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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RBVBKPHbgcbf4DYszZx4tpJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100703</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220688</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220688</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gia Farmacoinvasiva no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST no Brasil: Sexo Feminino como Fator Progn&#243;stico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cenocor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cenocor, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Cesena</bold> &#8226; Cenocor - Rua Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, 159, sala 1510. CEP <postal-code>07012-020</postal-code>, Guarulhos, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>703</fpage>
      <lpage>704</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Diferen&#231;as Sexuais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP) &#233; a terapia recomendada em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Em locais sem capacidade imediata de ICP ou na presen&#231;a de uma demora antecipada da apresenta&#231;&#227;o hospitalar &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria &gt; 120 minutos, a fibrin&#243;lise &#233; indicada. Nesses casos, a angiografia invasiva e a ICP 3 a 24 horas ap&#243;s a fibrin&#243;lise podem melhorar o progn&#243;stico e s&#227;o recomendadas como classe 2a pela recente Diretriz para Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria do ACC/AHA/SCAI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A justificativa para ICP de rotina precoce ap&#243;s fibrin&#243;lise, a chamada estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva, &#233; que a terapia l&#237;tica fornece fluxo sangu&#237;neo adequado (grau TIMI 3) em apenas 50-60% dos casos. A ICP pode ent&#227;o aliviar a estenose residual e restaurar o fluxo normal, o que est&#225; relacionado ao benef&#237;cio da reperfus&#227;o em reduzir mortalidade. &#201; importante ressaltar que a angiografia invasiva precoce deve seguir a fibrin&#243;lise independentemente da resolu&#231;&#227;o do supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, uma vez que as altera&#231;&#245;es do eletrocardiograma t&#234;m baixa precis&#227;o na identifica&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva &#233; apoiada por v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados e randomizados (ECRs) e meta-an&#225;lises que demonstram benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia padr&#227;o anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo STREAM forneceu evid&#234;ncias de que a fibrin&#243;lise pr&#233;-hospitalar seguida de ICP ap&#243;s 6 a 24 horas &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto a ICP prim&#225;ria em pacientes com IAMCSST que n&#227;o podem ser submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria dentro de 1 hora ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia publicam um artigo relatando minuciosamente a experi&#234;ncia de um hospital universit&#225;rio brasileiro com a abordagem farmacoinvasiva no IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora este trabalho observacional seja completamente diferente dos ECRs pregressos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desenho, prop&#243;sito e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, &#233; tentador fazer algumas compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar no estudo brasileiro foi de 5,6%, superior &#224; mortalidade em 30 dias de 3,3% relatada em metan&#225;lise de ECRs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o t&#227;o superior &#224; mortalidade de 4,6% em 30 dias no bra&#231;o farmacoinvasivo do estudo STREAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Digno de nota, o tempo desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o tratamento fibrinol&#237;tico foi maior no estudo brasileiro (mediana de 222 minutos) do que no estudo STREAM (mediana de 100 minutos)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ou nos ECRs da metan&#225;lise de Borgia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (mediana ou m&#233;dia de 113 a 192 minutos na maioria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O tempo da terapia l&#237;tica at&#233; a cinecoronariografia tamb&#233;m foi maior no estudo brasileiro (mediana de 12 horas) do que nos ECRs da metan&#225;lise acima (tipicamente &lt;5 horas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por fim, o not&#225;vel atraso de 71 (intervalo interquartil: 42-135) minutos desde a chegada na unidade de sa&#250;de at&#233; o in&#237;cio da fibrin&#243;lise na experi&#234;ncia brasileira &#233; muito superior aos 20 minutos recomendados pelas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Juntos, esses n&#250;meros fornecem subs&#237;dios para identificar alvos de melhoria na qualidade do atendimento de pacientes com IAMCSST no Brasil.</p>
    <p>Um destaque do artigo publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia refere-se &#224;s diferen&#231;as sexuais no tratamento e progn&#243;stico no cen&#225;rio da estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva no IAMCSST. Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo feminino permaneceu como fator preditivo de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo mostrou uma alta preval&#234;ncia de sintomas at&#237;picos e maiores demoras para procurar atendimento m&#233;dico e iniciar fibrin&#243;lise ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o no centro m&#233;dico em mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> favorecendo um resultado adverso. Esses resultados est&#227;o alinhados com extensa evid&#234;ncia de pior progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e ICP em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes internados por IAMCSST em hospitais com capacidade de ICP no estado brasileiro de Sergipe, foram observadas disparidades marcantes entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa de ICP prim&#225;ria (44% em mulheres e 54,5% em homens) e mortalidade intra-hospitalar (16,1% em mulheres e 6,7 % em homens).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Considerando que a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; a principal causa de morte no Brasil, compreendendo 12% dos eventos fatais em mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> esses achados justificam iniciativas como a Carta das Mulheres da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em um movimento para aumentar a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e m&#233;dicos sobre a import&#226;ncia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular em mulheres. Da mesma forma, a <italic>American Heart Associatio n lan&#231;ou recentemente o Call to Action for Cardiovascular Disease in Women</italic>, com o objetivo de promover a equidade para as mulheres no contexto da sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Portanto, v&#225;rios diagn&#243;sticos podem ser extra&#237;dos do abrangente artigo sobre a din&#226;mica da estrat&#233;gia farmacoinvasiva no IAMCSST em um centro brasileiro. O desafio agora &#233; transformar essa rica informa&#231;&#227;o em melhores cuidados m&#233;dicos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Estrat&#233;gia F&#225;rmaco-Invasiva no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: An&#225;lise Descritiva, Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Sintomas Isqu&#234;micos e Preditores de Mortalidade</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pharmacoinvasive Strategy in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Brazil: Female Sex as a Prognostic Factor</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cenocor, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Cesena</bold> &#8226; Cenocor &#8211; Rua Dr. Ramos de Azevedo, 159, sala 1510. Postal Code <postal-code>07012-020</postal-code>, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>cesenaf@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Sex Differences</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the recommended therapy in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In locations without immediate PCI capability or in the presence of an anticipated delay from hospital presentation to primary PCI &gt;120 minutes, fibrinolysis is indicated. In these cases, invasive angiography and PCI 3 to 24 hours after fibrinolysis may improve the prognosis and are recommended as class 2a by the recent ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The rationale for early routine PCI after fibrinolysis, the so-called pharmacoinvasive strategy, is that lytic therapy provides adequate (TIMI 3 grade) blood flow in only 50-60% of the cases. PCI can then relieve residual stenosis and restore normal flow, which is related to the benefit of reperfusion in reducing mortality. Importantly, early invasive angiography should follow fibrinolysis independently of the resolution of the ST-segment elevation since electrocardiogram changes have poor accuracy in identifying adequate reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The recommendation for the pharmacoinvasive strategy is supported by several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses demonstrating clinical benefits over previous standard therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Moreover, the STREAM trial provided evidence that pre-hospital fibrinolysis followed by PCI after 6 to 24 hours is as efficacious as primary PCI in STEMI patients who cannot undergo primary PCI within 1 hour after the diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> publishes an article thoroughly reporting the experience of a Brazilian university hospital with the pharmacoinvasive approach in STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although this observational work is completely different from previous RCTs concerning design, purpose, and study population, it is tempting to make some comparisons.</p>
      <p>In-hospital mortality in the Brazilian study was 5.6%, which is higher than the 3.3% 30-day mortality reported in a metanalysis of RCTs<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> but not so higher than the 4.6% 30-day mortality in the pharmacoinvasive arm of the STREAM trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Notably, the time from the symptom onset to the fibrinolytic treatment was longer in the Brazilian study (median 222 minutes) than in the STREAM trial (median 100 minutes)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> or in the RCTs of the metanalysis by Borgia et al. (median or average from 113 to 192 minutes in most of them).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The time from the lytic therapy to the coronary angiography was also higher in the Brazilian study (median 12 hours) than in the RCTs of the metanalysis above (typically &lt;5 hours).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Finally, the remarkable delay of 71 (interquartile range: 42-135) minutes from the arrival in the medical unit to the start of fibrinolysis in the Brazilian experience is much longer than the 20 minutes recommended by guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Taken together, these numbers provide insights to identify targets for improvement in the quality of care of STEMI patients in Brazil.</p>
      <p>A highlight of the article published in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> refers to sex differences in treatment and prognosis in the setting of the pharmacoinvasive strategy in STEMI. In a multivariable analysis, female sex remained a predictive factor for in-hospital mortality. Also, the study showed a high prevalence of atypical symptoms and longer delays for seeking medical care and initiating fibrinolysis after admission to the medical center in women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> favoring an adverse outcome. These results align with large evidence of worse prognosis after acute myocardial infarction and PCI in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Moreover, in patients admitted for STEMI in hospitals with PCI capacity in the Brazilian state of Sergipe, striking sex disparities were observed regarding the rate of primary PCI (44% in women and 54.5% in men) and in-hospital mortality (16.1% in women and 6.7% in men).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Considering that ischemic heart disease is the main cause of death in Brazil, comprising 12% of fatal events in women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> these findings justify initiatives such as the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Women&#8217;s Letter<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> in a movement to increase patient and physician awareness of the importance of cardiovascular disease in women. Similarly, the American Heart Association has recently issued the Call to Action for Cardiovascular Disease in Women, aiming to promote equity for women in the context of cardiovascular health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Therefore, several diagnoses can be retrieved from the comprehensive article on the dynamics of the pharmacoinvasive strategy in STEMI in a Brazilian center. The challenge now is to transform this rich information into better medical care.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Pharmaco-invasive Strategy in Myocardial Infarction: Descriptive Analysis, Presentation of Ischemic Symptoms and Mortality Predictors</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
