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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nyZXYcZhwwVmkXJQPKGDBft</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005016205</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100724</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210970</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210970</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sa&#250;de Cardiovascular e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou Flutter Atrial: Um Estudo Transversal do ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3212-8466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7317-1367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brant</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa C. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomas</surname>
            <given-names>G Neil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lip</surname>
            <given-names>Gregory Y. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>NIHR Global Health Research Group on Atrial Fibrillation Management</collab>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="collab-list">
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Arasalingam</surname>
            <given-names>Ajini</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Beane</surname>
            <given-names>Abi</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Brocklehurst</surname>
            <given-names>Peter</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Kar Keung</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>El-Bouri</surname>
            <given-names>Wahbi</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Feng</surname>
            <given-names>Mei</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Greenfield</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Yutao</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Guruparan</surname>
            <given-names>Mahesan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Gusso</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Gooden</surname>
            <given-names>Tiffany E</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Haniffa</surname>
            <given-names>Rashan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Humphreys</surname>
            <given-names>Lindsey</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Jolly</surname>
            <given-names>Kate</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Jowett</surname>
            <given-names>Sue</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumarendran</surname>
            <given-names>Balachandran</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Lancashire</surname>
            <given-names>Emma</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Lane</surname>
            <given-names>Deirdre A</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Xuewen</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Lip (Co-PI)</surname>
            <given-names>Gregory Y.H.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Yan-guang</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Lobban</surname>
            <given-names>Trudie</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Manseki-Holland</surname>
            <given-names>Semira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Moore</surname>
            <given-names>David J</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Nirantharakumar</surname>
            <given-names>Krishnarajah</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Olmos</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo D</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Paschoal</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabete</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Pirasanth</surname>
            <given-names>Paskaran</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Powsiga</surname>
            <given-names>Uruthirakumar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Romagnolli</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Shantsila</surname>
            <given-names>Alena</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Sheron</surname>
            <given-names>Vethanayagam Antony</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Shribavan</surname>
            <given-names>Kanesamoorthy</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Szmigin</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Subaschandren</surname>
            <given-names>Kumaran</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Surenthirakumaran</surname>
            <given-names>Rajendra</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Tai</surname>
            <given-names>Meihui</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Neil Thomas (Co-PI)</surname>
            <given-names>G</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Varella</surname>
            <given-names>Ana C</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Jingya</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Hui</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhong</surname>
            <given-names>Jiaoyue</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label> 3 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais,</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label> 6 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label> 7 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Institute of Applied Health Research</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">College of Medical and Dental Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Birmingham</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Birmingham</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Institute of Applied Health Research , College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham &#8211; Reino Unido </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label> 8 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Chest Hospital and Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Clinical Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Aalborg University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Liverpool</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart &amp; Chest Hospital and Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit , Department of Clinical Medicine , Aalborg University , Liverpool &#8211; Reino Unido </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>*</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Membros do NIHR Global Health Group para o manejo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, listados em ordem alfab&#233;tica </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Itamar S. Santos &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565. CEP 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>itamarss@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Bensenor IM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brant LCC, Pinto Filho MM, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Brant LCC, Pinto Filho MM, Pereira AC, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Thomas GN, Lip GYH, Bensenor IM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos IS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lotufo PA, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Thomas GN, Lip GYH, Bensenor IM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos IS, Bensenor IM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Brant LCC, Pinto Filho MM, Pereira AC, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Thomas GN, Lip GYH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>724</fpage>
      <lpage>731</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status de sa&#250;de cardiovascular ideal ( <italic>ideal cardiovascular health (</italic> ICVH) e diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (FFA) foi menos estudado em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o diagn&#243;stico de FFA e m&#233;tricas e escores de ICVH no Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Este estudo analisou dados de 13141 participantes com dados completos. Os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram codificados de acordo com o Sistema de Minnesota, em um centro de leitura centralizado. As m&#233;tricas do ICVH (dieta, atividade f&#237;sica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, tabagismo, glicemia de jeju, e colesterol total) e escores do ICVH foram calculados conforme proposto pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic> . Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bruta e ajustada foram constru&#237;dos para analisar associa&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;tricas e escores do ICVH com diagn&#243;stico de FFA. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>A idade mediana da amostra foi de 55 anos, e 54,4% eram mulheres. Nos modelos ajustados, os escores de ICVH n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com diagn&#243;stico de FFA prevalente [odds ratio (OR):0,96; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%):0,80-1,16; p=0,70). Perfis de press&#227;o arterial ideal (OR:0,33; IC95%:0,1-0,74; p=0,007) e colesterol total ideal (OR:1,88; IC95%:1,19-2,98; p=0,007) foram significativamente associados com o diagn&#243;stico de FFA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram identificadas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre escores de ICVH global e diagn&#243;stico de FFA ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado em nossas an&#225;lises, devido, ao menos em parte, &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es antag&#244;nicas da FFA com m&#233;tricas de press&#227;o arterial e de colesterol total do ICVH. Nossos resultados sugerem que estimar a preven&#231;&#227;o da FFA por meio de escore de ICVH global pode n&#227;o ser adequado, e as m&#233;tricas do ICVH devem ser consideradas separadamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd><italic>Flutter</italic> Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00 RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00 BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0300.00 ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00 MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00 SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00 RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310679/2016&#8211;8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</funding-source>
          <award-id>465518/2014&#8211;1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>PPM-00 428&#8211;17</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Institute for Health Research</funding-source>
          <award-id>17/63/121</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil e Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa em Sa&#250;de.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em 2010, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) determinou uma meta de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em 20% em dez anos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A principal estrat&#233;gia para alcan&#231;ar essa meta incluiu o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de perfis cardiovasculares ideais, medidos por meio de sete m&#233;tricas de sa&#250;de cardiovascular ideal (ICVH, <italic>ideal cardiovascular health</italic> ): dieta, atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), press&#227;o arterial, glicose plasm&#225;tica de jejum, e colesterol total. A AHA estabeleceu defini&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para cada uma dessas m&#233;tricas, bem como um escore de ICVH para um indiv&#237;duo como a soma dos perfis ideais.</p>
      <p>A efic&#225;cia dessa estrat&#233;gia est&#225; sujeita &#224; for&#231;a das associa&#231;&#245;es entre cada m&#233;trica de ICVH e ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV fatal e n&#227;o fatal. Alguns autores avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre escore de ICVH e seus componentes com DCV subcl&#237;nica, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> DCV cl&#237;nica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e mortalidade cardiovascular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular menos estudada neste contexto &#233; a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (FFA). A FFA tem risco de 25% de ocorr&#234;ncia, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a qual est&#225; associada a m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular, com uma fra&#231;&#227;o atribu&#237;vel &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de AVC estimada entre 2 e 6%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ogunmoroti et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analisaram dados de 6506 participantes do estudo MESA - <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> e encontraram que indiv&#237;duos com um escore ICVH &#243;timo no per&#237;odo basal apresentaram um risco 27% mais baixo de FFA ap&#243;s um acompanhamento mediano de 11,2 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com escores do ICVH inadequado. Garg et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> analisaram dados de 13182 participantes do estudo ARIC ( <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities</italic> ) e encontraram que, ap&#243;s um seguimento de 25,1 anos, o aumento em cada componente ideal associou-se a um risco 17% menor para FFA. An&#225;lises similares foram realizadas por Garg et al. no estudo REGARDS ( <italic>Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study</italic> ), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> resultando em uma redu&#231;&#227;o menor (7%) por&#233;m significativa no risco para FFA para cada aumento no componente ideal. Recentemente, Lee et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> analisaram 208 598 indiv&#237;duos que se submeteram a exames de check-up na Coreia do Sul e encontraram, ap&#243;s um seguimento mediano de 7,2 anos, que os escores do ICVH associaram-se significativamente com incid&#234;ncia de FFA.</p>
      <p>A maioria das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FFA e m&#233;tricas e escore do ICVH derivam de grandes coortes dos Estados Unidos; no entanto, estima-se que 72% dos anos de vida ajustados pela incapacidade e 67% das mortes por AVC tenham ocorrido em pa&#237;ses com &#237;ndices sociodemogr&#225;ficos baixos ou m&#233;dios em 2016. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A FFA tamb&#233;m &#233; comum no Brasil, com frequ&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 2% em estudos baseados na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e frequ&#234;ncias maiores associadas ao avan&#231;o na idade.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar associa&#231;&#245;es do diagn&#243;stico de FFA com m&#233;tricas e escore do ICVH no Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), um estudo brasileiro multic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte de indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 35 e 74 anos no momento basal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O delineamento do estudo ELSA-Brasil <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e o perfil de sua coorte <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> foram previamente descritos com detalhes. O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico tipo coorte em andamento no Brasil, em que foram inclu&#237;dos 15105 servidores p&#250;blicos ativos ou aposentados, com idade entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis institui&#231;&#245;es de seis cidades brasileiras. A avalia&#231;&#227;o basal ocorreu entre agosto de 2008 e dezembro de 2010. Nesse per&#237;odo, uma equipe treinada conduziu entrevistas presenciais, e exames cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo basal, todos os participantes eram contatados por telefone anualmente. De agosto de 2012 a dezembro de 2014, todos os participantes foram convidados para uma segunda visita, em que foram aplicados novos question&#225;rios, juntamente com avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. Um total de 14014 (92,8%) indiv&#237;duos participaram dessa reavalia&#231;&#227;o. No presente artigo, as informa&#231;&#245;es usadas foram obtidas dessa segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o presencial, salvo se indicado o contr&#225;rio. O protocolo do estudo esteve de acordo com as normas &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975 e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de todas as institui&#231;&#245;es participantes do ELSA-Brasil. Um termo de consentimento de todos os participantes foi obtido.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Dos 14014 indiv&#237;duos que estiveram presentes na segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o presencial, 505 foram exclu&#237;dos por falta de informa&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG) e 368 participantes por m&#233;tricas do ICVH faltantes. Assim, nossa amostra principal consistiu em 13141 indiv&#237;duos. Para algumas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, a amostra restringiu-se a 12307 indiv&#237;duos sem relato de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;vio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os protocolos do ELSA-Brasil <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de dados antropom&#233;tricos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais n&#227;o mudaram entre a primeira e a segunda avalia&#231;&#227;o. Idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, n&#237;vel de escolaridade, e renda familiar mensal foram autorrelatadas e estratificadas. A renda mensal foi analisada como m&#250;ltiplos de sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos brasileiros (a m&#233;dia de um sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo brasileiro durante a coleta de dados foi de aproximadamente 310 d&#243;lares americanos). Medidas de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram aferidas utilizando-se um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico (Omron HEM 705 CPINT). Tr&#234;s medidas foram tomadas em intervalos de um minuto ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de descanso de cinco minutos com os indiv&#237;duos sentados. A m&#233;dia da segunda e da terceira medida foi considerada para defini&#231;&#227;o da PAS e PAD. A glicemia de jejum foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo da hexoquinase e o colesterol total usando o m&#233;todo do colesterol oxidase, realizados em um equipamento ADVIA 1200 Siemens&#174;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico de FFA</title>
        <p>Os registros de ECG foram obtidos no ELSA-Brasil conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O ECG nas avalia&#231;&#245;es presenciais foi realizado utilizando um aparelho Burdick Atria 6100, calibrado a 10mm/mV e velocidade de 25 mm/segundo. Os registros foram transmitidos para o centro de leitura no Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Minas Gerais. Os tra&#231;ados foram analisados seguindo-se o sistema de Glasgow e codificados de acordo com o Sistema de Minnesota. Os c&#243;digos selecionados (incluindo FFA) foram manualmente revisados por uma equipe treinada. Esses m&#233;todos foram adotados em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es do ELSA-Brasil at&#233; o presente. O diagn&#243;stico de FFA neste artigo foi definido como sua presen&#231;a no tra&#231;ado de ECG no per&#237;odo basal ou na segunda visita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escore ICVH</title>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre o sistema de escore do ICVH no ELSA-Brasil podem ser encontradas em outro estudo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> As seguintes defini&#231;&#245;es foram usadas para as sete m&#233;tricas do ICVH, baseadas nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da AHA: <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Dieta: quatro componentes adequados de (a) &#8805; 4 por&#231;&#245;es de frutas e verduras por dia, (b) &#8805;200 g de peixe por semana, (c) &#8805; 2 por&#231;&#245;es de gr&#227;os integrais ricos em fibra por dia, (d) &#8804; 450 kcal de bebidas ado&#231;adas com a&#231;&#250;car por semana, e (e) consumo de s&#243;dio &#8804;1500 mg/dia;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Atividade f&#237;sica: &#8805; 75 minutos / semana ou atividade f&#237;sica rigorosa, ou &#8805; 150 minutos / semana de atividade f&#237;sica moderada, ou &#8805; 150 minutos / semana de atividade f&#237;sica moderada e atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Tabagismo: nunca ter fumado ou ter idade ao parar de fumar ao menos dois anos menor que a idade atual;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>IMC &lt; 25 kg/m <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Press&#227;o arterial: PAS &lt; 120 mmHg e PAD &lt; 80 mmHg, sem medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Glicemia de jejum: &lt; 100mg/dL sem uso de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Colesterol total &lt; 200 mg/dL, sem uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Todas as informa&#231;&#245;es para o escore ICVH foram obtidas da segunda visita, exceto informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; dieta. A m&#233;trica do ICVH correspondente &#224; dieta foi avaliada a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas do question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar, aplicado no momento basal do ELSA-Brasil. O escore ICVH global foi calculado como a soma de todos os perfis ideais (intervalo: 0 a 7 pontos) Escores do estilo de vida dos participantes (dieta, atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo, e IMC, intervalo; 0-4) e sa&#250;de (press&#227;o arterial, glicemia de jejum, colesterol total; intervalo 0-3) foram avaliados separadamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em contagens e propor&#231;&#245;es, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas em medianas e intervalos interquartis. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada usando gr&#225;ficos de densidade e o teste de Anderson-Darling. N&#243;s calculamos a sensibilidade e a especificidade de diferentes pontos de corte do escore do ICVH global para classificar indiv&#237;duos com ou sem FFA na amostra. Constru&#237;mos uma curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) usando esses valores e calculamos a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para estimar a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria dos escores do ICVH para identificar os indiv&#237;duos com FFA neste cen&#225;rio. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria foram constru&#237;dos para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;tricas e escores do ICVH (global, estilo de vida, e sa&#250;de) com o diagn&#243;stico de FFA. Esses modelos foram apresentados na forma bruta ou ajustada quanto &#224; idade, sexo e ra&#231;a. Foram feitas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade restringindo a amostra a indiv&#237;duos sem relato de hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Ap&#243;s observar uma associa&#231;&#227;o paradoxal entre a m&#233;trica doo ICVH de colesterol total e FFA, realizamos algumas an&#225;lises <italic>a posteriori</italic> , (1) excluindo indiv&#237;duos em uso de estatina, uma vez que alguns autores indicaram um benef&#237;cio potencial das estatinas sobre incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> (2) excluindo a m&#233;trica de colesterol total do escore de sa&#250;de e do escore global do ICVH. Os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria bruta e ajustada tamb&#233;m foram apresentados para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esses escores modificados e o diagn&#243;stico de FFA. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa R, vers&#227;o 4.0.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra. A idade mediana foi de 55 anos, e 7147 (54.4%) eram mulheres. A maioria dos participantes era da ra&#231;a branca, tinham educa&#231;&#227;o superior e renda familiar entre seis e 15 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos brasileiros (aproximadamente 1860 a 4650 d&#243;lares americanos/m&#234;s). A FFA foi detectada em tra&#231;ados de ECG em 80 (0,6%) participantes. A m&#233;trica do ICVH mais frequente foi tabagismo, presente em 11548 (87,9%) participantes. A <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela 1 Suplementar</inline-supplementary-material> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes do estudo ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o daqueles com hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (N=13061)</th>
                <th>Com Sem fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (N=80)</th>
                <th>Total (N=13141)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">55,0 [49,0 - 62,0]</td>
                <td align="center">64,5 [57,0 - 73,2]</td>
                <td align="center">55,0 [49,0 - 62,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino (N (%))</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7117 (54,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7147 (54,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a (N (%))</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">6750 (52,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (60,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6796 (52,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulata</td>
                <td align="center">3625 (28,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (27,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3646 (28,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negra</td>
                <td align="center">2071 (16,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2080 (16,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras</td>
                <td align="center">471 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">471 (3,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>N&#237;vel educacional, N (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">1472 (11,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (16,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1485 (11,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">4110 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (31,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">4135 (31,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior</td>
                <td align="center">7476 (57,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (52,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7518 (57,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Renda familiar mensal (N (%))</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 6 SMs</td>
                <td align="center">2816 (21,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (20,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2832 (21,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6 - 15 SMs</td>
                <td align="center">6112 (47,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (36,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6141 (46,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 15 SMs</td>
                <td align="center">4073 (31,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (43,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">4108 (31,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo (N (%))</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5800 (44,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (76,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">5861 (44,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de medicamento hipoglicemiante, N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2577 (20,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (39,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2607 (21,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de medicamento hipolipemiante, N (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6658 (51,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (46,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">6695 (51,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>M&#233;tricas do ICVH (N (%))</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dieta</td>
                <td align="center">177 (1,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (1,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">3488 (26,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (18,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3503 (26,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">4229 (32,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">4256 (32,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">11474 (87,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (92,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">11548 (87,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">4499 (34,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">4506 (34,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia de jejum</td>
                <td align="center">5927 (45,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5950 (45,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol Total</td>
                <td align="center">5213 (39,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (47,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5251 (40,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Escore ICVH (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Global</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 [2,0 - 4,0]</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 [1,0 - 3,0]</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 [2,0 - 4,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estilo de vida</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [1,0 - 2,0]</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [1,0 - 2,0]</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [1,0 - 2,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [0,0 - 2,0]</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [0,0 - 1,0]</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 [0,0 - 2,0]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>SM: sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo; o sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo brasileiro durante a coleta de dados foi de aproximadamente 310 d&#243;lares americanos. ICVH: Ideal cardiovascular health (sa&#250;de cardiovascular ideal). Fonte: os autores.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Figura Suplementar 1</inline-supplementary-material> apresenta a curva ROC referente &#224; acur&#225;cia dos escores de ICVH global em identificar indiv&#237;duos com FFA na amostra. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC &#233; 0,59, indicando um poder discriminat&#243;rio relativamente baixo dos escores de ICVH global neste cen&#225;rio. Mais detalhes s&#227;o apresentados na <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Tabela Suplementar 2</inline-supplementary-material> , que mostra valores de sensibilidade e especificidade para diferentes pontos de corte do escore de ICVH global.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores de <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC95%) para a associa&#231;&#227;o de escores e m&#233;tricas de ICVH com preval&#234;ncia de FFA. Em toda a amostra, os escores de ICVH foram inversamente associados com o diagn&#243;stico de FFA no modelo bruto (p&lt;0,001) e no modelo ajustado (p=0,007). A exclus&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos em uso de estatina das an&#225;lises levou a uma perda de signific&#226;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o perfil de colesterol total no ICVH e a FFA nos modelos ajustados (OR: 2,22; IC95%: 0,86 &#8211; 5,70; p=0,098). Contudo, essa perda de signific&#226;ncia parece ser devida principalmente a uma perda de poder estat&#237;stico, uma vez que 46,2% dos participantes com FFA e 51,0% dos participantes sem FFA usavam estatinas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Odds ratios (IC95%) para a associa&#231;&#227;o de escores e m&#233;tricas de ICVH e diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Toda a amostra</th>
                <th colspan="2">Excluindo pacientes que relataram hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Bruta</th>
                <th>Ajustada para idade, sexo e ra&#231;a</th>
                <th>Bruta</th>
                <th>Ajustada para idade, sexo e ra&#231;a</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore de ICVH global</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,67 - 0,95)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,80 - 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,71 - 1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,81 - 1,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore de estilo de vida do ICVH</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,71 - 1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,70 - 1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,70 - 1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,67 - 1,38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dieta</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,36 - 1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,37 - 1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 (0,36 - 1,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 (0,34 - 1,31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,67 - 1,69)</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (0,74 - 1,92)</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (0,77 - 2,32)</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (0,79 - 2,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,71 (0,74 - 3,93)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (0,60 - 3,23)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,46 - 2,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,39 - 2,18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore de sa&#250;de do ICVH</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,66 (0,51 - 0,85)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,73 - 1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,57 - 1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (0,77 - 1,46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,08 - 0,40)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,33 (0,15 - 0,74)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,10 - 0,53)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 (0,15 - 0,87)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose</td>
                <td align="center">0,49 (0,30 - 0,79)*</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,48 - 1,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 (0,37 - 1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,54 - 1,74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol Total</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (0,88 - 2,12)</td>
                <td align="center">1,88 (1,19 - 2,98)*</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 (0,95 - 2,79)</td>
                <td align="center">2,14 (1,23 - 3,72)*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>ICVH: Ideal cardiovascular health (sa&#250;de cardiovascular ideal); &#8224; Estimativas de odds ratio para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;trica de dieta do ICVH e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial n&#227;o puderam ser estimadas devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com um perfil &#243;timo de dieta e um diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou flutter atrial; * p&lt;0,05. Fonte: os autores</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Uma vez que as associa&#231;&#245;es da FFA com a press&#227;o arterial e a m&#233;trica de colesterol total do ICVH eram antag&#244;nicas, a FFA n&#227;o se associou com escore de ICHV global nos modelos ajustados (p=0.76). Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com relato de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, as associa&#231;&#245;es da FFA com press&#227;o arterial (p=0.023) e m&#233;trica de colesterol total do ICVH (p=0,007) nos modelos ajustados foram mantidas.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m verificamos se os escores de sa&#250;de e os escores de ICVH global foram associados com FFA ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o da m&#233;trica de colesterol total. O escore de ICVH global mostrou-se inversamente associado com um diagn&#243;stico de FFA nos modelos brutos (OR: 0,70; IC95%: 0,57 &#8211; 0,86; p=0,001) com uma tend&#234;ncia n&#227;o significativa a uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa nos modelos ajustados (OR: 0,84; IC95%: 0,67 &#8211; 1,04; p=0,11). Os escores de sa&#250;de do ICVH foram inversamente associados com um diagn&#243;stico de FFA no modelo absoluto (OR: 0,41; IC95%: 0,28 &#8211; 0,59; p&lt;0,001) e no modelo ajustado (OR: 0,63; IC95%: 0,42 &#8211; 0,93; p=0,020).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na amostra do ELSA-Brasil, os escores de ICVH global foram associados com preval&#234;ncia de FFA nos modelos brutos. No entanto, os escores foram ajustados com valores de &#225;rea sob a curva ROC e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica desapareceu nos modelos ajustados para idade, sexo e ra&#231;a. Analisando as m&#233;tricas de ICVH separadamente, encontrou-se uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a m&#233;trica de press&#227;o arterial do ICVH e a FFA. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva, mas paradoxal, foi observada entre m&#233;trica de colesterol total do ICVH e FFA: uma m&#233;trica de colesterol total ideal do ICVH foi associada com diagn&#243;stico de FFA. A restri&#231;&#227;o da amostra para indiv&#237;duos sem relato de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, AVC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca levou a resultados similares. A exclus&#227;o da m&#233;trica do colesterol total do ICVH levou a uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa entre escores de sa&#250;de do ICVH e FFA.</p>
      <p>A import&#226;ncia da hipertens&#227;o como um fator de risco para FFA est&#225; bem definida na literatura. Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de fatores de risco para FFA Allan et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> revisaram dados de 32 estudos de coortes de base populacional, incluindo mais de 20 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos. Os autores encontraram que o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica elevada foram consistentemente associados com incid&#234;ncia de FFA. Recentemente, Rattani et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> utilizaram dados do estudo ARIC para calcular o risco atribu&#237;vel na popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o para FFA. Os autores definiram hipertens&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do S&#233;timo Relat&#243;rio do <italic>Joint National Committee</italic> (&#8805;140/90 mmHg) e as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology</italic> de 2017 (&#8805;130/80 mmHg), e encontraram valores de fra&#231;&#227;o atribu&#237;vel populacional de 11% e 13%, respectivamente. Como esperado, a presen&#231;a de um perfil ideal de press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m foi inversamente associada &#224; FFA nos estudos de tipo coorte ARIC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> REGARDS, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e MESA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o colesterol total (principalmente por fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-colesterol) seja um fator de risco importante para DCV ateroscler&#243;tica, sua associa&#231;&#227;o com FFA n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o bem estabelecida. Outros autores indicaram o paradoxo do colesterol na FFA, descrevendo n&#237;veis mais baixos de colesterol em indiv&#237;duos com FFA, em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles em v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios, tais como indiv&#237;duos tratados em centros de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> ou mesmo indiv&#237;duos de amostras da comunidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente, Guan et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> encontraram que n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol total (definidos em pontos de corte entre 220 e 260 mg/dL, ou com base na distribui&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica na amostra) foram associados a uma raz&#227;o de risco agrupado ( <italic>pooled hazard ratio</italic> ) para FFA de 0,81 (IC95%: 0,72-0,92), o que foi consistente como nossos achados. Na mesma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, an&#225;lises utilizando n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol em vez de n&#237;veis de colesterol total mostraram resultados similares.</p>
      <p>Existem evid&#234;ncias de que as estatinas possam tem potencial benef&#237;cio sobre a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, a m&#233;trica do ICVH considera um perfil como n&#227;o ideal se os indiv&#237;duos est&#227;o em uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes, independentemente de seus n&#237;veis de colesterol total. Portanto, poderia ser argumentado que a associa&#231;&#227;o paradoxal entre perfil de ICVH quanto ao colesterol total e FFA &#233; explicada pelo uso de estatina; por&#233;m, nossos dados sugerem que esse n&#227;o &#233; o caso. A propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de nossa amostra usando medicamentos hipolipemiantes &#233; similar. Ainda, embora a exclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que usam estatinas tenha levado &#224; perda de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, isso provavelmente tenha ocorrido pelo elevado n&#250;mero de exclus&#245;es dessa an&#225;lise de sensibilidade (51,0% da nossa amostra), uma vez que as estimativas do OR tamb&#233;m eram similares (1,88 para toda a amostra; 2,22 ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dos pacientes usando agentes hipolipemiantes).</p>
      <p>O crit&#233;rio usado como a m&#233;trica de colesterol total do ICVH (&lt;200 mg/dL sem uso de hipolepimantes) &#233; mais r&#237;gido que aqueles adotados nos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Os estudos coorte <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que avaliaram os escores de ICVH e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico de FFA tamb&#233;m investigaram a m&#233;trica de colesterol total do ICVH separadamente. Em todos os casos, as estimativas do risco sugeriram maior chance para FFA nos indiv&#237;duos com colesterol total ideal, mas sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Essa aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia nesses estudos contrasta com nossos achados de uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa, positiva, mas paradoxal entre a m&#233;trica de colesterol total ICVH e o diagn&#243;stico de FFA nos modelos ajustados. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em nosso estudo foi evidente mesmo com menos casos de FFA na amostra, em compara&#231;&#227;o a publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores. Diferen&#231;as de popula&#231;&#245;es e delineamento dos estudos, podem ser parcialmente respons&#225;veis por tal discrep&#226;ncia. Similar ao que se observa nos Estados Unidos, indiv&#237;duos brasileiros da ra&#231;a negra apresentam uma preval&#234;ncia maior de hipertens&#227;o <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e uma preval&#234;ncia mais baixa de dislipidemia <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o aos de ra&#231;a branca. Dada a forte associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre press&#227;o arterial e FFA, poderia ser argumentado que a ra&#231;a seria um fator de confus&#227;o na associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre perfil de colesterol total do ICVH e diagn&#243;stico de FFA. No entanto, &#233; importante notar que nossos resultados se mantiveram mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste por ra&#231;a. An&#225;lises longitudinais futuras do ELSA-Brasil, incluindo a ocorr&#234;ncia de mais casos de FFA, ir&#225; esclarecer se o paradoxo do colesterol em indiv&#237;duos com FFA &#233; particularmente forte na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      <p>Em 2018, Isakadze et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> propuseram que o uso do escore ICVH para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular global pode reduzir substancialmente a preval&#234;ncia de FFA. Embora evid&#234;ncias atuais sugiram que tal fato seja verdadeiro, nossos resultados e dados pr&#233;vios tamb&#233;m destacam que m&#233;tricas individuais do ICVH podem ter efeitos diferentes (e mesmo antag&#244;nicos) sobre a preval&#234;ncia da FFA. Assim, &#233; discut&#237;vel se o progresso na preven&#231;&#227;o da FFA resultante n&#227;o s&#243; de melhorias nos escores do ICVH devam ser estimadas considerando n&#227;o s&#243; o impacto de todas as m&#233;tricas do ICVH em conjunto como tamb&#233;m cada m&#233;trica separadamente.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem pontos fortes. Primeiro, o estudo avaliou dados de uma grande amostra no Brasil. Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FFA e m&#233;tricas do ICVH em uma amostra da Am&#233;rica do Sul com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas comparadas &#224;s amostras analisadas em estudos pr&#233;vios. Os tra&#231;ados de ECG tamb&#233;m foram analisados em um local de leitura centralizado, usando um protocolo padronizado, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e os crit&#233;rios de escore do ICVH p&#244;de ser aplicado com m&#237;nimas adapta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O estudo tamb&#233;m precisa ser interpretado no contexto de suas limita&#231;&#245;es. A amostra deste estudo incluiu um pequeno n&#250;mero de participantes com FFA. Isso deve-se muito provavelmente &#224; alta propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com idade inferior a 60 anos de idade. Com o passar do tempo, os casos incidentes de FFA podem aumentar o poder de nossas an&#225;lises. Isso p&#244;de ter influenciado nosso resultado de n&#227;o associa&#231;&#227;o entre diagn&#243;stico de FFA e escores de ICVH. O question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar n&#227;o foi aplicado na segunda visita dos participantes no estudo ELSA-Brasil; portanto, considerou-se que os participantes mantiveram o status de dieta no ICVH ap&#243;s o basal. A preval&#234;ncia de uma dieta ideal (segundo crit&#233;rios do ICVH) foi muito baixa no per&#237;odo basal do ELSA-Brasil (1,3%), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que &#233; consistente com os achados de outras popula&#231;&#245;es. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; improv&#225;vel que uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes teria adotado uma dieta ideal entre o per&#237;odo basal e a segunda visita. A FFA foi definida com base somente nos tra&#231;ados de ECG do ELSA-Brasil e, apesar de conferir alta especificidade, FFA parox&#237;stica pode ser pouco representada em nossas an&#225;lises.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>N&#227;o foram observadas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre escores de ICVH global e diagn&#243;stico de FFA em nossas an&#225;lises, devido, ao menos em parte, &#224;s associa&#231;&#245;es antag&#244;nicas de FFA com press&#227;o arterial e colesterol total. Nossos resultados sugerem que estimar o efeito da preven&#231;&#227;o de FFA usando escores de ICVH global pode n&#227;o ser adequado, e as m&#233;tricas do ICVH devem ser consideradas separadamente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A fase basal do ELSA-Brasil teve apoio do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia) e do Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncias, tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (financiadora de estudos e projetos e CNPq) (aux&#237;lios 01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, 01 06 0071.00 RJ). ALR recebeu apoio financeiro do CNPq (aux&#237;lio 310679/2016&#8211;8), do Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de - IATS, aux&#237;lio 465518/2014&#8211;1) e da FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00 428&#8211;17). Este estudo tamb&#233;m foi financiado pelo <italic>National Institute for Health Research</italic> (projeto 17/63/121, <italic>Global Health Research Group on Atrial Fibrillation Management</italic> do <italic>NIHR</italic> ).</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 659/06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da Figura Suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0970_AO_Supplemental%20Figure%201.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional das Tabelas Suplementares, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0970_AO_Supplemental_Tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Health and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Cross-Sectional Study from ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Itamar S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra C.</given-names>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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            <surname>Brant</surname>
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        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Marcelo M</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
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            <sup>4</sup>
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            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre C.</given-names>
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            <surname>Barreto</surname>
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          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio L. P.</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thomas</surname>
            <given-names>G Neil</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>7</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lip</surname>
            <given-names>Gregory Y. H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bensenor</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <collab>NIHR Global Health Research Group on Atrial Fibrillation Management</collab>
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            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="collab-list">
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Jingya</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Hui</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="non-byline-author" rid="collab">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhong</surname>
            <given-names>Jiaoyue</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica e Epidemiol&#243;gica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Social da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="GB">UK</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham &#8211; UK</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="GB">UK</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart &amp; Chest Hospital and Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Liverpool &#8211; UK</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>*</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Members of the NIHR Global Health Group on Atrial Fibrillation Management listed in alphabetical order</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Itamar S. Santos &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2565. Postal code 05508-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: itamarss@usp.br</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Bensenor IM; Acquisition of data: Brant LCC, Pinto Filho MM, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos IS, Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Brant LCC, Pinto Filho MM, Pereira AC, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Thomas GN, Lip GYH, Bensenor IM; Statistical analysis: Santos IS; Obtaining financing: Lotufo PA, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Thomas GN, Lip GYH, Bensenor IM; Writing of the manuscript: Santos IS, Bensenor IM; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Lotufo PA, Goulart AC, Brant LCC, Pinto Filho MM, Pereira AC, Barreto SM, Ribeiro ALP, Thomas GN, Lip GYH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The association between ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status and atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) diagnosis has been less studied compared to other cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To analyze the association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and scores in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>This study analyzed data from 13,141 participants with complete data. Electrocardiographic tracings were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System, in a centralized reading center. ICVH metrics (diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol) and scores were calculated as proposed by the American Heart Association. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and scores with AFF diagnosis. Significance level was set at 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The sample had a median age of 55 years and 54.4% were women. In adjusted models, ICVH scores were not significantly associated with prevalent AFF diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]:0.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.80-1.16; p=0.70). Ideal blood pressure (OR:0.33; 95% CI:0.15&#8211;0.74; p=0.007) and total cholesterol (OR:1.88; 95% CI:1.19&#8211;2.98; p=0.007) profiles were significantly associated with AFF diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>No significant associations were identified between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis after multivariable adjustment in our analyses, at least partially due to the antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics. Our results suggest that estimating the prevention of AFF burden using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In 2010, the American Heart Association (AHA) set a decade-long goal to decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke mortality by 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The main strategy to achieve this goal included raising the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular profiles, measured by seven ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) metrics: diet, physical activity, smoking, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol. The AHA established specific definitions for each of these metrics, as well as a ICVH score for an individual as the sum of the ideal profiles.</p>
        <p>The effectiveness of such a strategy is subject to the strength of the associations between each ICVH metric and occurrence of fatal or non-fatal CVD. Some authors evaluated the association of the ICVH score and its components with subclinical CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> clinical CVD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A less studied cardiovascular condition in this context is atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF). AFF has a lifetime risk of 25%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> is associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, and is a major risk factor for stroke, with population attributable fractions of stroke estimated between 2% and 6%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ogunmoroti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analyzed data from 6,506 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and found that individuals with an optimum ICVH score at the baseline had a 27% lower risk of AFF after a median follow-up of 11.2 years as compared to those with inadequate ICVH scores. Garg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> analyzed data from 13,182 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) participants and found that, after a follow-up of 25.1 years, each ideal component increase was associated with a 17% lower risk for AFF. Similar analyses were also performed by Garg et al. in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> resulting in a smaller (7%) although significant reduction in the risk for AFF for each ideal component increase. Recently, Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> analyzed 208,598 individuals who underwent national health check-up examinations in South Korea and found, after a median follow-up of 7.2 years, that ICVH scores were significantly associated with incident AFF.</p>
        <p>Most information about the association between AFF and ICVH metrics and score come from large cohorts in the United States; however, 72% of global disability-adjusted life-years and 67% of deaths due to stroke were estimated to occur in countries with middle or low sociodemographic index in 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> AFF is also common in Brazil, with a frequency of about 2% in primary care-based studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> with higher frequencies associated with advancing age.</p>
        <p>The aim of the present study is to report the associations between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and score in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), a Brazilian multicenter cohort study of individuals of 35-74 years of age at the baseline.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The ELSA-Brasil design<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and cohort profile<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> are detailed elsewhere. ELSA-Brasil is an ongoing multicenter cohort study in Brazil which enrolled 15,105 active or retired civil servants, from 35 to 74 years of age at baseline, from six institutions in six Brazilian cities. Baseline assessment occurred between August 2008 and December 2010. During this period, trained staff conducted in-person interviews, as well as clinical, laboratory, and imaging exams. After the baseline, all participants received a yearly telephone follow-up contact. From August 2012 to December 2014, all participants were invited to a second visit, during new questionnaires were administered, together with clinical and laboratory evaluations. A total of 14,014 (92.8%) individuals were reassessed. In the present article, information was obtained from the second visit, unless stated otherwise. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of all institutions where ELSA-Brasil investigation centers are located. Informed consent was obtained from each participant.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study sample</title>
          <p>From 14,014 individuals who were present in the second onsite assessment, 505 individuals were excluded due to a lack of electrocardiographic (ECG) information and 368 participants due to missing information on ICVH metrics. Therefore, our main sample consisted of 13,141 individuals. For some sensitivity analyses, the sample was restricted to 12,307 individuals without previous self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>ELSA-Brasil protocols<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> for anthropometric, clinical and laboratory exams did not change between the first and second assessments. Age, sex, race, education level, and monthly family income were self-reported and stratified accordingly. Monthly income was analyzed as multiples of the Brazilian minimum wage (one Brazilian minimum wage during data collection averaged approximately 310 US dollars). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) measurements were taken using a validated oscillometric device (Omron HEM 705CPINT). Three measurements were taken at one-minute intervals after a five-minute rest with the subject in the sitting position, and the average of the second and third measurements was considered to define SBP and DBP. Fasting plasma glucose was determined using the hexokinase method and total cholesterol using the cholesterol oxidase method, conducted in an ADVIA 1200 Siemens&#174; equipment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AFF diagnosis</title>
          <p>ECG recordings in ELSA-Brasil were obtained as described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Electrocardiography in onsite assessments was performed using a Burdick Atria 6100 device, calibrated at 10 mm/mV and a speed of 25 mm/second. The recordings were transmitted to the reading center in the Minas Gerais Investigation Center. Analyses followed the Glasgow system and were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System. Selected codes (including AFF) were manually reviewed by trained staff. These methods have been adopted in all ELSA-Brasil assessments to date. AFF diagnosis in this article was defined as its presence in ECG tracing at the baseline or on the second visit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ICVH score</title>
          <p>Detailed information about the ideal ICVH scoring in ELSA-Brasil can be found elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The following definitions were used for the seven ICVH metrics, based on the AHA guidelines:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Diet: Four adequate components from (a) &#8805; 4 servings of fruit and vegetables per day, (b) &#8805; 7 ounces of fish per week, (c) &#8805; 2 servings of fiber-rich whole grains per day, (d) &#8804; 450 kcal of sugar-sweetened beverages per week, and (e) sodium consumption &#8804; 1500 mg/day;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Physical activity: &#8805; 75 minutes/week of vigorous physical activity, or &#8805; 150 minutes/week of moderate physical activity, or &#8805; 150 minutes/week of moderate + vigorous physical activity;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Smoking: never smoked or former smoker age upon quitting of at least two years less than the age at onsite assessment;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Blood pressure: SBP &lt; 120 mmHg and DBP &lt; 80 mmHg, without antihypertensive medication;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Fasting plasma glucose: &lt; 100 mg/dL, without hypoglycemic medication;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Total cholesterol: &lt; 200 mg/dl, without lipid-lowering medication.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>All information for ICVH scoring was obtained from the second visit, except for the diet ICVH metric. The diet ICVH metric was evaluated using information from the complete food frequency questionnaire, which was applied in the ELSA-Brasil baseline. The global ICVH score was calculated as the sum of the ideal profiles (range: 0 to 7 points). Scores of participants&#8217; lifestyle (diet, physical activity, smoking, and BMI; range 0-4) and health (blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol; range 0-3) were evaluated separately.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were presented as counts and proportions, and continuous variables were presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Normality of data was evaluated using density plots and the Anderson-Darling test. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of different cutoffs for global ICVH score to classify individuals with and without AFF in the sample. We plotted a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve using these values and calculated the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) to estimate the discriminative capacity of the global ICVH scores to identify individuals with AFF in this setting. Binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and global, lifestyle, and health scores with AFF diagnosis. These models are presented in their crude form and adjusted for age, sex, and race. Sensitivity analyses were performed, restricting the sample to the individuals without previous self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure. After observing a paradoxical association between the total cholesterol ICVH metric and AFF, we ran some analyses <italic>a posteriori,</italic> (1) excluding individuals under statin use, as some authors pointed a potential benefit of statins on incident atrial fibrillation;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> (2) excluding the total cholesterol ICVH metric from the global and health ICVH scores. The crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were also presented in order to analyze the association between these modified scores and AFF diagnosis. Analyses were performed using R software, version 4.0.0. The significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes the characteristics of the sample. Median age was 55 years and 7,147 (54.4%) were women. Most participants were of white race, had a college education and a family income between six and 15 Brazilian minimum wages (approximately 1,860 to 4,650 US dollars/month). AFF in ECG tracings was detected in 80 (0.6%) participants. The most frequent ICVH metric was smoking, present in 11,548 (87.9%) participants. <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Table 1</inline-supplementary-material> shows the characteristics of study participants after excluding those with previous self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the study sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>No atrial fibrillation or flutter (N=13,061)</th>
                  <th>Atrial fibrillation or flutter (N=80)</th>
                  <th>Total (N=13141)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years; mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">55.0 [49.0 - 62.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">64.5 [57.0 - 73.2]</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0 [49.0 - 62.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female sex (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7117 (54.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (37.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7147 (54.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Race (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">6750 (52.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (60.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6796 (52.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">3625 (28.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (27.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3646 (28.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">2071 (16.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2080 (16.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other</td>
                  <td align="center">471 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">471 (3.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Educational level (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incomplete high school</td>
                  <td align="center">1472 (11.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (16.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1485 (11.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school</td>
                  <td align="center">4110 (31.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (31.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4135 (31.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>College or above</td>
                  <td align="center">7476 (57.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (52.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7518 (57.2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Monthly family income (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 6 BMW</td>
                  <td align="center">2816 (21.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (20.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2832 (21.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6 to 15 BMW</td>
                  <td align="center">6112 (47.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (36.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6141 (46.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 15 BMW</td>
                  <td align="center">4073 (31.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (43.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4108 (31.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of antihypertensive medication (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5800 (44.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (76.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5861 (44.6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of hypoglycemic medication (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2577 (20.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (39.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2607 (21.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of lipid-lowering medication (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6658 (51.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (46.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6695 (51.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>ICVH metrics (N (%))</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diet</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (1.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (1.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center">3488 (26.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (18.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3503 (26.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body-mass index</td>
                  <td align="center">4229 (32.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (33.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4256 (32.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">11474 (87.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (92.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11548 (87.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">4499 (34.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4506 (34.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting plasma glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">5927 (45.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (28.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5950 (45.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">5213 (39.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (47.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5251 (40.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>ICVH score (mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Global</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 [2.0 - 4.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 [1.0 - 3.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 [2.0 - 4.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [1.0 - 2.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [1.0 - 2.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [1.0 - 2.0]</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Health</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [0.0 - 2.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [0.0 - 1.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 [0.0 - 2.0]</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>BMW: Brazilian minimum wage; one Brazilian minimum wage during data collection averaged approximately 310 US dollars. ICVH: Ideal cardiovascular health. Source: The authors.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Figure 1</inline-supplementary-material> shows the ROC curve addressing the accuracy of global ICVH scores in identifying individuals with AFF in the sample. The AUROC is 0.59, indicating a relatively low discriminatory power of global ICVH scores in this scenario. More details are shown in the <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="">Supplemental Table 2</inline-supplementary-material> , which displays sensitivity and specificity values for different global ICVH score cutoffs.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Odds ratios (95% CI) for the association between ICVH scores and metrics and atrial fibrillation or flutter diagnosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">All sample</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Excluding patients with self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke or heart failure</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Crude</th>
                  <th>Adjusted for age, sex and race</th>
                  <th>Crude</th>
                  <th>Adjusted for age, sex and race</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Global ICVH score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.67 - 0.95)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.80 - 1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.71 - 1.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.81 - 1.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lifestyle ICVH score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 (0.71 - 1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.70 - 1.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.70 - 1.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.67 - 1.38)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diet</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center">0.63 (0.36 - 1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65 (0.37 - 1.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71 (0.36 - 1.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67 (0.34 - 1.31)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body mass index</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (0.67 - 1.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19 (0.74 - 1.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (0.77 - 2.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.38 (0.79 - 2.40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1.71 (0.74 - 3.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (0.60 - 3.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (0.46 - 2.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 (0.39 - 2.18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Health ICVH score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.66 (0.51 - 0.85)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.73 - 1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77 (0.57 - 1.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (0.77 - 1.46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.08 - 0.40)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33 (0.15 - 0.74)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 (0.10 - 0.53)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36 (0.15 - 0.87)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">0.49 (0.30 - 0.79)*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 (0.48 - 1.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65 (0.37 - 1.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.54 - 1.74)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (0.88 - 2.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88 (1.19 - 2.98)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62 (0.95 - 2.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.14 (1.23 - 3.72)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>ICVH: Ideal cardiovascular health. &#8224; Odds ratio estimates for the association between the diet ICVH metric and atrial fibrillation or flutter could not be obtained due to the lack of individuals with an optimal profile of diet and a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter; * p&lt;0.05. Source: The authors.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for the association of ICVH scores and metrics with prevalent AFF. In the entire sample, ICVH scores were inversely associated with AFF diagnosis in crude models (p=0.012), although this association disappeared vanished after adjustment for age, sex, and race (p=0.70). No lifestyle ICVH metric nor the lifestyle ICVH score was significantly associated with AFF. The blood pressure ICVH metric was inversely associated with AFF in both crude (p&lt;0.001) and adjusted (p=0.007) models. There was a paradoxical positive association between the total cholesterol ICVH profile and AFF in the adjusted models (p=0.007). The exclusion of individuals under statin use from analyses led to a loss of significance for the association between the total cholesterol ICVH profile and AFF in the adjusted models (OR: 2.22; 95%CI: 0.86 - 5.70; p=0.098). However, this loss of significance seems to be primarily due to a lack of statistical power, as 46.2% of participants with AFF and 51.0% of participants without AFF were under statins.</p>
        <p>As the associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics were antagonistic, AFF was not associated with an overall health ICVH score in adjusted models (p=0.76). After excluding individuals with self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure, the associations between AFF and blood pressure (p=0.023) and total cholesterol ICVH metrics (p=0.007) in adjusted models remained.</p>
        <p>We also verified whether the global and/or health ICVH scores were associated with AFF after the exclusion of the total cholesterol ICVH metric. The global ICVH score was shown to be inversely associated with an AFF diagnosis in crude models (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.57 &#8211; 0.86; p=0.001) with a non-significant trend towards an inverse association in adjusted models (OR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.67 &#8211; 1.04; p=0.11). Health ICVH scores were inversely associated with an AFF diagnosis in both crude (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.28 &#8211; 0.59; p&lt;0.001) and adjusted (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.42 &#8211; 0.93; p=0.020) models.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the ELSA-Brasil sample, global ICVH scores were associated with prevalent AFF in crude models. However, they were associated with low AUROC values and statistical significance disappeared in models adjusted for age, sex, and race. Analyzing ICVH metrics separately, a strong inverse association was found between the blood pressure ICVH metric and AFF. A positive but paradoxical association was observed between the total cholesterol ICVH metric and AFF: an ideal total cholesterol ICVH metric was associated with AFF diagnosis. The restriction of the sample to individuals with no self-reported myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure yielded similar results. The exclusion of the total cholesterol ICVH metric led to a significant inverse association between health ICVH scores and AFF.</p>
        <p>The importance of hypertension as a risk factor for AFF is well defined in the literature. In a systematic review of risk factors for incident AFF, Allan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> reviewed data from 32 population-based cohorts, including more than 20 million subjects. The authors found that the diagnosis of hypertension and high systolic blood pressure were consistently associated with incident AFF. Recently, Rattani et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> used data from the ARIC study to calculate the population attributable risk of hypertension for AFF. The authors defined hypertension according to the criteria from the 7th Report of the Joint National Committee (&#8805;140/90 mmHg) and the 2017 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines (&#8805;130/80 mmHg), and found population attributed fraction values of 11% and 13%, respectively. Expectedly, the presence of an ideal blood pressure profile was also inversely associated with AFF in the ARIC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> REGARDS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and MESA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> cohort studies.</p>
        <p>Although total cholesterol (mainly due to its main subfraction, LDL-c) is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, its association with AFF is much less clear. Other authors have pointed to the cholesterol paradox in AFF, describing lower cholesterol levels in individuals with AFF, upon comparing controls in diverse scenarios, such as individuals treated in referral centers for other cardiovascular diseases, those treated in primary care units,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> or even those from community samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In a recent systematic review, Guan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> found that high levels of total cholesterol (defined at cutoffs between 220 and 260 mg/dL across studies, or based on the empirical distribution within the sample) were associated with a pooled hazard ratio for AFF of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72-0.92), which was consistent with our findings. In the same systematic review, analyses using LDL-C instead of total cholesterol levels yielded similar results.</p>
        <p>There is some evidence that statins may have a potential benefit on incident atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, the ICVH metric considers as a non-ideal profile if the individual is under lipid-lowering medications, regardless of his/her total cholesterol levels. Therefore, it could be argued that the paradoxical association between total cholesterol ICVH profile and AFF is explained by statin use. Our data suggest this is not the case. The proportion of individuals in our sample using lipid-lowering medication is similar. Moreover, although the exclusion of individuals under statins led to a loss of statistical significance, this was probably due to the high number of exclusions from this sensitivity analysis (51.0% of our sample), as the OR point estimates were also similar (1.88 for the whole sample; 2.22 after excluding those using lipid-lowering medication)</p>
        <p>The criterion used as the total cholesterol ICVH metric (&lt;200 mg/dL without lipid-lowering medication use) is stricter than those in the studies included in this systematic review. The cohort studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> that evaluated ICVH scores and their relationship with AFF diagnosis have also studied the total cholesterol ICVH metric separately. In all cases, the hazard point estimates suggested higher odds for AFF in individuals with ideal total cholesterol, but without statistical significance. Their non-significant results contrast to our finding of a significant, positive, but paradoxical association between the total cholesterol ICVH metric and AFF diagnosis in adjusted models. This significant association in our study was evident even with less AFF cases in the sample, when compared to these previous publications. Differences in study populations and design may be partly responsible for this discrepancy. Similar to the United States, black Brazilians have a higher prevalence of hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and a lower prevalence of dyslipidemia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> when compared to white Brazilians. It could be argued, given the strong inverse association between blood pressure and AFF, that race could be a confounder in the positive association between a total cholesterol ICVH profile and AFF diagnosis. However, it is important to note that our results were maintained even after adjustment for race. Future longitudinal analyses from the ELSA-Brasil, including the occurrence of more AFF cases, will clarify if the cholesterol paradox in individuals with AFF is particularly strong in the Brazilian population.</p>
        <p>In 2018, Isakadze et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> proposed that the use of the ICVH score to improve overall cardiovascular health may substantially reduce AFF prevalence. Although current evidence suggests this is probably true, our results and previous data also point out that individual ICVH metrics may have different (and even antagonistic) effects on AFF prevalence. Therefore, it is arguable that the progress in AFF prevention resulting from improvements in ICVH scores must be estimated considering not only the impact of all ICVH metrics together but also of each metric separately.</p>
        <p>The present study has strengths. First, it evaluated data from a large sample in Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the association between AFF and ICVH metrics in a South American sample with different characteristics compared to the samples analyzed in previous studies. ECG tracings were also analyzed in a centralized reading center, using a standardized protocol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and the ICVH score criteria could be applied with minimal adaptations.</p>
        <p>This study also needs to be interpreted in the context of its limitations. The sample of this study included a small number of AFF participants. This is most probably due to its high proportion of individuals of less than 60 years of age. As time progresses, incident AFF cases may increase the power of our analyses. This may have influenced our finding of non-association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH scores. The food frequency questionnaire was not applied in the second visit of patients in the ELSA-Brasil; therefore, it was considered that participants maintained their diet ICVH status after the baseline. The prevalence of an ICVH diet was very low in the ELSA-Brasil baseline (1.3%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which is consistent with the findings from other populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Therefore, it is unlikely that a large proportion of participants would have adopted an ideal diet between the baseline and the second onsite assessment. The AFF was defined based only on ECG tracings of the ELSA-Brasil and, although this ensures high specificity, paroxysmal AFF may be underrepresented in our analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, no significant associations were observed between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis in our analyses, at least partially due to antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol. Our results suggest that estimating the AFF prevention effect using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The ELSA-Brasil baseline study was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Science and Technology Department) and the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Funder of studies and projects and CNPq National Research Council) (grants 01 06 0010.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, 01 06 0071.00 RJ). ALR was supported in part by CNPq (grant 310679/2016&#8211;8), Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de (IATS, grant 465518/2014&#8211;1) and by FAPEMIG (Programa Pesquisador Mineiro, PPM-00 428&#8211;17). This research was also funded by the National Institute for Health Research (project reference 17/63/121, the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Atrial Fibrillation Management).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio da USP under the protocol number 659/06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology, National Institute for Health Research.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Figure 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0970_AO_Supplemental%20Figure%201.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11905/2021-0970_AO_Supplemental_Tables.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
