individuals undergoing mitral valve surgery or both mitral and aortic valve surgery was very small. Most non-rheumatic patients had undergone aortic valve replacement (n=127) (Supplementary Figures 3 and 4). No difference was found in survival between rheumatic and non-rheumatic patients with aortic valve prosthesis.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival curve according to valve position in patients who had surgery with mechanical valve prosthesis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, January 2011 to December 2017.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0734-10544-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Cox regression for the variables associated with survival revealed that the main factor related to death was functional class after valve implantation. For FC II, aHR was 5.18 (2.17-12.39; p&lt;0.001), for FC III, aHR was 41.13 (14.95-113.15; p&lt;0.001) and for FC IV, aHR was 200.48 (21.60-1861.12; p&lt;0.001). Another associated factor was the presence of chronic renal failure, with an aHR of 3.52 (1.12-11.09, p=0.032). The positions of mechanical valve prosthesis did not show statistically significant difference after HR adjustment. These results are presented in Supplementary Figure 6.</p>
        <p>Seventy-six (16.1%) all-cause deaths occurred, 36 (7.4%) within 30 days. Considering the number of deaths by prosthesis position, mortality rate among patients with aortic prosthesis was 6%, mitral prosthesis 8.2%, and mitral and aortic position 14.2%. The most frequent causes of death were cardiogenic shock (R57.0), hypovolemic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (R57.1 and D65). Of the 17 patients who were lost to follow-up, one patient died according to the website for out-of-court services of Rio de Janeiro state, but the cause of death was not specified.</p>
        <p>The overall incidence of thrombosis per patient was 1.1% (0.24 per 100 patients per year), with seven thrombotic events in five patients. Mechanical PVT occurred in the late post-implantation period, with the first being registered only five years after surgery. Details of the patients who had PVT are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Chart 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics, and outcomes of five patients (and seven events) diagnosed with mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Patient</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">4</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Female</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Educational level</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Elementary school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Elementary school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Elementary school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Superior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Elementary school</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Family income</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 MSs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 MS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5MSs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5MSs</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4MSs</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Primary etiology</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rheumatic</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rheumatic</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rheumatic</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rheumatic</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Congenital - biscuspid</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prothesis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mitral 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aortic 18 <break/>Mitral 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aortic 21 <break/>Mitral 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aortic 21 <break/>Mitral 29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aortic 19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prothesis brand</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ATS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ATS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">St Jude <break/>ATS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">St Jude <break/>St Jude</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">St Jude</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Time of implant x thrombotic event</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; 5 years <break/>B &#8211; 7 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; 5 years <break/>B &#8211; 2 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NYHA functional class</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; I <break/>B &#8211; III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; II <break/>B &#8211; IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">II</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Follow-up</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Current</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Current</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Current</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Current</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Not current (death)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV dysfunction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pannus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Treatment</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">UH + TT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; UH + TT <break/>B &#8211; Surgery</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A &#8211; UH + TT <break/>B &#8211; Surgery</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Surgery</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Surgery</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>A and B refer to the first and second episodes of prosthetic valve thrombosis, respectively, in the same patient; NYHA: New York Heart Association; ATS: Medtronic&#8217;s bileaflet mechanical prosthesis; St. Jude: Abbott&#8217;s bileaflet mechanical prosthesis; UH: unfractionated heparin; TT: thrombolytic therapy; LV (left ventricular) dysfunction: degree of left ventricular failure characterized by ejection fraction &#8804; 52% (Teichholz method), according to the American Society of Echocardiography; MS: minimum salary.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 3</xref> shows the comparison of monthly variation in INR, from the most recent (INR6) to the earliest (INR1), between patients with and without PVT. There was no significant variation between these groups over time. The absence of values between parentheses indicates the absence of standard deviation values, since there was only one patient with thrombosis in the sample. Similarly, no difference was found in variability of INR between patients with bleeding as compared with those without bleeding.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variability of international normalized ratio (INR) between patients with and without prosthetic valve thrombosis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Thrombosis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR month 1 (n=52)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR month 2 (n=144)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR month 3 (n=256)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR month 4 (n=335)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR month 5 (n=381)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">INR month 6 (n=407)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>Yes</bold> (n=5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.70 (-)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.50 (-)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.37 (0.61)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.00 (2.02)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.30 (0.673)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.06 (0.42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2">0.392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"><bold>No</bold> (n=451)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.09 (1.45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.15 (1.30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.97 (1.12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.97 (1.23)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.82 (1.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.94 (1.26)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Values expressed as mean (&#177;SD); INR: international normalized ratio; ANOVA with repeated measures.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref> describes INR values obtained from six collections before the thrombotic event of the patients who had PVT, and from six collections before the last visit in those who did not have PVT. No significant difference was found in INR values between patients with and without thrombosis regarding the position of the prosthetic valve. Values of INR of some months of patients with mitral and aortic position were missing, which made comparisons difficult. INR of patients who had thrombosis was significantly lower than of patients who did not have thrombosis (median 2.20 [1.80-2.20] and 2.80 [2.20-3.40], respectively, p=0.04) in the month prior to the event (INR6), independently of the valve prosthesis position. In the analysis of each prosthesis position, no statistically significant difference was found in INR between patients with PVT and those without PVT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref>). We found an association between smoking habit and PVT (2 of 5 patients with PVT vs. 27 of 441 patients without PVT). The presence of pannus was detected at surgery in 11 patients, four of them associated with thrombosis (p&lt;0.001). Of seven events of PVT detected in five patients, one death occurred in the immediate postoperative period of valve replacement surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparative analysis of monthly INR between patients with and without thrombosis by position of the mechanical valve prosthesis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Prosthesis /Position</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mitral (target INR=2.5 &#8211; 3.5)*</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mitral and aortic (target INR=3)*</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">Aortic (target 2.5 &#8211; 3.5)*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">Thrombosis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Yes</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Yes</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Yes</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR month 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.70 <break/>[4.70 - 4.70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.80 <break/>[2.55 - 4.00]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.193</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR month 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.50 <break/>[1.50 - 1.50]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.15 <break/>[2.32 -3.60]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.163</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR month 3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.70 <break/>[2.60 - 2.80]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.00 <break/>[2.30 - 3.50]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.70 <break/>[1.70-1.70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.70 <break/>[2.10-3.30]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.600</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR month 4</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.85 <break/>[1.68 - 2.03]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.95 <break/>[2.40 - 3.73]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.30 <break/>[5.30-5.30]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 <break/>[2.20-3.20]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">---------</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.063</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR month 5</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.30 (-)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.94 (0.981)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 (0.141)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.05 (1.10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.70 <break/>[2.70-2.70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 <break/>[2.00-3.10]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.565</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.865</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>INR month 6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 <break/>[2.60-2.60]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.00 <break/>[2.2-3.70]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.20 <break/>[1.85 - 2.2]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.90 <break/>[2.20 - 3.50]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.80 <break/>[1.80-1.80]</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 <break/>[2.10-3.30]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">p value</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.073</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2">0.211</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>INR reference range as proposed by Nishimura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>; unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney test. INR: international normalized ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Regarding hemorrhagic events, 23 patients with bleeding were found, eight (1.7%) with severe bleeding and 15 (3.5%) with major bleeding. Bleeding rate was 1.02 per 100 patients per year. There were two deaths among patients with severe bleeding, one caused by cardiac tamponade and caused by hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke occurred in 4.4% of the sample, with an incidence of 0.86 per 100 patients per year.</p>
        <p>Five patients with periprosthetic leak were identified. Two of them had had infective endocarditis as the cause of mechanical valve replacement, two patients developed periprosthetic leak after valve replacement, and one had rheumatic mitral and aortic valve disease. Only one patient required surgery and died; percutaneous occlusion was performed in two patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study evaluated demographic, clinical, surgical characteristics, and the outcomes of patients undergoing implantation of mechanical valve prosthesis in a public tertiary hospital referral for cardiovascular care for users of the Brazilian Unified Health System, with emphasis on the incidence of mechanical prosthesis thrombosis. In this sample of 473 patients, we found a similar proportion of men and women, which is in accordance with recent literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> but different from the study by Brand&#227;o et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> conducted in the state of S&#227;o Paulo and published three decades ago, in which male sex corresponded to 64.3%. Most patients had a low socioeconomic status, with a monthly income up to three minimum wages, and some or completed elementary school. Mean age of our patients was 47 years, lower than that described in the international literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> but similar to Brazilian studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> explained by the fact that rheumatic disease was the main cause of heart valve replacement in the Brazilian public health system. Most patients were from the city of Rio de Janeiro, followed by the metropolitan area I (Baixada Fluminense). The importance of the place of residence is related to the possibility of better access to a good follow-up in the outpatient anticoagulation clinic.</p>
        <p>Rheumatic valve disease was the most common primary etiology, affecting more than half of patients. This is in accordance with national data, such as the study carried out in the city of Salvador, and a article on data of valve replacement surgery among users of the public health system, which is in contrast with studies in developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Data from the Brazilian literature, of populations with characteristics similar to our sample, show a predominance of mitral valve surgery, which is different from our study that revealed a predominance of aortic valve surgery. We believe that many factors are responsible for this difference, including i) rheumatic valvular disease frequently results in mitral stenosis, specially in female patients; in this group, there is a preference for bioprosthesis implantation in reproductive-age women; ii) although percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty or commissurotomy (without valve replacement) is a possible therapeutic procedure in case of mitral valve disease, the approach is not feasible in rheumatic aortic valve disease. In fact, in our sample, there were cases of mechanical mitral valve replacement prior to the study, but during the study, only aortic valve replacement was performed. Of the 67 rheumatic patients that underwent aortic valve replacement, mitral commissurotomy associated with mechanical aortic valve replacement was performed in seven (10.4%) patients. There were mild rheumatic mitral lesions associated with the aortic valve replacement in 34 patients (50.7%), and two patients had concomitant moderate mitral valve disease, who did not undergo intervention at surgery. The ATS and St. Jude prostheses were the almost exclusive brands used. Patients with aortic valve implantation showed higher survival than patients undergoing double (aortic and mitral) valve replacement (p=0.026), which corroborates previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No differences were found in survival between sex and age groups, although there were only 10 patients (17.1%) older than 65 years in our sample. Our results were different from a Brazilian study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> that reported a higher survival among female than male patients in the first and fifth year of follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> According to the multivariate analysis, the factors strongly correlated with death after valve replacement was cardiac function in the outpatient follow-up and presence of chronic renal failure as comorbidity.</p>
        <p>In our study, overall mortality and 30-day mortality were 16% and 7.4%, respectively, with the highest rates among patients with double valve replacement of the aortic and mitral valves. In the Japanese study by Tominaga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> published in 2005, in a 10-year follow-up of patients who underwent valve replacement with the Carbomedics bileaflet mechanical prosthesis, the authors reported an early mortality rate for the total population of 2.8% (1.2% for the aortic position, 3.6% for the mitral position, and 3.8% for double valve implants). A Swiss article published in the &#8216;90s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and a Belgian study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> described an in-hospital mortality of 5.7% and 5.2%, respectively, which were lower than ours. It is worth mentioning that the populations of these studies were very different, with a predominance of older patients. A Brazilian study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> of hospitals of the public health system reported a mortality rate of 22.1%, higher than that found in our study. In a two-year period, the authors found a mortality rate of 12.3%, 8.5% of them among patients with aortic valve prosthesis, 12.2% among patients with mitral valve prosthesis, and 18.4% in patients with double valve implants. In our study, the five-year follow-up survival rate was 83.4% versus 74.5% in this Brazilian study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the occurrence of PVT, our data are in accordance with the international literature, of 0.1 &#8211; 5.7% and 0.3-1.3%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Put in a different way, the incidence of thrombosis in our in the study was slightly lower than that reported by Van Nooten et al. (0.31 per 100 patients per year), indicating the low incidence of this event in our institution. The mean time to the first thrombosis event in our study was longer than that in the Canadian study (39 months).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Considering the low socioeconomic status of our population, the low incidence of thrombosis is a positive result, which encourages us to consider the recommendation of mechanical prosthesis for younger patients with less fear.</p>
        <p>Smoking habit, which was shown to be significantly associated with PVT in our study, was identified from patients&#8217; medical charts, and is known to be a risk factor for a secondary hypercoagulable state, as it contributes to a pro-thrombotic mechanism, as described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diagnosis of mechanical PVT was made based on clinical assumptions and use of complementary tests available at the institution. Among these tests, in our opinion, transesophageal echocardiography is the most important tests. Radioscopy has been shown to be useful as a complementary diagnostic method to echocardiography. Anticoagulation strategies after mechanical valve replacement have not been well established, with differences between European and American guidelines. The American guidelines report complications related to fluctuations in INR with warfarin, suggesting the adoption of a unique INR target.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> For aortic valve prosthesis, a target INR of 2.5 was suggested; for mitral or aortic prosthesis and presence of risk factors (atrial fibrillation, previous thromboembolism, left ventricular dysfunction, hypercoagulable state), target INR of 3.0 combined with aspirin at a dose of 75-100 mg (class IA). The European guidelines determine INR values according to thrombogenicity of the prosthesis and presence of risk factors, and combination of aspirin in case of concomitant atherosclerotic disease and/or thromboembolism despite inadequate INR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Considering the target INR in the guidelines, not only considering the antithrombotic effect but also the bleeding factor, only 40.6% of our patients with mitral and/or aortic valve prosthesis had INR within the target range, based on laboratory results in the six months prior to the last medical visit. There are several articles discussing the challenge of maintaining the anticoagulation target ranges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Variability in INR values in the last six months were not statistically different between patients with and without PVT, or between prosthesis position. Nevertheless, when all patients with PVT were compared with those without PVT, we observed a significant difference in the last INR. Although expected, further differences between these groups may have not been possible due to the small number of events in the sample.</p>
        <p>Pannus formation was significantly associated with the presence of thrombus. This finding corroborated the literature, as many studies have suggested that thrombosis occurs concomitantly with other causes of valve prosthesis dysfunction, such as pannus growth. The presence of pannus is a pro-thrombotic factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With respect to treatment and outcomes of patients with PVT, three of the five patients received pharmacotherapeutic treatment with unfractionated heparin followed by thrombolytic therapy. There are articles reporting the effectiveness of long-term oral anticoagulation therapy combined with unfractionated heparin in preventing early thromboembolic events in obstructive and small (&lt;5mm) thrombi after mitral valve replacement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> There is a consensus for this therapy for non-obstructive small thrombi in the left side of the heart, still with reduced effectiveness and recurrence of thrombosis in 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Heparin seems ineffective for treatment of obstructive thrombus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In our study, three patients underwent thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rT-PA). All patients showed a good response, with recurrence of thrombosis in two patients in a time interval of seven months and two years, respectively. Our small sample precludes a more accurate comparison with literature data. In addition, unfractionated heparin was ineffective in our patients. American and European guidelines state that surgical treatment is the first option for patients with mechanical PVT and NYHA III /IV functional class except for those at high surgical risk (class IIa). Data from the literature have supported the use of thrombolytic therapy for PVT, including the TROIA and PROMETEE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> using, respectively, slow-infusion and ultra-slow infusion of rT-PA. The surgical approach for thrombosis of mechanical valve prosthesis is a procedure of valve replacement and its risks cannot be underestimated; there are reports of mean mortality rates of 12% in these circumstences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Surgery in emergency or urgent care has been the strategy of choice, although associated with high mortality (7.1-69%), depending on patients&#8217; functional status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> For two patients in our study surgery was the first option, and in one patient, pregnancy and infective endocarditis were detected.</p>
        <p>The rate of bleeding in our study was similar to that reported in an Italian study published in 2018.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> All patients required hospitalization and specific treatment and follow-up. In a Brazilian study, patients undergoing mechanical valve prosthesis replacement were followed-up for 40.6 months, and the incidence of bleeding was 0.95%/patient-year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Another study reported that in patients with INR of &gt; 2.5 to 4.5 taking warfarin, the likelihood of bleeding is 3%/patient-year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding ischemic stroke, the incidence was similar to that in the literature, 0.9-3.6 per 100 patients per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Limitations of the study include the fact that this was a single-center study, conducted with public health users, so that the conclusions may not be applicable to other centers. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, some data could not be obtained. Besides, the number of events observed was small, including PVT and bleeding, which limit the analysis of variables possibly associated with these events. Another possible limitation is missing events (PVT or bleeding) that may have occurred in other hospitals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our patient population was young, with history of surgical valve replacement, and rheumatic heart disease as its main cause.</p>
        <p>The incidence of PVT was 1.1%, which is in accordance with the international literature, with late events after the implant. Due to the low educational level and income of our patients, this was a positive result, which encourages us to recommend implantation of mechanical valve prosthesis for these patients.</p>
        <p>Factors associated with PVT in all valve positions assessed together were INRs are out of the target range, smoking and presence of pannus. The factors strongly correlated with death after valve replacement was cardiac function in the outpatient follow-up and presence of chronic renal failure as comorbidity.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the Master thesis submitted by F&#225;bio Tagliari, from Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_SupplementaryGraph1.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_SupplementaryGraph2.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_SupplementaryGraph3_SurvivalRheumatic.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 4, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_SupplementaryGraph4_SurvivalNonRheumatic.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 5, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_SupplementaryGraph5_SurvivalAortic.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material 6, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0544_SupplementaryGraph6_Cox_regression.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
