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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SK5Ytjs5RptrTdqD9PdFzrM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005013403</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100714</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210796</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o Positiva entre Autoanticorpos contra LDL Oxidada e HDL-C: Um Novo Mecanismo para Cardioprote&#231;&#227;o de HDL?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4273-7938</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunez</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Evelyn Coimbra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1914-316X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros-Mazon</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa H. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Beheregaray</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamura</surname>
            <given-names>Ruy T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2047-1136</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gidlund</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus Ake</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Erica I. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1236-9916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cazita</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Miralda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakandakare</surname>
            <given-names>Edna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Helison R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Patologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Departamento de Patologia , Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab), Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica (PUC-Campinas), Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagnostic Image Laboratory</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Diagnostic Image Laboratory , Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Joaquim Barreto Oliveira &#8226; UNICAMP &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab) &#8211; Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. CEP 13083-872, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joaquimbarretoantunes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sposito AC, Faria EC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nunez CEC, Zago VHS, Kaplan DB, Gomes EIL, Sposito AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira JB, Barros-Mazon S, Cazita PM, Nakandakare E, Carmo HR, Faria EC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira JB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Faria EC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nunez CEC, Oliveira JB, Zago VHS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira JB, Barros-Mazon S, Cazita PM, Nakandakare E, Carmo HR, Sposito AC, Faria EC; Realizou todas as medi&#231;&#245;es da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida: Nakamura RT; Realizou os ensaios para quantificar os t&#237;tulos de anti-oxLDL Ab: Gidlund MA; Auxiliou na coleta de amostras, realizou os experimentos: Gomes EIL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>714</fpage>
      <lpage>721</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> No microambiente da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, os fosfolip&#237;dios oxidados expressos na superf&#237;cie de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidada (oxLDL) se ligam a receptores <italic>scavenger</italic> em macr&#243;fagos provocando a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas e a progress&#227;o da placa. Autoanticorpos contra oxLDL (oxLDL-Ab) interagem com ep&#237;topos oxidativos levando &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de imunocomplexos que s&#227;o incapazes de interagir com receptores de macr&#243;fagos, assim suprimindo a aterog&#234;nese. A libera&#231;&#227;o de oxLDL-Ab pelas c&#233;lulas B envolve a resposta da interleucina 5 e Th2, que por sua vez s&#227;o potencializadas pela HDL. Assim, levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais altos de HDL-C podem apresentar n&#237;veis elevados de oxLDL-Ab.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de HDL-C e oxLDL-Ab.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos (n = 193) foram agrupados de acordo com sua concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDL-C para uma das tr&#234;s categorias seguintes: baixa (&lt; 68 mg/dL), intermedi&#225;ria (de 68 a 80 mg/dL) ou alta (&gt; 80 mg/dL). Os valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Nossa an&#225;lise incluiu 193 indiv&#237;duos (m&#233;dia et&#225;ria: 47 anos; masculino: 26,3%). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos no menor tercil de HDL-C, os mais elevados foram mais velhos (36 versus 53 anos; p = 0,001) e, menos frequentemente, masculinos (42,6% versus 20,9%; p = 0,001). Os valores m&#233;dios de oxLDL-Ab aumentaram &#224; medida que o grupo HDL-C aumentou (0,31, 0,33 e 0,43 unidades, respectivamente; p = 0,001 para tend&#234;ncia). A regress&#227;o linear simples encontrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva entre a vari&#225;vel independente, HDL-C, e a vari&#225;vel dependente, oxLDL-Ab (R = 0,293; p = 0,009). Essa rela&#231;&#227;o manteve-se significativa (R = 0,30; p = 0,044), ap&#243;s ajuste por covari&#225;veis. Os n&#237;veis de apolipoprote&#237;na AI tamb&#233;m estiveram relacionados a oxLDL-Ab nos modelos de regress&#227;o linear simples e ajustada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> HDL-C e oxLDL-Ab est&#227;o independentemente relacionados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>HDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas IDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2006/60585-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Faepex</funding-source>
          <award-id>179/18 e 2634/19</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>308169/2018-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Bolsa de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) n&#176; 2006/60585-9, da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo ao Ensino e &#224; Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Faepex) n&#176; 179/18 e 2634/19, e o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, bolsa n&#176; 308169/2018-0, Brasil.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A acumula&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;nas contendo apolipoprote&#237;na B (ApoB), principalmente lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), na &#237;ntima arterial tem sido pesquisada como o passo inicial da aterog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse microambiente arterial, a modifica&#231;&#227;o oxidativa gera v&#225;rios novos ep&#237;topos na LDL, que s&#227;o reconhecidas pelas c&#233;lulas imunes e levam &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria Th1 e Th2, provocando a libera&#231;&#227;o de autoanticorpos contra LDL oxidada (oxLDL-Ab).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O papel protetor de oxLDL-Ab na aterog&#234;nese &#233; apoiado por um crescente corpo de evid&#234;ncias. De fato, o tratamento com oxLDL-Ab diminuiu a progress&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e mitigou significativamente a capta&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidada (oxLDL) por macr&#243;fagos em camundongos com defici&#234;ncia de apolipoprote&#237;na E (ApoE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos observacionais descobriram que os n&#237;veis de oxLDL-Ab est&#227;o inversamente relacionados &#224; espessura da camada &#237;ntima da car&#243;tida e aos n&#237;veis de oxLDL em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Da mesma maneira, uma grande revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica concluiu que os n&#237;veis de oxLDL-Ab est&#227;o inversamente relacionados &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e &#224; incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As propriedades ben&#233;ficas de oxLDL-Ab desencadearam uma intensa busca por moduladores de sua libera&#231;&#227;o. Neste assunto, Chou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> verificaram que a estimula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas B com interleucina 5 (IL5) induziu a gera&#231;&#227;o de oxLDL-Ab. &#201; importante ressaltar que a IL5 est&#225; relacionada &#224; resposta Th2, que por sua vez &#233; comprovadamente inibida por oxLDL, mas incrementada pela lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Considerando isso, projetamos o presente estudo com a hip&#243;tese de que a HDL plasm&#225;tica pode estar independentemente associada aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de oxLDL-Ab. Portanto, nosso estudo avaliou se os n&#237;veis de oxLDL-Ab e colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) est&#227;o relacionados em indiv&#237;duos com uma ampla variedade de concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de HDL-C.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho da pesquisa</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi realizado como an&#225;lise transversal de dados de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos em um grande grupo de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos atendidos no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade de Campinas, na cidade de Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis tinham 18 anos ou mais, sendo de ambos os sexos. Ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento informado, os participantes responderam a um question&#225;rio detalhado de elegibilidade.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram qualquer doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via ou acidente vascular cerebral; causas secund&#225;rias de HDL-C plasm&#225;tico baixo ou alto; uso regular de tratamentos m&#233;dicos (especialmente aqueles que interferem no metabolismo lip&#237;dico, como estatinas, terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal e anticoncepcionais); doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, renais, pulmonares e end&#243;crinas (como diabetes); uso cr&#244;nico de &#225;lcool e tabaco; e mulheres que estavam gr&#225;vidas ou lactantes devido &#224; poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia hormonal. Os participantes eleg&#237;veis foram submetidos a um exame f&#237;sico detalhado, medidas de press&#227;o arterial e ultrassonografia carot&#237;dea, e suas amostras de sangue perif&#233;rico foram coletadas para an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram agrupados de acordo com seus tercis de n&#237;veis de HDL-C da seguinte maneira: 1) baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C (HDL-C abaixo de 68 mg/dL: n = 59); 2) concentra&#231;&#245;es intermedi&#225;rias (HDL-C 68 a 80 mg/dL: n = 71) e altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C (HDL-C &gt; 80 mg/dL: n = 63).</p>
        <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas aprovou todos os procedimentos sob parecer n&#250;mero 790/2006. Todos os participantes assinaram uma declara&#231;&#227;o de consentimento para participar do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de amostras e m&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas nos indiv&#237;duos selecionados para participar do estudo. As amostras foram centrifugadas (4 &#176;C, 1000 g, 10 minutos) para separa&#231;&#227;o de soro e plasma EDTA e armazenadas a &#8722;80 &#176;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Foi coletada outra amostra de sangue em jejum de 12 horas durante uma segunda visita 15 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de heparina (Liquemine&#174; Roche, 100 U/kg de peso corporal).</p>
        <p>Colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos e fosfolip&#237;dios no soro e os dois primeiros analitos em lipoprote&#237;nas foram analisados por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;tricos (BM Hitachi 917 Roche, Mannheim, Alemanha). Foram medidas a apolipoprote&#237;na B100 e a apolipoprote&#237;na AI (ApoAI) em um sistema automatizado BN II (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Alemanha), utilizando ensaios comercialmente dispon&#237;veis (Dade-Boehringer&#174;, Deerfield, Illinois, EUA). Foi analisado o HDL-C por um m&#233;todo direto homog&#234;neo. O colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para obter as subfra&#231;&#245;es de HDL, as lipoprote&#237;nas que continham ApoB foram precipitadas por sulfato de dextrano, e o sobrenadante foi submetido a micro-ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o sequencial utilizando o Airfuge/75B (Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, California, EUA).</p>
        <p>As atividades plasm&#225;ticas da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de &#233;ster de colesterol (CETP) e da prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de fosfolip&#237;dios (PLTP) foram determinadas por meio de ensaios radiom&#233;tricos usando substratos ex&#243;genos conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> As atividades da lipase hep&#225;tica (LH) e da lipoprote&#237;na lipase (LPL) foram medidas em amostras de plasma p&#243;s-heparina, coletadas 15 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de heparina (100 U/kg de peso corporal). O ensaio foi baseado na libera&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos, utilizando uma emuls&#227;o de triole&#237;na radiomarcada como substrato, e NaCl 1M como inibidor de LPL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foi medida a prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade (hsCRP) por imunoturbidimetria utilizando o ensaio de alta sensibilidade Tina-quant&#174; CRP (l&#225;tex) (Roche Diagnostics&#174;, Mannheim, Alemanha) na plataforma anal&#237;tica Hitachi&#8211;Roche. Foi usado um kit ELISA comercial fabricado pela R&amp;D para medir o fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-&#945;).</p>
        <p>Foi usado o m&#233;todo ELISA para medir oxLDL-Ab no plasma de todos os participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Resumidamente, placas de microtitula&#231;&#227;o de poliestireno (Costar, Cambridge, Massachusetts, EUA) foram revestidas com 1 &#181;g/ml de oxLDL humana (20 mM Cu<sup>2</sup>, 24 horas) em tamp&#227;o carbonato/bicarbonato (20 &#181;L/po&#231;o), pH 9,4, e armazenadas durante a noite a 4 &#186;C. As placas foram bloqueadas com uma solu&#231;&#227;o de leite desnatado a 5% (Molico/Nestl&#233;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) e, na sequ&#234;ncia, incubadas por 2 horas em temperatura ambiente seguida por 4 lavagens com PBS (100 &#181;L). Amostras de plasma (20 &#181;L) foram adicionadas e as placas foram incubadas durante a noite a 4 &#186;C seguidas por lavagem com 1% Tween 20 em PBS. O anticorpo IgG anti-rato de coelho conjugado com peroxidase (20 &#181;L; 1:1,500) foi ent&#227;o adicionado e, ap&#243;s 1 hora &#224; temperatura ambiente, as placas foram lavadas. Em seguida, 75 &#181;L de solu&#231;&#227;o de substrato (250 mg de tetrametilbenzidina dilu&#237;dos em 50 mL de DMSO, 10 &#181;L de 30% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 12 mL de tamp&#227;o citrato, pH 5,5) foram incorporados &#224; mistura e, ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o &#224; temperatura ambiente por 15 minutos, a rea&#231;&#227;o foi interrompida pela adi&#231;&#227;o de 25 &#181;L de &#225;cido sulf&#250;rico 2,0 M. A densidade &#243;ptica foi lida em um leitor de microplacas (Titertek Multiskan MCC/340P, modelo 2.20, Labsystems, Finl&#226;ndia) a 450 nm.</p>
        <p>Para todas as vari&#225;veis medidas, isto &#233;, lip&#237;dios, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e atividades enzim&#225;ticas, os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intra/inter-ensaio aceitos variaram de 3% a 10% e de 10% a 15%, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e mediana (intervalo interquartil) para dados n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;mero de casos (porcentagens). A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. ANOVA de uma via com teste post hoc de Bonferroni e o teste Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn-Bonferroni foram usados para comparar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados cont&#237;nuos param&#233;tricos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos entre os grupos, respectivamente. O teste do qui-quadrado com ajuste de Bonferroni foi empregado para comparar a frequ&#234;ncia entre os grupos de dados categ&#243;ricos.</p>
        <p>A regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel independente, oxLDL-Ab, e a vari&#225;vel dependente, HDL-C. Este teste foi realizado ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos pressupostos de normalidade, linearidade, homocedasticidade e independ&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear ajustada foi utilizada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes, HDL-C, ApoAI e HDL-3C, e a vari&#225;vel dependente, oxLDL-Ab, ap&#243;s ajuste por covari&#225;veis. Os resultados apresentados como coeficientes de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>) representam a porcentagem de varia&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel dependente explicada pelas vari&#225;veis independentes. Valores de probabilidade (p) menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0 para Mac.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as compara&#231;&#245;es das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e bioqu&#237;micas entre todos os subgrupos de HDL. Os participantes foram colocados, de acordo com suas concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C, em uma das tr&#234;s categorias estatisticamente diferentes (p &#8804; 0,006): baixa (&lt; 60 mg/dL), intermedi&#225;ria (68 a 80 mg/dL) ou alta (&gt; 80 mg/dL).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e bioqu&#237;micas de indiv&#237;duos com concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes de HDL-C</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>Baixa (&lt; 68 mg/dL)</th>
                <th>Intermedi&#225;ria (68 a 80 mg/dL)</th>
                <th>Alta (&gt; 80 mg/dL)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">52&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center">53&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo masculino (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">42,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,7</td>
                <td align="center">20,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">25&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">25&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,158</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">119&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">124&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">130&#177;18</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,3</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">77&#177;9,2</td>
                <td align="center">79&#177;10</td>
                <td align="center">83&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,006</italic>
                  <sup>1</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">170&#177;45</td>
                <td align="center">224&#177;37</td>
                <td align="center">231&#177;38</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TG (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">77 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,008</italic>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fosfolip&#237;dios (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">206&#177;54</td>
                <td align="center">225&#177;41</td>
                <td align="center">228&#177;48</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,023</italic>
                  <sup>1</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">86&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL<sub>2</sub>-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">17&#177;4,6</td>
                <td align="center">19&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL<sub>3</sub>-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center">55&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">64&#177;6,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL<sub>2</sub>TG (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,8&#177;4,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,6&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">24&#177;9,8</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,022</italic>
                  <sup>1</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL<sub>3</sub>TG (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51&#177;5,5</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center">86&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LDL-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">105&#177;37</td>
                <td align="center">130&#177;35</td>
                <td align="center">127&#177;35</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>VLDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">19&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">17&#177;8,0</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,020</italic>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ApoAI (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">140&#177;27</td>
                <td align="center">180&#177;24</td>
                <td align="center">195&#177;31</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ApoB100 (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">82&#177;30</td>
                <td align="center">104&#177;25</td>
                <td align="center">101&#177;26</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LH (nmol/AGL/mL/h)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2529 (1361)</td>
                <td align="center">1539 (973)</td>
                <td align="center">1561 (1018)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LPL (nmol/AGL/mL/h)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2313 (1012)</td>
                <td align="center">2497 (1690)</td>
                <td align="center">2880 (1522)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,091</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CETP (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15,8&#177;8,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,4&#177;6,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,7&#177;7,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PLTP (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,4&#177;10,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,5&#177;11,4</td>
                <td align="center">18,3&#177;16,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,020</italic>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>hsCRP (mg/L)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,38&#177;0,63</td>
                <td align="center">0,44&#177;0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,32&#177;0,41</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,451</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;9,3</td>
                <td align="center">11&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">12&#177;12,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,756</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>oxLDL-Ab (OD)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,31&#177;0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,33&#177;0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,43&#177;0,17</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>EMIC m&#233;dia (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,62&#177;0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,90&#177;0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,86&#177;0,22</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,001</italic>
                  <sup>1,2</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de &#225;lcool % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <italic>0,265</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DAC % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,866</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os dados s&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e mediana (intervalo interquartil) quando distribu&#237;dos normalmente e n&#227;o normalmente, respectivamente, e como n&#250;mero (%) quando categ&#243;ricos. Baixa: HDL-C &lt; 68; intermedi&#225;ria: HDL-C 68 a 80 mg/dL; alta: HDL-C &gt; 80 mg/dL. AGL: &#225;cidos graxos livres; ApoAI: apolipoprote&#237;na AI; ApoB100: apolipoprote&#237;na B100; C: colesterol; CETP: prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de &#233;ster de colesterol; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; EMIC: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal carot&#237;dea; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; hsCRP: prote&#237;na C-reativa de alta sensibilidade; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; LH: lipase hep&#225;tica; LPL: lipoprote&#237;na lipase; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; oxLDL-Ab: autoanticorpos contra lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidada; PLTP: prote&#237;na de transfer&#234;ncia de fosfolip&#237;dios; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; TNF-&#945;: fator de necrose tumoral alfa; VLDL: lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade. Os valores de p foram obtidos por ANOVA de uma via e teste de Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal, e pelo teste qui-quadrado para dados categ&#243;ricos. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos s&#227;o representadas por <sup>1</sup>(baixo &#8800; alto), <sup>2</sup>(baixo &#8800; intermedi&#225;rio), <sup>3</sup>(intermedi&#225;rio &#8800; alto).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quando comparado ao tercil mais baixo de HDL-C, o tercil mais alto apresentava mais mulheres, idades mais avan&#231;adas e, como esperado, maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de colesterol. As atividades de LH e CETP foram reduzidas, e LH e PLTP aumentaram no tercil mais alto de HDL-C em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tercil mais baixo. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as em hsCRP e TNF&#945;. Vale ressaltar que os n&#237;veis de oxLDL-Ab foram significativamente maiores entre no grupo com HDL-C alta, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com HDL-C baixa.</p>
      <p>Para explorar a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis independentes, concentra&#231;&#227;o de HDL-C, tercis de HDL-C, sexo, ApoAI, ApoB, marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e idade, na vari&#225;vel dependente, oxLDL-Ab, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os n&#237;veis de OxLDL-Ab foram influenciados pela idade, HDL-C, tercis de HDL-C, HDL-3C e ApoAI.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o linear simples usando oxLDL-Ab como vari&#225;vel dependente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th>B (SE)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>R</th>
                <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,002 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,027</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8,66 (,029)</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,002 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,004</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tercis de HDL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,042 (,015)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,006</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,276</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-2C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,004 (,002)</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-3C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,002 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,016</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ApoAI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,001 (,000)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LDL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,000 (,000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,179</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ApoB</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,001 (,000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>hsCRP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,052 (,032)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
                <td align="center">0,177</td>
                <td align="center">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TNF-&#945;</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,002 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>EMIC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,146 (,085)</td>
                <td align="center">0,093</td>
                <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,316</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Regress&#227;o linear simples. ApoAI: apolipoprote&#237;na AI; ApoB: apolipoprote&#237;na B; C: colesterol; EMIC: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal da car&#243;tida; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; hsCRP: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; oxLDL-Ab: autoanticorpos contra lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade oxidada; TNF-&#945;: fator de necrose tumoral alfa.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o ajustada, apenas HDL-C e ApoAI foram independentemente relacionados aos n&#237;veis de oxLDL-Ab no modelo ajustado pelas covari&#225;veis de idade e ApoB, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o linear ajustada por covari&#225;veis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                <th>Modelos</th>
                <th>B (SE)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>R</th>
                <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>HDL-C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>HDL-C</bold> Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>HDL-C</bold> ApoB</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
                <td align="center">0,078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>HDL-3C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>HDL-3C</bold> Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 (,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,166</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>HDL-3C</bold> ApoB</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002 (,001)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,234</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,055</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">
                  <bold>ApoAI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"><bold>ApoAI</bold> Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,153 (,059)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,318</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center"><bold>ApoAI</bold> ApoB</td>
                <td align="center">0,001 (,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
                <td align="center">0,096</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Regress&#227;o linear ajustada. ApoAI: apolipoprote&#237;na AI; ApoB: apolipoprote&#237;na B; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Modelos de curva de regress&#227;o linear das rela&#231;&#245;es de HDL e ApoAI com oxLDL-Ab s&#227;o mostrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">2</xref> , respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de curva: oxLDL-Ab versus HDL. HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; oxLDL-Ab: autoanticorpos contra lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0714-10796-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo de curva: oxLDL-Ab versus ApoAI. ApoAI: apolipoprote&#237;na AI; oxLDL-Ab: autoanticorpos contra lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0714-10796-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A reten&#231;&#227;o de oxLDL na camada subendotelial da parede arterial &#233; um passo inicial da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A oxLDL liga-se a receptores <italic>scavenger</italic> , como Lox1 e SR-B1, para desencadear vias delet&#233;rias que culminam na progress&#227;o da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m do transporte reverso de colesterol, a HDL modula a imunidade humoral da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, regulando positivamente a resposta de IL5 e Th2, que est&#227;o envolvidas na ativa&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas B e na libera&#231;&#227;o de oxLDL-Ab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Correspondentemente, nosso estudo, pela primeira vez, encontrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva independente entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL-C e oxLDL-Ab.</p>
      <p>Dados experimentais anteriores demonstraram consistentemente um papel ateroprotetor para oxLDL-Ab. De uma perspectiva mecanicista, oxLDL-Ab coloca-se na placa ateroscler&#243;tica, onde se liga a ep&#237;topos de oxLDL, formando complexos imunes que n&#227;o podem interagir com os receptores Fc&#947; de macr&#243;fagos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Como resultado, a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o de ep&#237;topos de oxLDL por oxLDL-Ab impede a ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, interrompendo uma via imperativa de progress&#227;o da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com isso, Dai et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> demonstraram que o pr&#233;-tratamento de macr&#243;fagos com oxLDL-Ab preveniu a morte celular induzida por oxLDL e a ativa&#231;&#227;o de NF-kappaB. De acordo com isso, o tratamento com oxLDL-Ab significativamente reduziu a &#225;rea transversal da placa ateroscler&#243;tica e a mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o celular vascular 1, e mitigou a capta&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos em camundongos LDLr<sup>-</sup></p>
      <p>Dados cumulativos de estudos cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m apoiaram o papel de oxLDL-Ab como marcador de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A esse respeito, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de oxLDL-Ab consistentemente mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa independente com a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum e a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose carot&#237;dea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Por exemplo, em uma coorte de 226 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o inscritos prospectivamente na an&#225;lise por ultrassonografia carot&#237;dea, aqueles com menor valor de oxLDL-Ab mostraram um risco 3 vezes menor que qualquer progress&#227;o da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas ao longo 4 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> De forma semelhante, entre os indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria clinicamente indicada, aqueles nos tercis mais altos de oxLDL-Ab tiveram um risco 37% menor de aterosclerose coronariana angiograficamente significativa e apresentaram um n&#250;mero menor de art&#233;rias com doen&#231;a quando comparados &#224;queles com os n&#237;veis mais baixos de anticorpos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Consistentemente, Shoji et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> observaram um aumento de 2 vezes na mortalidade cardiovascular em 5 anos entre indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio final e baixo oxLDL-Ab, quando comparados a pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio final com n&#237;veis mais elevados de oxLDL-Ab.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do exposto, verificamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o independente positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de HDL-C e oxLDL-Ab. De uma perspectiva mecanicista, esse achado pode derivar dos efeitos imunomoduladores de HDL na resposta Th2, que razoavelmente potencializa a libera&#231;&#227;o de oxLDL-Ab. Essa hip&#243;tese ainda merece uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais profunda. Outras raz&#245;es potenciais para a correla&#231;&#227;o verificada podem ser destacadas, por exemplo, experimentalmente, a capta&#231;&#227;o de HDL atenuada de oxLDL por macr&#243;fagos. Isso pode resultar no ac&#250;mulo de oxLDL no microambiente da placa, favorecendo a resposta humoral local.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Mais importante, assumimos que HDL induz oxLDL-Ab modulando a resposta Th2 relacionada a IL5. No entanto, n&#227;o foi realizada a medi&#231;&#227;o da IL5. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de oxLDL, que est&#227;o intimamente relacionados &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de oxLDL-Ab, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram avaliados e teriam sido uma vari&#225;vel de ajuste razo&#225;vel em nossos modelos. Por fim, o tamanho da amostra foi relativamente pequeno, o que pode ter comprometido o poder estat&#237;stico para afirmar a correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de oxLDL-Ab e HDL-C est&#227;o positivamente relacionados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos a assist&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica e estat&#237;stica prestada por Mirian Danelon e por Helymar Machado (Universidade de Campinas). Tamb&#233;m agradecemos o apoio laboratorial de Dr. Eder CR Quint&#227;o, do Laborat&#243;rio Lip&#237;dio da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Bolsa de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP) n&#176; 2006/60585-9, da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo ao Ensino e &#224; Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Faepex) n&#176; 179/18 e 2634/19, e o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico, bolsa n&#176; 308169/2018-0, Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Positive Association between Autoantibodies Against Oxidized LDL and HDL-C: A Novel Mechanism for HDL Cardioprotection?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4273-7938</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunez</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Evelyn Coimbra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1914-316X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros-Mazon</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zago</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa H. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaplan</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Beheregaray</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamura</surname>
            <given-names>Ruy T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2047-1136</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gidlund</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus Ake</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Erica I. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1236-9916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cazita</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia Miralda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakandakare</surname>
            <given-names>Edna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Helison R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Eliana Cotta de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Departamento de Patologia, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagnostic Image Laboratory, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Joaquim Barreto Oliveira &#8226; UNICAMP &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Aterosclerose e Biologia Vascular (Atherolab) &#8211; Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. Postal code 13083-872, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: joaquimbarretoantunes@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sposito AC, Faria EC; Acquisition of data: Nunez CEC, Zago VHS, Kaplan DB, Gomes EIL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira JB, Barros-Mazon S, Cazita PM, Nakandakare E, Carmo HR, Sposito AC, Faria EC; Statistical analysis: Oliveira JB; Obtaining financing: Faria EC; Writing of the manuscript: Nunez CEC, Oliveira JB, Zago VHS; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Oliveira JB, Barros-Mazon S, Cazita PM, Nakandakare E, Carmo HR, Sposito AC, Faria EC; Performed all carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measurements: Nakamura RT; Performed the assays to quantify the titers of anti-oxLDL Ab: Gidlund MA; Assisted in sample collection, performed the experiments: Gomes EIL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>In the atherosclerotic plaque microenvironment, oxidized phospholipids expressed in the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) surface bind to scavenger receptors of macrophages eliciting foam cell formation and plaque progression. Auto-antibodies against oxLDL (oxLDL-Ab) interact with oxidative epitopes leading to the formation of immune complexes that are unable to interact with macrophage receptors, thus abrogating atherogenesis. Release of oxLDL-Ab by B cells involves interleukin 5 and Th2 response, which in turn are potentiated by HDL. Thereby, we hypothesized that individuals with higher levels of HDL-C may plausibly display elevated titers of oxLDL-Ab.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the relationship between HDL-C and oxLDL-Ab levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Asymptomatic individuals (n = 193) were grouped according to their HDL-C concentration to one of three categories: low (&lt; 68 mg/dL), intermediate (68 to 80 mg/dL) or high (&gt; 80 mg/dL). P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Our analysis included 193 individuals (mean age: 47 years; male: 26.3%). Compared to individuals in the lowest HDL-C tertile, those in the highest tertile were older (36 versus 53 years; p = 0.001) and less frequently male (42.6% versus 20.9%; p = 0.001). Mean values of oxLDL-Ab increased as the HDL-C group escalated (0.31, 0.33 and 0.43 units, respectively; p = 0.001 for trend). Simple linear regression found a significant, positive relationship between the independent variable, HDL-C, and the dependent variable, oxLDL-Ab (R = 0.293; p = 0.009). This relation remained significant (R = 0.30; p = 0.044), after adjustment by covariates. Apolipoprotein AI levels were also related to oxLDL-Ab in both simple and adjusted linear regression models.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>HDL-C and oxLDL-Ab are independently related.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cholesterol, HDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins, IDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Accumulation of apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-containing lipoproteins, chiefly low density lipoprotein (LDL), in arterial intima has been pursued as the initial step of atherogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this arterial microenvironment, oxidative modification generates several new epitopes in LDL, which are recognized by immune cells and lead to the activation of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory response eliciting the release of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL (oxLDL-Ab).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The protective role of oxLDL-Ab in atherogenesis is supported by a growing body of evidence. In fact, treatment with oxLDL-Ab diminished atherosclerotic plaque progression, and significantly mitigated oxidized LDL (oxLDL) uptake by macrophages in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Moreover, observational studies have found that oxLDL-Ab levels are inversely related to carotid intima media thickness and to oxLDL levels in healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Accordingly, a large systematic review concluded that oxLDL-Ab levels are inversely related to coronary artery disease severity and incidence of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The beneficial properties of oxLDL-Ab have sparked an intense search for modulators of its release. In this matter, Chou et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> found that stimulation of B cells with interleukin 5 (IL5) elicited generation of oxLDL-Ab. Importantly, IL5 is related to Th2 response, which in turn is proven to be inhibited by oxLDL but enhanced by high-density lipoprotein (HDL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This considered, we designed the present study hypothesizing that plasma HDL may be independently associated with plasma levels of oxLDL-Ab. To address this, our study evaluated whether oxLDL-Ab and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are related in individuals with a large range of plasma HDL-C concentrations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Research design</title>
          <p>The study was conducted as cross-sectional analysis of data from healthy individuals consecutively enrolled in a large pool of asymptomatic patients attended at the University of Campinas Teaching Hospital, in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Eligible patients were 18 years or older, from both sexes. After signing the informed consent form, participants answered a detailed eligibility questionnaire.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were any previous coronary artery disease or stroke; secondary causes of low or high plasma HDL-C; regular use of medical treatments (especially those interfering in lipid metabolism, such as statins, hormonal replacement therapy, and contraceptives); liver, renal, lung, and endocrine diseases (such as diabetes); chronic use of alcohol and tobacco; and women who were pregnant or lactating due to the possible hormone influence. Eligible participants then underwent a detailed physical examination, blood pressure measurements, and carotid ultrasound examination, and their peripheral blood sample was collected for biochemical analysis.</p>
          <p>Participants were grouped according to their HDL-C levels tertiles as follows: 1) low HDL-C concentrations (HDL-C below 68 mg/dL: n = 59); 2) intermediate concentrations (HDL-C 68 to 80 mg/dL: n = 71) and high HDL-C concentrations (HDL-C &gt; 80 mg/dL: n = 63).</p>
          <p>The Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Campinas approved all procedures under opinion number 790/2006. All participants signed a consent declaration to participate in the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample collection and analytical methods</title>
          <p>Venous blood samples were drawn after a 12-hour fasting period in individuals selected to participate in the study. The samples were centrifuged (4 &#176;C, 1000 g, 10 minutes) for serum and EDTA plasma separation, and stored at &#8722;80 &#176;C until analysis. Another 12-hour fasting blood sample was collected during a second visit 15 minutes after intravenous administration of heparin (Liquemine&#174; Roche, 100 U/kg body weight).</p>
          <p>Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in serum and the first two analytes in lipoproteins were analyzed by enzymatic-colorimetric methods (BM Hitachi 917 Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Apolipoprotein B100 and apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) were measured in an automated BN II system (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany), using commercially available assays (Dade-Boehringer&#174;, Deerfield, Illinois, USA). HDL-C was analyzed by a direct homogenous method. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated by Friedewald&#8217;s<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> formula.</p>
          <p>To obtain HDL sub-fractions, lipoproteins that contained ApoB were precipitated by dextran sulfate, and the supernatant substance was submitted to sequential micro-ultracentrifugation using the Airfuge/75B (Beckman Instruments, Palo Alto, California, USA).</p>
          <p>Plasma activities of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) were determined through radiometric assays using exogenous subtracts as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities were measured in post-heparin plasma samples, collected 15 minutes after intravenous administration of heparin (100 U/kg of body weight). The assay was based on the fatty acid release, using a radiolabeled triolein emulsion as substrate, and NaCl 1M as LPL inhibitor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured by immunoturbidimetry utilizing the Tina-quant&#174; CRP (latex) high sensitivity assay (Roche Diagnostics&#174;, Mannheim, Germany) in the Hitachi&#8211;Roche analytical platform. A commercial ELISA kit manufactured by R&amp;D was used for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) measurement.</p>
          <p>The ELISA method was used to measure oxLDL-Ab in the plasma of all participants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Briefly, polystyrene microtiter plates (Costar, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) were coated with 1 &#181;g/ml of human oxLDL (20 mM Cu<sup>2</sup>, 24 hours) in carbonate/bicarbonate buffer (20 &#181;L/well), pH 9.4, and kept overnight at 4 &#186;C. The plates were blocked with a 5% solution of fat-free milk (Molico/Nestl&#233;, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), and then incubated for 2 hours at room temperature followed by washing 4 times with PBS (100 &#181;L). Plasma samples (20 &#181;L) were added, and the plates were incubated overnight at 4 &#186;C followed by washing with 1% Tween 20 in PBS. The peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibody (20 &#181;L; 1:1.500) was then added, and after 1 hour at room temperature, the plates were washed. Subsequently, 75 &#181;L of substrate solution (250 mg of tetramethylbenzidine diluted in 50 mL of DMSO, 10 &#181;L of 30% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 12 mL of citrate buffer, pH 5.5) were incorporated to the mixture and, after incubation at room temperature for 15 minutes, the reaction was stopped by adding 25 &#181;L of 2.0 M sulfuric acid. The optical density was read in a microplate reader (Titertek Multiskan MCC/340P, model 2.20, Labsystems, Finland) at 450 nm.</p>
          <p>For all measured variables, i.e., lipid, inflammatory markers, and enzyme activities, the accepted intra/inter-assay coefficients of variation varied from 3% to 10%, and from 10% to 15%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed data and median (interquartile range) for non-parametric data, whereas categorical variables are presented as number of cases (percentages). The normality of the continuous variables was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test and Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc were used to compare the distribution of parametric and nonparametric continuous data across groups, respectively. Chi-square test with Bonferroni adjustment was employed to compare the frequency across groups of categorical data.</p>
          <p>Linear regression was utilized to assess the relationship between the independent variable, oxLDL-Ab, and the dependent variable, HDL-C. This test was performed after assumptions of normality, linearity, homoscedasticity, and independence were ascertained. Adjusted linear regression analysis was utilized to assess the relationship between the independent variables, HDL-C, ApoAI, and HDL-3C, and the dependent variable, oxLDL-Ab, after adjustment by covariates. The results shown as coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) represent the percentage of variation in the dependent variable explained by the independent variables. Probability values (p) less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using the software SPSS version 20.0 for Mac.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the comparisons of clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics among all HDL subgroups. The participants were assigned, according to their HDL-C concentrations to one of three statistically different categories (p &#8804; 0.006): low (&lt; 60 mg/dL), intermediate (68 to 80 mg/dL) or high (&gt; 80 mg/dL).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics of individuals with different concentrations of HDL-C</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>Low (&lt; 68 mg/dL)</th>
                  <th>Intermediate (68 to 80 mg/dL)</th>
                  <th>High (&gt; 80 mg/dL)</th>
                  <th>p values</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">52&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center">53&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Male (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">42.6</td>
                  <td align="center">11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">20.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">25&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.158</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">119&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">124&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">130&#177;18</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,3</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77&#177;9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">79&#177;10</td>
                  <td align="center">83&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.006</italic>
                    <sup>1</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">170&#177;45</td>
                  <td align="center">224&#177;37</td>
                  <td align="center">231&#177;38</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TG (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.008</italic>
                    <sup>2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Phospholipids (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">206&#177;54</td>
                  <td align="center">225&#177;41</td>
                  <td align="center">228&#177;48</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.023</italic>
                    <sup>1</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">86&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL2-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">17&#177;4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">19&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL3-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">55&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">64&#177;6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL2TG (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.8&#177;4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">24&#177;9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.022</italic>
                    <sup>1</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL3TG (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51&#177;5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center">86&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL-C (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">105&#177;37</td>
                  <td align="center">130&#177;35</td>
                  <td align="center">127&#177;35</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>VLDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">19&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">17&#177;8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.020</italic>
                    <sup>2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ApoAI (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">140&#177;27</td>
                  <td align="center">180&#177;24</td>
                  <td align="center">195&#177;31</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2,3</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ApoB100 (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">82&#177;30</td>
                  <td align="center">104&#177;25</td>
                  <td align="center">101&#177;26</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HL (nmol/FFA/mL/h)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2529 (1361)</td>
                  <td align="center">1539 (973)</td>
                  <td align="center">1561 (1018)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LPL (nmol/FFA/mL/h)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2313 (1012)</td>
                  <td align="center">2497 (1690)</td>
                  <td align="center">2880 (1522)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.091</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CETP (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15.8&#177;8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4&#177;6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7&#177;7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PLTP (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.4&#177;10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5&#177;11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3&#177;16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.020</italic>
                    <sup>2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>hsCRP (mg/L)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.38&#177;0.63</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44&#177;0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32&#177;0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.451</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TNF-&#945; (pg/mL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">11&#177;12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12&#177;12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.756</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>oxLDL-Ab (OD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.31&#177;0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33&#177;0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43&#177;0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean CIMT (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.62&#177;0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90&#177;0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86&#177;0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.001</italic>
                    <sup>1,2</sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alcohol use % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>0.265</italic>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CAD % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.866</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Data are represented as mean &#177; standard deviation and median (interquartile range) when normally and non-normally distributed, respectively, and as number (%) when categorical. Low: HDL-C &lt; 68; intermediate: HDL-C 68 to 80 mg/dL; high: HDL-C &gt; 80 mg/dL. ApoAI: apolipoprotein AI; ApoB100: apolipoprotein B100; BMI: body mass index; C: cholesterol; CAD: coronary artery disease; CETP: cholesterol ester transfer protein; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FFA: free fatty acids; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HL: hepatic lipase; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; oxLDL-Ab: autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein; PLTP: phospholipid transfer protein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; TNF-&#945;: tumor necrosis factor alpha; VLDL: very low-density lipoprotein. The p values were obtained by one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables with normal and non-normal distribution, and by chi-square test for categorical data. Differences among groups are represented by<sup>1</sup>(low &#8800; high),<sup>2</sup>(low &#8800; intermediate),<sup>3</sup>(intermediate &#8800; high).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When compared to the lowest tertile of HDL-C, the highest tertile had more women, older ages, and, as expected, higher concentration of cholesterol. HL and CETP activities were reduced, and HL and PLTP increased in the upper tertile of HDL-C as compared to those in the lowest tertile. No differences were found in hsCRP and TNF-&#945;. It is noteworthy that oxLDL-Ab levels were significantly higher in the high HDL-C group, in comparison to the low HDL-C group.</p>
        <p>To explore the influence of the independent variables, HDL-C concentration, HDL-C tertiles, sex, ApoAI, ApoB, inflammatory markers and age, on the dependent variable, oxLDL-Ab, a linear regression analysis was performed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . OxLDL-Ab levels were influenced by age, HDL-C, HDL-C tertiles, HDL-3C, and ApoAI.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Simple linear regression using oxLDL-Ab as dependent variable</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Independent variables</th>
                  <th>B (SE)</th>
                  <th>p values</th>
                  <th>R</th>
                  <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.027</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.216</td>
                  <td align="center">0.047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Male</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8.66 (.029)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.293</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL tertiles</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.042 (.015)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.006</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.276</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-2C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.004 (.002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-3C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.016</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ApoAI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 (.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.308</td>
                  <td align="center">0.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.000 (.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.179</td>
                  <td align="center">0.132</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ApoB</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 (.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>hsCRP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.052 (.032)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                  <td align="center">0.177</td>
                  <td align="center">0.031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TNF-&#945;</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                  <td align="center">0.225</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CIMT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.146 (.085)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.093</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.316</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Simple linear regression. ApoAI: apolipoprotein AI; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; C: cholesterol; CIMT: carotid intima-media thickness; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; oxLDL-Ab: autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein; TNF-&#945;: tumor necrosis factor alpha.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the adjusted regression analysis, only HDL-C and ApoAI were independently related to oxLDL-Ab levels in the model adjusted by the covariates of age and ApoB, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Linear regression adjusted by covariates</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Independent variables</th>
                  <th>Models</th>
                  <th>B (SE)</th>
                  <th>p values</th>
                  <th>R</th>
                  <th>R<sup>2</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>HDL-C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>HDL-C</bold> Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"><bold>HDL-C</bold> ApoB</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                  <td align="center">0.279</td>
                  <td align="center">0.078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>HDL-3C</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>HDL-3C</bold> Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 (.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.166</td>
                  <td align="center">0.272</td>
                  <td align="center">0.074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"><bold>HDL-3C</bold> ApoB</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002 (.001)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.234</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.055</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>ApoAI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"><bold>ApoAI</bold> Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.153 (.059)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  <td align="center">0.318</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"><bold>ApoAI</bold> ApoB</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001 (.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310</td>
                  <td align="center">0.096</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Adjusted linear regression. ApoAI: apolipoprotein AI; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Linear regression curve models of HDL and ApoAI relationships to oxLDL-Ab are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref> , respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curve model: oxLDL-Ab versus HDL. HDL: high-density lipoprotein; oxLDL-Ab: autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0714-10796-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curve model: oxLDL-Ab versus ApoAI. ApoAI: apolipoprotein AI; oxLDL-Ab: autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-119-05-0714-10796-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Retention of oxLDL in the subendothelial layer of the arterial wall is an initiating step of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> OxLDL binds to scavenger receptors, such as Lox1 and SR-B1, to prompt downstream deleterious pathways that culminate in plaque progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Beyond reverse cholesterol transport, HDL modulates humoral immunity of atherosclerotic plaque, upregulating IL5 and Th2 response, which are involved in B cell activation and release of oxLDL-Ab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Correspondingly, our study, for the first time, found an independent positive correlation between serum levels of HDL-C and oxLDL-Ab.</p>
        <p>Prior experimental data have consistently demonstrated an atheroprotective role for oxLDL-Ab. From a mechanistic perspective, oxLDL-Ab colocalizes in the atherosclerotic plaque, where it binds to oxLDL epitopes forming immune complexes that cannot interact with macrophage Fc&#947; receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> As a result, neutralization of oxLDL epitopes by oxLDL-Ab prevents macrophage activation, interrupting an imperative pathway of plaque progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In line with this, Dai et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstrated that pretreatment of macrophages with oxLDL-Ab prevented oxLDL-induced cell death and NF-kappaB activation. Accordingly, treatment with oxLDL-Ab significantly reduced cross-sectional atherosclerotic plaque area and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and it mitigated macrophage uptake in LDLr<sup>-</sup>mice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cumulative data from clinical studies have also supported a role for oxLDL-Ab as a marker of cardiovascular disease. In this matter, serum levels of oxLDL-Ab have consistently shown an independent inverse correlation with common carotid artery intima-media thickness and progression of carotid atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> For example, in a cohort of 226 patients with hypertension prospectively enrolled in carotid ultrasound analysis, those with the lowest value of oxLDL-Ab showed a 3-fold reduced risk of any 4-year progression of intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Similarly, among individuals undergoing clinically indicated coronary angiography, those in the highest tertiles of oxLDL-Ab had a 37% lower risk of angiographically significant coronary atherosclerosis, and displayed a lower number of diseased arteries when compared to those with the lowest titers of antibodies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Consistently, Shoji et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> observed a 2-fold increased 5-year cardiovascular mortality among individuals with end-stage renal disease and low oxLDL-Ab, when compared to patients with end-stage renal disease with higher levels of oxLDL-Ab.</p>
        <p>In addition to the aforesaid, we found a positive independent correlation between serum levels of HDL-C and oxLDL-Ab. From a mechanistic perspective, this finding may derive from immunomodulatory effects of HDL on Th2 response, which reasonably potentiates oxLDL-Ab release. This hypothesis still warrants further examination. Other potential reasons for the verified correlation may be highlighted, for example, experimentally, HDL attenuated uptake of oxLDL by macrophages. This may result in accumulation of oxLDL in the plaque microenvironment, favoring local humoral response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study had some limitations. More importantly, we assumed that HDL induces oxLDL-Ab by modulating IL5-related Th2 response. Nevertheless, measurement of IL5 were not performed. Furthermore, oxLDL levels, which are closely related to oxLDL-Ab release, were also not assessed and would have been a reasonable adjustment variable in our models. Finally, sample size was relatively small, which may have jeopardized statistical power to claim correlation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Serum levels of oxLDL-Ab and HDL-C are positively related.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank the technical and statistical assistance provided by Mirian Danelon and by Helymar Machado (University of Campinas). We also acknowledge the laboratory support from Dr. Eder CR Quint&#227;o, from the Lipid Laboratory, University of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carla Evelyn Coimbra Nunez, rom Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by State of S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant n&#176; 2006/60585-9, the University of Campinas Teaching and Research Support Foundation (Faepex) grant n&#176; 179/18 and 2634/19, and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, grant n&#176; 308169/2018-0, Brazil.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
