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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cqvzw8RypWpyY7Dj8pCd5Yw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022001100689</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220694</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220694</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia PRKAG2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3249-3711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Biocor</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Nova Lima</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Biocor, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Nova Lima, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro (IPSEMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Mater Dei</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Mater Dei, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Sternick</bold> &#8226; Alameda do Morro 85, Olympus, T-4, su&#237;te 1900. CEP <postal-code>34006-083</postal-code>, Vila da Serra, Nova Lima, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eduardosternick@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>119</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>689</fpage>
      <lpage>690</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Dep&#243;sito de Glicog&#234;nio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Magalh&#227;es et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> avaliaram as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas do flutter atrial em pacientes com e sem cardiomiopatia por PRKAG2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico n&#227;o tenha sido realizado em seus pacientes controle, a aus&#234;ncia de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dessa patologia &#233; uma evid&#234;ncia aceit&#225;vel de um estado n&#227;o portador. Em humanos, muta&#231;&#245;es no gene PRKAG2 resultam em um fen&#243;tipo altamente penetrante. &#201; dominado pelas caracter&#237;sticas card&#237;acas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, taquiarritmia atrial, doen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e armazenamento de glicog&#234;nio no mioc&#225;rdio. Seria muito improv&#225;vel encontrar um paciente com um gen&#243;tipo positivo para PRKAG2 no cen&#225;rio de um fen&#243;tipo negativo.</p>
    <p>Nosso grupo foi pioneiro no estudo da cardiomiopatia PRKAG2 no Brasil. O primeiro paciente foi avaliado em 1994, um homem de 36 anos, hipertenso leve, com epis&#243;dios recorrentes de flutter atrial comum. O eletrocardiograma mostrou pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, aumento das ondas P, aumento significativo da voltagem do QRS e bradicardia sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> De 8 irm&#227;os, seis apresentaram achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos muito semelhantes. A m&#227;e havia feito implante de marcapasso aos 42 anos. O ecocardiograma mostrou forma n&#227;o obstrutiva de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e discreto aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo. Havia elementos suficientes para permitir um diagn&#243;stico presuntivo de uma fenoc&#243;pia de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica! Em 1994, por&#233;m, n&#227;o conseguimos fazer o diagn&#243;stico. As muta&#231;&#245;es do gene PRKAG2 ainda n&#227;o haviam sido relatadas em 1994, mas seria 7 anos depois.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ent&#227;o, em 2004, realizamos o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico dos pacientes. Apresentamos nossa experi&#234;ncia durante o Congresso NASPE de 2005. Nossa pesquisa recebeu o primeiro pr&#234;mio em arritmia cl&#237;nica durante o Congresso Brasileiro de Arritmias Card&#237;acas de 2004.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o, alguns colegas da Bahia e de Campinas me contaram que tinham casos semelhantes. Com a ajuda do geneticista Ramon Brugada, trabalhava no Masonic Medical Research Laboratory em Nova York, obtivemos o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico de alguns de nossos pacientes. A muta&#231;&#227;o encontrada na maioria dos casos foi a Arg302Gln (R301Q), respons&#225;vel por metade dos casos relatados na literatura (em torno de 300).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente relatamos uma nova variante patog&#234;nica, H401Q.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Outra nova variante, K290I, foi relatada em uma fam&#237;lia de Bahia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos 5 anos, o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico vem sendo realizado no Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Molecular do Dr. Fernando Eugenio Cruz do Instituto de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro. Tamb&#233;m temos colaborado com a equipe do Prof. Campos de Carvalho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, com o objetivo de induzir cardiomi&#243;citos de c&#233;lulas-tronco pluripotenciais com o prop&#243;sito de entender melhor as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas e desenvolver t&#233;cnica de edi&#231;&#227;o genica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O trabalho de Magalh&#227;es et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> contribui para uma maior visibilidade da cardiomiopatia PRKAG2. Agora acompanhamos uma coorte de 60 indiv&#237;duos de 7 fam&#237;lias de diferentes lugares. Muitos desses pacientes jovens, com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, apresentam flutter atrial e foram devidamente encaminhados para abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Apesar de ser tratada em hospitais com alto padr&#227;o de atendimento, mesmo Hospitais Universit&#225;rios, o diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia pelo PRKAG2 geralmente n&#227;o &#233; realizado. Outra caracter&#237;stica digna de coment&#225;rio &#233; a pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, muito comum nessa s&#237;ndrome. Quando presente deve ser devidamente identificada para evitar ser alvo de abla&#231;&#227;o. Uma tentativa de abla&#231;&#227;o pode resultar na produ&#231;&#227;o inadvertida de bloqueio atrioventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; de extrema import&#226;ncia distinguir a cardiomiopatia por PRKAG2 da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica sarcom&#233;rica. Isso ocorre porque n&#227;o apenas a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, mas tamb&#233;m os resultados a longo prazo s&#227;o diferentes. A morte s&#250;bita &#233; mais prevalente na variante PRKAG2. At&#233; mesmo o mecanismo da morte s&#250;bita &#233; distinto. Em pacientes jovens, o flutter ou a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia ventricular r&#225;pida, s&#227;o gatilhos para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. Naqueles que atingem a quarta d&#233;cada, o bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular &#233; a principal causa, e a inser&#231;&#227;o de um marcapasso salva vidas. Frequ&#234;ncias ventriculares r&#225;pidas durante taquiarritmias atriais est&#227;o ligadas a uma via fasc&#237;culo-ventricular de condu&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, uma variante que produz pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o. Relatamos recentemente que essas vias acess&#243;rias s&#227;o onipresentes em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Naqueles com muta&#231;&#245;es PRKAG2, as vias provavelmente se manifestam por causa do armazenamento de glicog&#234;nio em seus cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra caracter&#237;stica interessante da cardiomiopatia por PRKAG2 &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de fibrose ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Utilizando resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, identificamos realce tardio por gadol&#237;nio em um sexto de nossa coorte de 30 pacientes, em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma incid&#234;ncia prevista em metade dos indiv&#237;duos com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Temos visto pacientes com mais de 50 anos, geralmente com hipertrofia significativa, que desenvolvem fibrose como mostrado no realce de gadol&#237;nio e que apresentam arritmias malignas (observa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o publicadas). Em contraste, indiv&#237;duos mais velhos com a variante sarcom&#233;rica da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica parecem ter um melhor progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome PRKAG2 deve sempre ser considerada como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em pacientes jovens com flutter ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Este &#233; particularmente o caso na presen&#231;a de anormalidades adicionais, como bradicardia sinusal persistente, anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o intra-atrial ou atrioventricular, pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou hipertrofia card&#237;aca inexplic&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Como a condi&#231;&#227;o tem alta penetr&#226;ncia e preval&#234;ncia, outros indiv&#237;duos afetados costumam ser encontrados na fam&#237;lia. Ocasionalmente, haver&#225; parentes com marca-passo e outros que morreram subitamente. Sendo 100% sens&#237;vel, o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico. Se n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel, amostras de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea do septo ventricular, avaliadas por microscopia eletr&#244;nica de transmiss&#227;o, s&#227;o diagn&#243;sticas na maioria dos casos. Os principais achados ser&#227;o a presen&#231;a de grandes dep&#243;sitos de gr&#226;nulos de glicog&#234;nio no citosol, a aus&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose e uma arquitetura cardiomioc&#237;tica normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para resumir, a s&#237;ndrome PRKAG2 apresenta-se como uma cardiomiopatia isolada, embora algumas variantes raras tenham sido associadas a miopatias esquel&#233;ticas leves. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; comum, e a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina tem sido relatada, juntamente com n&#237;veis elevados de triglicer&#237;deos. A obesidade foi relatada em modelos murinos transg&#234;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Flutter Atrial na S&#237;ndrome do PRKAG2: Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas e Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>PRKAG2 Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3249-3711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Nova Lima</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Biocor, Rede D&#8217;Or S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, Nova Lima, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Governador Israel Pinheiro (IPSEMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Mater Dei, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Sternick</bold> &#8226; Alameda do Morro 85, Olympus, T-4, su&#237;te 1900. Postal Code <postal-code>34006-083</postal-code>, Vila da Serra, Nova Lima, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>eduardosternick@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycogen Storage Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Magalh&#227;es et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> assessed atrial flutter&#8217;s clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics in patients with and without PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although genetic sequencing was not carried out in their control patients, the absence of clinical features of this pathology is acceptable evidence of a non-carrier state. In humans, mutations in the PRKAG2 gene result in a highly penetrant phenotype. It is dominated by the cardiac features of left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular pre-excitation, atrial tachyarrhythmia, cardiac conduction disease, and myocardial glycogen storage. It would be very unlikely to find a patient with a positive genotype for PRKAG2 in the setting of a negative phenotype.</p>
      <p>Our group pioneered the study of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy in Brazil. The first patient was assessed in 1994, a 36-years old male, with mild hypertension, with recurrent episodes of common atrial flutter. The electrocardiogram showed ventricular pre-excitation, enlarged P waves, a significant increase in the QRS voltage, and sinus bradycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Of 8 brothers, six had very similar electrocardiographic findings. Their mother had had a pacemaker implanted at the age of 42. The echocardiogram showed a non-obstructive form of asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy and mild left atrial enlargement. There were sufficient elements to allow a presumptive diagnosis of a phenocopy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy! In 1994, however, we were not able to make the diagnosis. The mutations of the PRKAG2 gene had yet to be reported in 1994, but it would be 7 years later.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Then, in 2004, we undertook genetic sequencing of the patients. We presented our experience during the NASPE Congress of 2005. Our research received the first prize in clinical arrhythmia during the Brazilian Congress of Cardiac Arrhythmias of 2004.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>After the presentation, some colleagues from Bahia and Campinas told me they had similar cases. With the help of the geneticist Dr Ramon Brugada who at that time worked at Masonic Medical Research Laboratory in New York, we obtained genetic sequencing from some of our patients. The mutation found in most cases was Arg302Gln (R301Q), responsible for half of all cases reported worldwide, which now number around 300.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently we reported a new pathogenic variant, H401Q.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Another new variant, K290I, was reported in a family from Bahia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Over the last 5 years, genetic sequencing has been carried out at the Molecular Biology Laboratory of Dr. Fernando Eugenio Cruz at the Instituto de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro. We have also been collaborating with the team of Prof. Campos de Carvalho at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, aiming to induce pluripotential stem cell cardiomyocytes with the objective of better understanding the electrophysiologic changes and developing gene editing techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The work of Magalh&#227;es et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> serves to increase our awareness of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy. We now follow up a cohort of 60 individuals from 7 families from different places. Many of these young patients, aged 20 to 30, have an atrial flutter and have been appropriately referred for catheter ablation. Despite being treated in hospitals with a high standard of care, even University Hospitals, the diagnosis of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy is usually missed. Another feature worthy of comment is ventricular pre-excitation, which is very common in this syndrome. If present, this arrhythmia should properly be identified to avoid being targeted for ablation. An attempt at ablation could result in the inadvertent production of atrioventricular block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is of utmost significance to distinguish PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy from sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This is because not only the clinical presentation but also the long-term outcomes are different. Sudden death is more prevalent in the PRKAG2 variant. Even the mechanism of sudden death is distinct. In young patients, atrial flutter, or fibrillation with a fast ventricular rate, is the common trigger for sudden cardiac death. In those reaching the fourth decade, atrioventricular conduction block is the major cause, and insertion of a pacemaker is life-saving. Fast ventricular rates during atrial tachyarrhythmias are linked to a fast-conducting fasciculo-ventricular pathway, one variant that produces pre-excitation. We have recently reported that such accessory pathways are ubiquitous in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In those with PRKAG2 mutations, the pathways probably manifest because of the glycogen storage in their cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another interesting characteristic of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy is the lack of ventricular fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, we have identified late gadolinium enhancement in one-sixth of our cohort of 30 patients, as compared to an anticipated incidence in half of the individuals with sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> We have seen patients over 50 years of age, usually with significant hypertrophy, who develop fibrosis as shown on gadolinium enhancement, and who have malignant arrhythmias (unpublished observations). In contrast, older individuals with the sarcomeric variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy seem to have a better prognosis.</p>
      <p>The PRKAG2 syndrome should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation. This is particularly the case in the presence of additional abnormalities, such as persistent sinus bradycardia, intra-atrial or atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, ventricular pre-excitation, or unexplained cardiac hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As the condition has a high penetrance and prevalence, other affected individuals are usually found in the family. Occasionally, there will be relatives with a pacemaker and others who died suddenly. Being 100% sensitive, genetic sequencing is the gold standard for diagnosis. If not available, percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy samples from the ventricular septum, assessed using transmission electron microscopy, are diagnostic in most cases. The key findings will be the presence of large deposits of glycogen granules in the cytosol, the absence of inflammation and fibrosis, and a normal cardiomyocytic architecture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To summarize, the PRKAG2 syndrome presents as an isolated cardiomyopathy, although some rare variants were associated with mild skeletal myopathies. Systemic arterial hypertension is common, and insulin resistance has been reported, along with increased levels of triglycerides. Obesity has been reported in transgenic murine models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Atrial Flutter in PRKAG2 Syndrome: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics</p>
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